Timeline
9,464 entries · 21 periods
20,000–9700 BCE: (The Second Age: The Last Glacial Maximum and Its Aftermath, Human Beings Nearly Everywhere Forced to Adapt and Readapt Their Ways of Life to Repeated Shifts Between…
20,000–9700 BCE: (Global History Period Two: From Around the Height of the Last Glacial Maximum to the Beginning of the Holocene, a New Global Age Marked by Recurrent Climatic…
18,000–9500 BCE: (The Global Sequence of Ceramic Invention: First in the Yangtze Valley of China Around 18,000 BCE, Second in the Amur River Region of Northern East Asia Around 14,500…
9500 BCE: (Africa's Independent Invention of Ceramics: The Third-Earliest in World History, Created by People Living in What Is Today Mali, South of the Great Bend of the Niger River,…
9000 BCE: (Nilo-Saharan Monotheism: A Different Kind of Monotheistic Conception Among Nilo-Saharan Speakers from as Early as the Proto-Northern Sudanic Era of Around the Ninth Millennium BCE, a Belief…
9000 BCE onward: (The Nilo-Saharan Religion of Divinity: One Spirit or Spirit Force, Anthropologists Applying the Term "Divinity" to This Essentially Monotheistic Conception, Societies Following This Religion…
8500–8000 BCE: (Africa's Fourth-Earliest Invention of Ceramics in the World, Created by Nilo-Saharan-Speaking Peoples in the Southern Half of the Eastern Sahara, 3,000 Kilometers East of Mali and Not Attributable…
9500–8000 BCE: (Women as Inventors and Innovators, the Gendered Aspect of African Ceramic Origins: Women as the Tinkerers, the Technological Experimenters, and the Creators of Both Early African Ceramic Traditions,…
8000 BCE: (The Divergence of Proto-Boreafrasian in Egypt: The Ancestral Boreafrasian Language Continuing to Be Spoken in Egypt Eventually Diverging into Two Lines of Descent, One Giving Rise to…
c. 7000 BC: Trinidad remained connected to the South American mainland until the Holocene epoch, allowing for a more continental variety of flora and fauna than other Caribbean islands. This…
10,000–7000 BCE: (Forget the Gift of the Nile: The Environmental Setting of the Not-So-Deep-Time Story, During the Early Holocene Wet Phase the Spread of Vegetation and Wildlife Across the…
20,000–7000 BCE: (Megafaunal Extinctions in the Americas: As Had Happened Previously in Eurasia the Arrival and Spread of Fully Modern Humans into the Americas Setting Off a Series of…
20,000–6000 BCE: (Two Foundational Stories of Ancient Egypt: The Deep-Time Story of Developments and Influences from 6000 to 3100 BCE and the Very-Deep-Time Story with Beginnings Before 15,000 BCE,…
6000 BCE onward: (The Culture Area Concept and the Middle Nile Culture Area: Anthropologists Encountering Regions Where Peoples of Different Historical Origins Had Come Through Centuries of Cross-Cultural Encounter…
6000 BCE onward: (Cultural Convergence: Wengrow et al.'s Expression for the Long-Term Process by Which the Peoples of the Middle Nile Culture Area Came to Share a Common…
6000 BCE onward: (Shared Ritual as the Deep Glue of Cultural Convergence: Much More Than Sharings of Outward Material Culture Characterizing These Developments, Ritual Commonalities Coming Equally Strongly to…
6000 BCE onward: (The Common Ritual Template: Treatments of the Dead Becoming Remarkably Uniform Across the Entire Middle Nile Culture Area, Individuals Laid to Rest in Pits with Knees…
10,000–6000 BCE: (The Global Map of Independent Agricultural Origins: Peoples in Numerous Different Regions Around the World Separately and Independently Bringing Cultivation into Being Between 10,000 and 6000 BCE,…
10,000–6000 BCE: (The Global Map of Independent Animal Domestication: In Several Far-Separated Regions People Also Turning to the Protection and Herding of Formerly Wild Animals, Including Pigs in Anatolia…
8000–6000 BCE: (Nilo-Saharan Pastoralists of the Eastern Sahara: During the Proto-Northern Sudanic, Proto-Saharo-Sahelian, and Proto-Sahelian Eras of the Eighth and Seventh Millennia BCE, Nilo-Saharan Peoples of the Southern and…
10,000–6000 BCE: (Agriculture and the Transformation of Human Disease Ecology: Population Growth in Combination with New Farming and Herding Economies Forever Changing the Relations of Humans to Disease, Population…
6000 BCE: (The Niger-Congo *-kumo: A Different Kind of Inherited Position Traceable to the Proto-South Volta-Congo Language of Around the Early Sixth Millennium BCE, a Position of Clan Ritual…
6000 BCE: (The Cushitic *waap'(er)-: A Third Type of Clan Religious Figure Among Cushitic-Speaking Peoples of Northeastern Africa, Traceable to at Least the Sixth Millennium BCE, in Some Soomaali-Speaking…
9700–5500 BCE: (The Third Age: The Onset of the Holocene, Notable Climatic Fluctuations Compelling People Around the Globe to Readapt Their Food-Obtaining Strategies, and the Independent Invention of Agriculture…
6000–5500 BCE onward: (The Scholarly Consensus on the Middle Nile Culture Area: Fekri Hassan's Groundbreaking 1988 Article Introducing This Perspective, David Wengrow and Coauthors Bringing These Findings Up to…
9700–5500 BCE: (Global History Period Three: From the End of the Younger Dryas to the Sixth Millennium BCE, Climate Shifts Bringing About Major Changes in Natural Environments and Forcing…
9700–5500 BCE: (The Aquatic Civilization of Middle Africa: A Particularly Notable Subsistence Intensification in Africa Being the Rise and Extensive Spread of What J.E.G. Sutton Called the "Aquatic Civilization…
9700–5500 BCE: (The Assimilation of Aquatic Communities by Pastoral Nilo-Saharans: The Aquatic Way of Life Remaining Viable Along Streams and Lakes While the Expanding Pastoral Nilo-Saharan-Speaking Communities Assimilated Aquatic…
9700–5500 BCE: (Food Production and Its Demographic Consequences: The Increasing Reliance on Food Production Giving Impetus to Human Population Growth Which Led to the Need for More Land, Food…
9700–5500 BCE: (Language Families as Historical Archives: For the Linguistically Trained Historian the Complexes of Word Histories Across Descendant Languages Serving as Historical Registers and Powerful Resources for Recovering…
10,000–5500 BCE: (Global Parallels: Agricultural Invention Driving Language Family Expansion in Africa and Worldwide, the Originators of the Independent Interior New Guinea Invention of Agriculture in the Eighth…
9700–5500 BCE: (Population Spread Not Limited to Farmers Replacing Foragers: The Climatic Shifts of the Early Holocene Also Opening New Opportunities for Expanded and More Varied Exploitation of Wild…
c. 5230 B.C. - 470 B.C.: Radiocarbon measurements from Trinidad sites indicate a long-term Ortoiroid presence in the region during its transition from the mainland. These coastal peoples developed specialized…
c. 5000 BC: The Banwari Trace site in Trinidad is identified as representing one of the earliest known human occupations in the Caribbean region. This period, often labeled the "Lithic"…
c. 5000 BC – AD 1492: The Lesser Antilles represent a region of immense variability in size, geology, and climate, which dictated the unique histories of its various island communities.…
c. 5000 BC: The first human populations reached the Caribbean islands during the fifth millennium BC, marking the beginning of the region's anthropogenic history. Despite the importance of this era,…
c. 5000 BC – AD 1492: The dispersal of human populations across the Greater Antilles initiated a long history of contact with a vast array of ecological environments. As these…
5000 BCE–Present: (The Mechanical Line of Technological Descent: Loom Weaving of Textiles, the Second Important Technological Trajectory Tracing from Ancient Forms of Production to Strategies Still Employed Today, Cotton Textiles…
6000–5000 BCE: (Still Another African First: the Earliest Evidence of Cotton Processing in the World, Spindle Whorls from the Khartoum Culture of Sudan Dating to the Sixth Millennium BCE, About…
Before 5000 BCE: (The Donkey: Africa's Gift of the First Multi-Purpose Beast of Burden in World History, an Animal Domesticated for Carrying Loads, for Riding, and in the Middle…
5000 BCE: (Who Domesticated the Donkey: Genetic Evidence Pointing to Two Separate Domestications by Cushitic-Speaking Peoples in the Horn of Africa, One in Somaliland and Another Along the Red…
6000–5000 BCE: (Maceheads: First Appearing in Burials in Sudan in the Sixth Millennium BCE and Only After That Becoming a Common Grave Good in Upper and Middle Egypt, the…
6000–5000 BCE: (The Westward Spread of Nilo-Saharan Agropastoralism Across the Sahel: In the Sixth Millennium Descendant Nilo-Saharan Communities Spreading with Their New Economy of Cattle Herding and Grain Cultivation…
9700–5000 BCE: (Culture and Belief in the Age of Incipient Agriculture: Africa Introducing New Directions for Rethinking the History of Ideas, a Common Western Presumption Being That Monotheism Emerged…
7000–5000 BCE: (The Spread of the Religion of Divinity Across Language Family Boundaries: Around the Seventh or Sixth Millennium BCE the Idea of Divinity Spreading from Nilo-Saharan Speakers to…
4500 BCE: (Nabta Playa: A Major Ritual Center with Astronomically Oriented Megalithic Arrays Built by Nilo-Saharan-Speaking Peoples in the Middle Fifth Millennium BCE, Located 300 Kilometers Southwest of Aswan,…
4500 BCE: (Nabta Playa's Political and Social Implications: The Site in All Likelihood Already the Ritual Center of a Polity of Some Kind in the Fifth Millennium, Very Possibly…
4190 B.C.: A Lithic-age deposit was identified at the Levisa rock shelter in Cuba, representing one of the earliest dated human settlements. This site provided evidence of early inhabitants who…
c. 4000 BC: The Barrera-Mordán site in the Dominican Republic provides evidence of early stone-working complexes within the Greater Antilles. This site is significant for documenting the presence of "Lithic…
c. 4000 BC: Archaeological evidence from the Barrera-Mordan site in the Dominican Republic highlights the early presence of specialized stone-working groups in the Greater Antilles. These "Archaic Age" inhabitants are…
c. 4000 BC – 1000 BC: Lithic Age assemblages in Cuba and Ayiti are primarily defined by unretouched macroblades struck from fine-grained chert prismatic cores. In contrast, early inhabitants in…
c. 4000 BC – 2000 BC: While the flaked-stone complexes of the Greater Antilles are well-documented, the "Archaic Age" is more often characterized by a greater diversity of ground-stone and…
c. 4000 BC – 1000 BC: The "Antillean Preceramic" period is characterized by a "collector" mode of life, where early maritime pioneers established mobile settlements to harvest seasonally available resources.…
6000–4000 BCE: (The Direction of Cultural Flow: More Often Than Not the New Features of Culture Had Their Origins in the Southerly Areas Among Nilo-Saharan-Speaking Peoples, Ceramic Styles Evolving…
4500–4000 BCE: (The Stellar Alignments of Nabta Playa and Their Connection to Old Kingdom Egyptian Cosmology: One Alignment Pointed Toward the Heliacal Rising of Sirius Which in Ancient Egypt…
4000 BCE: (Linguistic and Ethnographic Reconstruction as Complement to Written Records: These Approaches Applying Also to Regions with Early Writing, Adding Nuance and Detail to What Often-Scant…
6000–4000 BCE: (The Emergence of New Positions of Authority: One Global Consequence of Demographic Growth Being the Emergence of Inherited Ritual and Political Positions Passed Down in Particular Families,…
4000 BCE: (Native Copper Use Preceding Metallurgy: Copper Being Put to Use Before the Development of Actual Metallurgy Because It Also Exists in the Form of "Native Copper"…
4000–3800 BCE: (Preferential Parallel-Cousin Marriage and the Origins of Semitic Patriarchy: In Proto-Semitic the Word for Father-in-Law Derived from the Ancient Proto-Afroasiatic Word for Father's Brother, This Meaning Shift…
3630 B.C.: The Vignier III habitation site in Haiti was established near the coast by early Casimiroid peoples. This site contained a high concentration of shells, suggesting that maritime resources…
6000–3500 BCE: (Social Differentiation as Foundation: What These Histories Tell Us Being That Social Differentiation and Political and Religious Elite Classes Were Not De Novo Creations of the Highly…
3400 BCE: (The Climatic Catastrophe That Created Pharaonic Egypt: Around the Thirty-Fourth Century BCE a Further Major Climatic Decline Shifting Large Parts of the Eastern Sahara to Extremely Arid…
4000–3300 BCE: (The Route of Levantine Crops to the Horn of Africa: Lexical Evidence Showing That Wheat, Barley, and Chickpeas Reached the Ethiopian Highlands from Egypt via the Red…
6000–3300 BCE: (The Middle Nile Culture Area's Landscape: Rainfall Decreased but Still Supported Continuous Steppe and Semidesert Grassland Extending Across Middle and Southern Egypt and Far South into the…
3500–3200 BCE: (The Kingdom of Qustul: A New Growth of Political Scale in the Middle and Second Half of the Fourth Millennium Across the Middle and Northern Parts of…
3500–3200 BCE: (Bruce Williams and the Qustul Polity: Williams First Turning a Spotlight on This Polity Four Decades Ago, Pictorial Documents at Qustul Depicting Victorious Incursions by Qustul Forces…
3500–3200 BCE: (The Extent and Structure of the Qustul State: In the Mid-Fourth Millennium the Qustul State Held Cultural and Political Hegemony over a Wide Expanse Along the Nile…
3500–3200 BCE: (The Qustul Incense Burner and the Paraphernalia of Pharaonic Rule: Qustul Elites and Ruler in the Second Half of the Fourth Millennium Participating Together with Their Counterparts…
Before 3100 BCE: (Henotheism as the Original Religious System of Predynastic Egypt: The Gods of the Particular Nomes of Egypt Making Historical Sense as Relics of a Pre-Old Kingdom…
6000–3100 BCE: (The Not-So-Deep-Time Story of Egypt's Foundations: A Major Era of Cultural Reformulation Across the Span of Lands Extending from Modern-Day Sudan Through Nubia and Upper and Middle…
6000–3100 BCE: (Linguistic Evidence of South-to-North Cultural Flow: Words in Early Egyptian for a Number of Important Cultural Items Borrowed from Nilo-Saharan Languages, the Evidence of Word Histories Providing…
6000–3100 BCE: (Nilo-Saharan Loanwords in Early Egyptian: Specific Words for Important Cultural Features Borrowed from Eastern Sahelian Languages of the Nilo-Saharan Family, Including ds "Jar" from Early Nilo-Saharan *DoS…
6000–3100 BCE: (African Crops Spreading North to Egypt Alongside Middle Eastern Grains: While the Diffusion of Grain Crops of Ultimately Middle Eastern Origin Southward to Middle Egypt Is Well…
3300–3100 BCE: (The Decline of Qustul and the Rise of Upper Egypt: The Qustul Kingdom Declining in Wealth and Power Between 3300 and 3100 BCE as Desiccation Caused the…
3100 BCE: (Hor-Aha and the Destruction of Qustul: Hor-Aha Either the First or Second King of the First Dynasty Sending His Forces Southward to Destroy the Remnants of the…
3100 BCE: (Retainer Burial as a Nilo-Saharan Ritual Practice Adopted by the First Dynasty: Royal Tombs at Abydos Containing the Graves of Rulers and Large Numbers of Adjacent…
5000–3100 BCE: (From Nabta Playa to the Old Kingdom: Social Stratification Already Underway in the Nilo-Saharan-Speaking Lands Around Nabta Playa and Adjacent Parts of Nubia in the Fifth Millennium…
c. 3000 BC: Archaeological investigations in Haiti have revealed the presence of sophisticated lithic workshops characterized by the production of large flaked-stone blades. These sites, such as those in the…
c. 3000 BC – 1000 BC: In Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, all known Archaic Age sites have been categorized under the "Ortoiroid" series by established archaeological frameworks. Within…
c. 3000 BC – 200 BC: Archaeological data suggest that the Ortoiroid series, which originated in Trinidad, gradually spread through the Lesser Antilles toward Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.…
c. 3000 BC – 2000 BC: Early Archaic Age sites on Antigua, such as those found along the northeast shore and at Flinty Bay, were strategically located to provide easy…
c. 3000 BC – 2000 BC: The settlement patterns of the early Archaic Age in the Lesser Antilles were dictated by a strategic move between specialized resource outposts and more…
6000–3000 BCE: (The Fourth Age: The Era of Agricultural Exchange, Farming Peoples Spreading Their Methods into New Lands, Agricultural Systems Innovated in Distant Regions Coming into Contact and Transforming…
6000–3000 BCE: (The Social Consequences of Agricultural Exchange: New Crops and Domestic Animals Enriching Productivity, the Proportion of Diet from Cultivation and Herding Progressively Growing While Foraging Declined, Population…
3000 BCE–300 CE: (The Fifth Age: The Era of Kingdoms, Empires, and Long-Distance Trade, Strikingly New Developments in Society, Culture, and Economy, the Spread of Agriculture into Previously Marginal…
Before 3000 BCE: (The African Agricultural Exchange with Arabia and South Asia: West African Crops Reaching Southern Arabia by or Before 3000 BCE, Then Transported by Sea from Oman…
Before 3000 BCE: (Two More West African Contributions to World Agriculture: The Country Potato and the Roselle Spreading Along Sea Routes to Asia and Beyond, Plectranthus rotundifolia Reaching India…
Before 3000 BCE: (The Tamarind and the Castor-Oil Plant: Two More African Gifts to the World, the Tamarind as a West African Fruit Tree That Became Particularly Important in…
4000–3000 BCE: (The Donkey Reaches Mesopotamia: Spreading Northward from Cushitic-Speaking Peoples via Egypt to Southwestern Asia, the Cities of Ancient Mesopotamia and the Levant Acquiring a Valued Means of…
4000–3000 BCE: (The Donkey as Catalyst for the Domestication of Camels and Possibly Horses: African Donkeys as the Likely Model and Impetus for the Subsequent Domestication of the Camel…
7000–3000 BCE: (The Balance Sheet of Agricultural Exchange: Africa as Active Contributor, Sending Far More Outward Than It Received Back, at Least Eleven Food Crops Plus the Castor-Oil Plant…
5000–3000 BCE: (Interregional Connections Within Africa: The Varied Origin Lands of These Thirteen Contributions Revealing That by or Before 5000 to 3000 BCE Interregional Connections Were Increasingly Shaping Cultural…
7000–3000 BCE: (What Africa Received from Eurasia: Goats and Sheep Diffusing from the Levant to Northeastern Africa as Early as the Seventh Millennium BCE and Eventually Spreading Widely Across…
4000–3000 BCE: (The True Geographical Heartland of Ancient Egyptian Civilization: The Foundational Developments Lying in Lands Extending from Several Hundred Kilometers South of the White Nile and Blue Nile…
4000–3000 BCE: (Physical Anthropology Confirms the African Character of the Founding Egyptians: Cranial and Dental Features from El-Badari and Naqada Showing No Demographic Indebtedness to the Levant and Their…
3000 BCE–1600s CE: (African History as Counterweight to Patriarchal Presumptions: Mature Women's Authority in Social Governance Already Existing During the Early Bantu Expansions of the Third to First Millennia…
3000 BCE–present: (Bride Service and Female Authority in Africa's Southern Savanna Belt: In Matrilineal Societies Across the Southern Savanna a Young Man Seeking to Marry Had to Be Approved…
6000–3000 BCE: (The Age of Agricultural Exchange: A New Global Period Beginning from Around the Middle of the Holocene as Expanding Early Agricultural Systems Increasingly Came into Contact with…
5000–3000 BCE onward: (Africa's Agricultural Exports to Eurasia: A Large Number of Crops and One Animal of Northeastern African Origin Spreading in the Opposite Direction Across Eurasia from 3000…
6000–3000 BCE: (Society and Social Relations in the Age of Agricultural Exchange: What Gives Coherence to This Period Being Their Effects on the Histories of Social, Political, and…
6000–3000 BCE: (Agricultural Exchange Enriching Productivity and Driving Demographic Growth: The Adoption of New Crops and Domestic Animals Further Enriching the Productivity and Variety of Agricultural Practices in Receiving…
5500–3000 BCE: (Technological Innovation in the Age of Agricultural Exchange: This Period Also Being a Global Age of Notable New Technological Developments, Histories Long Tending to Give Primary Attention…
5000–3000 BCE: (The Global Map of Independent Weaving Inventions: Cotton Weaving in Sudan by or Before 5000 BCE as the Earliest, Independently in India Around a Millennium Later, Independently…
6000–3000 BCE: (Technology, Social Differentiation, and the Origins of Inequality: The Development of New Technologies Possibly Stimulated in Part by Emerging Social Differentiation as Growing Agricultural Productivity Allowed Differential…
6000–3000 BCE: (The Demand Spiral: Social Stratification Driving Demand for Prestige Metals and Textiles, Growing Availability of Copper and Later Iron Lowering Costs and Shifting These Metals into Tools…
3000 BCE–300 CE: (Global History Period Five: The Last Three Millennia BCE and First Several Centuries CE, an Age in Which Agricultural Ways of Life Spread to Nearly All…
3000 BCE–1000 CE: (The Malayo-Polynesian Expansion as Global Parallel: Communities Speaking Malayo-Polynesian Languages Spreading First to the Philippines Then Across Almost All of Indonesia and Along the Northern Edges…
3000 BCE–300 CE: (Environmental Constraints and Alternative Paths to Food Production: In the Farther Northern and Southern Portions of the World Environmental Differences Commonly Delaying the Expansion of Food-Producing…
3000 BCE–300 CE: (Early Unequal and Stratified Societies: A More Familiar Theme Being the Rise of Early States Towns and Highly Unequal and Stratified Societies, These Developments Taking Place…
3000 BCE–300 CE: (River Valleys and the Rise of the First Oppressive Societies: Early Dense Populations with Social Stratification Developing Most Strongly Along River Valleys with Rich Soils and…
3000 BCE–300 CE: (Gender in Comparative History: The Rise of Highly Unequal Societies Raising the Question of Consequences for Gender Relations, Comparative Ethnographic Evidence Indicating That in Earlier Ages…
3000 BCE–present: (Africa as Counterevidence to the Stratification-Equals-Patriarchy Thesis: In Several Parts of Africa the Rise of Social and Economic Stratification Not Automatically Bringing Female Subordination, the Kandake of…
3000 BCE: (A Separate East African Domestication of Cowpeas by Southern Cushites: A Separate Domestication of Cowpeas by Southern Cushitic-Speaking Peoples in East Africa Appearing to Have Taken Place…
c. 2140 B.C. - 620 B.C.: The Ronquinan Saladoid subseries inhabited the Orinoco Valley, primarily settling on natural levees that were renewed by annual silting. They practiced slash-and-burn agriculture and…
c. 2000 BC – AD 145: The Courian Casimiroid subseries represents a significant grouping of Archaic sites on the island, characterized by the persistence of macroblade technology. These sites have been…
c. 2000 BC – 500 BC: The Krum Bay complex on St. Thomas provides a detailed look at the material culture of the Archaic Age in the Virgin Islands. This…
c. 2000 BC: The Jolly Beach site on Antigua’s west coast stands as a notable exception to the general pattern of early lithic production, as it provided evidence for the…
c. 2000 BC – AD 100: The Whitehead’s Bluff site on Anguilla is situated on a karst plateau 11 to 14 meters above sea level and is heavily exposed to…
Before 2000 BCE: (The Inland Delta's Deep History of Exchange: Susan and Roderick McIntosh Documenting the Multidirectional Exchange of Subsistence Products Among Specialist Communities of the Inland Delta and…
2000 BCE–300 CE: (Commercial Revolutions in the Global Frame: African and Other Early Systems of Long-Distance Exchange Emerging from Different Cultural and Social Worlds but Producing Both Similar and…
2000 BCE–300 CE: (Different Pathways to Commercial Complexity: The Middle East and Egypt Developing States and Social Inequality Long Before Merchant-Based Trade Emerged in the First Millennium BCE, While…
2000 BCE–300 CE: (The Deeper Questions: How Much Have Different Human Responses to Comparable Challenges Been Shaped by Differences in Natural Environments, in Organizing Ideas About the Nature of…
2000 BCE–present: (West African Women as Independent Economic Actors: Whether in Patrilineal or Matrilineal Societies Women Have Been from Far Back in the Past Independent Social and Economic Actors…
2000 BCE–present: (Women's Proprietary Authority Persisting Across Kinship Systems: The Ancient Historical Recognition of Women's Proprietary Spheres of Authority Not Limited to Matrilineal Societies but Often Persisting in Patrilineal…
2000 BCE–300 CE: (The New Kind of Town and the Merchant Class: The Early Commercial Revolutions Bringing into Being a New Economic Basis for Towns Functioning as Centers for…
2000 BCE–300 CE: (The Commercial Revolutions as the Foundation of All Subsequent Global History: The Rise of the Several Commercial Revolutions of the Second and First Millennia BCE Having…
2000 BCE and earlier: (The Watermelon's Nilo-Saharan Origins Predating Its Egyptian Material Record: The Currently Known Botanical Evidence Showing the Watermelon to Have Been Well Established in Egypt Before…
2000 BCE: (Omotic Languages Formerly Present in Northern Ethiopia: Omotic Languages Today Spoken Across Southern Ethiopia but the Occurrence of Omotic Loanwords in the Agaw Languages of Northern Ethiopia…
1800 BCE: (Ôboui and Gbatoro, the Earliest Ironworking Sites Yet Known Anywhere in the World: Ôboui in the Western Central African Republic and Gbatoro Just 100 Kilometers Across the Border…
Pre-1800 BCE: (How Africans Discovered Iron Without First Working Copper, the Standard Assumption That Metallurgy Everywhere Began with Lower-Melting-Point Metals Like Copper Before Progressing to Iron, but in Large Parts…
Pre-1800 BCE: (The Laterite Hypothesis, How Pottery Firing in Iron-Rich Soils May Have Led to the Accidental Discovery of Iron: African Potters Widely Firing Ceramics in Pits Dug into Lateritic…
c. 1500 B.C.: The Barrancoid series developed in the lower-middle Orinoco Valley and eventually expanded downstream toward the coast. This cultural shift led to the displacement of earlier Saladero groups…
3600–1500 BCE: (The Norte Chico Culture of Coastal Peru as Global Parallel: The Early Norte Chico Society Taking Shape During the Same Time Period as the Qustul State in…
1800–1200 BCE: (Tichit: The Best-Studied Center of the West African Commercial Revolution, a String of Towns in Southern Mauritania Near the Mali Border with Specialized Artisan Production for Trade,…
c. 1000 B.C. - 400 B.C.: An established cultural frontier in Puerto Rico separated the Ortoiroid peoples from the Casimiroid groups residing in Ayiti. This boundary facilitated the interaction and…
1000 B.C.: Ortoiroid groups reached Puerto Rico and established a cultural frontier with the Casimiroid peoples living in Ayiti. This proximity allowed for the northwest-to-southeast diffusion of various stone-working traditions…
c. 1000 BC: During the latter part of the Archaic Age, there is evidence that exchange networks intensified between the Caribbean islands and the Isthmo-Colombian region of Central and South…
Pre-1000 BCE: (Locating the Origin Zone of African Ironworking, the Geographical Spread of Early Sites Making It Highly Probable That the Originators Lived Somewhere in the 1,500 Kilometers of Woodland…
1000 BCE–1000 CE: (The Continental Spread of African Iron, Mashariki Bantu Expansions Carrying Ironworking Far Across Eastern and Southeastern Africa at the Close of the First Millennium BCE, a Further…
4000–1000 BCE: (Copper and Iron in Northern Africa, Where the Standard Sequence Held: Copper First via the Levant to Egypt in the Fourth Millennium BCE, Then an Independent African Copper…
2000–1000 BCE: (Chapter 4: Towns and Long-Distance Commerce in Ancient Africa: The West African Commercial Revolution, the Rise of the First Towns and the Development of Commerce Over Distance…
2000–1000 BCE: (Defining the Commercial Revolution: The Shift from Royal and Temple Agents to an Independent Merchant Class as the Primary Managers of Distance Trade, the Emergence of a…
2000–1000 BCE: (A New Kind of Town: The Commercial Town as Distinct from the Temple Center or Royal Capital, Towns Serving Primarily as Production Centers of Goods Destined for…
2000–1000 BCE: (The Inland Delta of the Niger: A Second Seminal Region of the West African Commercial Revolution, Encompassing a Range of Highly Contrasting Environments That Generated Specialized Communities…
2500–1000 BCE: (The Aïr Mountains as a Third Center of the West African Commercial Revolution: Copper Smelting Becoming Fully Operational by 1500 BCE and the Aïr Region Becoming the…
1000 BCE–1000 CE: (Two Lines of Sheep Dispersal Through the Congo Basin: The Central Sudanic Word *-meme Tracking the Spread of Sheep Southwestward from South Sudan Through Bantu-Speaking Areas…
1000 BCE–1200 CE: (The Double Bell as Political Regalia: Commerce Generating Chiefdoms and Small States Along the Main Lines and Juncture Points of Congo Basin Trade Routes, Smiths Producing…
1000 BCE–1000 CE: (Secret Societies as the Social Infrastructure of Congo Basin Commerce: Merchant Associations Composed of Traders and Leading Figures from Chiefdoms and Small Kingdoms, Open to Both…
3000–1000 BCE: (The Ubangian Expansion: A Second Major Spread of the Agricultural Frontier in Africa Largely Unrecognized by Historians, Peoples Speaking Languages of the Ubangian Subgroup of the North…
1000 BCE–300 CE: (Agricultural Frontier Expansion in the Americas: The Addition of Mesoamerican Crops into the Eastern Agricultural Complex of the East-Central and Southern United States by the Later…
2000–1000 BCE: (The Reassessment of Women's Roles in History: Women Able to Prosper as Independent Economic Actors in West Africa Because Marriage Did Not Entail Becoming an Economic Dependent…
2000–1000 BCE: (Innovation from the Periphery: As with the Early Origins of Copper Smelting the Inventors of Iron Metallurgy Resided in Smaller-Scale Societies and Not in Regions of Emerging…
1000 BCE–1000 CE: (The Horse as an Enabling Factor of Empire: A Second Important Enabling Factor Being the Increasing Presence and Use of Horses Almost Everywhere Climate Allowed Including…
1000 BCE–700 CE: (Commercial Networks and the Spread of Ideas, Invention, and People: The Emergence in the First Millennium BCE of Religions with Written Scriptures or More Accurately Religion-Backed…
1000 BCE–1500 CE: (Global Interconnection Not Founded in the Seventh Century CE, the First Millennium BCE Commercial Linkages as Its Foundation: The Linking Up of the Various…
1000 BCE: (Early States in the Aïr Region and the Nok Region of Nigeria: Indirect Evidence for Small States in the Aïr Region of West Africa by or Before…
1000 BCE–1500 CE: (Royal Bells as Symbols of Sacred Kingship in the Rainforest: Vansina's Research on "The Bells of Kings" Documenting How Double Iron Bells Became Insignia of Royal…
1000 BCE–1 CE: (Population Growth and the Evolution of Religious Systems: Dunbar's Research Offering Thought-Provoking Proposals About How the Increased Population Sizes and the Growth in Scale of Societal…
c. 880 B.C. - 225 B.C.: Seven radiocarbon dates from the Krum Bay site on St. Thomas document an active Ortoiroid presence in the Virgin Islands. These communities relied heavily…
c. 804 B.C.: Archaeological evidence confirms that ground sloths still inhabited the Cordillera Central of the island during the second millennium B.C. The development of advanced Courian hunting technologies likely contributed…
c. 800 BC – 200 BC: Arawak communities from continental South America began expanding into the Caribbean Sea, initiating a new era of cultural development. This expansion was the terminus…
c. 800 BC – 200 BC: While biogeographers once argued that the Lesser Antilles served as a "stepping-stone" archipelago for gradual northward movement, the earliest well-dated Early Ceramic Age sites…
1000–800 BCE: (The Spread of Ironworking Eastward and Southward from the Central African Origin Zone, Iron-Smelting Knowledge Reaching Central Sudanic-Speaking Peoples Near the Western Borders of Modern South Sudan, Then…
1000–800 BCE: (Iron Technology Spreading Southward to the Mashariki Bantu Along the Great Western Rift, Key Early Iron Terms Including Words for Iron Ore, Bellows, Smith's Hammer, Iron Hoes, and…
750 BCE–300 CE: (The Nilo-Saharan Cultural Foundations of the Napata-Meroë Empire: The Heartlands and Most of the Peoples of This Long-Lived Empire Belonging to the Ancient Nilo-Saharan Cultural World…
750 BCE–300 CE: (The Nilo-Saharan Religion of Divinity and the Napatan-Meroitic Understanding of Egyptian Gods: The Peoples of the Heartlands of the Napatan-Meroitic Empire as Part of the Nilo-Saharan…
1500–700 BCE: (Africa's Special Place in the History of Iron, the Conventional Story That Iron Metallurgy Had a Single Beginning in Anatolia Around the Mid-Second Millennium BCE and Diffused Outward…
1000–700 BCE: (The Independent Invention of Iron Smelting in Sub-Saharan Africa, Ironworking Already Well Established by 1000 to 700 BCE at Sites Extending from East to West Across the African…
900–700 BCE: (The Garamantes as Peripheral Responders: The Chronology Refuting the Attribution of an Instigating Role to the Garamantes in West African Commerce, the Garamantes Becoming Prominent Only from the…
700 BCE: (The Initial Spread of Ironworking via the Great Lakes Bantu: The Arrow on Map 2.6 Pointing to "700 BCE" Marking the Initial Stage of the Spread of…
750–663 BCE: (The Empire of Napata-Meroë at Its Height: The Empire of Napata-Meroë as the Notable African Case, at the High Period of Its Early Conquests Between Around 750…
747–656 BCE: (The 25th Dynasty and Cultural Encounter Between Kush and Egypt: Two Important Recent Sources on the History of Cultural Encounter Between the Kushite 25th Dynasty Rulers and…
650 BCE–250 CE: (The Meroitic Empire After Egypt: Even After the Loss of Its Egyptian Lands During the Second Half of the 600s BCE and the Subsequent Move of…
750–650 BCE: (Napatan Political Strategy in Egypt: Recent Scholarship Indicating That Two Kinds of Cultural and Political Considerations Predominated During These Eras, During Their Conquest and Rule Over Egypt…
c. 530 B.C.: Horizon I on the island of Martinique yielded some of the earliest radiocarbon dates for the Cedrosan Saladoid subseries in the West Indies. This arrival marked the…
500 B.C. - 200 B.C.: The Saladoid peoples migrated from the Orinoco Valley into the West Indies, bringing the first sedentary villages and agricultural practices. These ancestors of the Tainos…
c. 500 BC – AD 625: Recent radiocarbon dating of stratum IV at the Haitian lithic workshop sites yielded dates ranging from approximately 1 BC to AD 625. These results…
c. 500 BC – AD 540: Early Ceramic Age settlements were established across an intervisible chain of islands that remained invisible from the surrounding mainland. Once reached, these islands were…
500 BCE: (Where Two Worlds of Iron Met, the Eastward Spread of Central African Iron Terminology Reaching Its Limit in Western South Sudan Along the Borders with Ethiopia, Where It…
1200–500 BCE: (The Linking Up: Commercial Networks Connecting Tichit, the Inland Delta, and Aïr Before the End of the Second Millennium BCE, a New Kind of Town Emerging Across…
2000–500 BCE: (The Two Foundations of the West African Commercial Revolution: Agriculture Enabling Population Growth and the Specialized Trading of Farm Products to Feed Concentrated Town Populations, and the…
1000–500 BCE: (A Second African Commercial Revolution: The Congo Basin, West Africa Not the Only Region, Equatorial Africa Also Developing Long-Distance Commercial Networks Not Many Centuries Later, River…
1000–500 BCE: (The Scholarly Foundations of Congo Basin Commercial History: Jan Vansina and Kairn Klieman's Studies, the Beginnings of Long-Distance Goods Transport Very Likely Going Back to Early in…
13,500 BCE: (An Archaeological Correlation: A Cultural Spread in the Middle Fourteenth Millennium BCE Appearing to Fit in Time and Place with the Linguistic Divergence of Proto-North Erythraic into…
13,500 BCE: (The Mushabian Culture: The Archaeological Link Between Egypt and the Natufian, Tools and Toolmaking Techniques Typical of Late Afian and Its Immediate Successor Cultures in Egypt Becoming…
2000–500 BCE: (Commercial Revolutions: The Rise of the First Commercial Revolutions in the Second and First Millennia BCE, a New Class of Society, Merchants, Becoming the Central…
500 BCE onward: (The Mediterranean-Levantine Commercial Model and the Garamantes Connection: In the Lands Around the Eastern Mediterranean Where States and Highly Stratified Societies Had Already Existed for Centuries,…
500 BCE–300 CE: (The Expansion of Levantine Trade Connections Across the Red Sea and Indian Ocean: Levantine Trade Connections Extending Across the Red Sea to the Horn of Africa…
500 BCE–700 CE: (A Second Major African State, the Ethiopian Highlands Polity and the Empire of Aksum: Archaeological and Meager Epigraphic Sources Suggesting a Major State Taking Shape…
c. 400 BC – AD 500: The Early Ceramic Age is characterized by the widespread appearance of pottery and more permanent agricultural settlements across the islands. Key archaeological sites from…
1000–300 BCE: (Commerce and Empire: The First Millennium BCE Marked Across Eurasia by the Rise of the First Empires of Great Geographical Extent, Historians Long Giving Prime Attention to…
1000–300 BCE: (Commerce as the Engine of Empire: The Beginning of the Age of Empires Coinciding with the Growing Complexity of Products and the Widening Geographical Reach of Trading…
300 BCE–700 CE: (Trade Routes as Conduits of Religion: How Buddhism Christianity and Later Islam Grew from Regional into World Religions, Buddhism Spreading Across Southern and East Asia Paralleling…
300 BCE–300 CE: (Trade Networks and the Birth of Pandemics: The Growing Interconnections Among the Various African-Eurasian Long-Distance Trade Networks in the Last Several Centuries BCE and First Few…
c. 270 BC: Excavations at the Corinthia III site in Cuba have identified some of the earliest known examples of Archaic Age pottery. This discovery is significant because it suggests…
c. 270 BC: The El Convento site in northern Puerto Rico has provided the earliest radiocarbon assay for the Huecoid manifestation in the region. This early date challenges the traditional…
c. 250 B.C.: Recent radiocarbon data suggests that the Cedrosan Saladoid migration had successfully reached the northern West Indies by this date. The colonizers selectively favored high, mountainous islands that…
c. 200 BC – AD 400: The transition to the Early Ceramic Age in the Antilles involved a sophisticated adaptation to the diverse marine ecosystems of the Caribbean. The Saladoid…
c. 200 BC – AD 200: The discovery of the Punta Candelero site in eastern Puerto Rico significantly altered the debate regarding the relationship between "Huecoid" and "Saladoid" cultures. Before…
c. 200 BC – AD 500: During the Early Ceramic Age, a sophisticated lapidary industry emerged, characterized by the use of semi-precious stones such as amethyst, carnelian, and jadeite. These…
c. 200 BC – AD 600: The sociopolitical organization of Saladoid communities has traditionally been characterized by archaeologists as egalitarian and tribal-based. These societies were likely organized into small, autonomous…
c. 200 BC – AD 600: Early Saladoid villages were typically constructed around a central plaza that served as a designated space for daily activities and communal rituals. At several…
500–146 BCE: (Punic Origin of the Word for Horse in Niger Bend and Mali Languages: The Words for Horse, So, Siso, and Closely Similar Shapes, in Languages…
100–300 CE: (Trans-Saharan Gold Trade: By No Later Than the First Three Centuries CE Traders Along the Trans-Saharan Routes Carrying a Major New Product, Gold from the Mines and…
155–258 CE: (Africans as Founding Figures of Christianity: What Is Often Not Recognized Being the Extent to Which Africans Whose Ancestors Spoke Languages of the Afrasian Language Family of…
c. AD 200 – 400: At the Morel site in Guadeloupe, archaeologists uncovered a ritual dog burial dating to the Early Ceramic Age. This find provides rare evidence regarding the…
c. AD 200 – 600: Interaction between incoming Saladoid migrants and established Archaic Age communities played a crucial role in shaping the later cultural landscape of Puerto Rico. Archaeological evidence…
1–200 CE: (The Malagasy-Bantu Exchange: The Ancestral Malagasy Adopting the Raising of Sheep and Cows from Their Bantu-Speaking Neighbors, in Return Introducing the Banana and the Chicken Both Brought…
300–1 BCE: (Carbon Steel Two Thousand Years Before the Bessemer Process, African Iron Smelters in the Great Lakes Region Constructing Furnaces Capable of Producing Carbon Steel Directly from the Smelt…
300s CE Onward: (Africa's Reversed Metallurgical Sequence: Everywhere South of the Sahel, Iron Preceded Copper, the Prior Possession of Iron Technology Leading People to the Discovery and Smelting of Copper…
1–300 CE: (The Ancestral Malagasy Migration: The Most Striking Case of Long-Distance Resettlement Along Trade Routes Being a Whole Small Society Crossing the Indian Ocean at the Beginning of…
300 CE: (The Settlement of Madagascar: By Around the Third Century CE the Ancestral Malagasy Community Having Probably Already Intermarried to Some Extent with Their Bantu-Speaking Neighbors Then Sailing…
325 CE: (The African Architects of the Nicene Creed: The Egyptian Patriarch of Alexandria St. Alexander and His Protégé Athanasius Being Leading Proponents at the Council of Nicaea in…
c. AD 350 – 500: The Caribbean archaeological record shows a notable shift as Barrancoid ceramic influences from South America began to supplement or supplant earlier Saladoid traditions. This period…
c. AD 400 – 1000: During the Early Ceramic Age, several islands in the Lesser Antilles developed specialized industries, such as the Trants site on Montserrat, which focused on the…
c. AD 400 – 1000: The Sorcé/La Hueca site on Vieques is renowned for its highly specialized lapidary industry, producing intricate beads and amulets from exotic materials such as nephrite…
c. AD 400 – 1000: In Trinidad and Tobago, the Early Ceramic Age is characterized by the transition from the Cedros complex to the Palo Seco complex. While Cedros pottery…
c. AD 400 – 1000: Excavations at Early Ceramic Age sites have uncovered vast quantities of "social valuables," including personal adornments made from carnelian, greenstone, serpentinite, and amethyst. The monopoly…
c. AD 400 – 1000: The Early Ceramic Age was characterized by an economically interdependent network of specialized production centers, such as the bead industries on Montserrat and the celt…
c. AD 400 – 1000: The presence of exotic valuables like carnelian, jadeite, and amethyst in early Saladoid and Huecoid middens is interpreted as the physical manifestation of "Big Man"…
c. AD 400 – 1400: Archaeological investigations at the Río Portugués in Puerto Rico have provided detailed insights into the long-term relationship between indigenous communities and their environment. Research by…
c. AD 400 – 1000: Analysis of Early Ceramic Age pottery from various Caribbean sites has revealed complex dynamics between technology, function, and style. Research by C.L. Hofman and L.…
c. AD 400 – 1000: Archaeological excavations at the Sugar Factory Pier site on St. Kitts have provided critical data for understanding the lithic technology of the Saladoid period. Research…
c. AD 400 – 1000: Archaeological research on the island of Antigua, particularly at the Royals site, has provided significant evidence for the early transition from Saladoid to post-Saladoid social…
1–400 CE: (The Upemba Depression as a Major Production Center: Bantu-Speaking Lands in and Around the Upemba Depression Through Which the Lualaba River Flowed Becoming Major Producing Areas of…
450 - 500 A.D.: Arawakan-speaking groups introduced the Ceramic age to the islands of Aruba, Curaçao, and Bonaire. This movement displaced earlier Archaic-age inhabitants who possessed distinct cranial features and…
c. AD 500 – 900: A significant change in Caribbean mortuary practices occurred as human remains began to be buried inside houses. Earlier Saladoid settlements, such as Maisabel and…
c. AD 500 – 900: Recent research on the north coast of the Dominican Republic has identified early Saladoid occupations that predate the traditionally accepted timeline for horticultural expansion into…
500s–400s BCE: (The Garamantes Misconception: Scholars Wrongly Attributing to the Garamantes of the Central Sahara an Instigating Role in West African Commerce, When in Fact the West African Commercial…
1–500 CE: (The Second Iron Age of Africa: New Developments in Iron-Forging Technology Spreading Along the River Routes of the Congo Basin in the Early First Millennium CE, Jan…
c. AD 1 – 600: Although many researchers have traditionally characterized Saladoid communities as egalitarian, recent scholarship has questioned this assumption, suggesting that a well-developed social hierarchy may have existed…
c. AD 600 – 900: During the transition to the Ostionoid period, a significant shift in dietary preferences occurred as communities in Puerto Rico began to favor marine mollusks over…
c. AD 600: The origin of Ostionoid pottery has been a subject of intense academic debate, with recent theories suggesting it developed from interactions in the eastern Dominican Republic. Originally,…
c. AD 600 – 700: Archaeological evidence shows that Ostiones-style pottery appeared almost simultaneously in Puerto Rico, Ayiti, Jamaica, and the Turks & Caicos Islands. This rapid distribution challenges the…
c. AD 600 – 1000: The emergence of "Ostionoid" traditions in Puerto Rico is viewed as an indigenous transformation that incorporated elements of the older Archaic Age heritage. This new…
c. AD 600 – 1200: Archaeological interpretations of Saladoid burials in central plazas suggest they served as a form of ancestor veneration, where the deceased remained spiritually present during community…
c. AD 600 – 900: The Anse à la Gourde site on Guadeloupe provides detailed evidence of complex mortuary practices during the Saladoid period. Grave inventories included whole Lobatus gigas…
c. AD 600 – 900: Strontium-isotope analysis of individuals buried at Anse à la Gourde has revealed a fascinating pattern regarding social mobility and gender. Researchers found that non-local females…
c. AD 600 – 1400: Archaeological evidence from the Anse à la Gourde site on Guadeloupe indicates a shift in subsistence strategies between the Saladoid and post-Saladoid periods. While mammals…
c. AD 600 – 900: In Trinidad, the SAN-1 site at Manzanilla has provided evidence of early settlement dynamics and the exploitation of marine resources along the island's eastern coast.…
c. AD 600 – 1200: The practice of intentional cranial modification was a widespread method of identity formation and social signaling among various Caribbean groups. Research by A. van Duijvenbode…
c. AD 600 – 1200: Stable isotope analysis of human remains from several sites in Puerto Rico has provided a more nuanced view of indigenous mobility and diet. Research by…
620s–19th Century: (Cross and Crescent in Northeast Africa: The First Mosque on the Continent at Massawa, Islam Advancing from the Somali Coast by the Tenth Century, Ethiopia as a…
624 A.D.: The Cerrillo workshop site in western Puerto Rico was actively utilized for flintworking during the transition to the Ceramic age. Archaeological evidence indicates that while the site reached…
659–1664: (French Consolidation and the Origin of Saint-Domingue): Following decades of shifting control between European powers, Seigneur Jérémie Deschamps established French domain over Tortuga in 1659 under the commission of…
700–1500 CE: (The Muslim-Dominated Era Deepening Africa's Global Salience: The Later Global Linkages of the Seventh to the Fourteenth Centuries CE When Muslim-Ruled Lands Dominated the Geographically Central Portions…
799-Dec.-01: A detailed list was compiled of General Toussaint Louverture’s naval forces, documenting the "black navy" that had begun to dominate the coastal waters of the island. The inventory included dozens…
c. AD 800 – 1500: Paleopathological studies of indigenous remains in Cuba have revealed significant data regarding the health and daily stresses of pre-Columbian life. Research by E. Vento Canosa…
c. AD 800 – 1400: Large-scale excavations at sites like Golden Rock on St. Eustatius have provided some of the most complete settlement plans in the northern Caribbean. Research by…
c. AD 800 – 1200: Excavations on the island of Nevis have demonstrated the impact of large-scale environmental management during the Troumassoid period. Research by A.H. Versteeg and S.M. Wilson…
826-May-01: The appointment of Charles MacKenzie as British Consul General to Haiti marked a shift toward a more liberal commercial policy by the Canning cabinet compared to the rigid avoidance…
c. AD 840 – 1300: In the eastern Dominican Republic, the "Atajadizo phase" represents a significant transitional period marked by the initial appearance of Chicoid pottery alongside older Ostionoid traditions.…
c. AD 850 – 1309: The Juanpedro site in the Dominican Republic provides a detailed example of a large indigenous settlement with an estimated population of approximately 500 individuals. The…
860 A.D.: The Ostionan culture, defined by the Macady ceramic style, is established in northeastern Haiti. Archaeologists identify this period as a time of significant population growth and agricultural development.…
900. 1793-Jul.-Mid: More than fifty French ships fleeing the destruction of Cap Français arrived in Baltimore loaded with thousands of destitute refugees. This massive influx provided a powerful visual testament…
c. AD 900 – 1500: During the later stages of pre-Columbian history, the introduction and cultivation of yams significantly impacted indigenous agricultural practices and social organization. In some Pacific island…
c. AD 900 – 1500: Meillacoid pottery is characterized by its thin walls, typically measuring between 4 and 6 millimeters, and a granular paste that is reddish-brown to orange-brown in…
c. AD 900 – 1500: The Île à Rat site, located on a tiny island off the north coast of Haiti, provides a clear stratigraphic record of the transition between…
c. AD 900 – 1500: Excavations at the Île à Rat site in Haiti revealed a Cultural deposit approximately 75 centimeters deep with five distinct strata. These strata accurately reflect…
c. AD 900: Meillacoid pottery became the dominant ceramic tradition in the northern Caribbean, potentially reflecting a period of synergy and transculturation among previously distinct societies. This series is characterized…
c. AD 900 – 1200: Chicoid pottery first appeared in the southeastern Dominican Republic around the same time Meillacoid traditions were expanding. While both styles utilize incised motifs, Chicoid is…
c. AD 900 – 1300: In Cuba, the earliest Meillacoid settlements likely appeared in the indigenous province of Bayaquitirí. These communities may have initially coexisted with earlier Ostionoid groups, but…
c. AD 900 – 1500: Meillacoid sites in Cuba exhibit a remarkable degree of continuity in material culture from their initial settlement through the arrival of the Spanish. Faunal remains…
c. AD 900 – 1300: In Jamaica, excavations at the Bluefields Bay site revealed a diverse toolkit composed of both stone and shell implements, highlighting the complementary use of these…
c. AD 900 – 1500: In Jamaica, the Paradise and Sweetwater sites demonstrate how communities tailored their technology to specific environmental niches despite geographic proximity. While both sites utilized Meillacoid…
c. AD 1000 – 1500: The ceremonial centers of Puerto Rico are distinguished by multiple stone-lined courts, which stand in marked contrast to the large circular plazas found in Ayiti.…
c. AD 1000 – 1500: Faunal analysis from Jamaican archaeological sites shows a subsistence strategy heavily reliant on marine resources, with sea turtle bones dominating the cultural deposits. Inhabitants of…
c. AD 1000 – 1500: During the Late Ceramic Age, the northern Lesser Antilles saw a decrease in the number and size of settlements, mirroring a pattern also observed in…
c. AD 1000 – 1500: The integration of local Lesser Antillean communities into the broader sociopolitical and ideological spheres of Greater Antillean polities represents a fundamental shift in regional dynamics.…
c. AD 1000 – 1500: In Barbados, Post-Saladoid society underwent significant social changes characterized by shifts in settlement patterns and material culture. Research by P.L. Drewett suggests that these communities…
c. AD 1000 – 1500: Starch grain analysis of human dental calculus has provided revolutionary new insights into the consumption of maize and other food plants in the pre-Columbian Caribbean.…
c. AD 1000 – 1500: The distribution of petroglyphs across the Lesser Antilles and Trinidad serves as a permanent record of the "sacred geography" of the pre-Columbian Caribbean. Research by…
c. AD 1000 – 1450: Network analysis of Late Ceramic Age sites on the island of Saba reveals a pattern of "remotely local" interaction. Research by A.A.A. Mol, M.L.P. Hoogland,…
c. AD 1000 – 1500: The use of phosphorus analysis at Lucayan settlement sites on Middle Caicos has allowed researchers to determine the precise "use areas" and intensity of human…
c. AD 1100 – 1200: Archaeological evidence from the Governors Beach site on Grand Turk reveals a specialized diet consisting primarily of fish heads, specifically grunts (Haemulon sp.) likely caught…
c. AD 1100 – 1200: Environmental analysis of the Governors Beach site on Grand Turk, specifically the study of tiger lucine shells (Codakia orbicularis), indicates that the site was occupied…
c. AD 1100 – 1300: Zooarchaeological analysis of the Governors Beach site on Grand Turk revealed a highly specialized diet almost exclusively focused on the heads of grunts (Haemulon sp.).…
1200: Taino culture reaches developmental maturity and enters the Formative age, constructing elaborate stone-lined ball courts. These sites served as the centers of political and religious life for complex chiefdoms.
c. AD 1200 – 1550: During the Late Ceramic Age, the site of El Chorro de Maíta in Cuba emerged as a center of significant regional integration. This era is…
c. AD 1200: The island of Saba began to exhibit clear cultural affinities with "Chicoid" modes of pottery decoration, suggesting a northward expansion of influence from the Greater Antilles. Similar…
c. AD 1200 – 1500: The Late Ceramic Age in Puerto Rico is defined by the emergence of the Boca Chica, Capá, and Esperanza pottery styles, which represent an elaboration…
c. AD 1200 – 1500: The Boca Chica pottery style is characterized by thick, sturdy vessels with fine, polished surfaces and complex shapes such as boat-shaped bowls and spherical bottles.…
c. AD 1200 – 1500: Archaeological research indicates that Boca Chica ceramic influences extended beyond Ayiti and Puerto Rico into the Lesser Antilles and westward into Cuba. This widespread distribution…
c. AD 1200 – 1500: Chicoid pottery, particularly the Boca Chica style, is significantly thicker and softer than Meillacoid wares, with vessel walls ranging from 7 to 9 millimeters. The…
c. AD 1200 – 1500: In the eastern Dominican Republic, specialized ceramic jars known as potizas became a hallmark of the Chicoid world. These jars were primarily used for the…
c. AD 1200 – 1500: Excavations at the El Flaco site in the northwestern Dominican Republic have revealed evidence of indigenous houses built on leveled ground with swept areas kept…
c. AD 1200 – 1500: At the En Bas Saline site in Haiti, archaeologists discovered a massive, circular structure with a diameter of nearly 20 meters, far exceeding the size…
c. AD 1200 – 1500: Analysis of the pottery from En Bas Saline revealed a high frequency of "Carrier" style ceramics, which represent the most elaborate expression of the Chicoid…
c. AD 1200 – 1500: The En Bas Saline site in Haiti features a massive C-shaped earthwork, measuring approximately 350 meters by 270 meters, that was intentionally constructed. Borrow…
c. AD 1200 – 1500: Late Ceramic Age sites in the interior of Ayiti show a distinct shift in faunal remains, with a higher frequency of terrestrial animals and riverine or…
c. AD 1200 – 1500: The Pueblo Viejo site in eastern Cuba features a massive earthen enclosure that stands as one of the most significant pre-Columbian architectural feats in the…
c. AD 1200 – 1500: In the vicinity of the Windward Passage, the Monte Cristo site contains a unique parallelogram-shaped enclosure with rounded corners, estimated to be about 42 meters…
c. AD 1200 – 1500: The "Big Wall" site in Cuba is distinguished by a linear earthwork known as the Gran Muro de San Lucas, which stands approximately 1.8 meters…
c. AD 1200 – 1500: In the province of Maniabón in eastern Cuba, indigenous settlements show a distinct preference for fertile "red lands" (tierras rojas) located several kilometers inland. These…
c. AD 1200 – 1500: Archaeological evidence from the Bahamian archipelago, including the Turks and Caicos, indicates that the islands were settled by Lucayan groups migrating from Ayiti and Cuba.…
c. AD 1200 – 1300: The bead-making industry at the Governors Beach site was remarkably productive, yielding over 1,500 complete beads and 4,400 blanks made from the brilliant scarlet shells…
c. AD 1200 – 1500: Adornment and symbolic expression in Jamaica are evidenced by unique finds such as a 12-millimeter agate ear spool and a 7-centimeter greenstone pendant sculpted in…
c. AD 1200 – 1500: Small, portable masks made of shell or stone have been recovered from various Late Ceramic Age sites across the northern Lesser Antilles and the Greater…
c. AD 1200 – 1500: During the Late Ceramic Age, the northern Lesser Antilles underwent a significant shift in settlement function, transitioning from permanent villages to strategic outposts. These islands…
c. AD 1200 – 1500: The process of regional integration in the late pre-Columbian era eventually led to the slow absorption of smaller island societies into the sociopolitical structure of…
c. AD 1200 – 1500: During the Late Ceramic Age, indigenous communities in the central-south region of Cuba developed specialized settlement patterns and subsistence strategies tailored to the island's diverse…
c. AD 1200 – 1500: The Caicos conch trade was a significant economic activity that linked the small islands of the Turks and Caicos to larger populations in the Greater…
c. AD 1200 – 1500: The presence of linear earthworks and human-constructed mounds (monticulos) at various sites in eastern Cuba indicates a high degree of landscape modification during the Late…
c. AD 1200 – 1500: In the province of Maniabón, Cuba, indigenous groups utilized a specific landscape management strategy involving the placement of settlements on hillsides to overlook fertile "red…
c. AD 1200 – 1500: Archaeological surveys in Barbados have identified a settlement pattern that favored the island's coastal terraces, providing easy access to both marine resources and the fertile…
c. AD 1200 – 1500: The exchange of guaízas (small shell masks) during the Late Ceramic Age served as a mechanism for "costly giving," where prestige items were used to…
c. AD 1200 – 1500: In pre-Columbian Puerto Rico, shamanistic practices were deeply integrated into concepts of fertility and social health. Research by P.G. Roe highlights the role of the…
c. AD 1200 – 1500: Archaeological research in the Dominican Republic, particularly at the site of Punta Cana, has identified early Meillacoid occupations that provide insight into the transition toward…
c. AD 1200 – 1500: During the Late Ceramic Age in eastern Ayiti, the Yuma region (specifically the site of Atajadizo) served as a major political and ceremonial center. Research by…
c. AD 1200 – 1500: In Cuba, the archaeological record of the "Ciboney" (a term historically used to describe non-horticultural groups) has been re-evaluated through the lens of transculturation and…
1204: Following the capture of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade, Italian merchants from Genoa and Venice established slave-trading ports along the northern coast of the Black Sea. Over the next…
c. AD 1220 – 1640: The Los Buchillones site in Cuba serves as an exceptional case study in cultural diversity during the Late Ceramic Age. This coastal settlement is remarkable…
c. AD 1300 – 1500: Chicoid pottery became the predominant material expression in many parts of the northern Caribbean after AD 1300, a period often associated with the rise of…
c. AD 1300 – 1500: The Pueblo Viejo site in eastern Cuba represents a specialized type of settlement known as a mesa-top enclosure. Located 250 meters above sea level, the…
c. AD 1300 – 1540: The site of El Chorro de Maíta is one of the most significant Late Ceramic Age settlements in Cuba, featuring a large central plaza surrounded…
1300s–1400s CE: (A Second Independent Copper Discovery Along the North Side of the Congo River Near the Atlantic, Local Artisans Developing Copper Metallurgy at an Unknown Date but Centuries After…
1400s: During the fifteenth century, the Portuguese and Spanish constructed specialized ships and utilized improved navigational instruments like the compass to navigate Atlantic currents and wind systems. This technological…
1400s: Sugarcane cultivation was extended by Italian and Iberian merchants to Atlantic islands such as Madeira and the Canaries. This expansion of the sugar system into the Atlantic served as…
c. AD 1400 – 1600: The MC-6 site on Middle Caicos is identified as a unique, locally controlled entrepôt strategically located at the edge of a seasonally flooded salina. While…
c. AD 1400 – 1600: The MC-6 site on Middle Caicos features a central stone-lined court that represents a remarkable piece of indigenous engineering. Measuring approximately 31 meters long, the…
c. AD 1400 – 1600: In the southern portion of the Antilles, many islands remained densely occupied and maintained intensive exchange relations with diverse mainland communities in South America. These…
c. AD 1400 – 1500: The MC-6 site on Middle Caicos is unique for its architectural features, including stone-lined pit structures that were initially interpreted as semi-pit houses. Despite repeated…
1404. 1883-May: President Salomon held confidential talks with the US minister to propose a protectorate and the cession of the island of La Tortue. He sought American military assistance to…
c. AD 1430: The Sweetwater site in Jamaica is situated in a hardwood forest on a dune surrounded by a swamp, a location that is considered unusual compared to other…
c. AD 1440 – 1460: The sites of Morne Cybèle and Morne Souffleur are located on the high plateau of La Désirade, an island in the Guadeloupian archipelago characterized by…
c. AD 1440 – 1460: The Morne Cybèle site on the island of La Désirade is located on a steep, volcanic limestone plateau known as La Montagne, which reaches an…
c. AD 1440 – 1460: The site of Morne Souffleur, discovered during a systematic survey of La Désirade, shares striking similarities with the nearby Morne Cybèle site located on the…
1441-1758: The Old World slave trade operated in the Eastern Atlantic during this extensive period. Maps of this era track the initial movement of captives within European and Atlantic island…
1451-10-00: (Christopher Columbus, the Genoese Navigator Whose 1492 Arrival on the Island Set in Motion the European Conquest, Colonization, and Enslavement of the Island's Indigenous Taíno Population, Celebrated as a Discoverer…
1453: The Ottoman Turks successfully captured Constantinople, an event that significantly impacted European labor markets by diverting the flow of Black Sea and Balkan captives to Islamic territories. This conquest…
1460s: Sugarcane cultivation for export was established on the islands of the eastern Atlantic. This development represented the first major step in the westward migration of the sugar plantation complex.
1464-00-00: (Anacaona, the Taíno Cacique of Jaragua Known as "Golden Flower," a Poet and Political Leader Who Was Hanged by the Spanish in 1504 After Resisting Colonial Exploitation, Whose Death…
1482 Jan 20-1483: The Portuguese constructed Elmina Castle, also known as São Jorge da Mina, as an imposing square fortress on the Gold Coast of modern-day Ghana. This structure, which…
1490s: Enslaved black people, known as sclavi negri, began to outnumber enslaved white people in Sicily. This demographic shift reflected the "blackening" of the enslaved population in the…
1490s: The Portuguese established sugar plantations in the Gulf of Guinea, specifically on the island of São Tomé. This region became a significant center for sugar production and slave labor…
1492: Upon his first voyage to the Caribbean, Christopher Columbus initiated the early practice of Amerindian enslavement by shipping approximately 500 indigenous people back to Spain. This act was part…
1492-December-06: Christopher Columbus reached the western end of the island during his first voyage and named the entire landmass Hispaniola. Rayford W. Logan notes that the specific geography and climate of…
1492: The Tainos used the word "taino," meaning "good" or "noble," to identify themselves to Columbus during his first voyage. This term served to differentiate their peaceful agricultural society from…
1492-Aug.-03: Christopher Columbus began his first voyage of conquest by sailing a flotilla of three small ships from Palos, Spain. He first traveled to the Canary Islands to take on…
1492-Oct.-12: Columbus made landfall on an island in the Bahamian Archipelago that the local Tainos called Guanahaní. He took possession of the island in the name of the Spanish crown…
1492-Oct.-28: The expedition arrived in Cuba, landing at Bariay near the present-day town of Gibara. Columbus sent emissaries inland to investigate reports of a cacique possessing gold, mistakenly believing he…
1492-Dec.-05: Christopher Columbus lands on the northern coast of the island and names it La Isla Española. He encountered a thriving indigenous society that would soon face the devastating effects…
1492-Dec.-05: Christopher Columbus lands on the northern coast of the island and names it La Isla Española. This event initiated the permanent European presence on the island that would eventually…
1492-Dec.-24: The flagship Santa María foundered on a reef near Cap-Haïtien on the northern coast of the island. This disaster forced Columbus to prepare for a return to Spain in the…
1492-Dec.-25: The Santa Maria runs aground near modern-day Cap-Haïtien, leading to the construction of La Navidad. This settlement was built using salvaged timber from the ship and housed the first…
1492-Dec.-25: The Santa Maria runs aground on a reef near what is now Cap-Haïtien, providing materials for the first settlement. Columbus left behind a small contingent of men to maintain…
1492–1550: The Amerindian population of the West Indies is reduced by 90 percent due to massacres, disease, and overwork. This demographic collapse paved the way for the large-scale deportation of…
1492: The En Bas Saline site has been identified by many researchers, including Kathleen Deagan, as the probable location of the village of Guacanagarí and the site of La Navidad,…
c. AD 1492 – 1600: The early colonial Caribbean is increasingly studied as a "stage of encounters," where migration, mobility, and interaction reshaped the social landscape of the islands. Research…
1492–1788: (The Foundational Centuries of Saint-Domingue): The first chapter, "A Very Great Island," provides the broad historical context for the nearly 300 years preceding the revolution. It begins with the…
1492–1788: (The Foundational Era of the Great Island): The opening chapter of the history, titled "A Very Great Island," establishes the colonial groundwork of the territory from the late 15th…
1492–1995: (The Visual Record of the Haitian People): The book features a comprehensive list of illustrations that provide a visual history of the nation from the first European contact to…
1492–2005: (The Geography and Mapping of the Island): The text includes detailed maps of Haiti and the Greater Antilles to orient the reader within the Caribbean landscape. A specific map of…
1492–1995: (The Portraiture of Haitian Power and Revolution): The provided list of illustrations serves as a pictorial record of Haiti's most significant historical figures. Key portraits included in the volume…
1492–1788: (Colonial Mapping and Early Sketches): The historical record begins with a map of Haiti's north coast specifically drawn by Christopher Columbus in 1492. This early geographic documentation is followed…
1492–2005: (Geography as a Fortress of Marronage): The physical environment of Haiti is described as a serrated fortress of rugged mountains and hidden valleys that historically served as barriers to…
1492–1994: (The Sovereignty of Information and Lost Archives): The documentation of the Haitian experience is hampered by the systematic destruction of internal records through fire, explosion, and colonial pilferage. From…
1492–1788: (The Territorial Erasure and Resistance of Ayiti): The narrative acknowledges the island as a "Very Great Island," tracing its shift from an indigenous space to the wealthiest extractive colony…
1492, December 6: (The Genesis of Colonial Intrusion): The era of European expansion into Ayiti officially began on December 6, 1492, when Christopher Columbus first landed on the island's north…
1492: (The Colonial Encounter and Indigenous Displacement): The decolonized narrative of Ayiti begins by recognizing the island as an indigenous space before it was reimagined by European cartography. Christopher Columbus’s…
1492–1788: (Institutional Divergence on the Island): Throughout the early colonial period, the island was split between two fundamentally different civilizational projects: the Hispanic East and the revolutionary West. The dominant…
1492: (The Cartographic Erasure of Indigenous Space): The colonization of the island was codified through European mapping, starting with the north coast map drawn by Columbus in 1492. This act…
1492–1995: (The Physical and Metaphorical Fortress of the Terrain): Haiti’s geography is characterized by rugged mountain ranges, such as Morne la Selle which reaches 8,793 feet, that have historically protected…
1492–1994: (The Resilience of Vodou and the Private National Tongue): Vodou is described as an "amalgam" of West African animist cults and Catholic ritual that is practiced by nearly 100…
1492, December 5–6: (The Imposition of Colonial Names and Cartography): Christopher Columbus first identified the north coast of Ayiti from the Santa Maria on December 5, 1492, characterizing it as…
1492, December–1550: (Genocide and the Destruction of Native Life): Upon encountering the Taino people, Columbus described them as "lovable," "completely defenseless," and "fit to be ordered about" for labor. On…
1492-00-00: (Cacique, the Title for Taíno Chiefs Who Governed the Five Chiefdoms of Ayiti at the Time of Columbus's Arrival, a Matrilineal System in Which Succession Passed Through the Eldest…
1492-00-00: (Haiti's Environment, From the Lush Forests That Covered the Island When Columbus Arrived to the Less Than Two Percent Forest Cover That Remains Today, a Catastrophe Driven by Charcoal Dependence,…
1492-00-00: (Hispaniola, the Second-Largest Island in the Caribbean, Divided Between Haiti in the Western Third and the Dominican Republic in the Eastern Two-Thirds, Named by Columbus "the Spanish Island" in…
1492-00-00: (Jaragua, One of Five Taíno Chiefdoms on Ayiti at the Time of Columbus's Arrival, Located in the Southwestern Sector With Its Capital at Yaguana, Present-Day Léogâne, the Epicenter of the…
1492-00-00: (Taíno, the Indigenous People of Ayiti at the Time of Columbus's Arrival, Numbering Roughly 500,000, Organized Into Five Chiefdoms, Rapidly Decimated by Spanish Disease and Violence, Their Destruction Creating the…
1492-12-00: (Marien, the Northwestern Taíno Chiefdom Whose Cacique Guacanagaric Allied With Columbus in December 1492, Providing Land and Labor for La Navidad, the First Spanish Settlement on the Island): Marien…
1492-12-05: (Columbus Claims Ayiti for Spain, the Moment That Begins the European Colonization of the Island and the Destruction of Its Indigenous Taíno Civilization): On December 5, 1492, Christopher Columbus…
1492-12-15: (Tortuga, the Small Turtle-Shaped Island Off Haiti's Northwestern Coast Where Columbus Landed in 1492, Later Colonized by France in 1625 and Used as a Pirate Refuge Throughout the Seventeenth…
1492-12-24: (The Santa Maria Runs Aground on Christmas Eve, Stranding Columbus on the Island and Forcing the Construction of La Navidad From the Wreckage): On December 24, 1492, Columbus's flagship, the…
1492-12-05: (Christopher Columbus Arrives at Ayiti and Claims the Island for Spain, the Moment That Begins the European Colonization of the Territory That Would Become Haiti): On December 5, 1492,…
On 30 April 1492, Ferdinand and Isabella gave him a commission by which he was named admiral and viceroy of the islands and of the mainland he should discover. On…
After discovering several islands, he landed on 6 December at the western point of a land that the islanders of Cuba called Haïti (mountainous land) or Quiesqueia (great land). He…
After discovering several islands, he landed on 6 December at the western point of a land that the islanders of Cuba called Haïti (mountainous land) or Quiesqueia (great land). He…
To give order and haste to finishing the building of the fortress, and to the people who were to stay in it, the Admiral went ashore, and it seemed to…
He stayed at anchor off that beach this day because there was no wind, and also because the cacique had said that he was to bring gold, not because the…
Columbus sailed from the port of Palos with three ships and 90 men on Friday 3 August 1492 and returned there on 15 March 1493, after 225 days.
It is known that Columbus, when he set foot on American soil on 12 October 1492, believed, according to the cosmographic ideas of the time, that he had arrived at…
History. The Antilles, thrown in a long chain in front of the American continent, were the first lands recognized at the discovery of America; it was on one of the…
The first land Columbus reached, on 12 October 1492: a small bean-shaped island of the Lucayos its people called Guanahaní, which the chart painters of Las Casas's day called Triango.
All this night he lay to off Cabo Lindo, where night had overtaken him, to see the land that ran to the east, and at sunrise he saw another cape…
... The said Indians told him other very marvelous things by signs: but the Admiral, so he says, did not believe them, only that the people of that island Bohío…
... past that one he saw that the coast turned south and took in some of the southwest, and he then saw a very beautiful and high cape on the…
... afterward he went 10 miles an hour; and so he would have gone 88 miles, which are 22 leagues, by sunset; all to the southeast. And because night was…
The island of Haiti was discovered by the Genoese navigator Christopher Columbus on 6 December 1492, after he had discovered the Lucayes Islands and that of Cuba. The first point…
When, on 6 December 1492, Christopher Columbus landed on the shores of Haïti, he planted there the cross of Jesus Christ. A vast field then opened to the Catholic apostolate…
Christopher Columbus entered the Mole St. Nicolas for the first time on 6 December 1492; he named this port Saint Nicolas, after the saint, patron of that day and patron…
When day broke he found himself 4 leagues from the harbor; he named it Puerto María, and he saw a beautiful cape to the south by southwest, which he named…
... That large island seemed very high land, unenclosed by mountains, level like beautiful plains, and it seems all tilled or a great part of it, and the sown fields…
... Another land appeared to him like a not large island to the east, and he would be 40 miles from it. There remained to him another very beautiful and…
At the change of the dawn watch he set sail and left that Puerto de San Nicolás, and sailed with the wind southwest to the northeast 2 leagues, as far…
... The bight that he mentioned above reaches, so he says, as close to the Puerto de San Nicolás as a lombard shot, so that if that space were cut…
Christopher Columbus, after reaching the bay of the Môle Saint-Nicolas, went there on 8 December 1492. He managed to communicate with the inhabitants of the island by means of a…
There in that harbor it rained heavily on them, with a very strong north wind: the harbor is safe from all winds except the north, although even that cannot do…
This day it rained and was winter weather, as in Castile in October. He had seen no village, only one very beautiful house in the Puerto de San Nicolás, and…
The northeast blew hard and made the anchors drag half a cable's length, at which the Admiral marveled, and he put it down to the anchors being set too close…
... He says he wanted to see that passage between these two islands, to see the Isla Española, which is the most beautiful thing in the world, and because, according…
... after that its coast runs south. He says he wanted to see that passage between these two islands, to see the Isla Española, which is the most beautiful thing…
He did not leave this day, for the same cause of the contrary wind already stated. He set up a great cross at the entrance of the harbor, on the…
... The Admiral had her clothed, and gave her glass beads and hawks' bells and brass rings, and sent her back ashore very honorably, according to his custom: he sent…
... These went to the village, which was 4 leagues and a half to the southeast, which they found in a very great valley, and empty, because as soon as…
... but the Admiral says he does not know how they can be of better disposition than the others, giving to understand that all those they had found in the…
The three men whom the Admiral had sent with the woman came back at three hours into the night, and they had not gone with her as far as the…
He left that Puerto de la Concepción with a land breeze, and soon after it fell calm, and he found it so every day he was there. Afterward a Levante…
He left the Puerto de la Concepción again to go on his way, but on leaving the harbor a strong east wind blew, contrary to him, and he stood across…
... he entered it with the boats to reach the villages that those he had sent the day before yesterday had seen, and he had the towline run ashore, and…
... The Admiral sent him a present, which, so he says, he received with great state, and that he would be a youth of about 21 years, and that he…
... This king and all the others went naked as their mothers bore them, and the women likewise, without any shame, and they are the most handsome men and women…
... in mid gulf he found a canoa with one Indian alone in it, at which the Admiral marveled, how he could keep himself above the water with the wind…
... In all Castile there is no land that can be compared to it in beauty and goodness. All this island and that of Tortuga are all tilled like the…
... And the trees there, he says, were so lush that the leaves ceased to be green and were dark with greenness. It was a thing of wonder to see…
... “Let Your Highnesses believe that these lands are good and fertile in such quantity, and especially these of this Isla Española, that there is no one who could tell…
... There that cacique showed much that he took the Admiral's side. The canoe left at once, and after it had gone they told the Admiral that on Tortuga there…
... In the evening a canoe came there from the Isla de la Tortuga with a good 40 men, and as it reached the beach all the people of the…
That night the wind blew hard, east northeast; the sea did not rise much because the Isla de la Tortuga, which lies opposite, hinders and shields it and makes a…
... After eating, a squire brought a belt, which is just like those of Castile in its make, except that it is of other work, which he took and gave…
... This man came to the ship after the king, and the Admiral gave him some things of the said trade goods, and there the Admiral learned that they called…
... He saw there four capes of land and a great bay and river, and from there he saw a very large cove, and it had a village, and behind…
... The whole circuit of that island has marvelous capes and harbors, as he judged from the sea. Before the island, on the west side, there is a cape which…
... The ship can lie moored with any rope at all against whatever winds there may be. At the entrance of this harbor, so he says, there was a cañal,…
Today at sunset he entered a harbor which lay between the island of Santo Tomás and the cabo de Caribata, and anchored. This harbor is most beautiful, and such that…
History. Christopher Columbus entered the bay of the Acul on 21 December 1492, which caused it to be given the name of Port of Saint-Thomas. Time has not respected this…
... Then they came nearer the sea, and the Admiral nearer the land, and after they had wholly lost their fear, so many came that they covered the land, giving…
... and it is an easy thing to know (says the Admiral) when a thing is given with a heart very desirous to give.” These are his words: “These people…
... No less, so he says, did the women do in the other places before they hid themselves, and the Admiral ordered everywhere that all his men be on guard…
... that is to say, that all the praises he has spoken of the past harbors are true, and that this one being much better than all is likewise true.…
... From the entrance to the head there will be five leagues. He saw some lands much tilled, although all are so, and he ordered two men out of the…
... The Admiral left there for the ships, and the Indians cried out, men as well as women and children, that they should not go and that the Christians should…
... So this harbor is very good for all the winds that may blow, enclosed and deep, and all peopled with very good and gentle people, without arms good or…
... He determined to set out for it on Sunday, although he was not accustomed to leave port on a Sunday, only out of his devotion and not from any…
At daybreak he set sail to go on his way to seek the islands which the Indians told him had much gold, and some of which had more gold than…
He could not set out with the ships for the land of that lord who had sent to beg and invite him, for lack of wind; but he sent the…
... At night the boats arrived and said that it was a long way to where they came from, and that at the mountain of Caribatan they found many canoes…
... And he held it certain that if he could spend that feast of Christmas in that harbor, all the people of that island would come, which he now reckoned…
... he did not know whether they said it for nobleman or governor or judge. Finally, the Cacique came to them, and the whole town gathered in the square, which…
... May our Lord in his mercy direct me to find this gold, I mean its mine, for I have many here who say that they know it: these are…
Before the sun was up he weighed anchor with the land breeze. Among the many Indians who had come to the ship the day before, who had given them signs…
Whoever has to enter the Mar de Santo Tomé should stand in a good league off the mouth of the entrance, over a flat islet that lies in the middle,…
... "Let Your Highnesses believe that in all the world there can be no better people, nor gentler: Your Highnesses should take great joy, for soon they will make them…
Whoever has to enter the Mar de Santo Tomé should stand in a good league off the mouth of the entrance, over a flat islet that lies in the middle,…
... and as the waters still went on falling it could not be remedied, and she heeled over toward the cross sea, although the sea was little or nothing, and…
... When he learned of it, they say, he wept, and he sent all the people of his town with very large canoes, and many of them, to unload everything…
... These, although it was night, made a sound that could be heard and seen a long league off, and she went onto it so gently that it was hardly…
... After they finished eating he took the Admiral to the beach, and the Admiral sent for a Turkish bow and a sheaf of arrows, and the Admiral had a…
... for a lace tip they gave pieces that would be worth more than two castellanos, and that this was nothing then compared with what it would be a month…
... Nor would I have left people here on this voyage; nor, even if I had wished to leave them, could I have given them such good fitting out, nor…
Today at sunrise the king of that land, who was in that place, came to the caravel Niña, where the Admiral was, and almost weeping told him not to grieve,…
... "so faithful (says the Admiral) are they, and without greed for what belongs to others, and that virtuous king above all". While the Admiral was talking with him, another…
... The Admiral told him by signs that the Sovereigns of Castile would order the Caribs destroyed, and would have them all brought with their hands tied. The Admiral ordered…
... But it is right that this tower be built, and that things be kept as they ought to be kept, being so far from Your Highnesses; and so that…
... because the ship, so he says, was very heavy and not fit for the work of discovery; and bringing such a ship, so he says, was the doing of…
At sunrise the king of that land came to the caravel and told the Admiral that he had sent for gold, and that he wished to cover him all over…
At sunrise a nephew of the king came to the caravel, very young, and of good understanding and good spirit (as the Admiral says); and as he was always working…
... and he sent for some colored buskins, which he had him put on, and put on his finger a large silver ring, because they had said that they had…
The Admiral went ashore to eat, and arrived at the moment when five kings subject to this one, who was called Guacanagarí, had come, all with their crowns, presenting a…
This day he was busy having water and wood taken on for the departure to Spain, in order to give the Sovereigns news quickly so that they might send ships…
1493: The destruction of the first European settlement, la Navidad, occurs less than twelve months after Columbus's arrival. Local Taino groups destroyed the fort in response to the predatory behavior…
1493: Columbus returns with seventeen ships and twelve hundred men to establish the colony of Isabella. This massive fleet represented a shift from exploration to full-scale colonization and settlement.
1493-Jan.-16: Columbus and Martín Alonzo Pinzón departed from Samaná Bay in the northeast of the island to begin the return trip to Spain. They left behind the Ciguayo Tainos, who were the…
1493-Mar.-15: Both surviving ships of the first voyage arrived back at the port of Palos on the same day. Columbus presented six Taino passengers to the Spanish court, where they…
1493-Sept.-25: The second voyage departed from Cádiz with a fleet of seventeen ships and approximately 1,500 men. The mission was instructed to establish gold mines, install permanent settlers, and convert…
1493-Nov.-03: The fleet arrived off the island of Dominica at the northern end of the Windward Islands. Columbus then turned northwest toward Ayiti, stopping briefly in Guadeloupe where his men…
1493-Nov.-03: Columbus arrives off Dominica, identifying the most efficient sailing route from Europe to the West Indies. His navigation of the trade winds established a maritime highway that would be…
1493-November-22: Columbus returned to the island during his second voyage to find that the small group of Spaniards he had left behind on the first trip had entirely disappeared. In response…
1493-Nov.-28: Columbus returned to the northern coast of Haiti and found the fort of La Navidad in ruins and his men dead. Chief Guacanagarí blamed the massacre on Caonabo, the…
1493-01-02: (Columbus Departs for Spain, Leaving 39 Men at La Navidad Near Present-Day Cap-Haïtien, the First European Garrison on the Island): On January 2, 1493, Columbus departed the island for Spain, leaving…
1493-11-28: (Columbus Returns to Find La Navidad Burned and All 39 Men Dead, the Taíno Response to European Aggression Making Clear That Colonization Would Not Go Unchallenged): On November 28,…
1493-12-08: (Columbus Builds a New Fort Called La Isabella on the Eastern Side of the Island, Establishing the Second European Settlement on the Island): On December 8, 1493, Columbus established a…
After having the Indians he had brought with him publicly baptized in the presence of the royal family, C. Columbus went to Cádiz to join a fleet of seventeen vessels.…
... He also had a skirmish staged with the people of the ships under arms, telling the cacique not to be afraid of the Caribs even if they came. All…
At midnight he dispatched the boat to go to the islet Amiga to bring the rhubarb. It came back at vespers with a frail basket of it; they brought no…
In the morning he went ashore to take leave of King Guacanagarí and to depart in the name of the Lord, and he gave him a shirt of his own,…
He left in that Isla Española, which the Indians, so he says, called Bohío, 39 men with the fortress, and, so he says, great friends of that king Guacanagarí; and…
He did not sail today because last night, so he says, three of the Indians he was bringing from the islands, who had stayed behind, came and told him that…
... it has the shape of a very beautiful tent, and he named it Monte-Cristi; it lies due east of Cabo Santo, and it will be some 18 leagues. That…
At sunrise he weighed anchor with little wind, with the boat ahead, on a course to the northwest to get outside the reef, by another channel wider than the one…
... He found four sand islets, very low, with a reef that ran far out to the northwest and stretched far to the southeast. Inside there is a great gulf…
... and these two run from northwest to southeast, for those reefs were great, and run from Cabo Santo to Cabo de Sierpe, which is more than 6 leagues, and…
... He held his course so until he entered between the mount and the islet, where he found three and a half fathoms of depth at low water, a most…
... afterward the wind blew from the east, and he saw that on the south southeast side of Monte-Cristi, between it and an islet, there seemed to be a good…
... but it should be by day, sounding first with the boat. From the said mount east toward Cabo del Becerro the 4 leagues are all beach and very low…
... but the Admiral says that they were all false, and that with great arrogance and greed he had broken away that night when he parted from him, and that…
... and the Martín Alonso took half, and the other half was shared out among the people. The Admiral adds, saying to the Sovereigns: "So, my lords and Princes, I…
... It is true that within them there are good harbors and good entrances by their channels. After midday the wind blew hard from the east, and he ordered a…
... But the Admiral chose to linger and coast the island Juana and the Española, since it was all one course to the east. After Martín Alonso went to the…
This day he had a leak that the caravel was making stopped and had her caulked, and the sailors went ashore to bring firewood, and they found, so he says,…
Because of the east and southeast wind, which blew hard, he did not sail this day, and for this reason he ordered the caravel supplied with water and firewood and…
... all of which the Admiral had suffered and kept silent about in order to bring his voyage to a good end; so that, to get out of such bad…
... The Admiral believed that, coming down that river, it was ground fine along the way, although he says that in a small space he found many grains as large…
... These lands from Monte-Cristi to where he anchored are high, level lands and very lovely open country, and behind them very beautiful mountains that run from east to west,…
... These lands from Monte-Cristi to where he anchored are high, level lands and very lovely open country, and behind them very beautiful mountains that run from east to west,…
... he came to a point that he named Punta Roja, which lies due east of Monte-Cristi 60 miles, and in its lee he anchored in the afternoon, which would…
... it lies 3 leagues on the southeast side; he anchored at the mouth, which is a good anchorage, on the east side. To get inside there is a bar…
At midnight he left the Río de Gracia with the land breeze and sailed east to a cape that he named Belprado, 4 leagues; and from there to the southeast…
... and at the foot of the mountain there is a very good harbor, and at the entrance it has 14 fathoms, and this mountain is very high and beautiful,…
... From there, from the cape of Belprado, east by south, lies the cape that he called del Ángel, and it is 18 leagues; and from this cape to the…
... and from there to the southeast lies the mountain that he named Monte de Plata, and he says it is 8 leagues. From there, from the cape of Belprado,…
... From there he saw land to the south, and went toward it, and he would be 48 miles from it, and he says that, keeping the ship at a…
... but because it was very early in the morning, and so as not to lose way, because for most of the time easterlies blow there and he then had…
... but because it was very early in the morning, and so as not to lose way, because for most of the time easterlies blow there and he then had…
... he had his face all blackened with charcoal, although everywhere they are accustomed to dye themselves with various colors. He wore all his hair very long, gathered up and…
... and the Indian told him that in it there was very much gold, pointing to the poop of the caravel, which was quite large, and that there were pieces…
... The Christians, so he says, would have killed many of them if the pilot who went as their captain had not prevented it. The Christians then went back to…
... and that they must be a daring people, since they go about all these islands and eat the people they can get. He says that he understood some words,…
... and they afterward came up to the boat, and the people of the boat went ashore and began to buy the bows and arrows and the other weapons from…
... The Admiral says further that the caravels were taking in much water at the keel, and he complains greatly of the caulkers who caulked them very badly in Palos,…
... and they do not shoot as in other parts, except in a certain manner by which they cannot do much harm. There was very much cotton there, and very…
... After they had traded it all, there came, so he says, four young men to the caravel, and they seemed to the Admiral to give so good an account…
... He says also that today he has learned that all the strength of the gold was in the district of the town of La Navidad of Their Highnesses, and…
... The Indians told him that by that way he would find the island of Matinino, which, so he says, was peopled by women without men, which the Admiral would…
Three hours before day he departed from the gulf that he named the Golfo de las Flechas, with a land wind, then with a west wind, heading east by north…
Columbus reached Lisbon in a great storm on 4 March 1493 on his return.
... he ordered the ships steered southwest, on the way to the Canary islands, and the following Wednesday, which was counted as the 2nd of October, he came to anchor…
... then he saw another island on the right hand of la Dominica, then they saw another, and many began to appear. All giving infinite thanks to God, they sing…
He departed from there the next day, Monday, and saw another large island, and to this he gave the name Guadalupe, and they approached it; and finding a port, they…
On Thursday, the 14th of November, he anchored at another island that he called Sancta Cruz; he ordered people to go ashore there and to take some persons to obtain…
On Friday, the 22nd of the same month of November, the Admiral made the first land of the island of la Española, which is on the North side, and some…
... they were answered that they should come aboard, for he was there, and they would not until the Admiral stood at the side of the ship, and when they…
... seeing no person to ask, the Admiral, with certain boats, went up a river that was near there, and left orders to clean out a well he had left…
... and with this decision, on Saturday, the 7th day of December, he left the port of la Navidad with all his fleet, and went to anchor that evening near…
SANTO CERRO. Hamlet and mountain of the province of La Vega, Dominican Republic, famous for the celebrated miracle of the Cross that took place in 1514. Its church is continually…
1494-06-07: (The Treaty of Tordesillas, in Which Spain and Portugal Divided the Non-Christian World Between Themselves With No Consultation of the People Whose Lands Were Being Partitioned): On June 7,…
After having the Indians he had brought with him publicly baptized in the presence of the royal family, C. Columbus went to Cádiz to join a fleet of seventeen vessels.…
At this news all, as I said, felt a mixed joy, but the Admiral was the one who savored it most, and he resolved, once the ships were dispatched to…
Antonio de Torres arrived in Castile with his 12 ships, with a very good and short voyage, because he left the port of la Isabela on 2 February and reached…
The Spaniards left by Christopher Columbus in the fort of la Nativité, in 1492, had given themselves up to all sorts of excesses against the Indian natives, had penetrated into…
To return to the matter: once he had put the five ships in safe keeping, and left the charge of the government to don Diego, his brother, with persons to…
... To put fear in the land, and to show that if the Indians attempted anything the Christians were powerful enough to hurt and harm them, at the departure from…
They then went down the mountain, which lasts much longer than the ascent, with great rejoicing and gladness, and crossed the most fortunate vega, which is five leagues wide at…
So on the next day, Thursday, the 14th of March, having crossed the Yaquí with canoes and rafts, people and baggage, and the horses at a deep ford, though not…
Having crossed this river, according to the Admiral's account, with much difficulty, because it certainly must have been running very high with the floods, as I myself have sometimes seen…
He left that town and came to another beautiful river, so fresh that he named it the Rio Verde, the Green River. Its bed and bank were of smooth pebbles,…
He left that town and came to another beautiful river, so fresh that he named it the Rio Verde, the Green River. Its bed and bank were of smooth pebbles,…
... rather it is generally very dry, except in the low ground of the rivers, though it abounds in countless pines, very rare and scattered and very tall, which bear…
He left as captain and warden a gentleman of Aragon, and commander, who was called don Pedro Margarite, a person of much esteem, and with him 52 men. Afterwards he…
On Saturday, the 29th day of March, the Admiral arrived at la Isabela, where he found all the people very worn down, because few escaped being either dead or sick,…
On Wednesday, the 9th of April of the same year 1494, Alonso de Ojeda left la Isabela with the people, who numbered more than 400 men, and, on arriving at…
... to these five he entrusted the whole government, and to Mosen Pedro Margarite he entrusted that with the people he had, who were, as I said, 400 men, he…
... The next day he went to the port of la Navidad, where he had left the 39 Christians, in the land of king Guacanagarí, who had shown him so…
... who, in fear, lest perhaps he might come to do him harm for the death of the Christians, of which he was blameless, as was said above, hid himself,…
Columbus entered it on 29 April 1494, four days before the discovery of Jamaica. Until 1793, it served only as a place of call for ships going from the North…
With these dangers and continual afflictions he reached the Cape that he had at first named cabo de Cruz, on the 18th of July, where the Indians gave him a…
... He saw a very beautiful bay with seven small islets on the seashore, and that the island had very high land, which seemed to him to exceed the middle…
On Saturday, the 23rd of August, a lord or cacique of that land came to the ships, calling «Admiral, Admiral,» and other words, from which the Admiral gathered that the…
... its head, and the part of it that was outside, was so misshapen that it was little less in size than a cask or a butt, the tail like…
... That night the Admiral saw an eclipse of the moon, and he affirms that there was a difference from there to Cádiz of five hours and twenty-three minutes, for…
The Admiral says in a letter that he wrote to the Sovereigns that on this voyage it was his purpose to go to the islands of the cannibals to destroy…
Columbus enters the Môle-Saint-Nicolas a second time, four days before his discovery of Jamaica.
In these days the Admiral sent to make war on the cacique or king Guatigana, because he had ordered the 10 Christians killed, and among his people the Christians made…
Having, then, the people prepared and the rest necessary for war, the Admiral, taking with him don Bartolomé Colon, his brother, and King Guacanagarí (I was not able to learn…
Christopher Columbus, before returning to Spain, after the discovery of Haiti, had established a fort at Caracol. During the admiral's absence, the garrison he had left there having drawn upon…
It was from there that those daring Castilians set out on 27 March 1495, commanded by Alphonse Ojeda, who seized by ruse the valiant Caonabo and the unfortunate Guarionex, caciques…
1496-00-00: (Santo Domingo Established by Spanish Settlers, the First Permanent European City in the Americas, Built on the Eastern Side of the Island): In 1496, Spanish settlers established Santo Domingo on…
Xaragua, in the west of the island the Taino called Ayiti, was the richest and most populous of its five chiefdoms, and its capital Yaguana stood where Leogane stands today.…
The two caravels that the Admiral had ordered built being finished, and fitted out with provisions and water and the other necessary things, as far as these could be provided,…
... They found two streams of very good water, but the Adelantado, they said, denied that there was water, so that the settlement of Sancto Domingo should not be hindered;…
... They found two streams of very good water, but the Adelantado, they said, denied that there was water, so that the settlement of Sancto Domingo should not be hindered;…
The Admiral believed that these women must have the customs that are told of the Amazons, from things he says he saw and learned there, having questioned the Indian women;…
... they could not have been able to reach it, I believe; finally, it pleased God to give them land, the pilots having held different opinions as to where they…
1498–1525 : African captives potentially arrived in the Americas as early as 1498 during Christopher Columbus's third voyage, marking an extremely early presence. For the first quarter-century of the trade,…
... and so he ordered the course steered to the north, a quarter northeast, and went along that way until midday, but as his divine Majesty, he says, has always…
... For, according to the anxiety that the Admiral had that the Sovereigns should have profit, so that they might repay the expenses they had made, and not feel those…
... and that afterwards they would sail, if it pleased Our Lord, to the west, and from there he would pass to this Española, on which way he would see…
... rather, on seeing the playing and dancing, they took it as a sign of war, and as if it were a challenge to them; they all dropped their oars…
... Both were very, very glad to see each other; asked about the state of the land, the Adelantado gave him an account of how Francisco Roldan was risen with…
... because they were there by force, against their will, and no license was given them, lest the island be left alone and the Indians kill the few who would…
... When the warden Ballester and Alonso Sanchez de Carvajal reached the Bonao, Carvajal spoke to them all very eloquently, and with such effect that he moved Francisco Roldan and…
... nor could they gild or color in any way the cause they alleged for not coming to agreement and terms, that the raid be given to them. Having taken…
The five ships set sail on the 18th day of the month of October of that year of 498, in which my father went from this island to Castile, and…
... and that it should be so, I said, as soon as I arrived here, that I assured everyone that each might come to me and say what he pleased,…
... Whereas between the Adelantado, my brother, and the Alcalde Francisco Roldan and his company there have been certain differences in my absence, while I was in Castile, and to…
... They were adored by all the Indians, out of most violent fear, and the Indians trembled before them as before demons, and woe to those who fled, or, as…
He gave him also other plantings that had been made by the Indians in a land or district in which he had made an estancia, which in Castile I believe…
... and in future cases, should they occur, he promised that justice would deal with them humanely and mercifully, and he gave leave to those who wished to go to…
... Carvajal went to la Concepción, where they already were and were trying to take the fortress by besieging the Alcaide, for which they say they had cut off his…
In what, then, did he offend, and whom of the Spaniards who were there, and the Sovereigns, did he disserve, after he left here until he returned, and in the…
These safe-conducts having been dispatched to Francisco Roldan, so that Roldan might come the sooner to the agreement, and the business so desired and so necessary for the peace and…
History. Christopher Columbus anchored in the port of Aquin in 1494: the natives of the country called this place Yaquimo. Alfonse Ojeda and Amerigo Vespucci also came there on 5…
While this was going on, news came to the Admiral that Alonso de Hojeda had arrived with certain ships at the port of Yaquimo, which is down the coast, 80…
... and this picture and report the Admiral sent to the Sovereigns in that same year 98, on the 18th of October, when the said ships departed, and they arrived…
Returning, then, to continue the first voyage of Ojeda, with whom Américo went, by the straight way, and not by the twisted or interpolated and confused road, as Américo writes…
On the 28th day of September of that year 1499, the provision of the settlement that the Admiral had made with Roldan and with them was proclaimed; it was said…
... whereupon the Admiral ordered two or three caravels made ready, and sent Francisco Roldán with people to forbid Ojeda to cut brazilwood, suspecting that he would load his ships…
... The news of the gold, which I said I would give, is that, on Christmas Day, being very afflicted, warred upon by the bad Christians and by Indians, on…
1500-1820: Throughout this three-century span, African captives constituted approximately 80 percent of all people who embarked for the Americas. This overwhelming majority highlights the central role of forced African migration…
1500 Aug 23-fall: Francisco de Bobadilla arrived as the new royal administrator and shipped the Columbus brothers back to Spain in chains. This intervention terminated the crown's grant of the…
1500–1518: (The Transatlantic Pivot to African Bondage): African presence in Ayiti began as early as 1500, with the first official group of captives sent by King Ferdinand in 1510 to…
1500s–2000s CE: (The Persistence of the Lie: The Horrific Rationalizations of Slavers and Enslavers Living on as Unexamined Assumptions in the Minds of Far Too Many, the Failure to…
1–1500 CE: (Throwing Knives as a Second Product of Advanced Iron-Forging Technology: Complex Weapons Composed of Several Forged Blades Welded Together, Possibly Originating in the Darfur Region of Sudan,…
1500-00-00: (The Atlantic Slave Trade, the Forced Transportation of Roughly Twelve Million Africans Across the Atlantic Over Four Centuries, With Approximately Fifteen Percent Sent to the French Caribbean and Mostly…
... who, having taken the road of the Canaries, and from there to those of Cabo Verde, and having left that of Santiago, which is one of them, on the…
While the Admiral was in these thoughts, and in the Vega, or la Concepcion de la Vega, which was the fortress, or in Guaricano, which was half a league away,…
They arrived, then, in their canoe, the three, and asking who came in the caravels, and whether Don Diego came, the commander Bobadilla appeared, who came in the caravel Gorda,…
... those who held themselves aggrieved by the Admiral and his brothers, and all the involuntary, especially those who earned the King's wages, because they were not paid, and suffered…
The commander would not go ashore that day, until the next day, Monday, 24 August, when he ordered all the people he brought with him to disembark, and with them…
Once the said royal patent letter was notified, the commander Bobadilla said at once, as pesquisidor, that, since the Admiral was not there, he required the said Don Diego, his…
... The commander answered that since they had no power for anything, it was not necessary to give them a copy, and that he denied it to them; and when…
... and so, that Tuesday at the hour of vespers, he went with all the people to the fortress, and ordered and required the warden to open the doors to…
... they felt great sorrow that he came a prisoner and ill treated, and ordered at once that he be released, and, as I heard said, they ordered him provided…
1501-1641: During this early era of the trade, Iberian ports in Spain and Portugal were responsible for organizing 97 percent of all slaving voyages departing from Europe. The first ships…
1501–1830: Demographic data shows that by 1750, the Caribbean had received nine times more African captives than the North American mainland. Despite this massive difference in inflows, by 1830, the…
1501-1867: The transatlantic slave trade persisted for over 360 years and resulted in the forced deportation of an estimated 12.5 million Africans. This massive oceanic migration ranks as one of…
1501-1867: An analysis of nearly 35,000 documented slave voyages reveals that 93 percent of all transatlantic traffic was organized in just twenty major ports. While the database records departures from…
1501: The trade in African captives to the Americas began in the Greater Antilles. The vessels did not come directly from the African coast. They arrived from Spain. These early forced…
1501: Spanish vessels begin the trade in enslaved Africans from Europe to the Americas with sales in the Greater Antilles. This early phase of the trade involved Africans who…
... They ordered the Commander of Lares to restore to the Admiral and to his brothers all the gold and jewels, and the property in livestock and provisions of bread…
1502: Governor Nicolás de Ovando arrived on the island with 2,500 colonists, including the first European families to settle in the Americas. He implemented a policy of eliminating independent chiefs to…
1502: Governor Nicolás de Ovando arrives with 2,500 settlers to formalize Spanish control. His administration established the bureaucratic foundation for the colonial exploitation of the island's resources.
1502: Bartolomé de Las Casas arrives on the island as a young settler, later becoming a leading critic of Spanish brutality. He witnessed the devastating impact of the encomienda system on…
1502-spring: Columbus was released from prison and allowed to make a final voyage of exploration, though he was prohibited from landing at Santo Domingo. He explored the Central American coast…
«The King and the Queen: don Cristóbal Colón, our Admiral of the islands and mainland that are in the Ocean Sea in the part of the Indies. We saw your…
... we learned that they remained eight days shut away, without any man seeing or speaking to them. At last it pleased God that, after great perils and labors, they…
... The Captain held the visit and offer in great favor, and sent to visit him and give him thanks, with some gentlemen who were with him, some of whom…
... They had very prosperous weather, so that without touching the sails they sighted the island that we call, and the Indians call, Matininó, the last long one, on the…
He arrived at this port of Sancto Domingo on the 29th of June, and, when near, sent in a boat from one ship the Captain of it, called Pedro de…
Let us leave this island in the state that we have described, and let us take up again the history of the voyage of the Admiral, which we left. In…
... with this great storm, and struggling against wind and current, as the ships received from the sea and the winds great blows and assaults, they all opened their seams;…
1503: The Taino queen Anacaona is captured and hanged by Spanish soldiers during a deceptive parley. Her execution became a symbol of the tragic fate of the indigenous leadership under…
1503: Governor Ovando issues the first official colonial report identifying the marronage of enslaved black people as a significant threat to the island. This document highlighted the early and persistent…
1503-fall: Ovando executed eighty district chiefs in Xaraguá by burning them alive inside a house and publicly hanged Queen Anacaona. This brutal action destroyed the last independent chiefdoms on the island…
... commanding each Cacique to have charge of a certain number of the Indians, that he make them go to work wherever need be, and that, on feast days and…
... by which I command you, our said Governor, that, from the day you see this my Letter henceforward, you compel and press the said Indians to deal and converse…
History. The Gonâve served as a refuge for the Indians at the time of the massacre of the court of Queen Anacaona of Léogane, on the order of Ovando, in…
1504-fall: Columbus was finally rescued from northern Jamaica, where he had been marooned for a year following the loss of his ships. He returned to Spain seriously ill and died…
1504-00-00: (Navassa Island, a Small Uninhabited Island Off Haiti's Southwest Coast Claimed by the United States in 1857 Under the Guano Islands Act, Disputed by Haiti Since 1804, Now a…
... he wrote it, and they granted it, and this liberty was granted by a chapter of a royal Letter to the Governor. Another time the Sovereigns were petitioned that,…
... The Admiral and all the rest embarked, and set sail on the 28th of June of 1504; they sailed with much hardship because the winds and currents that come…
He says that Diego de Salcedo, his servant, had an uneasy heart, because he saw that he could not remove or kill the suspicion that was still held of the…
... all the other people stayed on this island, and from here some passed to that of Sant Juan, when they went to settle it, or, better said, to destroy…
1505-00-00: (Sugarcane Cultivation Introduced to the Island, Beginning the Crop Cycle That Would Transform It Into the Engine of Caribbean Slavery): In 1505, sugarcane cultivation was introduced to the island, a…
1505-00-00: (Sugarcane Cultivation Introduced to the Island, the Crop That Would Transform It Into the Most Profitable Colony in the World and the Most Brutal Slave System in the Americas): In…
Queen Isabella was dead. Ferdinand, who had turned against him, took from him his office of viceroy. He died of grief, in poverty, at Valladolid on 20 May 1506, at…
It was in this Cathedral that the remains of Christopher Columbus were interred, after their translation from Seville, where they had been carried from Valladolid; that great man having died…
After his brother the Adelantado had been dispatched to go and kiss the hands of the new Sovereigns, the gout of the Admiral grew worse by the hour, from the…
1508: Rouse mentions the first Spanish census of Puerto Rico, marking the formal counting of the Taíno for labor purposes.
1508: The Spanish crown authorized Juan Ponce de León to settle Puerto Rico after he discovered gold during a previous exploration across the Mona Passage. He established the first permanent…
Bonaventure or Buenaventura. Village founded by Nicolas Ovando on the banks of the river Jayna for the working of the gold of that river. The commune comes under the province…
The King: «Our officers of the House of Trade of the Indies, who reside in the city of Seville, you know already how I have provided the admiral don Diego…
1509: Diego Columbus was appointed viceroy of the Indies and presided over the final stages of Taino population decline. He commissioned Juan de Esquivel to conquer Jamaica, which was primarily…
1509-1513: Spanish raiders removed more than forty thousand Lucayan Tainos from the Bahamian Archipelago to work in the mines of the island of Haiti. This intensive slave raiding resulted in the complete…
1510-00-00: (First Enslaved Africans Deported to the Island, Replacing the Rapidly Dying Taíno Population as Forced Labor for Spanish Colonial Operations): In 1510, the first enslaved Africans were deported to the…
1510-00-00: (The First Enslaved Africans Deported to the Island, the Beginning of a Forced Migration That Would Transport Over Half a Million People Across the Atlantic Over the Next Three…
1511: Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar undertook the conquest of Cuba, capturing and executing the Hispaniolan refugee chief Hatuéy at the stake. Modern Cubans regard Hatuéy as a national hero for…
1511: Fray Antón de Montesinos delivers a landmark sermon in Santo Domingo condemning the mistreatment of the Taino. His moral challenge to the Spanish authorities sparked the first debates over…
... Likewise, that the bishops take no tithes of gold and silver, pearls, or precious stones, but of the other things, in conformity with the bull of the Pope, and…
There was another law that carried with it clear injustice and tyrannical iniquity, which was almost the end of all the others, and to which all the others were ordered,…
... Of whom I was always sure that they did not add this last pretending any gain, but that those who did pretend it, informed and persuaded, perhaps with good…
1514: The formal census/distribution that signaled the collapse of the chiefdoms. He cites the Repartimiento of 1514, a specific administrative event where the remaining Taínos on the island were "distributed" among…
1514: A colonial census recorded only 22,726 Indians able to work in the encomiendas, a massive decline from the early days of contact. The report also found that 40 percent…
1514: The indigenous population of the island is recorded as having fallen to only 29,000 survivors from an original population of several hundred thousand. This catastrophic decline was primarily driven by…
... by the present I entrust to you, Nuño de Guzmán, settler of the town of Puerto Plata, the cacique Andrés Guaybona with one of his Nitaynos, who is called…
... whom I entrust to you that you may serve yourself of them in your estates, and mines, and enterprises, as and according to what Their Highnesses command, in conformity…
1515: Sugar cane was introduced to the West Indies from the Canary Islands as the goldfields began to show signs of exhaustion. This shift toward industrial agriculture created an increased…
1515–1790: During the first phase of the Cuban slave trade, West Central Africa was the primary regional source, accounting for more than 40 percent of the total captives. The trade…
1517-August-18: Following the rapid decline of the indigenous labor force, Bartholomew de las Casas, often called the "Apostle of the Indians," sought a way to protect the remaining native people.…
1517–1801: (Ottoman Egypt: Mameluke Province Turned Autonomous Power Base, the Advance into the Red Sea and Nubia, Mameluke Beys Regaining Prominence, Pashas Establishing Independent Dynasties, and Napoleon's Invasion of…
1518: The first Asiento (contract) is granted by the Spanish Crown, authorizing the direct transport of captives from Africa to the Americas, bypassing Europe (Eltis & Richardson, 41).
1519: A devastating smallpox epidemic decimated the surviving Taino population across the Greater Antilles. During this same year, a cacique named Enriquillo led his encomienda into the interior mountains to…
1519: The indigenous Arawak population of Hayti is recorded as having been reduced to 100,000 survivors, down from approximately one million in 1492. The speed of this demographic collapse underscored…
1519–1533: The Taino leader Enriquillo leads a successful guerrilla rebellion against Spanish rule. His sustained resistance in the mountains forced the Spanish to sign a peace treaty and recognize his…
1520–1810: For nearly three centuries, the Spanish Caribbean mainland relied heavily on West Central Africa for its supply of enslaved labor. Early in the trade, Portuguese and Spanish vessels managed…
Francisco Alvares, a Portuguese priest who spent six years in Ethiopia in the 1520s, wrote down two reports about the country to the west. A travelling Syrian named John told…
Then bishop of Burgos sent to summon the cleric Casas, and the Bishop gathered to himself Hernando de Vega, and the licentiate Zapata, and Francisco de los Cobos, secretary, and…
1522: The first recorded armed plot of the enslaved occurs on the island during the period of exclusive Spanish rule. This event marked the beginning of a long tradition of organized…
Enslaved people of Don Diégo Colomb and of a licentiate took the road to Azua to join the cacique Henri; they were pursued and defeated after resisting a party of…
1524: The date by which Taíno culture is considered archaeologically "extinct." Rouse notes that by this year, the Taíno had ceased to exist as a separate, organized cultural entity in…
1524: The Taino people had almost completely been replaced by deported captives by the end of Diego Columbus's term as viceroy. Small, isolated communities of Taino descent continued to…
1524: The Taino people cease to exist as a separate, distinct population group on the island. While their biological and cultural traits survived through mixed ancestry, their formal societal structure…
1525: The first slave ship sailed directly from the African coast to the Americas, marking a significant transition in the organization of the transatlantic traffic. This direct route bypassed European…
1526-1641: During the initial phases of the trade in West Central Africa, captives were primarily funneled from the Kingdom of Kongo and the Ndongo Kingdom, often referred to as Ngolas.…
1526-1867: The Spanish and Portuguese empires maintained their involvement in the transatlantic slave trade throughout these centuries. Maps from this period trace the distribution of captives across their vast colonial…
1526-1867: West Central Africa was characterized by significant state formations, making its political landscape more complex than other regions of western Africa. Enslaved individuals from this vast area were often…
1527–1842: The slave trade to Puerto Rico spanned over three centuries, with early arrivals managed by Spanish and Portuguese traders and later voyages dominated by French and British merchants. West…
1530s: The Spanish begin establishing the first sugar plantations and mills on the island. These early industrial agricultural operations created the demand for a permanent, enslaved workforce.
1530s: The decade when Iberian merchants fully established the Triangular Trade route (Europe → Africa → Americas), which served as the blueprint for all future colonial powers Iberian ports began…
1534–1700: An analysis of early slaving voyages shows that shipboard mortality and travel times varied significantly between different arrival regions in the Caribbean. For instance, voyages to the Dutch Caribbean…
1534-1862: The Congo River served as a vital maritime artery for the slave trade, though the primary embarkation points were often concentrated just north and south of the river estuary.…
1534–1867: An analysis of total arrivals across the Americas reveals that over 10.7 million captives survived the Middle Passage to disembark in the Americas. Brazil was the largest recipient…
Spain enacted a law on enfranchisement, the first of three Spanish laws that Ardouin names as the source of the liberal provisions of the Code noir.
1544: Official Spanish censors report that the indigenous population has effectively vanished. This report highlighted the extreme speed at which the Taino society collapsed following European arrival.
1550: By the middle of the sixteenth century, the population of Lisbon had been significantly altered by the early slave trade, with black Africans constituting 10 percent of the city's…
1556: King Henry II issues an edict enfranchising all serfs in the Dauphiné region, a precedent for the "freedom principle." This legal development in France provided an early intellectual foundation…
1560: Steady and systematic slave trading from the African coast to Brazil began during this year, initiating a centuries-long commercial link. Brazil would eventually become the geographic center of the…
1560-1642: Although the earliest slave-trading voyages to Brazil may have originated in Portugal, the organizational base for the trade shifted rapidly to the South American colony. Merchants in Brazilian ports…
1560-1807: The slave trade out of Recife, the chief port of Pernambuco, was the first Brazil-based traffic to commence operations. It later served as the primary operational base for the…
1560–1851: Pernambuco in northeast Brazil was the first region in the Americas to develop a massive sugar plantation economy, eventually receiving over 700,000 enslaved Africans. The trade was almost entirely…
1560–1851: Salvador da Bahia emerged as one of the most significant slaving ports in the South Atlantic, receiving nearly 1.4 million captives over the history of the trade. The region…
1560s: The sugar plantation system was successfully introduced into northeastern Brazil. For the following century, this region served as the primary destination for the majority of the transatlantic slave trade.
1561–1790: As Brazil rose to become the premier global source of sugar in the late sixteenth century, the ports of Recife, Salvador da Bahia, and Rio de Janeiro became the…
1561–1851: Pernambuco, being the American sugar-producing region geographically closest to Africa, was the first Brazilian territory to draw heavily from the slave trade. The regional capital of Recife maintained a…
1561–1856: Total captive flows between Africa and South America were heavily influenced by the prevailing winds and ocean currents of the South Atlantic. While West Central Africa was the major…
1562: Master John Hawkins organized his first English slaving expedition after gathering intelligence from residents of the Canary Islands regarding the high demand for captives in Hispaniola. He secured financial…
1562-1571: Sir John Hawkins led a series of English slaving ventures to the Sierra Leone region in a bold attempt to challenge the established Iberian monopoly on the transatlantic traffic.…
1563-1810: British slave traders eventually rose to dominate the northern segment of the Atlantic slave-trading system, acting as the primary international carriers after the decline of the Dutch in the…
Spain enacted the second of the three laws on enfranchisement that Ardouin names as models for the Code noir.
On a slaving voyage that ended at New Spain in 1565, the people aboard the Santo Antonio rose against the crew. They had been taken at Portuguese Guinea. The record…
1566-1865: Resistance was a persistent feature of the slave trade, with documented revolts occurring on approximately 10 percent of all slaving voyages. Most of these uprisings took place while vessels…
1566–1865: Documented resistance patterns show that slaving vessels departing from Upper Guinea were significantly more likely to experience insurrections of the captives than ships from other regions. Although this broad…
1566–1865: Analysis of the timing of rebellions reveals that the majority, approximately 62.8 percent, occurred while vessels were still anchored on the African coast taking more captives aboard. Another 12.8…
1567-1568: During his third and "unfortunate" voyage, John Hawkins led an armed assault on a town in Guinea that was reportedly home to 8,000 inhabitants. Aided by a local rival…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Hispaniola in 1567, the people aboard the Madalena went over the side, or were recorded missing. They had been taken at Cape Verde…
1571: The Parlement of Guyenne declares that "France, mother of liberty, does not permit any slaves." This declaration became a core component of French legal identity, even as slavery expanded…
1576: Jean Bodin publishes Six Books of a Commonwealth, warning that absolute power creates "domestic enemies." His political theory argued that the existence of slavery inherently threatened the stability of…
1580-1640: During the period when Portugal and Spain were ruled by a single monarch, over 75 percent of all captives forced across the Atlantic were carried in Portuguese ships. Most…
1581–1856: Rio de Janeiro functioned as the premier destination for the seaborne traffic in captives in the world, with almost all captives entering Southeast Brazil passing through its port until…
1581–1851: Salvador da Bahia emerged as a uniquely distinct hub within the Brazilian slave trade, drawing the majority of its captives from the Bight of Benin. This specific regional…
1582-1850: Luanda, established by the Portuguese in 1575, became the single most productive embarkation point in sub-Saharan Africa, supplying more captives to the Americas than any other location after 1620.…
1582–1851: Rio de Janeiro eventually surpassed all other ports in the Americas to become the single largest entry point for enslaved Africans in history. Over 1.5 million people were forcibly…
1586: Sir Francis Drake successfully pillaged the town of St. Domingo during a high-profile raid on Spanish West Indian possessions. The attack demonstrated the growing vulnerability of the Spanish empire…
1586–1629: (The Erosion of Spanish Hegemony and the Rise of Contraband): The decline of Spanish power on the island became evident in 1586 when Francis Drake pillaged Santo Domingo. In…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cartagena in 1588, the people aboard the S Pedro rose against the crew. They had been taken at Portuguese Guinea. The record gives…
1600–1780: The historical trajectory of the British East India Company was detailed in the colonial press, tracing its evolution from its original 1600 charter to its unified form under Queen…
1600–1749: Economic statistics cited in a memoir on commerce illustrated the rapid growth of England's national wealth over a century and a half. In 1600, the country's total value in…
1605: Spanish authorities forcibly relocate settlers from the western part of the island to the east. This "devastation" left the western coast open to occupation by French and English pirates…
1606–1833: The islands of Trinidad and Tobago received approximately 44,000 enslaved Africans directly from the coast, with the vast majority arriving in the final decades of the trade. British vessels…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Venezuela in 1612, the people aboard the Jesus María rose against the crew. They had been taken at Cacheu. The record gives the…
1615: King Louis XIII approves an edict for enslavement on the condition that it serves Christian conversion. This law attempted to justify the slave trade by linking it to the…
1616-1863: The Gold Coast and the Bight of Benin collectively supplied approximately one-quarter of all captives transported in the trans-Atlantic slave trade. While the Gold Coast was initially focused on…
1619–1775: Over 95 percent of the enslaved people who arrived in the Chesapeake Bay area directly from Africa were transported on ships outfitted in the major British ports of London,…
1620–1835: The Río de la Plata region served as an early and persistent destination for the transatlantic slave trade, with merchants in Buenos Aires seeking captives from Angola as early…
1622-1807: Old Calabar, situated near the modern border of Nigeria and Cameroon, established itself as a premier port in the Bight of Biafra by the middle of the seventeenth century.…
A Jesuit report of January 1622 on a Kongo rebellion uses the word sangamento, dancing a war dance, as the ordinary expression for going to war. Seventeenth century writers in…
1625: French and English buccaneers begin using Tortuga as a permanent base. From this stronghold, they raided Spanish shipping lanes and established a presence that would lead to French Saint-Domingue.
1625: European nations including Great Britain, France, and the Netherlands began to challenge Spanish control by settling depopulated islands in the Caribbean. Spain eventually lost Jamaica to Britain and the…
1625-00-00: (France Establishes a Colony on Tortuga, the Foothold That Would Eventually Lead to French Control of the West of the Larger Island and the Creation of Saint-Domingue): In 1625, France…
1625-00-00: (France Establishes a Colony on the Island of Tortuga, the Buccaneers' Base That Would Become the Foothold for French Colonization of the West of the Larger Island): In 1625, France…
1627: A contemporary description of a slave ship highlighted the horrific and disgusting conditions endured by captives, who were often crowded together under the deck in chains. The account detailed…
1629: A Spanish armament expelled a body of French and English planters from the island of St. Christopher with circumstances of outrageous barbarity. These exiles fled in open boats and…
1629: A Spanish force attacked the settlement at Tortuga while the ablest defenders were away hunting on the larger island. The invaders captured and indiscriminately massacred the women, children, and…
1629–1667: (The Birth of the Brethren of the Coast and Buccaneer Culture): Following their expulsion from St. Kitts, French and English refugees settled on the island of Tortuga, which they…
1630: The Dutch successfully conquered the Pernambuco region of Brazil, including the vital port hinterland of Recife. Following this victory, Dutch slaving operations in South America were largely organized from…
1630s–1816: Throughout Brazil, enslaved Africans served as both the primary producers of export commodities and visible symbols of their enslavers' social status. Wealthy Portuguese families utilized "strong slaves" to…
1638–1775: The early slave trade to Brazil exhibited mortality rates that were substantially lower than those recorded on vessels sailing to the Caribbean during the same period. Interestingly, the survival…
1638–1775: Voyages from West Africa to Brazil were considerably shorter in duration compared to those destined for the Caribbean islands. This geographic proximity contributed to lower shipboard mortality rates for…
1640: The organizational center of gravity for the African slave trade underwent a sharp northward shift following this date. Dominance passed from Iberian ports to northern European centers such as…
1640: The Iberian Union, which had united the monarchies of Spain and Portugal under a single crown for sixty years, officially came to an end. This political shift had immediate…
1640s: Barbados underwent a revolutionary economic transfer by shifting its primary agricultural focus from tobacco to sugarcane cultivation. This transition was largely facilitated by the availability of enslaved African labor…
1640s: Sugarcane cultivation was introduced to Barbados, the most easterly of the Caribbean islands. This shift initiated a revolutionary transfer of labor and capital that transformed the economic landscape of…
1640-Dec.-31: A meticulous public sale record from Brazil documented the sale of captives from Guinea, Ardra, and Calabar carried on the ship Wapen van Delf. The ledger identifies…
HISTORY. It was from Port-Margot that Levasseur set out to drive the Englishman Willis from Tortuga on 31 August 1640. Rouzier tells this under the entry PORT MARGOT (le).
1641: Export levels of sugar from the eastern Caribbean became significant during this year, signaling the start of the "sugar revolution" in the region. This economic transformation was characterized by…
1641–1863: The Dutch West Indies, including Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao, functioned primarily as a major regional re-export hub for the transatlantic slave trade. While some captives remained on the islands,…
1641-00-00: (French Buccaneers Establish Settlements in the Northwest of the Island, Expanding From Tortuga Onto the Mainland and Beginning the Process of French Territorial Claim): In 1641, French buccaneers began establishing…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Pernambuco in 1641, the people aboard the Zwarte Arend rose against the crew. They had been taken at Calabar. The record gives the…
Spain enacted the third of the laws on enfranchisement that Ardouin names as models for the Code noir.
1642-1794: Merchants from Amsterdam and the northern Netherlands typically organized their slaving voyages from the sheltered anchorage of Texel. It was at this location that ships received their final…
1642-1806: Copenhagen served as the primary organizational center for the trafficking of captives among countries bordering the Baltic Sea and was the home port for the Danish West Indies Company.…
1642-1807: Approximately 46 percent of all transatlantic slave voyages were organized within the Americas, with slaving ventures setting out from nearly every major Atlantic port in the hemisphere.…
1642-1807: The slave trade out of Recife, the chief port of Pernambuco, was the first Brazil-based traffic to commence and served as a major base for Dutch slaving operations during…
1642-1807: Salvador da Bahia organized more slaving voyages than any other Atlantic port for the majority of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The port maintained a uniquely robust commercial link…
1642-1807: Rio de Janeiro emerged as the premier outfitting center in the Americas for slave voyages, particularly as the trade reached its nineteenth-century peak. Unlike many northern European voyages, the…
1642-1807: British Caribbean colonies were the only islands in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to outfit significant numbers of their own slaving voyages. Barbados, in particular, served as the second-largest…
1642-1807: The slave trade out of Lisbon experienced a period of decline after 1641 following the separation of the Portuguese and Spanish monarchies. This political shift closed the previously accessible…
1642-1807: The slave trade from West Central Africa underwent a massive sevenfold expansion during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries as the global demand for labor intensified. While Luanda remained a…
1642-1807: Merchants operating from ports in Rhode Island, including Newport, Bristol, and Providence, outfitted approximately half of all slaving voyages originating from the North American mainland. These ventures typically employed…
1642-1807: Although considered minor slave traders relative to the major powers, merchants in Scandinavia and the Hanse towns of northern Germany carried off more than 100,000 captives from Africa. This…
1642-1810: London emerged as a premier organizational hub for the slave trade, drawing its prominence from its status as a global commercial center. As the largest city in Europe, it…
1643-1793: La Rochelle stood as the second most important slaving port in France, utilizing its favorable Atlantic location to organize efficient triangular voyages. Its merchants drew heavily from the African…
1643-1831: France emerged as the third largest national slave-trading group, with its traffic largely driven by the extreme economic importance of the St.-Domingue colony in the eighteenth century. To support…
1644–1807: The slave trade to the Guianas, including British, French, and Dutch territories, was a complex multi-national enterprise that received over 500,000 captives. West Central Africa and the Bight of…
In February 1644 a group of enslaved Africans in New Amsterdam petitioned the Dutch authorities for their freedom. They had served the Dutch West India Company for eighteen years, they…
1645-1860: The slave trade organized in mainland North American colonies grew rapidly after 1730 but faced a sharp decline during the American Revolution as individual states began implementing bans. However,…
On a slaving voyage that ended at São Tomé in 1647, the people aboard the Eendracht rose against the crew. They had been taken at Calabar. The record gives the…
This Ordinance expressly enjoins the settlers to plant and cultivate food crops to ensure the feeding of their enslaved people; and it orders the Officers of the Milices to see…
1650-1850: Political boundaries and ethnolinguistic identities along the Gold Coast and Bight of Benin underwent significant shifts as the slave trade reached its historical peak. The Asante confederacy rose to…
1652–1700: The early era of the transatlantic slave trade was defined by exceptionally long voyages and devastatingly high mortality rates for both captives and crews. Enslaved individuals departing from the…
1652-1851: Lagos emerged as a critical slaving venue between 1815 and 1850, a period when much of the trans-Atlantic slave trade was conducted illegally. The port's unique location on a…
1652-1851: New Calabar served as the leading embarkation center for captives in the Bight of Biafra slaving region throughout the late seventeenth century. Although it was later eclipsed by the…
1653-1808: Cape Coast Castle was originally constructed by the Swedes before being seized by the Danes in 1663 and finally by the British a year later. It served as the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Barbados in 1654, the people aboard an unnamed British ship rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives…
1655-May-10: As early as the mid-seventeenth century, Great Britain began seeking ways to challenge Spanish dominance by attempting to capture the island of Haiti. This military ambition was part of a…
1655–1775: Enslaved Africans first arrived in the Middle Colonies during the period of Dutch control before 1667, primarily landing in what would become New York. About 90 percent of the…
1655–1775: Jamaica emerged as the premier destination for enslaved Africans in the British Empire, receiving over 600,000 captives during the century preceding the American Revolution. The Bight of Biafra and…
1655: The Spanish inhabitants of Jamaica were described by contemporary observers as a "debased and degenerate race" during the English conquest of the island. This characterization was later applied by…
1658–1825: Suriname served as the primary settlement within the Dutch Guianas, functioning as the epicenter for the rapid expansion of sugar cultivation and the subsequent demand for enslaved labor. Until…
1658-1838: Cameroon was the smallest of the major embarkation points in the Bight of Biafra and was the last to engage in the trans-Atlantic slave trade in a significant way.…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Buenos Aires in 1658, the S Pieter had its boats attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at New Calabar.…
1659-1726: Ouidah (Whidah) became the major slave-trading port in West Africa by the conclusion of the seventeenth century, located in what is now modern Benin. Merchants from various European nations…
1659-1807: Bonny and New Calabar were two key ports in the British slave trade that were geographically close in the eastern Niger Delta but remained politically independent of one another.…
1659: The French established St.-Louis as a fortified trading post at the mouth of the Sénégal River to command the region's commerce and the embarkation of captives. While the French…
1660: The English began a century and a half of dominance over the northern system of the transatlantic slave trade. This system linked European ports with West Africa and the…
1660-1690: Offra served as a primary trading venue for the English and Dutch chartered companies, acting as the maritime outlet for the African kingdom of Allada. Located in what is…
1660-1807: The Gambia River served as the steadiest source of enslaved people from the Upper Guinea region, remaining navigable for small oceangoing vessels up to 125 miles inland. British slave…
1660s-1807: Loango emerged as a major slaving port under the control of Vili traders, who acted as professional brokers between European ship captains and the internal suppliers of captives. The…
1660-1807: Malembo, located north of the Congo River in modern Angola, served as the primary Atlantic outlet for the Kongo Kingdom throughout the duration of the slave trade. The port…
1663–1860: Slave voyages destined for mainland North America generally lasted longer and experienced higher shipboard mortality rates than those going to other regions of the Americas. These extended travel…
1664: Bertrand d'Ogeron is appointed governor of Tortuga and the western coast. He is credited with bringing order to the buccaneer settlements and promoting agricultural development.
1664: A royal governor is named to oversee the French settlements on Tortuga and the coast. This appointment marked the formal assertion of French sovereignty over the territory that would…
1664–1829: French Guiana experienced a relatively modest and erratic inflow of enslaved Africans compared to other Caribbean colonies, with most arrivals managed by merchants from Nantes and Le Havre. For…
1664-00-00: (France Claims the West of the Island, Asserting Sovereignty Over Territory That Would Become the Colony of Saint-Domingue): In 1664, France formally claimed the west of the island, asserting sovereign authority over a…
1665–1676: (The Rule of Bertrand d'Ogeron and the Plantation Pivot): Bertrand d'Ogeron arrived at Tortuga in February 1665 as the first effective governor, tasked with transforming lawless hunters and pirates…
1665-00-00: (France Establishes Port-de-Paix on Haiti's Northwestern Coast, One of the Earliest Permanent French Settlements on the Mainland of the Island): In 1665, France established Port-de-Paix on the northwestern coast of…
The Island finding itself laid waste by enslaved fugitives, the Conseil resolved to negotiate with the man named Francisque, nègre of sieur Fabulet, and Chief of a large band. The…
This Decree is the oldest authority we know that orders the reimbursement of the price of nègres put to death to their enslavers. It is just that the safety which…
1668–1803: Saint-Domingue became the most productive colony in the eighteenth-century world, a success built upon the labor of nearly 800,000 enslaved Africans. West Central Africa provided the largest share of…
1669–1808: Enslaved people were deported to Grenada irregularly under French rule, but it transformed into a major disembarkation hub following the British acquisition of the island in 1763. The…
1670s: Large-scale planters in Virginia began to turn significantly toward enslaved African labor as the supply of white British indentured servants started to decline. In the late 1670s, white servants…
1670: French boucaniers begin transitioning from subsistence farming to tobacco exploitation. This shift toward cash crops laid the foundation for the plantation-oriented economy of Saint-Domingue.
1670-1802: Le Havre distinguished itself as the first significant slave-trading port in France and remained active in the traffic until near its final years. Remarkably, nearly 40 percent of the…
1670–1682: (The Expansion of Settlements and First Insurrection of the Enslaved): Under Ogeron and his successor, de Pouancey, French settlements spread across the North, West, and South, eventually making the…
After Ambuila the Portuguese moved to crush Soyo, the coastal province that had grown rich on direct trade through the port of Pinda and had been drifting away from the…
THE KING, recognizing with some satisfaction that the care he continues to take, and the protection he gives to his subjects, spur them on every day to take up sea…
This Decree dismisses a Lieutenant of the Militias, because he abused his Wife and mutilated his nègres. We thought we should cite this Decree, which shows how a Tribunal whose…
BY this Ordinance, which concerns the debts contracted by the settlers toward the Merchants and the Company, M. de Baas orders, in conformity with the Regulation of M. de Tracy…
BY this Ordinance, to encourage the settlers to set up indigo works and to devise new manufactures in the islands, M. de Baas orders that all those who wish to…
Whereas it was represented by the Procureur-Général du Roi that he had been ordered by Monseigneur de Baas to inquire into the excesses committed by Charles Brocard against Anne, négresse,…
UPON the Remonstrance of the Procureur Général, that there were a great number of nègres marrons who committed many disorders and acts of violence, taking cattle, pulling up provisions, and…
1672 - 1752: The English Royal African Company was founded, eventually growing into the largest single slave-trading business in the history of transatlantic traffic. Granted a crown-sanctioned monopoly on English…
1672. 1977: Michel-Rolph Trouillot publishes Ti dife boule sou istwa Ayiti, the first nonfiction book written entirely in Kreyòl. The text challenged hero-driven historical narratives and centered the role of…
1674: The French Naval Ministry assumes jurisdiction over the Caribbean colonies. This administrative shift centralized the management of colonial affairs under royal authority in Versailles.
1674: The Dutch West Indies Company underwent a major reorganization, positioning it to become a primary actor in the international slaving business. This restructured enterprise focused on supplying labor to…
1674–1806: The arrival of captives in Nevis surged around 1680 due to the local sugar revolution, but the traffic eventually entered a long-term period of fluctuating decline. London-based vessels were…
On a slaving voyage in 1674, the people aboard the Vergulde Arend (a) rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the numbers as: 150…
1676-1802: New England ports outfitted numerous slave voyages that carried captives from various African coastal regions. These maritime links integrated the northern colonies into the broader Atlantic Slave System.
1676–1802: Relatively few enslaved Africans, approximately 10,000 individuals, reached New England ports directly from the African coast during the colonial era. Most of these captives originated from regions west of…
1677–1820: Antigua supported a significant slave trade that reached its peak in the mid-1750s and late 1760s, with annual arrivals sometimes exceeding 5,000 individuals. While London and Liverpool merchants dominated…
Enslaved Thieves. ART. I. Nègres convicted of stealing poultry, pigs or sheep, not exceeding the value of 100 livres of sugar, shall be punished by their enslavers; and if the…
1678: Portugal and the Netherlands signed a treaty that permitted Dutch monitoring of Portuguese slave ships sailing along the Gold Coast. This agreement followed the Luso-Dutch conflicts and shaped maritime…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Bahia in 1678, the Santissimo Sacramento had its boats attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Bight of Benin.…
1679: The France ship (Voyage 33733), commanded by Moisse, La, arrives at Saint-Domingue with 241 captives. This arrival documented the continuing expansion of the enslaved population during the colony's formative…
1679-Feb.: The France ship (Voyage 33528), commanded by Lescuyer, Jean, arrives at Port-de-Paix with 92 captives. These individuals were primarily brought from Senegambia and offshore Atlantic regions to begin working…
1679–1704: Four distinct armed plots of the enslaved are planned across French Saint Domingue. These early plots aimed at the total annihilation of the white enslavers and demonstrated persistent resistance.
1679–1819: Saint-Domingue emerged as the premier disembarkation center for enslaved Africans in the Caribbean until its plantation regime was destroyed by the Haitian Revolution. The colony drew the vast majority…
1679–1860: Montserrat developed a robust sugar-producing sector that was entirely dependent on sustained arrivals of captives between 1689 and 1730, primarily managed by merchants from London and Bristol. Interestingly,…
SEEN by the King in his Conseil, the Treaty made by the Directors of the Commerce of the West Indies with Maître Jean Oudiette, Fermier-Général of the Domaine d'Occident, on…
THE KING, continuing to give his attention to everything that can strengthen the Commerce of his Subjects established in the French Islands of America, and wishing to give them the…
SEVERAL enslaved people having been accused and convicted of having taken and carried off a Longboat from aboard a Ship lying in the roads, and of having used it to…
1680–1807: The Danish West India Company, based in Copenhagen, served as the primary carrier for enslaved people destined for the islands of St. Thomas and St. Croix. Most of these…
1680-1830: The price paid for captives in the Senegambia region rose tenfold as the transatlantic slave trade reached its most devastating peak of impact on African societies. This sharp economic…
1680-1867: Regular trafficking of captives from the Sierra Leone estuary began in the late seventeenth century, though the vast majority of captives were embarked during the peak period between…
1680: The European population in French settlements reaches 4,000 residents. This growth in settlement indicated the increasing value France placed on its foothold in the western Caribbean.
1680-1867: Regular trafficking of captives from the Sierra Leone estuary began in the late seventeenth century, though the vast majority of captives were embarked during the peak period between…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Barbados in 1680, the people aboard the Convert rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the numbers…
The winds that prevail at the Cap are winds from the east, north and southwest. The north winds bring cold and dampness from October until March. The west winds are…
Several hurricanes wrought havoc in the town: those of 14 August 1680, 21 September 1751, 17 September 1754, 20 September 1756, 4 August 1772, 27 August 1775, 5 September 1781,…
1681: Saint-Domingue’s population is 6,648, consisting of 65% white residents and 31% enslaved people. These early figures show a society where white settlers still outnumbered the enslaved workforce before the…
1681-1807: Cabinda became a significant embarkation center for enslaved Africans in the eighteenth century as British and French traders sought new sources of labor outside traditional ports. Acting as the…
1681–1791: (The Human Toll and Diversity of African Lineage): The documented slave trade in Saint-Domingue expanded from a census of 10,000 in May 1681 to an official figure of 500,000…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Newcastle in 1681, the people aboard the Alexander rose against the crew. They had been taken at Ardra. The record gives the numbers…
THE KING, being informed that the nègres, who make up the principal wealth of the settlers of the French Islands of America because they employ them in Agriculture and other…
1683–1691: (Inter-Imperial Warfare and the Death of de Cussy): Governor Pierre-Paul Tarin de Cussy took office in 1683, facing constant pressure to domesticate "vagabond" colonists and defend against Spanish incursions.…
On a slaving voyage that ended at St. Thomas in 1683, the people aboard the Trompeuse rose against the crew. They had been taken at a port the record does…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Curaçao in 1684, the people aboard the Koning Salomon rose against the crew. They had been taken at Congo North. The record gives…
Isabel Pacheco, a widow of mixed African descent taken at Veracruz, was being held at Petit-Goave with her two children, aged twelve and fourteen, in November 1684. Earlier that year…
THE KING having had presented to him in his Conseil the Contract made on 21 March 1679 between the sieurs Bellinzani and Mesnager, Directors of the Domaine d'Occident, and the…
1685-Mar.: The French Crown promulgates the Black Code (Code Noir). This comprehensive legal document was intended to regulate relations between enslavers and the enslaved and ensure the conversion of
1685: Article 59 of the Code Noir granted full citizenship and rights to all manumitted people, known as the affranchis. This legal provision was intended to integrate formerly enslaved…
1685, March: (The Code Noir and the Institutionalization of Abuse): To regulate the labor force in his island possessions, Louis XIV issued the Code Noir in March 1685, which nominally…
1685-00-00: (France Enacts the Code Noir, the Legal Framework Governing Slavery Across All French Colonies, a Document That Simultaneously Regulated and Legitimized the Enslavement of Human Beings): In 1685, France…
1685-00-00: (Code Noir, the Black Code Enacted Under Louis XIV That Defined the Legal Conditions of Slavery in French Colonies, Mandating Catholic Baptism of the Enslaved, Prohibiting Torture in Theory…
1685-00-00: (France Enacts the Code Noir, the Legal Framework That Regulated Slavery in French Colonies, Defining Enslaved People as Movable Property While Theoretically Granting Them Minimal Protections That Were Never…
On a slaving voyage in 1685, the people aboard the Charlton rose against the crew. They had been taken at Whydah. The record gives the numbers as: 100 people were…
On a slaving voyage in 1685, the people aboard the Ann rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the numbers as: 179 people were…
1686-June-15: Early commercial and maritime contacts between the English colonies in North America and the island of Saint-Domingue began to take shape during this year. William Phips, who would later…
1686-1804: The majority of the slave trade organized in Bordeaux occurred after 1750, by which time other European hubs had already established control over major West African outlets. To find…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Jamaica in 1686, the people aboard the Expedition rose against the crew. They had been taken at Calabar. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Barbados in 1686, the Good Fellowship was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Ardra. The record gives the…
HIS MAJESTY being informed that what has contributed most to the growth of the Colony of the Coast of Saint-Domingue is the great number of indentured servants who have gone…
SEEN by the King, in his Conseil, the Remonstrances made to His Majesty by the officers of the Conseil Souverain of the Island of Martinique, on the seventh and thirtieth…
1687-May-06: The Sovereign Council of Saint-Domingue officially registers the Code Noir. This act formalized the legal framework for slavery within the colony’s administrative and judicial systems.
The San Antonio made port at Veracruz on 24 May 1687 with 580 enslaved Africans in its hold. Margarita de Robles, Paula Matias and Maria de Pares came ashore quietly…
The present edict read, published and registered, the King's procurator-general being heard and so requiring, to be executed according to its form and tenor; and copies of it shall be…
ON what has been represented to the King, in his Conseil, that the execution of the forty-fourth Article of the Declaration made by His Majesty, concerning the Enslaved of the…
On a slaving voyage in 1688, an unnamed British ship was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Calabar. The record gives the numbers as: 251…
Juana Tomasa, a mestiza from Maracaibo in Venezuela, was kidnapped when she was barely twelve and spent a decade at Petit-Goave. Questioned at Veracruz in December 1688 by the judge…
Eleven people on Andre Gomes de Medina's plantation in Bahia, and more in the neighbourhood around it, had died over the course of a year from illnesses nobody could name.…
UPON the remonstrance made by the Procureur-Général du Roi that the launches and canoes of the hunter settlers and other persons of the country have very often aided the nègres…
1690s: Enslaved Black people in Virginia began to outnumber white indentured servants by a ratio of four to one. This reversal of the labor ratio signaled the complete entrenchment…
1691: An armed insurrection of the enslaved breaks out at Port-de-Paix. This early insurrection demonstrated the constant threat of violent resistance within the growing
1691–1703: (The Era of Jean-Baptiste du Casse and the Treaty of Ryswick): Jean-Baptiste du Casse assumed leadership in 1691, using his military energy to reconstruct the colony and move the…
At Sabana Real de la Limonade, in what is now Haiti's North, a Spanish force out of Santo Domingo broke the army of French Saint-Domingue on this day. It was…
On a slaving voyage in 1691, the people aboard the Charles rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the numbers as: 179 people were…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Jamaica in 1691, the people aboard the Hester and Mary rose against the crew. They had been taken at a port the record…
I have reported to the King what you write me on the dispute between the Shipowners who went to carry off the nègres left at Saint-Christophe and the persons to…
We, the Chevalier de la Boulais, Lieutenant for the King on the Island of La Tortue and Coast of Saint-Domingue, having assembled all the Officers and held the Conseil de…
By this Order of M. de la Boulais, Lieutenant de Roi at Le Cap, all nègres are enjoined to conduct themselves respectfully toward Whites; and the latter are authorized to…
The conduct of the sieur Desragny toward the Shipowners of the Bark that went to take from Saint-Christophe the nègres of the French who had left there was pleasing to…
1692: The economic center of gravity in the Americas shifted from Central America to the sugar-producing regions of the Caribbean and coastal Brazil. This transition was driven by the massive…
1692: A massive earthquake destroyed Port Royal, Jamaica, which had long served as a primary outpost for pirates and masterless people from across the region. This event marked a physical…
UPON the submission made by the Procureur-Général, who has learned that several settlers daily sell wine and other drinks on the plantations to Whites and to the enslaved, and receive…
1693-Aug.-25: Captain Thomas Phillips of the Hannibal departed from St. Thomas to begin a passage to Barbados that would last over two months. During this voyage, a devastating outbreak of…
1693–1846: Amazonia, which produced cotton, cacao, and rice, relied on a specialized slave trade route that utilized the northern Atlantic wind and current systems. Ships supplying Pará and Maranhão typically…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Jamaica in 1693, the people aboard the America rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at St. Thomas in 1693, the people aboard the Fredrik Wilhelm rose against the crew. They had been taken at Whydah. The record gives…
His MAJESTY having been informed that the Captains of the Vessels that go to the islands of America do not take the necessary precautions to prevent nègres belonging to the…
1695: The discovery of gold in the Minas Gerais region of Brazil triggered a massive new demand for enslaved African labor to work the extensive riverine goldfields. Thousands of workers…
1696-1810: By the mid-eighteenth century, Liverpool had ascended to become the largest slaving port in Europe as the transatlantic traffic reached its absolute peak. Its pre-eminence was driven by its…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Barbados in 1696, the people aboard the Adventure rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gold Coast. The record gives the…
1697: France officially obtained the western portion of the island, known as St.-Domingue, through the Treaty of Ryswick which ended the Nine Years' War. This diplomatic acquisition laid the groundwork for…
1697-September-20: Under the Treaty of Ryswick, Spain officially recognized French sovereignty over the vaguely defined western third of the island. This area had gradually become dominated by French buccaneers who…
1697-1803: Nantes rapidly became the premier port for the organization of French slaving voyages following the early eighteenth century, a position it held until the outbreak of war in 1793.…
1697-09-20: (The Treaty of Ryswick Grants France the Western Third of the Island, Formalizing What Buccaneers and Settlers Had Already Established on the Ground and Creating the Colony That Would Become…
1697-09-20: (Treaty of Ryswick, the 1697 Agreement Between France and the Grand Alliance That Ended Their War and Redistributed Colonial Territory, With France Receiving the Western Third of the Island as…
1697-09-20: (The Treaty of Ryswick, by Which Spain Formally Cedes the Western Third of the Island to France, Creating the Colony of Saint-Domingue That Would Become the Wealthiest and Most Brutal…
The Procureur-Général du Roi represented to the Council that various Persons indiscriminately buy from the enslaved Indigos, Horses, Clothing and other Merchandise, without troubling themselves about where the said enslaved…
STATEMENT of the settlers of the District of Port-de-Paix, and other places dependent on it, who have enslaved people, as appears below, the nègres, négresses and négrillons named. First. The…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Danish West Indies, colony unspecified in 1698, the people aboard the Københavns Børs rose against the crew. They had been taken at Little…
BEFORE the Notaires at Paris undersigned, were present, etc. All Directors and Interested Parties in the Royal Company of Senegal and the Coasts of Africa, as much for themselves as…
I have reported to the King on the Memorandum you sent me concerning the nègres. His Majesty orders me to explain to you that all those who are brought from…
1699: The earliest documented "boat people" fleeing Jamaica for Cuba appear in historical records when twenty enslaved people arrived by canoe. Upon their arrival, these fugitives were granted religious asylum…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Barbados in 1699, the people aboard the Albion Frigate rose against the crew. They had been taken at Bight of Biafra and Gulf…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Curaçao in 1699, the people aboard the Rachel rose against the crew. They had been taken at Whydah. The record gives the numbers…
HAVING SEEN the Remonstrance of the Procureur-Général, and ruling on it, the Council makes very express prohibitions and prohibits all enslaved nègres from having any Horses, and for this purpose…
HAVING SEEN the Remonstrance of the Procureur-Général, and ruling on it, the Council makes very express prohibitions to all enslaved nègres against keeping any offensive or defensive Arms, or big…
BETWEEN François Quesnel and Associates, etc., and Antoine Fizet, Receveur of the Nègres of the Compagnie Royale de Sénégal. Having seen the statements and declarations of the Parties, and the…
THE KING is willing that the nègres who took part in the Expedition to Carthagene, and who returned after having been taken by the Enemies, or who passed back through…
1700-1800: "State-Sponsored" Slave Trade: The eighteenth-century French slave trade was fundamentally driven by the enormous economic output and labor requirements of the St.-Domingue colony. To support this industry, the French…
1700: The Psychology of the Middle Passage: Maritime explorer Jean Barbot provided a vivid description of the security measures and horrific conditions found on slaving vessels, where captives were crowded…
1700s–Late 18th Century: (The Expansion of Northern Ngoni Chiefdoms: Maize, Population Growth, the Struggle to Control Ivory Export Routes, Age-Sets Transformed into Standing Armies, and the Three Dominant Chiefdoms…
On a slaving voyage in 1700, the people aboard the Concord rose against the crew. They had been taken at Bonny. The record gives the numbers as: 251 people were…
By this Ordinance the nègres seized in Spanish territory are sentenced to have the hamstring cut. M. de Galiffet was the first to set the example of carrying out this…
This Ordinance forbids every hunting nègre, enslaved, to go beyond the Lookouts placed at the Boundary between the French part and the Spanish part, under penalty of being arrested and…
1701–1775: While the average length of voyages to the Caribbean did not significantly change in the mid-eighteenth century, shipboard mortality rates began a noticeable decline. Regional differences in survival remained…
1701–1775: The eighteenth-century slave trade to the French Caribbean was characterized by slightly longer maritime passages compared to other colonial regions. This trend was largely driven by the heavy dependence…
1701–1807: During the eighteenth century, the demographic composition of the transatlantic slave trade shifted as the male-to-female ratio gradually increased. This period saw the ratio approach two males for every…
1701: Père Labat records that enslaved people frequently commit suicide as economic sabotage. This extreme form of resistance was a desperate protest against the inhumane conditions of the plantation system.
On a slaving voyage that ended at Barbados in 1701, the people aboard the Betty rose against the crew. They had been taken at Southeast Africa and Indian Ocean islands.…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Curaçao in 1701, the people aboard the Vergulde Zon rose against the crew. They had been taken at Whydah. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Jamaica in 1701, the people aboard the Don Carlos rose against the crew. They had been taken at Cabinda. The record gives the…
Seen by the King, being in his Conseil, the Petition presented to His Majesty by the Shipowners of the Island of Saint-Domingue, who took part in the Expedition of Carthagene,…
THE KING having been informed that the Compagnie de Guinée, established by the Edict of the month of February 1685, has not satisfied, until now, the conditions on which His…
1702 Sept : Planter M. de Gallifet observes that slaves resort to theft due to inadequate feeding and starvation. His reports highlighted the failure of masters to provide the basic…
1702–1786: (Marronage and the Eighty-Three Year Insurgency of Bahoruco): Marronage evolved from simple flight into a sophisticated form of guerrilla warfare, with bands of mawon establishing entrenched camps protected by…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Jamaica in 1703, the people aboard the Urban Frigott rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Suriname in 1703, the people aboard the Vergulde Zon rose against the crew. They had been taken at Whydah. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Newcastle in 1703, the people aboard the Martha rose against the crew. They had been taken at Whydah. The record gives the numbers…
THE KING does not wish, Monsieur, that the Lettres de Noblesse of the sieurs....... be examined or received, since they have married mulâtresses, nor that you permit any Judgment to…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Virginia in 1704, the people aboard the Postillion rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Jamaica in 1704, the people aboard the Tiger rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gold Coast. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Virginia in 1704, the people aboard the Eagle Gally rose against the crew. They had been taken at Calabar. The record gives the…
Be it made known that there are marrons at the Guardhouse at the Cap; and as they are not branded, and it is not known to whom they belong, those…
Having seen by the Conseil the declaration made at the Greffe of the Amirauté of this place, on June 27 last, by the sieur le Roux, Commanding the Ship la…
1705: The Upper Council of Léogane publishes a report on organized maroon bands. These communities in the mountains represented a persistent and growing challenge to the colony's security.
July 5, 1705: The Maroon Threat: The Upper Council of Léogane publishes its report on organized maroon bands Significance: This marks the shift from individual flight to organized insurgency. The…
1705-00-00: (France Begins Extensive Sugarcane Cultivation in Saint-Domingue, Scaling Up the Plantation System That Would Make the Colony the Wealthiest in the Caribbean and Demand an Ever-Increasing Supply of Enslaved…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Jamaica in 1705, the people aboard the Marlborough rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cartagena in 1705, the people aboard the Badine rose against the crew. They had been taken at Whydah. The record gives the numbers…
The Conseil, upon the Petition presented to it by the Procureur-Général du Roi, stating that whatever orders it has pleased His Majesty to grant to his subjects of America to…
Upon the Petition made in Court before us by Maître Jean-Baptiste Fossier, Procureur of Marin Buttet, Procureur at Le Mans; and Magdeleine Yvon his Wife, for themselves and for their…
1706-January-01: During the War of the Spanish Succession, the British governor of Jamaica received formal instructions to encourage the inhabitants of Santo Domingo to drive the French out of Saint-Domingue.…
1706-May-03: Council of Léogane orders inhabitants to plant subsistence crops to prevent theft by the enslaved. This administrative action was an attempt to reduce the hunger that drove many enslaved…
Kimpa Mvita, a Kongo woman who said the spirit of Saint Anthony spoke through her, was burned alive on 2 July 1706, in her twenty third year. Oral tradition places…
Upon what was represented to the Conseil by the Procureur-Général: that whatever order there has been previously to oblige the settlers to have the necessary provisions, both for the subsistence…
BETWEEN the sieur Clauzel, Appellant, appearing in person. Against the sieur Costard, Chevalier, sieur de Chatenoye, in the capacity in which he proceeds, Respondent, appearing in person, of the other…
SEEN by the Conseil the Remonstrance of the Procureur-Général, THE CONSEIL, ruling accordingly, forbids all enslaved nègres to mistreat the said André Sénégal, Executioner of his district, under penalty of…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Barbados in 1707, the people aboard the Sherbrow rose against the crew. They had been taken at Sierra Leone estuary. The record gives…
HAVING SEEN by the Conseil the Petition of Maître Noel Camusat, Greffier and Notaire of the Jurisdiction of the Cap, stating that on his arrival he found a Custom that…
mo o THE INTENTION of His Majesty is that nègres who have been brought into the Kingdom by Settlers of the Islands and who refuse to return there may not…
Having seen by the Conseil the Remonstrance above, the Conseil orders that a levy of 12000 liv. shall be made throughout the extent of the Jurisdiction of this Conseil, which…
It is one of the first establishments of the plain of the Cap Haïtien. Its first church, built of wood in the bourg, was dedicated to Saint Anne on 26…
The sieur Deslandes, etc. On the Notice we have had that several Settlers and free nègres of the Quarters of Léogane, Petit-Goave, Grand-Goave and Acul of Petit-Goave seek to sell,…
BETWEEN Pascale Renaude, free mulâtresse of Vera-Crux, claiming to be free and the wife of the man named François le Maréchal, of the one part. And M. de Puligny, Curator…
1708-Nov 27.: Arrival of France: The France ship (Voyage 33889) arrives at Cayes (Les) with 241 captives. These individuals were transported from the Bight of Benin to provide labor for…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Barbados in 1708, the people aboard the Dorothy rose against the crew. They had been taken at Cape Coast Castle. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Jamaica in 1708, the people aboard the Pindar Gally rose against the crew. They had been taken at Cape Coast Castle. The record…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Saint John in 1708, the people aboard the Mary rose against the crew. They had been taken at Cape Coast Castle. The record…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cape Coast Castle in 1708, the people aboard the Whidah Merchant rose against the crew. They had been taken at Cape Coast Castle.…
Having seen by the Conseil the Remonstrance of the Procureur-Général du Roi, THE CONSEIL forbids all Settlers and Officers of whatever rank they may be to make and manufacture Guildives…
HAVING SEEN by the Conseil the Representation made by the Procureur-Général du Roi concerning the man named Sénégal, who had been condemned to death, and concerning the necessity of an…
THE CONSEIL orders that henceforth all nègres who are executed, and who have been heretofore, and who remain to be paid for to their enslavers, shall be replaced from the…
Having seen by the Conseil the Extract of the Letter written by M. le Comte de Choiseul, Gouverneur of the Isle la Tortue and Coast of Saint-Domingue, presented by M.…
THE Procureur-Général du Roi having entered the Conseil, remonstrated that, on a Petition which he presented to said Conseil, it pleased it to render its Decree on 16 March 1705,…
The Procureur-Général came into the Conseil and stated and submitted that the number of enslaved people who have become marrons over several years, and particularly during the War, is excessive.…
1710–1775: After 1710, the volume of enslaved Africans arriving at mainland North American ports grew significantly as more entry points were established along the coast. The proportion of captives arriving…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Portobelo in 1710, the people aboard the Fredericus Quartus (a) Frederick IV rose against the crew. They had been taken at Christiansborg. The…
ON the verbal Remonstrance of the Procureur-Général, THE CONSEIL, ruling on it, orders that an apportionment shall be made on all the nègres in general, of the Jurisdiction of this…
ON the Remonstrance made by the Procureur-Général du Roi, that he had received word that, despite the Ordinance of 1685, Articles XVIII and XIX, the enslaved sell, both publicly and…
M. de Vaucresson has informed me that the little attention paid for some time at the Islands to holding general Hunts for nègres marrons has made them so insolent that…
ON the Remonstrance made to the Conseil by the Procureur-Général du Roi, that he had received word that several Goldsmiths, established within the Jurisdiction of this Conseil, publicly buy from…
1711-00-00: (Cap-Haïtien Established, the Northern City That Would Become the Cultural and Economic Capital of Colonial Saint-Domingue and Later the Site of Key Events in the Revolution and Independence): In…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Kingston in 1711, the people aboard the Joseph Gally rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gold Coast. The record gives…
HIS MAJESTY having been informed that the Officers of the Conseil Supérieur of Léogane have, by Decree of 1 July 1709, ordered that the enslaved nègres belonging to the Settlers…
HIS MAJESTY having, by his Ordinance of the month of March 1685, concerning the enslaved of America, Article XXXII, ordered that all corporal penalties pronounced by the ordinary Juges against…
HIS MAJESTY having, by his Ordinance of the month of March 1685, concerning the enslaved of the Islands of America, Article LIV, ordered that Noble Guardians and Bourgeois Usufructuaries, Lessees…
The Conseil has granted Record to the Procureur-Général du Roi of his Remonstrance and of the content of the said aforedated Memorandum; in consequence, and in view of the considerable…
Having seen by the Conseil the Petition presented to it, etc. THE CONSEIL, ruling on the said Petition, has ordered and orders that the said two nègres named Houx and…
The Procureur du Roi represents to you that, having been informed that there was a nègre in the dungeons of the Petite Rivière for a very long time without anyone…
1712: A royal ordinance forbids the torture of enslaved people with pepper or quicklime. This law was passed because such extreme cruelty was causing the enslaved to flee into the…
Patron saint's feast: 20 July, on Saint Marguerite's Day. There was a provision of $ 1,000 in the Budget of 1887 88 for the reestablishment of the church of Port…
D'Ogeron died in Paris in 1676. He was succeeded by Monsieur de Pouancey, who fortified the town of Cap-français. He died in 1681. Monsieur Franquesney, lieutenant of the king, replaced…
ON the Remonstrance of the Procureur-Général du Roi, that the man named Geoffroi had given liberty to several nègres by his Will of 31 July 1706, which is very prejudicial…
1713: The British planter class in the English West Indies reached a significant demographic milestone following a century of expansion. By this time, the enslaved population had grown to approximately…
On a slaving voyage in 1713, the people aboard the Victorious Anne rose against the crew. They had been taken at Whydah. The record gives the numbers as: 367 people…
BETWEEN the sieur Perrier and the dame Blattour, Appellants, of the one part. Against the sieur Trévant, Guardian of the Minors Poule, of the other part. The Parties having been…
HIS MAJESTY having, by his Ordinance of the month of March 1685 concerning the enslaved people of the islands of America, Article LV, ordered that enslavers might emancipate their enslaved…
HIS MAJESTY having been informed that the Officers of the Conseil Supérieur du Cap François of the Isle of Saint-Domingue, by Decree of 29 August of last year 1712, declared…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Portugal in 1714, the people aboard the Abraham and Isaac rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gold Coast. The record…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Martinique in 1714, the people aboard the Africain rose against the crew. They had been taken at Jacquin. The record gives the numbers…
The Directors of the Compagnie du Sénégal have complained to me that, when one of their ships arrived at the Cap, the sieur Dupaty Mercier demanded on your behalf ten…
Having seen by the Conseil the Criminal Trial extraordinarily conducted at the request of the Substitut of the Procureur-Général du Roi against the nègre Songo, enslaved by M. le Febvre,…
Having seen by the Conseil the Regulation of Duvaumartin, Captain of Militia of the Cul-de-Sac, setting forth that one of his nègres, named Dastion, having been killed during his marronage…
I AM satisfied with the assurance you give me that the Ordinance of 1689 concerning the Right of the Majors over the Arms of Officers at their death is observed…
1715-Apr 16.: France ship (Voyage 30056) arrives at Cap Français; an insurrection of the captives occurs. The resistance on board demonstrated the continuous struggle for freedom that captives waged even…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cap Français in 1715, the people aboard the Société rose against the crew. They had been taken at Whydah. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cap Français in 1715, the people aboard the Affriquaine rose against the crew. They had been taken at Senegal. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Essequibo in 1715, the people aboard the Agatha rose against the crew. They had been taken at Accra. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Martinique in 1715, the people aboard the Prudent rose against the crew. They had been taken at Jacquin. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Curaçao in 1715, the people aboard the Zonnestein rose against the crew. They had been taken at Elmina. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage in 1715, the people aboard an unnamed American ship rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the numbers as: 124…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cap Français in 1715, the people aboard the Affriquain rose against the crew. They had been taken at Bight of Benin. The record…
HAVING seen by the Conseil the criminal trial extraordinarily conducted and instructed against the man named Jacques, enslaved nègre of the sieur de Loye, prisoner held in the prisons of…
YOU have been informed of the complaints that the Merchants of the Kingdom have made for some time on the subject of the select nègres that the Gouverneurs-Généraux, the Intendants,…
The Comte de Blénac, etc. Jean-Jacques Mithon, etc. The French and Spanish nègres marrons who are taken at the Béate shall be paid for to the French and Spanish troop…
On a slaving voyage in 1716, the people aboard the Ann and Priscilla rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the numbers as: 100…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Barbados in 1716, the people aboard the Sylvia Galley rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage in 1716, the people aboard the Sophia rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the numbers as: 169 people were…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cayenne in 1716, the people aboard the Gracieuse rose against the crew. They had been taken at Bonny. The record gives the numbers…
Having seen the representation of the Procureur-Général du Roi that the sieur Froment, Husband of the dame Fournier, and the Dame la Thuillerye, refused to send their nègres at the…
THE Procureur-Général du Roi today represented to the Conseil that he has received word that the man named Martin, an enslaved nègre belonging to M. de Brach, Lieutenant de Roi…
Louis, etc. GREETINGS. The late King, our most honored Lord and Great-Grandfather, having permitted, since the month of November 1713, Merchants to go, by virtue of the Passports issued to…
1717: The Demographic Collapse of the Spanish Colony: A Spanish census of the island recorded a total population of only 18,410 inhabitants of all ages and conditions under the Spanish dominion. This…
1717-January-01: The commercial interdependence between the North American colonies and Saint-Domingue was formally recognized when the French government authorized a specific trade agreement. This policy allowed for the exchange of…
1717-Summer: The Governor of Jamaica reported that a recent experiment to transport bonded convict laborers as indentured servants had backfired as the new arrivals chose piracy over plantation labor. Many…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Léogane in 1717, the people aboard the Union rose against the crew. They had been taken at a port the record does not…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Montserrat in 1717, the people aboard the Anne Gally rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Suriname in 1717, the people aboard the Agatha rose against the crew. They had been taken at Elmina. The record gives the numbers…
THE undertaking you have carried out against the fugitive nègres established on the side of the Béate, and the success it had, will perhaps serve to make desertion of the…
1718: The Jamaican Assembly passed Act 66, which established early regulations concerning the detention and return of people who had escaped slavery and were found on the island. This…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Léogane in 1718, the people aboard the Société rose against the crew. They had been taken at Whydah. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Barbados in 1718, the people aboard the Samuel rose against the crew. They had been taken at Sierra Leone estuary. The record gives…
HIS MAJESTY being informed that the Captains of the Vessels that carry Black people to the Islands of America have communication with the settlers of the said Colonies, and allow…
Tariff for the Prévôt. FOR a marron taken in the plain and banlieue of the Cap, 15 livres. In the first mountains. . . 30 livres. In the double mountains…
1719–1770: The Gulf Coast region, primarily under French control during this era, received the majority of its enslaved population from the Senegambia region. Unlike the British colonies, the French maritime…
1719-Mar.–July 13: A detailed surgeon's account from the ship Elizabeth in 1719 recorded a diverse array of causes for captive mortality during the Middle Passage. The log listed deaths resulting…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Kingston in 1719, the people aboard the Elizabeth rose against the crew. They had been taken at Madagascar. The record gives the numbers…
HAVING SEEN by the Conseil the criminal trial conducted by extraordinary procedure at the request of the Substitut of the Procureur-Général du Roi, against the nègre Guillaume Bily, enslaved by…
1720-1807: A small number of ports in Rhode Island, specifically Newport, Bristol, and Providence, accounted for about half of all slaving voyages from the North American mainland. These merchants typically…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Martinique in 1720, the people aboard the Don de Dieu rose against the crew. They had been taken at Formosa. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Kingston in 1720, the people aboard the Whidah rose against the crew. They had been taken at Cape Coast Castle. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cap Français in 1720, the people aboard the Aimable Renaute rose against the crew. They had been taken at Whydah. The record gives…
THE KING, having had presented to him in his Conseil his Letters Patent of January 1716, by which His Majesty had permitted all the Merchants of his Kingdom to carry…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Kingston in 1721, the people aboard the Robert rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gold Coast. The record gives the…
THE Marquis de Sorel, etc. The Employment of Major of the Company of free nègres of the dependency of the Cap having been vacant for a long time, and it…
THE CONSEIL, ruling on the requisition of the Procureur-Général, makes most express prohibitions and prohibits all Settlers, of whatever quality and condition, under penalty of a fine of 500 livres,…
THE CONSEIL, ruling on the remonstrance of the Procureur-Général du Roi, after deliberating on it, has ordered and does order that in future all Merchants and other individuals who sell…
Jean-Baptiste Duclos, etc. Being satisfied with the services of our nègre named Paté, and upon the representations made to us by Madame Duclos, that he always served her late husband…
1722–1758: (The Spiritual Engine of Vodou and the Legend of Makandal): As early as 1722, records describe the enslaved secretly commingling African beliefs with Christian liturgy, marking the first precise…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Kingston in 1722, the people aboard the Ferrers (a) Farres rose against the crew. They had been taken at Cape Coast Castle. The…
On a slaving voyage in 1722, the people aboard the Marie Galère rose against the crew. They had been taken at Benin. The record gives the numbers as: 175 people…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Martinique in 1722, the Levrette was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at a port the record does not…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Martinique in 1722, the people aboard the Marie rose against the crew. They had been taken at a port the record does not…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Léogane in 1722, the people aboard the Excellent rose against the crew. They had been taken at Whydah. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Jamaica in 1722, the people aboard the Henry rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gold Coast. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Kingston in 1722, the people aboard the Elizabeth rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gold Coast. The record gives the…
From 1720 to 1724 the colony was gravely agitated by disturbances set off by the exclusive privilege that the Company of the Indies held over the slave trade. The habitans…
Having seen the Petition of the sieur Dominique de Vezien, stating that one of his négresses, named Marthe, cut her throat while returning from marronage, according to the declaration the…
History. Here is how Ovando, governor of the island, succeeded in massacring the Indians of Léogane: In 1506 he set out from Sto Domingo with 300 arquebusiers and 200 Spanish…
1723-Nov 17.: The Women's Protest in Le Cap: A crowd of one hundred women led by Sagona attacks the Maison de l'Afrique in Le Cap. This protest targeted the exclusive…
On a slaving voyage that ended at La Balise in 1723, the people aboard the Courrier de Bourbon rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Martinique in 1723, the people aboard the Amériquain rose against the crew. They had been taken at Whydah. The record gives the numbers…
M. Gérard Carbon, Counselor of the King in this Conseil, acting as Procureur-Général du Roi, entered, and said: that there was in the prisons the nègre named Colas Jambes Coupées,…
SEEN by the Conseil, the Requisition and Remonstrance presented in it today, by the Procureur-Général du Roi; THE CONSEIL, after deliberating on the five articles mentioned in the said Remonstrance,…
1724-00-00: (First Newspaper Published in Haiti, Marking the Beginning of a Print Culture in the Colony That Would Remain Primarily French-Language and Elite-Oriented for Centuries): In 1724, the first newspaper…
1724-00-00: (The First Newspaper Published in Haiti, the Beginning of a Print Culture That Would Remain Confined to the French-Speaking Elite for Over Two Centuries): In 1724, the first newspaper…
On a slaving voyage in 1724, the people aboard the Squirrel rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the numbers as: 53 people were…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Charleston in 1724, the people aboard the Ruby rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Martinique in 1724, the people aboard the Dauphin rose against the crew. They had been taken at Whydah. The record gives the numbers…
The village is situated 4 lieues from the town of Jacmel. Several hurricanes wrought damage there, notably those of 24 July 1724, 21 September 1751, 16 September 1754, 5 September…
BY THE KING. HIS MAJESTY having had presented to him the Ordinance made by him on 3 April 1718, by which prohibition is made to all Captains of Vessels who…
The PROCUREUR GÉNÉRAL du Roi came into the Chamber of this Conseil, and represented to the Court that he had received a Letter from Messieurs the Chevalier de la Rochalard…
WE, Chevalier of the Military Order of Saint-Louis, Gouverneur of the Island of Sainte-Croix, and Commandant at Cap-François and dependencies. To remedy the license, insubordination and disorder of the free…
The Procureur-Général du Roi came into this Conseil, and said that there is a Decree of the Conseil d'État of the King, which orders that a general inventory shall be…
Having seen by Our Conseil Supérieur of Petit Goave, the Trial conducted by extraordinary procedure at the request of the Substitut of Our Procureur-Général at the Royal Court of Léogane,…
Louis, etc. To our beloved and faithful Conseillers, the People holding our Chambre des Comptes at Paris: Greeting. The former Directors of the Compagnie Royale du Sénégal and coast of…
1725-1750: The Rise of Bristol: Bristol became the largest slave-trading port in Europe during the second quarter of the eighteenth century. Its merchants supplied the majority of captives sent to…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Jamaica in 1725, the people aboard the Anne rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Jamaica in 1725, the people aboard the Martha rose against the crew. They had been taken at a port the record does not…
TODAY, the eleventh of May 1725, the Procureur-Général entered and said: that upon the examination he has made of the number of the enslaved who have been executed within the…
When the French had established the present town, in 1725, they likewise named it Bahiaha. It was in 1731 that it was given the name of Fort-Dauphin, for which that…
1726-00-00: (Coffee Cultivation Introduced to Haiti, Adding a Second Major Export Crop to the Colony's Economy That Would Become Especially Important in the Mountainous Interior Where Sugarcane Could Not Grow):…
1726-00-00: (Coffee Cultivation Introduced to Haiti, the Crop That Would Replace Sugar as the Primary Export After Independence and Sustain the Haitian Economy Through Two Centuries of Political Upheaval): In…
UPON what was represented by the Procureur-Général du Roi, that he had received word that on the 20th of last month the nègres of the sieur Lagrange came to the…
LOUIS, &c. The late King, our most honored Lord and Great-Grandfather, had, by his Letters Patent in the form of an Edict, of March 1685, established a law and fixed…
THE CONSEIL enjoins the Juge of Saint-Louis to attach henceforth to the proceedings that are brought against the nègres marrons who relapse, the Sentence that condemns them to have their…
The Procureur-Général du Roi entered and said: that he has noticed that there is being introduced into the jurisdiction of the Conseil a usury all the more dreadful because it…
BETWEEN the Substitut of the Procureur-Général du Roi at the Siège Royal of this Town, Plaintiff and Accuser, Appellant from the Sentence rendered at the said Siège on the eleventh…
THE KING being informed that a Decree was issued by the Conseil Supérieur of Petit Goave, of the 6th of last May, at the request, pursuit and diligence of the…
As to the question M. le Chevalier de la Rochalard has asked, whether enslaved people would be received in the Galleys, I will tell you that although such people are…
UPON what was represented by the Procureur-Général du Roi, that he has been informed that Barthélemi Loppes, mulâtre, Guardian of the Minors Dubreuil, for lack of capacity, and through too…
1727-1863: Following the incorporation of Ouidah into the Kingdom of Dahomey in 1727, the number of captives dispatched from the port began to diminish compared to its period of independence.…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Buenos Aires in 1727, the people aboard the Saint Michael rose against the crew. They had been taken at Madagascar. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Barbados in 1727, the people aboard the George rose against the crew. They had been taken at Anomabu, Adja, Agga. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage in 1727, the people aboard the Hester and Jane rose against the crew. They had been taken at West Central Africa and St. Helena. The record…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Jamaica in 1727, the people aboard the Elizabeth rose against the crew. They had been taken at Cape Coast Castle. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Martinique in 1727, the people aboard the César rose against the crew. They had been taken at Whydah. The record gives the numbers…
A Memorandum from Saint-Domingue has been addressed to me, stating that there are settlers who, on suspicions that come to them that they have nègres who are sorcerers, give themselves…
I approve that the Curial duties and the funds for the executed nègres continue to be imposed and levied in the customary manner, that the Receveurs continue to be named…
On a slaving voyage in 1728, the people aboard the Restoration rose against the crew. They had been taken at Windward Coast. The record gives the numbers as: 148 people…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cap Français in 1728, the people aboard the Aurore rose against the crew. They had been taken at Whydah. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cap Français in 1728, the people aboard the Saint Nicolas rose against the crew. They had been taken at Whydah. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Kingston in 1728, the people aboard the Loyal George rose against the crew. They had been taken at Bonny. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage in 1728, the people aboard the Queen Caroline rose against the crew. They had been taken at Sierra Leone estuary. The record gives the numbers as:…
The Agent of the Compagnie des Indes has informed it that two ships have been fitted out in this island for the coast of Guinea, on permissions given by M.…
THE CONSEIL being assembled as usual, M. Duclos, President of the said Conseil, said that there was owing to the sieur le Jeune a sum of 22,850 [?] livres for…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Paramaribo in 1729, the people aboard the Leusden rose against the crew. They had been taken at Jacquin. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cayes (Les) in 1729, the people aboard the Annibal rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Barbados in 1729, the people aboard the Industry rose against the crew. They had been taken at Windward Coast. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage in 1729, the people aboard the Clare Gally rose against the crew. They had been taken at Cape Coast Castle. The record gives the numbers as:…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Martinique in 1729, the people aboard the Amitié rose against the crew. They had been taken at a port the record does not…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cap Français in 1729, the people aboard the Union rose against the crew. They had been taken at Whydah. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cap Français in 1729, the people aboard the Marie Magdelaine rose against the crew. They had been taken at Whydah. The record gives…
1730s: A "dangerous spirit of liberty" was identified by colonial officials as risings of the enslaved flared across several islands in the British West Indies. These uprisings were often led by…
1730: Regular participation in the transatlantic slave trade by merchants based in North American ports began to grow significantly. This development integrated the northern colonial economies more deeply into the…
1730-Jun.-01: The Laurence Frigate departed from Holland after being outfitted for a slave-trading voyage to West Central Africa. This vessel was one of many employed by the English South Sea…
1730-Aug.-14: The Laurence Frigate arrived at the Loango Factory to begin the purchase and embarkation of African captives. This location served as a primary embarkation point for the southern slave-trading…
November 17, 1730: Departs for the Atlantic crossing. Significance: This voyage is a textbook example of the South Sea Company’s role in the Asiento (supplying Spanish colonies). The "figure-eight" route…
1730-Sept.-30: London merchant Humphry Morice provided detailed instructions to Captain Thomas Hill of the Anne Gally regarding the trafficking of captives on the African coast. Morice urged his captain…
1730-Nov.-17: The Laurence Frigate departed the African coast with the captives forced aboard to begin the transatlantic Middle Passage. The voyage followed a figure-eight route dictated by the prevailing…
On a slaving voyage in 1730, the people aboard the William rose against the crew. They had been taken at Anomabu, Adja, Agga. The record gives the numbers as: 95…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Jamaica in 1730, the people aboard the Scipio rose against the crew. They had been taken at Calabar. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage in 1730, the people aboard an unnamed American ship rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gold Coast. The record gives the numbers as:…
On a slaving voyage in 1730, the people aboard the Antonia rose against the crew. They had been taken at Anomabu, Adja, Agga. The record gives the numbers as: 140…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Petit-Goâve in 1730, the people aboard the Aimable Renaute rose against the crew. They had been taken at a port the record does…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Martinique in 1730, the people aboard the Neptune rose against the crew. They had been taken at Whydah. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage in 1730, the people aboard the Charming Lydia rose against the crew. They had been taken at Jacquin. The record gives the numbers as: 240 people…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cayenne in 1730, the people aboard the Angélique rose against the crew. They had been taken at Whydah. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage in 1730, the people aboard the Little George rose against the crew. They had been taken at Banana Islands. The record gives the numbers as: 96…
SEEN by the Conseil, the Petition of Paul Montresor, Sergeant of the Swiss Troops of the garrison of the Cap; and the Procureur-Général of the King having been heard: THE…
1731: First lieutenant Robert Durand recorded the daily operations and deaths aboard the French slaving ship Diligent in a detailed personal journal. His methods of recordkeeping visually distinguished between the…
1731: Governor Robert Hunter complained about the "lazy useless" white recruits introduced to Jamaica under the Deficiency Laws, particularly targeting the many Irish Catholics among them. These annual laws mandated…
1731: Enslaved workers in the state-run copper mines near Santiago de Cuba launched a mass revolt and established mountain settlements near El Cobre. This uprising coincided with the start of…
1731-Jan.-20: The Laurence Frigate arrived at Buenos Aires to deliver the captives it held to the Spanish American markets. The successful arrival marked the completion of the second leg of…
1731-Jul.-02: The Laurence Frigate began its return voyage to Europe after trafficking its captives in the Río de la Plata region. This final leg of the journey was necessary to…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Barbados in 1731, the John and Ann had its boats attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Gambia. The…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Barbados in 1731, the people aboard the Hare rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gold Coast. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Americas in 1731, the Dolphin was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Windward Coast. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Jamaica in 1731, the people aboard the Maddox rose against the crew. They had been taken at a port the record does not…
On a slaving voyage in 1731, the Ruby was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Windward Coast. The record gives the numbers as: 172 people…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Paramaribo in 1731, the people aboard the Leusden rose against the crew. They had been taken at Jacquin. The record gives the numbers…
SEEN by the Conseil, the Petition of Julien Bornat, Receveur of fines, strays and confiscations of the district of Bayaha, stating that it has been an established practice at the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Jamaica in 1732, the people aboard the Kings Fisher rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gold Coast. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Jamaica in 1732, the people aboard the Hare rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gold Coast. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Suriname in 1732, the people aboard the Vrijheid rose against the crew. They had been taken at Elmina. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage in 1732, the Dove was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the numbers as: 169 people were…
On a slaving voyage in 1732, the people aboard the Robert rose against the crew. They had been taken at a port the record does not name. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage in 1732, the people aboard the Parfaite rose against the crew. They had been taken at Costa da Mina. The record gives the numbers as: 367…
On a slaving voyage in 1732, the people aboard an unnamed American ship rose against the crew. They had been taken at a port the record does not name. The…
On a slaving voyage in 1732, the Gambia was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the numbers as: 95 people were…
On a slaving voyage in 1732, the people aboard an unnamed Portuguese or Brazilian ship rose against the crew. They had been taken at Cacheu. The record gives the numbers…
1733: Governor de Fayet states that the colony's security depends on the military service of the mulatto affranchis. He believed these men were uniquely capable of destroying the maroon communities…
1733-May-17: The British Parliament passed the Molasses Act in an attempt to protect British West Indian planters from French competition. The law sought to levy high duties on molasses imported…
On a slaving voyage in 1733, the people aboard an unnamed American ship rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the numbers as: 149…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Lower James River in 1733, the Bumper was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Gambia. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Curaçao in 1733, the people aboard the Hof van Zeeland rose against the crew. They had been taken at Cabinda. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Lisbon in 1733, the Finch was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Martinique in 1733, the people aboard the Concorde rose against the crew. They had been taken at Whydah. The record gives the numbers…
THE Marquis de Fayet, &c. Jean-Baptiste Duclos, &c. The disorders of the marrons, which increase every day and cause the Settlers great harm, and the establishments they make in the…
THE Marquis de Fayet, &c. Jean-Baptiste Duclos, &c. Upon the frequent complaints brought to Us from the different districts that the nègres marrons, or those seized for debt, remained in…
THE Marquis de Fayet, &c. Jean-Baptiste Duclos, &c. Upon what has been represented to Us, that there is in this Colony a great number of settlers who have several tracts…
THE Order of the King, Sir, is that no settler of mixed blood may hold any office in the Judicature or in the Militias; I also wish that no settler…
1734–1790: (The Disenfranchisement and Repression of the Gens de Couleur): Between 1715 and 1790, the population of affranchis (people of color) grew from 1,500 to 28,000, eventually owning about a…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Martinique in 1734, the people aboard the Renommée rose against the crew. They had been taken at Jacquin. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Charleston in 1734, the people aboard the Scipio rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Martinique in 1734, the people aboard the Reine de France rose against the crew. They had been taken at Whydah. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Martinique in 1734, the people aboard the Aventurier rose against the crew. They had been taken at Whydah. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cap Français in 1734, the people aboard the Dromadaire rose against the crew. They had been taken at Whydah. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage in 1734, the people aboard the Juba rose against the crew. They had been taken at Benin. The record gives the numbers as: 367 people were…
On a slaving voyage in 1734, the people aboard the Dolphin Snow rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the numbers as: 196 people…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Petit-Goâve in 1734, the people aboard the Saint Dominique rose against the crew. They had been taken at Windward + Ivory + Gold…
William Amo, an Nzima from the Gold Coast, was carried to Europe as a boy by the Dutch and in 1707 handed over as a present to the Duke of…
UPON what was represented by the Procureur-Général du Roi, that an abuse is creeping in within the Jurisdictions dependent on this Conseil, on the part of the Curators of vacant…
Fires of the Cap: 1691. 1695. 1723, the church burns from firecrackers on the day of the Fête-Dieu; 20 September 1734; 10 May 1773; 9 January 1774; 27 November 1851.…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Petit-Goâve in 1735, the people aboard the Valeur rose against the crew. They had been taken at Whydah. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage in 1735, the people aboard the Hoop rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the numbers as: 309 people were…
In 1722 the second Duke of Montagu tried to plant British colonists on St Vincent. John Brathwaite, the captain who handled the talks with the Caribs, reported seeing at least…
In 1735 an enslaved man named Kees told the Suriname criminal court what had happened before he reached it. His overseer had smelled something bad in the water and suspected…
SEEN by the Conseil, the Petition of Gilles Nautel, etc.; and M. Samson, Councillor, performing the functions of Procureur-Général du Roi, heard: THE CONSEIL, having regard to the Petition, orders…
1736-Jun.-22: An ordinance is issued to address the dangerous tavern culture spawning "disorderly" gatherings. Authorities feared these unsupervised meetings provided space for the enslaved to coordinate clandestine
On a slaving voyage that ended at Jamaica in 1736, the people aboard the Mary rose against the crew. They had been taken at Cabinda. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cayes (Les) in 1736, the people aboard the Badine rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gorée. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at York River in 1736, the Prince of Orange had its boats attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Calabar.…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Upper James River in 1736, the people aboard the Stannage rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives…
Having seen by the Conseil the Petition presented to it by the merchants and traders of the Cap, tending to have prohibitions made against all Merchants men and women, etc.;…
On a slaving voyage that ended at St. Kitts in 1737, the people aboard the Prince of Orange rose against the crew. They had been taken at Bonny. The record…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Martinique in 1737, the people aboard the Phénix rose against the crew. They had been taken at a port the record does not…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Jamaica in 1737, the people aboard the Manchester rose against the crew. They had been taken at a port the record does not…
On a slaving voyage in 1737, the people aboard the Phénix rose against the crew. They had been taken at Badagry. The record gives the numbers as: 480 people were…
Built on alluvial soil where stone is lacking, the town ought to be provided with gutters, which are indispensable to its sanitation. A fountain is a matter of absolute necessity.…
In the affair that arose on the occasion of the burial of a négresse put to death, carried out with a sort of solemnity by Father Boutin, Jesuit, the conduct…
1738: Marronage and shantying practices in the West Indies were identified as critical elements of a distinct maritime culture among enslaved and free people of color. Sailors and dockworkers developed…
1738–1805: Venture Smith, born Broteer Furor in Africa, was enslaved as a child and deported from Anomabu on the Gold Coast to Newport, Rhode Island, in 1738. After being held by…
On a slaving voyage in 1738, the people aboard the Galathée rose against the crew. They had been taken at Windward Coast. The record gives the numbers as: 196 people…
THE KING having had laid before him in his Conseil article 30 of the Ordinance of the month of March 1685, concerning the enslaved of the French Islands of America,…
LOUIS, &c. Having seen in our Conseil Supérieur of Petit-Goave, sitting at Léogane, the lawsuit conducted and prepared by extraordinary procedure at the request of the Substitut of the Procureur-Général…
HAVING SEEN by the Conseil the criminal Lawsuit conducted by extraordinary procedure, &c. and ruling on the conclusions of the Procureur-Général du Roi, forbids the enslaved nègres to carry any…
LOUIS, &c. Greeting. The report that We had made to Us after our accession to the Crown, of the state of our Colonies, having made known to Us the wisdom…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cap Français in 1739, the people aboard the Henriette rose against the crew. They had been taken at Whydah. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at a port the record does not name in 1739, the people aboard the Princess Carolina rose against the crew. They had been taken…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cap Français in 1739, the people aboard the Affriquain rose against the crew. They had been taken at Anomabu, Adja, Agga. The record…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cap Français in 1739, the people aboard the Jeune Christophe rose against the crew. They had been taken at a port the record…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Martinique in 1739, the people aboard the Gloire rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gorée. The record gives the numbers…
On a Sunday in September 1739 some twenty enslaved men, called Angolans by the colonists and led by a man named Jemmy, broke open a store of firearms near the…
Having seen by the Conseil the remonstrance made to it by the Procureur Général du Roi, containing that the various establishments of Maréchaussées made up to now within the jurisdiction…
HIS MAJESTY being informed that there are private persons who make false declarations at the Bureaux of the Domaine in the Windward Islands of nègres that they pretend to embark…
On a slaving voyage in 1740, the Lambert was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Banana Islands. The record gives the numbers as: 271 people…
On a slaving voyage that ended at St. Eustatius in 1740, the Patience was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Anomabu, Adja, Agga. The record…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cap Français in 1740, the people aboard the Néréide rose against the crew. They had been taken at Loango. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Barbados in 1740, the people aboard the Expedition rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the numbers…
ON what was remonstrated by the Procureur-Général du Roi, &c. the matter put to deliberation: THE CONSEIL, having seen articles 23 and 29 of the said Regulation of the Maréchaussée,…
THE KING having been informed that several Receveurs of the different duties collected for the profit of His Majesty in His island of Saint-Domingue have found themselves, upon the closing…
I reported to the King on the dispute between the sieurs Rance and Binau over the duty of one half percent on the nègres brought in at Léogane during the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Suriname in 1741, the people aboard the Africaanse Galei rose against the crew. They had been taken at Cape Lahou. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Suriname in 1741, the people aboard the Jonge Rombout rose against the crew. They had been taken at Windward Coast. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Barbados in 1741, the people aboard the Barclay rose against the crew. They had been taken at Calabar. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cap Français in 1741, the people aboard the Marie rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gorée. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cap Français in 1741, the people aboard the Notre Dame de Bonne Garde rose against the crew. They had been taken at Epe.…
THE CONSEIL, acting on the remonstrance of the Procureur Général du Roi; having heard the report of M. Branda, sitting Conseiller, and having had the Greffier of the Court read…
Monsieur the Marquis de Larnage and Monsieur Maillart: I have had a report made to me of the proposal you made to commute the penalty of the Galleys pronounced against…
BETWEEN the sieur de Meynard, Executor of the will of the late Chateau, Appellant, of the one part; and the Procureur-Général du Roi, taking up the cause of his Substitut…
More than once complaints had reached me of ill treatment inflicted by the Settlers of Saint-Domingue on their enslaved people. But besides the fact that these complaints had always seemed…
CHARLES Brunier, Marquis de Larnage, etc. Simon-Pierre Maillart, etc. His Majesty having, by his orders dated 14 March last, given us the power to suspend the execution of all judgments…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Martinique in 1742, the people aboard the Flore rose against the crew. They had been taken at Whydah. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Martinique in 1742, the people aboard the Grand Chasseur rose against the crew. They had been taken at Little Popo. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage in 1742, the people aboard the Sainte Hélène rose against the crew. They had been taken at Epe. The record gives the numbers as: 360 people…
On a slaving voyage in 1742, the people aboard the Mary rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the numbers as: 331 people were…
On a slaving voyage in 1742, the people aboard the Nassau rose against the crew. They had been taken at a port the record does not name. The record gives…
Over the summer of 1742, after torture, an enslaved man named Baron confessed to causing the death of the woman who claimed to own him. He said he had bought…
1743-May-20: Toussaint Louverture was born on the Bréda plantation. He would grow up to become the most iconic and capable leader of the Haitian Revolution. Significance: Born on the Bréda…
1743-05-20: (Toussaint Louverture, Born Enslaved on the Bréda Plantation, Who Rose to Become the Leader of the Haitian Revolution, Defeated the Armies of Spain, Britain, and France, Promulgated a Constitution…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Newport in 1743, the Jolly Batchelor was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Sierra Leone. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cap Français in 1743, the people aboard the Notre Dame de Bonne Garde rose against the crew. They had been taken at Anomabu,…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cul-de-Sac in 1743, the people aboard the Maure rose against the crew. They had been taken at Whydah. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Léogane in 1743, the people aboard the Père de Famille rose against the crew. They had been taken at Senegal. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cap Français in 1743, the people aboard the Badine rose against the crew. They had been taken at Epe. The record gives the…
LOUIS, &c. Greeting. The discipline of the enslaved nègres that Our Subjects of the French Colonies of America are obliged to keep for the working of their plantations is one…
BETWEEN the sieur Bechade, Merchant in this Town, pursuing the recoveries of the cargo of the Ship the Jason, Captain Tessier, Appellant from a Sentence of the Lieutenant-Général of the…
Bréda. Habitation in the rural section of the Haut-du-Cap, commune of the Cap-haïtien, on which Toussaint-Louverture was born on 20 May 1743, that nègre of genius whom politics and extraordinary…
BY THE KING'S COMMAND. HIS MAJESTY, being informed that the Officers of the Companies of nègres and free mulâtres established at Saint-Domingue have enjoyed, in consideration of the services they…
Toussaint-L'Ouverture (François Dominique), son of Gaou-Guinou, an Arada *nègre* who is said to have been of royal blood, was born on the Bréda plantation, near the Haut-du-Cap, on 20 May…
1744: Kingston police authorities attempted to address the sheltering of people who had escaped by restricting huts in outlying areas to a single door. Regulations mandated that any compound containing…
On a slaving voyage in 1744, the people aboard the Duc de Bretagne rose against the crew. They had been taken at Little Popo. The record gives the numbers as:…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Léogane in 1744, the people aboard the Jeannette rose against the crew. They had been taken at Epe. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage in 1744, the Badin was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Benin. The record gives the numbers as: 367 people were…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Martinique in 1744, the people aboard the Mercure rose against the crew. They had been taken at Whydah. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Essequibo in 1744, the people aboard the Baskensburg rose against the crew. They had been taken at Cabinda. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage in 1745, the people aboard the Prudent rose against the crew. They had been taken at Loango. The record gives the numbers as: 380 people were…
THE KING has been informed that three nègres and one négresse, enslaved people from the English Island of Antigue, having escaped to Guadeloupe, difficulties arose over the question to whom…
On a slaving voyage in 1746, the people aboard an unnamed American ship rose against the crew. They had been taken at Cape Coast Castle. The record gives the numbers…
LOUIS, etc. On what has been represented to Us, that notwithstanding the provisions We have made for the punishment of the crimes committed by vénéfice and poison, there were found…
Pierre Pinchinat was born at Saint-Marc.
On a slaving voyage in 1747, the people aboard the Vine rose against the crew. They had been taken at Windward Coast. The record gives the numbers as: 196 people…
1748-March-01: British forces launched a direct military attempt to gain a foothold in Saint-Domingue by capturing St. Louis on the southern coast. This was one of the few large-scale military…
On 22 March 1748 a British squadron under Admiral Charles Knowles attacked Saint-Louis-du-Sud on the southern coast of Saint-Domingue. Nine ships of the line and two sloops came against a…
On a slaving voyage in 1748, the people aboard the Emelia rose against the crew. They had been taken at a port the record does not name. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Suriname in 1748, the people aboard the Groot Prooijen rose against the crew. They had been taken at Boary. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage in 1748, the people aboard the Thomas and Ellinor (a) Thomas and Ellen rose against the crew. They had been taken at Windward Coast. The record…
For most of the eighteenth century a person of colour in Saint-Domingue was free if the neighbours treated her as free. By the 1770s officials wanted a document instead, and…
1749: The Rise of Port-au-Prince: Port-au-Prince is officially established as the new capital. It replaced Le Cap as the administrative center to better govern the growing West and South provinces.…
1749: The powerful Masonic lodge Saint Jean de Jérusalem Ecossaise was founded in Port-au-Prince during the early colonial era. This institution served as a primary site for the social and…
1749: The established current price for a male captive at the Danish fort of Christiansborg on the Gold Coast was set at 6 ounces of gold or 96 rixdaler. Payments…
1749: Enslaved people in Caracas organized a rising after seizing upon a rumor of impending freedom following a popular uprising of coastal traders. The agitation centered around Juan de…
1749–1783: (The Rise of the Capital and the Mirage of Colonial Wealth): Following the anchoring of the ship Prince in 1706, a former pirate nest was developed into the new…
1749-00-00: (Port-au-Prince Established, the City That Would Become Haiti's Capital, Built on a Seismic Fault Line in a Location Chosen for Colonial Administrative Convenience, Without Regard to Safety): In 1749,…
On a slaving voyage in 1749, the people aboard the Scipio rose against the crew. They had been taken at Cabinda. The record gives the numbers as: 331 people were…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Charleston in 1749, the people aboard the Lamb rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage in 1749, the people aboard the Noé rose against the crew. They had been taken at Accra. The record gives the numbers as: 150 people were…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cap Français in 1749, the people aboard the Auguste rose against the crew. They had been taken at Malembo. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Charleston in 1749, the people aboard the Brownlow rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gold Coast. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cayes (Les) in 1749, the people aboard the Cheval Marin rose against the crew. They had been taken at Cabinda. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cayes (Les) in 1749, the people aboard the Prince d'Orange rose against the crew. They had been taken at Whydah. The record gives…
In October 1749 several residents of a Salvador neighbourhood complained to the Inquisition about deaths they blamed on Paulo Gomes and Ignacia, a well known free couple of African descent…
1750-1754: John Newton, who would later become a prominent abolitionist and the author of "Amazing Grace," served as a captain on several slaving voyages during this period. In his personal…
1750-1804: The majority of the slave trade organized in Bordeaux occurred in the latter half of the eighteenth century, after other European ports had established themselves at major African outlets.…
1750-1807: Bance (Bunce) Island, located roughly twenty miles from the Atlantic coast, served as the primary fortified trading site for the slave trade in the Sierra Leone estuary. This strategic…
1750–1851: The Amazonia region of Brazil, including the ports of Pará and Maranhão, received approximately 140,000 enslaved Africans to support its emerging agricultural exports. The traffic was initially promoted by…
1750: By the middle of the eighteenth century, Liverpool had ascended to become the most significant slaving port in Europe. This growth coincided with the peak of the Atlantic slave…
1750-00-00: (Vincent Ogé, Born in Dondon, Wealthy Mulatto Merchant and Enslaver Whose Failed Revolt in 1790 Sought Political Rights for Free Men of Color Without Challenging Slavery Itself, Executed in…
On a slaving voyage in 1750, the people aboard the Ann rose against the crew. They had been taken at West Central Africa and St. Helena. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage in 1750, the people aboard the Cerf rose against the crew. They had been taken at Anomabu, Adja, Agga. The record gives the numbers as: 273…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Americas in 1750, the people aboard the Diligente rose against the crew. They had been taken at Sierra Leone estuary. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Barbados in 1750, the Floramell had its boats attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Windward Coast. The record…
On a slaving voyage in 1750, the Earl of Radnor was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Calabar. The record gives the numbers as: 276…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cap Français in 1750, the people aboard the Sultane rose against the crew. They had been taken at Senegambia and offshore Atlantic. The…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Martinique in 1750, the people aboard the Espérance rose against the crew. They had been taken at Grand Popo. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Barbados in 1750, the people aboard the Jamaica Packet rose against the crew. They had been taken at Calabar. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage in 1750, the Chard was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Bonny. The record gives the numbers as: 276 people were…
On a slaving voyage that ended at St. Kitts in 1750, the people aboard the King David rose against the crew. They had been taken at Calabar. The record gives…
Oostindie records that a hundred enslaved people rose on Curaçao in 1750 and were crushed the same day. The casualty pattern is what makes the episode strange: the rebels killed…
Having seen in the Conseil the Ordinance of MM. de Conflans and Maillart, given at Léogane on the o of May last, signed by Vaudreuil, because of the illness of…
The Church was burned on 16 August 1750. Rouzier tells this under the entry JÉRÉMIE.
Doctor Vicente Antonio de Faura is born at Santo-Domingo.
1751: A passage is cut across mountain ranges to facilitate travel between provinces. This infrastructure project aimed to integrate the colony's disparate regions more effectively for trade and defense.
On a slaving voyage that ended at Suriname in 1751, the people aboard the Surinaamse Welvaart rose against the crew. They had been taken at Windward + Ivory + Gold…
On a slaving voyage that ended at New York in 1751, the people aboard the Wolf rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gold Coast. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Martinique in 1751, the people aboard the Samuel Marie rose against the crew. They had been taken at Sierra Leone estuary. The record…
On a slaving voyage in 1751, the Marguerite was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Sherbro. The record gives the numbers as: 90 people were…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Léogane in 1751, the people aboard the Henriette rose against the crew. They had been taken at Whydah. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Martinique in 1751, the people aboard the Hector rose against the crew. They had been taken at Senegambia and offshore Atlantic. The record…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Léogane in 1751, the people aboard the Louise Marguerite rose against the crew. They had been taken at Whydah. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Tortola in 1751, the people aboard the Adlington rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gold Coast. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Saint John in 1751, the people aboard the Duke of Argyle planned a rising that the crew discovered before it broke. They had…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Berbice in 1751, the people aboard the Middelburgs Welvaren rose against the crew. They had been taken at Windward + Ivory + Gold…
Antoine Pellet and Antoine Paropet, free nègres, Portuguese by nation, most humbly represent to your Grandeurs that for about seven or eight years they have been languishing in the Prisons…
Two famous hurricanes have wrought ravages there: those of 6 July 1751 and of 20 September 1751. Rouzier tells this under the entry Cul-de-Sac (le).
ROCHE. Position lying between Mirebalais, rural section of Génipailler, and the bourg of the Petite Rivière on the right bank of the Artibonite. There is a sulfurous thermal spring in…
The church and part of the village were burned on 10 September 1751. Rouzier tells this under the entry MIREBALAIS (le).
Two famous hurricanes have wrought ravages there: those of 6 July 1751 and of 20 September 1751. Rouzier tells this under the entry Cul-de-Sac (le).
Several hurricanes wrought havoc in the town: those of 14 August 1680, 21 September 1751, 17 September 1754, 20 September 1756, 4 August 1772, 27 August 1775, 5 September 1781,…
The village is situated 4 lieues from the town of Jacmel. Several hurricanes wrought damage there, notably those of 24 July 1724, 21 September 1751, 16 September 1754, 5 September…
Azua de Compostela. This city, situated on the right bank of the Via in the Dominican Republic, on the road from Saint-Jean and that from Neybe to Santo-Domingo, nearly two…
VIAJAMA (la). Mountain, a spur of Monte Tina with the central Cibao, situated in the environs of Azua. Springs of mineral waters are found there, which flow into the Yaque…
1752-Oct.-13: The Spanish government processed an "expediente" regarding a group of enslaved people who had escaped from the French colony of Guadeloupe to Puerto Rico. The French ambassador in Madrid…
1752-Oct. Revolts and Maritime Agency: A violent insurrection occurred on the ship Marlborough of Bristol just three days after it sailed from the bar of Bonny on the African coast.…
On a slaving voyage in 1752, the people aboard the Marlborough rose against the crew. They had been taken at Bonny. The record gives the numbers as: 420 people were…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Martinique in 1752, the people aboard the Parfaite rose against the crew. They had been taken at Loango. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Barbados in 1752, the people aboard the Thomas rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Berbice in 1752, the people aboard the Granadier rose against the crew. They had been taken at Cape Lahou. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Martinique in 1752, the people aboard the Sirène rose against the crew. They had been taken at Badagry. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cap Français in 1752, the people aboard the Heureux rose against the crew. They had been taken at Whydah. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage in 1752, the people aboard the Adventure rose against the crew. They had been taken at Sherbro. The record gives the numbers as: 226 people were…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Charleston in 1752, the people aboard the Two Friends rose against the crew. They had been taken at Anomabu, Adja, Agga. The record…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Martinique in 1752, the people aboard the Sauveur rose against the crew. They had been taken at a port the record does not…
Between the sieur Bonchamps, &c. The Conseil orders that mention shall be made, in adjudications of nègres, of the hour of the adjudication, and that the Adjudicataires shall be required…
BETWEEN the sieur Lange Jousserand, &c... of the one part, and the sieur de Belleville, of the other part. Having seen, &c... ruling on the request of the Procureur Général,…
HAVING SEEN by the Conseil the criminal trial conducted and prosecuted by extraordinary procedure by the Lieutenant Criminel of Fort Dauphin, at the request of the Substitut of the Procureur…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Kingston in 1753, the people aboard the Adlington rose against the crew. They had been taken at Bassa. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage in 1753, the Race Horse was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Little Junk. The record gives the numbers as: 230…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Danish West Indies, colony unspecified in 1753, the people aboard the Patientia rose against the crew. They had been taken at Christiansborg. The…
On a slaving voyage that ended at St. Kitts in 1753, the people aboard the African rose against the crew. They had been taken at Windward Coast. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage in 1753, the people aboard the Jubilee rose against the crew. They had been taken at Anomabu, Adja, Agga. The record gives the numbers as: 250…
On a slaving voyage in 1753, the people aboard the Maréchal de Saxe rose against the crew. They had been taken at Bight of Benin. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cap Français in 1753, the people aboard the Saint Philippe rose against the crew. They had been taken at Senegambia and offshore Atlantic.…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Kingston in 1753, the people aboard the Juba rose against the crew. They had been taken at Anomabu, Adja, Agga. The record gives…
The Syndics of the Riviere Blanche humbly petition, saying that it pleased you, My Lords, to establish on this river Inspectors and Guards to prevent damage to the basins, and…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Kingston in 1754, the people aboard the Elizabeth rose against the crew. They had been taken at Anomabu, Adja, Agga. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Montserrat in 1754, the people aboard the Thomas rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Montserrat in 1754, the people aboard the Thomas rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Kingston in 1754, the Greyhound had its boats attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Anomabu, Adja, Agga. The…
On a slaving voyage that ended at New York in 1754, the people aboard the York rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Barbados in 1754, the people aboard the Swallow rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage in 1754, an unnamed British ship was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Gorée. The record gives the numbers as: 169…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Charleston in 1754, the Young Prince George had its boats attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Gambia. The…
On a slaving voyage in 1754, the Prince George was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Gorée. The record gives the numbers as: 149 people…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Saint-Domingue in 1754, the people aboard the Finette rose against the crew. They had been taken at Cacheu. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage in 1754, the people aboard the Levrette rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gold Coast. The record gives the numbers as: 145 people…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Suriname in 1754, the people aboard the Middelburgs Welvaren planned a rising that the crew discovered before it broke. They had been taken…
On a slaving voyage in 1754, the people aboard the Saint Joseph rose against the crew. They had been taken at Cape Coast Castle. The record gives the numbers as:…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Charleston in 1754, the people aboard the Matilda rose against the crew. They had been taken at New Calabar. The record gives the…
The village is situated 4 lieues from the town of Jacmel. Several hurricanes wrought damage there, notably those of 24 July 1724, 21 September 1751, 16 September 1754, 5 September…
Several hurricanes wrought havoc in the town: those of 14 August 1680, 21 September 1751, 17 September 1754, 20 September 1756, 4 August 1772, 27 August 1775, 5 September 1781,…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Americas in 1755, the people aboard the Printemps rose against the crew. They had been taken at a port the record does not…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Suriname in 1755, the people aboard the Philadelphia rose against the crew. They had been taken at Cape Lahou. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Benin in 1755, the Belle Judith was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Benin. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Martinique in 1755, the people aboard the Jeune Mars rose against the crew. They had been taken at Sierra Leone estuary. The record…
On a slaving voyage in 1755, the Cavendish was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at a port the record does not name. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Barbados in 1755, the people aboard the Charming Jenny (a) Charming Elizabeth rose against the crew. They had been taken at a port…
Cases heard by the Conseil Superieur of Martinique in 1755 and again in 1767 describe the same procedure. Enslaved people were lined up and touched with a branch of the…
UPON what had been observed to the Court, that since the 6th of the current month, an order had been sent to the Settlers that they were to furnish, by…
1756: The Seven Years' War broke out among the major European powers, a conflict that transformed the political map of the colonial Americas. As the principal victor, Great Britain…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Suriname in 1756, the people aboard the Drie Gezusters rose against the crew. They had been taken at Windward Coast. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Saint John in 1756, the people aboard the Jane rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage in 1756, the people aboard the Alice rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the numbers as: 149 people were…
On a slaving voyage in 1756, the people aboard the Hannah rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the numbers as: 149 people were…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Saint John in 1756, the people aboard the Mary rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the…
Aquin gave birth to Hugues Montbrun, whose name fills the first pages of the history of Haiti. He was born on 12 June 1756 on an habitation near Aquin. He…
Several hurricanes wrought havoc in the town: those of 14 August 1680, 21 September 1751, 17 September 1754, 20 September 1756, 4 August 1772, 27 August 1775, 5 September 1781,…
1757: A company was established at Barcelona with exclusive privileges to oversee the re-establishment of agriculture and commerce in the Spanish part of St. Domingo. The success of this endeavor…
1757: The Makandal conspiracy emerges as an organized plot to destroy the enslavers. This secret movement utilized poison and was intended to coordinate a massive uprising across the North. Nuance:…
1757-00-00: (Mackandal Initiates a Poisoning Revolt Against the French Planters, the First Organized Slave Resistance Campaign in Saint-Domingue, a Generation Before the Revolution): In 1757, Mackandal launched a coordinated poisoning…
1757-12-19: (Philippe Guerrier, Born Into Slavery, Revolutionary War Veteran, the First Black President of a Unified Haiti Since Dessalines, Brought to Power by the Piquets Revolt of 1844, Whose Attempts…
On a slaving voyage in 1757, the Phoenix was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Bonny. The record gives the numbers as: 352 people were…
On a slaving voyage in 1757, the Willy was cut off, and the record does not say by whom or how. The people aboard had been taken at Gambia. The…
On a slaving voyage in 1757, the people aboard the Penelope rose against the crew. They had been taken at West Central Africa and St. Helena. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Montserrat in 1757, the people aboard the Thomas rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Berbice in 1757, the people aboard the Philadelphia rose against the crew. They had been taken at Cape Lahou. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Charleston in 1757, the people aboard the Black Prince rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Suriname in 1757, the people aboard the Vliegende Faam rose against the crew. They had been taken at Little Popo. The record gives…
Etienne-Elie Gérin, nicknamed Côtes-de-fer (Iron Ribs) by the soldiers because of his bravery in combat, was born in the Cayes on 19 December 1757. He received a certain education from…
1758: The Jamaican ports of Montego Bay and Port Antonio were officially designated as ports of entry alongside Kingston and Savanna-la-Mar. This administrative status provided them with proper courts and…
1758-Jan.-20: The Execution of Makandal: Maroon leader François Makandal is burned at the stake. His capture followed a terrifying campaign of mass poisoning that united the northern enslaved population in…
1758-00-00: (Mackandal Executed by Burning at the Stake in Cap-Haïtien, His Death Generating a Founding Myth of Haitian Resistance in Which He Transforms Into a Mosquito and Escapes the Flames):…
1758-01-20: (Mackandal, Enslaved African and Probable Houngan Who Organized the First Major Poisoning Revolt Against French Planters in 1757, a Maroon Leader Whose Spiritual Authority and Knowledge of Herbs Terrified…
1758-09-20: (Jean-Jacques Dessalines, Born Enslaved, Who Rose From Plantation Foreman to Supreme Commander of the Revolution, Proclaimed Haitian Independence on January 1, 1804, Crowned Himself Emperor, Ordered the Killing of…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Barbados in 1758, the people aboard the William rose against the crew. They had been taken at New Calabar. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Charleston in 1758, the people aboard the Rainbow rose against the crew. They had been taken at Benin. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Charleston in 1758, the people aboard the Mears rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gold Coast. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at St. Eustatius in 1758, the people aboard the Drie Gezusters rose against the crew. They had been taken at Boary. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Saint John in 1758, the people aboard the Two Sisters rose against the crew. They had been taken at Anomabu, Adja, Agga. The…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Virginia in 1758, the Ann and Betty was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Windward Coast. The record…
It was discovered that he had conceived the gigantic plan of exterminating the Whites and proclaiming the Liberty and Independence of the Black Race in Saint-Domingue. He was tried and…
HAVING SEEN the Remonstrance of the Procureur Général du Roi, setting out that it could happen that reimbursement for one and the same executed nègre, or one killed in the…
HAVING SEEN by the Conseil the criminal trial conducted by extraordinary procedure and prepared by continuation of proceedings by the Lieutenant Criminel of the Cap, at the request of the…
On 20 January 1758 Makandal, an African captive, was burned alive on the square of the Cap, in the midst of an immense crowd that he still terrified, although chained…
UPON what was represented to the Conseil by the Procureur Général du Roi: that from the declarations made by several Accused of supposed magical practices and poisonings, it clearly followed…
HAVING SEEN by the Conseil the Remonstrance made to it by the Procureur Général du Roi, stating that the policing of the enslaved was one of the most important matters…
1759-1807: The Îles de Los (Loos) became a significant site for the embarkation of captives, with the trade almost entirely dominated by British and French merchants. Liverpool merchants managed the…
1759-Feb.-01: Captain David Mulders of the ship Vrouw Johanna Cores recorded a specific transaction at Malemba involving the purchase of three male captives from a merchant named Banse. The purchase…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Jamaica in 1759, the people aboard the Shark rose against the crew. They had been taken at Anomabu, Adja, Agga. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Freetown in 1759, the people aboard the Perfect rose against the crew. They had been taken at Mano. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Antigua in 1759, the Racehorse had its boats attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Windward Coast. The record…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Curaçao in 1759, the people aboard the Middelburgs Welvaren rose against the crew. They had been taken at Malembo. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Martinique in 1759, the people aboard the Rebecca planned a rising that the crew discovered before it broke. They had been taken at…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Annapolis in 1759, the people aboard the Upton planned a rising that the crew discovered before it broke. They had been taken at…
History. Terrier Rouge is the birthplace of General Martial Besse, who was born there on 15 September 1759. He was educated and a member of the Council of State of…
1760s–1770s: Olaudah Equiano, an enslaved man who would eventually work his way to freedom, became a sailor during this period. He felt that his mobile occupation placed him on a…
1760-1814: The port of Bissau became a major embarkation point for captives destined for the Americas, with the vast majority of vessels owned and operated by merchants in Lisbon. This…
1760-1850: Porto-Novo emerged as a significant embarkation point for captives primarily during the last third of the eighteenth century, competing with Ouidah and Lagos for regional dominance. The vast majority…
1760-00-00: (France Begins Extensive Coffee Cultivation in Haiti, Expanding the Plantation Economy Into the Mountainous Interior and Deepening the Colony's Dependence on Enslaved Labor): In 1760, France expanded coffee cultivation…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Barbados in 1760, the people aboard the Nanny rose against the crew. They had been taken at Senegal. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage in 1760, the people aboard the Nanny rose against the crew. They had been taken at Senegal. The record gives the numbers as: 90 people were…
On a slaving voyage in 1760, the Hope was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Benin. The record gives the numbers as: 367 people were…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Martinique in 1760, the people aboard the Ross rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the numbers…
HAVING SEEN by the Conseil the Petition of Marie Guerineau, wife of the sieur Cottin, stating that for more than twenty years she has practiced the profession of Midwife, to…
1761–1784: Phillis Wheatley was forcibly taken as a child from the Gambia region to Boston in 1761 on the slave ship Phillis, from which she derived her name. While serving…
1761–1837: Dominica emerged as a significant center for British slaving activity after its conquest from France in 1761, reaching high points of arrivals in 1771 and 1785. Liverpool-based merchants dominated…
1761-01-17: (André Rigaud, Mulatto Revolutionary Leader of Southern Haiti, Educated in France, Veteran of the Siege of Savannah, Whose Rivalry With Louverture and Dessalines Exposed the Caste Fracture at the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Suriname in 1761, the people aboard the Philadelphia went over the side, or were recorded missing. They had been taken at Cape Lahou.…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Boston in 1761, the people aboard the Thomas rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gorée. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage in 1761, the people aboard the Mary rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the numbers as: 169 people were…
On a slaving voyage that ended at French Caribbean, colony unspecified in 1761, the people aboard the Agnes rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gold Coast. The…
On a slaving voyage in 1761, the Catherine was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at a port the record does not name. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Curaçao in 1761, the people aboard the Vrouw Johanna Cores rose against the crew. They had been taken at Malembo. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage in 1761, the Dove was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the numbers as: 230 people were…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Curaçao in 1761, the people aboard the Middelburgs Welvaren rose against the crew. They had been taken at Malembo. The record gives the…
Having seen by the Conseil the Remonstrance made to it by the Procureur Général, stating that, in contempt of the King's Ordinance of 23 July 1720 concerning the bearing of…
Having seen by the Conseil the Remonstrance made to it by the Procureur Général du Roi, stating that the gatherings of nègres, which concern both the maintenance of Police and…
UPON what was represented to the Court by the Procureur Général du Roi, that an abuse prejudicial to the Colony, and worthy of drawing the attention of the Court, is…
JEAN-Etienne-Bernard de Clugny, &c. By our Ordonnance of 8 May last, we ordered that two special registers, numbered and initialed by us, should be kept at the Contrôle, one of…
General Jean-Pierre Dartiguenave was born there on 29 December 1761. Rouzier tells this under the entry SAINT LOUIS DU SUD.
Rigaud (André), legitimate son of M. Rigaud, a white man native of Provence, bailiff at the sénéchaussée of Saint-Louis, and of the lady Rose Bossy, an Arada *négresse*, was born…
1762 June 13 : A carpenter from Saint-Domingue achieved a rare legal victory by successfully suing for his and his family's freedom in the New York vice-admiralty court. This case…
On 25 March 1762 a boy was born at Jeremie in Saint-Domingue to Marie-Cessette Dumas, a Black woman held in bondage, and the Marquis Antoine Davy de la Pailleterie. The…
On a slaving voyage in 1762, the people aboard an unnamed American ship rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gabon. The record gives the numbers as: 60…
On a slaving voyage in 1762, the Three Friends was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Senegal. The record gives the numbers as: 169 people…
On a slaving voyage in 1762, the people aboard the Phoenix rose against the crew. They had been taken at Cape Coast Castle. The record gives the numbers as: 332…
On a slaving voyage in 1762, the people aboard the Ann Gally rose against the crew. They had been taken at a port the record does not name. The record…
On a slaving voyage in 1762, the Young James was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Popo. The record gives the numbers as: 83 people…
On a slaving voyage that ended at St. Eustatius in 1762, the people aboard the Prins Willem de Vijfde planned a rising that the crew discovered before it broke. They…
Gabriel de Bory, &c. Upon the representations made to us by M. the Vicomte de Belsunce, Maréchal des Camps et Armées of the King, Commandant Général under our orders of…
The carrying of arms is one of those singular privileges that our Kings have granted only to certain privileged classes, destined by their station to bear them, or to those…
GABRIEL de Bory, etc. Jean-Etienne-Bernard de Clugny, etc. The necessity of ensuring the prompt execution of the various works that we have been obliged to order, both for the defense…
1763: The province of Louisiana passed from French to Spanish control following the conclusion of the Seven Years' War. This transfer mirrored the geopolitical shifting of "ceded islands" like Dominica,…
1763: A detailed architectural plan of a large sugar plantation in Cayenne, French Guiana, was published to illustrate the complex physical and labor requirements of the industry. The design featured…
1763: A rising of the enslaved in Dutch Surinam prompts calls for softening the discipline imposed on them. The events in Surinam served as a warning to French administrators about the…
1763-1792: The slaving interest in French Atlantic ports reached its peak as merchants and shipowners maximized the deportation of Africans to Saint-Domingue. During these three decades, the colony's dependence on…
1763–1808: Following its transition to British control in 1763, the island of St. Vincent rapidly became a primary destination for British slaving vessels. Arrivals are estimated to have reached their…
1763-00-00: (Jesuits Expelled From Haiti, Part of the Broader Bourbon Campaign Against Jesuit Influence Across the French Empire): In 1763, the Jesuits were expelled from Haiti, part of the broader…
1763-03-17: (Léger-Félicité Sonthonax, the French Commissioner Who Proclaimed the End of Slavery in Haiti in August 1793 Before Paris Authorized It, a Radical Lawyer Whose Hatred of Aristocrats Led Him to…
A royal ordinance of 21 July 1763 was followed by the definitive ruling of the Conseil Supérieur du Cap-Français on 24 November, expelling every Jesuit from Saint-Domingue. They were accused…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Suriname in 1763, the people aboard the Vrouw Johanna Cores rose against the crew. They had been taken at Cape Lahou. The record…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Saint-Marc in 1763, the people aboard the Frère et la Soeur rose against the crew. They had been taken at Senegal. The record…
On a slaving voyage in 1763, the Hope was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the numbers as: 169 people were…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Saint John in 1763, the people aboard the Black Prince rose against the crew. They had been taken at Cape Coast Castle. The…
On a slaving voyage that ended at St. Kitts in 1763, the Snapper had its boats attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Sierra Leone estuary.…
On a slaving voyage in 1763, the Pocock had its boats attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Cacheu. The record gives the numbers as: 190…
On a slaving voyage in 1763, the people aboard the NS de Guadalupe e Sr Bom Jesus dos Navegantes rose against the crew. They had been taken at Benguela. The…
HAVING SEEN the Remonstrance of the Procureur du Roi, and ruling on it, we forbid each and every one of the Settlers of this Town to have their nègres or…
Having seen by the Conseil the Petition of Jean Baberdeau and his wife, the conclusions of M. Lohier de la Charmeraye, Substitut for the Procureur-Général, and having heard the report…
You are informed, Gentlemen, of the reasons that led the King to permit the settlers of the Colonies to bring or send their enslaved people to France, and to leave…
Monsieur de Belzunce, governor of St-Domingue, died in the parish of Trou on 4 August 1763. Rouzier tells this under the entry TROU (le).
MESSIEURS the Vicomte de Belsunce and de Clugny, I previously granted to my Gouverneur-Lieutenant Général and Intendant of my Colony of Saint-Domingue the permission to commute the penalty of the…
1764: Governor de Fénelon explains in a letter how social pressure from whites forced him to abandon his humanitarian views. This correspondence illustrates how the local planter class successfully neutralized…
1764: Denmark declared that the Caribbean islands of St. John and St. Thomas were open to the ships of all nations. This policy established these territories as vital neutral hubs…
1764: The newly founded Gazette de Saint Domingue printed its earliest runaway notices, revealing that enslaved people in the northern parishes preferred seeking refuge in Cap Français. Fugitives sensed a…
1764-00-00: (Jesuits Expelled From Haiti, a Duplicate Chronological Entry Reflecting the Contested Dates of the Expulsion Process Across the Colony): In 1764, the Jesuits were expelled from Haiti, a date…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Barbados in 1764, the Johnson had its boats attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Loango. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cap Français in 1764, the people aboard the Fontette rose against the crew. They had been taken at Loango. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Suriname in 1764, the people aboard the Pink rose against the crew. They had been taken at Grand Mesurado. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cayes (Les) in 1764, the people aboard the Entreprenante rose against the crew. They had been taken at Little Popo. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Léogane in 1764, the people aboard the Croissant rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gold Coast, Fr. definition. The record…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Saint-Marc in 1764, the people aboard the Comte d'Azémar rose against the crew. They had been taken at Senegambia and offshore Atlantic. The…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Saint-Domingue in 1764, the people aboard the Phénix rose against the crew. They had been taken at Bissau. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Grenada in 1764, the people aboard the Gallem rose against the crew. They had been taken at Senegal. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Puerto Rico in 1764, the people aboard the Hope rose against the crew. They had been taken at Senegambia and offshore Atlantic. The…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Havana in 1764, the Pocock had its boats attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Cape Coast Castle. The…
On a slaving voyage in 1764, the people aboard the Jolly Prince rose against the crew. They had been taken at Cape Mount (Cape Grand Mount). The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Curaçao in 1764, the people aboard the Philadelphia rose against the crew. They had been taken at Malembo. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Suriname in 1764, the people aboard the Enigheid rose against the crew. They had been taken at Cape Lahou. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage in 1764, the people aboard the Adventure rose against the crew. They had been taken at Bance Island (Ben's Island). The record gives the numbers as:…
On a slaving voyage in 1764, the people aboard the Couéda rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gabon. The record gives the numbers as: 276 people were…
I HAVE consented, Messieurs, to the establishment of a Gazette in this Town, because I thought it could only be advantageous to the Colony. I do not wish to leave…
CHARLES Théodat, Comte d'Estaing, &c. Trade having represented to me that article 19 of the Regulatory Decree of the two Conseils contained a provision absolutely contrary to its interests, I…
On a slaving voyage in 1765, the people aboard the Trimmer rose against the crew. They had been taken at Windward Coast. The record gives the numbers as: 348 people…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Antigua in 1765, the people aboard the Sally rose against the crew. They had been taken at a port the record does not…
On a slaving voyage in 1765, the Minerve was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Gold Coast, Fr. definition. The record gives the numbers as:…
On a slaving voyage that ended at New York in 1765, the people aboard the Success rose against the crew. They had been taken at Sierra Leone estuary. The record…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Saint John in 1765, the people aboard the Othello rose against the crew. They had been taken at Anomabu, Adja, Agga. The record…
On a slaving voyage in 1765, the people aboard the Henriette rose against the crew. They had been taken at Bissau. The record gives the numbers as: 25 people were…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Curaçao in 1765, the people aboard the Africa rose against the crew. They had been taken at Cape Lahou. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Suriname in 1765, the people aboard the Haast U Langzaam rose against the crew. They had been taken at Cape Lahou. The record…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Suriname in 1765, the people aboard the Vrouw Johanna Cores rose against the crew. They had been taken at Cape Lahou. The record…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Grenada in 1765, the people aboard the Galam rose against the crew. They had been taken at Senegal. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Dominica in 1765, the people aboard the Sisters rose against the crew. They had been taken at Bassa. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Kingston in 1765, the Fanny was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Bight of Benin. The record gives…
SEEN by the Conseil the Remonstrance of the Procureur Général du Roi in the Court, stating that the mob and the nègres who follow the Criminals led to punishment, and…
The winds that prevail at the Cap are winds from the east, north and southwest. The north winds bring cold and dampness from October until March. The west winds are…
1766: The marché des nègres is formally situated at Place Clugny in Cap Français. This market became a central point for economic and social life among the colony's non-white population.
1766: The establishment of the Free Port system in the British West Indies represented a significant shift in imperial commercial policy. This act authorized specific ports to conduct trade with…
1766-Spring: Mount Hecla in Iceland began erupting again, spewing smoke and fire for the first time since its last major activity in 1693. Reports from arriving vessels confirmed that the…
1766-Jun.-24: A formal convention was signed in Vienna between King Louis XV and the Empress-Queen of Hungary and Bohemia to abolish the "Droit d'Aubaine" (right of escheat) in their respective…
1766-Aug.-05: A conspiracy against the Dey of Algiers was discovered, with the execution of the participants scheduled for the following day. Ten of the principal leaders lost their lives as…
1766-Aug.-20: The French Actors in Paris gave the first performance of "Artaxerces," a new tragedy by M. le Mierre that had been anticipated for a long time. Although the play…
1766-Aug.-29: The Opera in Paris began presenting "Les Fêtes Lyriques," a new heroic ballet in three acts featuring contributions from various authors. The production included the segment "Lindor & Ismene,"…
1766-Sept.: The French frigate La Modeste, armed with 24 cannons and carrying 70 men, was destroyed at sea after being struck by lightning. Captain Jules Gayet survived for four horrific…
1766-Sep.-26: Private letters reported that King Louis XV narrowly escaped a life-threatening accident while hunting boar in the Forest of Compiègne. A furious boar suddenly charged and disemboweled the King's…
1766-Sep.-29: Queen Charlotte of Great Britain successfully gave birth to a princess, an event that was formally announced to the public. News of the royal birth traveled from London across…
1766-Sep.-30: Marie-Victoire-Sophie de Noailles, the Countess of Toulouse, passed away at the age of 77 after a long period of declining health. Following her death, the French Court entered into…
1766-Oct.: Two tragic suicides occurred in Paris involving foreigners driven to absolute despair by a total lack of financial resources. A Dutchman living in a furnished room on Rue du…
1766-Oct.: Six merchant ships were outfitted in Nantes specifically for the "Coast of Guinea" to engage in the transatlantic slave trade. These vessels, which included L'Eole and Le Zéphyr, were…
1766-Oct.-02: The North American indigenous leaders who had arrived in London on August 2nd to seek justice against European colonists departed for New York from Gravesend. Accompanied by their wives,…
1766-Nov.-01: A new act passed during the last session of the British Parliament officially went into effect, introducing revised regulations for Atlantic trade. This legislative update was part of a…
1766-Nov.-01: The British Parliament’s Free Ports Act officially went into effect, strictly prohibiting the import of foreign manufactured goods into Dominica and Jamaica. Any vessel found carrying such merchandise faced…
1766-Nov.-01: A critical clause in the new British trade act forbade the import of major colonial staples, such as sugar, coffee, and indigo, into British islands from foreign colonies. The…
1766-Nov.-01: Under the provisions of the Free Ports Act, enslaved people deported to Dominica and Jamaica on British ships could be legally trafficked onward on single-deck foreign vessels. This specific…
1766-Nov.-01: British regulations prohibited the export of colonial merchandise from Dominica to any part of Europe located north of Cape Finisterre, except to Great Britain. Conversely, sugar imported into Dominica…
1766-Nov.-01: New export duties were implemented for enslaved people leaving Jamaica on foreign vessels, set at a rate of 1 pound 10 shillings per person. Similar taxes were imposed on…
1766-Nov.-02: The Count of Rochford, serving as the Extraordinary Ambassador and Plenipotentiary of King George III, was granted his first official audience with the French King. This high-level diplomatic meeting…
1766-Dec.-12: A weak earthquake shock was felt in Martinique around five o'clock in the morning, lasting approximately three seconds. Reports indicated that the ground in the sister colony did not…
1766-Dec.-18: The vessel La Frefette, originating from Bayonne and under the command of Captain Lafargue, arrived at the port of Les Cayes after sailing from Bordeaux. This arrival was part…
1766-Dec.-20: Commodity prices from Guadeloupe were published in the gazette, showing that top-quality sugar was valued between 54 and 55 livres. Secondary grades of sugar sold for 48 to 53…
1766-Dec.-24: The slave ship La Médée, led by Captain Goffe, anchored at Léogane carrying 573 African captives deported from the coast of Angola. This large arrival represents the significant and…
1766-Dec.-27: The merchant vessel Le Maréchal-de-Luxembourg, out of Nantes and led by Captain Tanquerel, docked at Saint-Marc after a stop in Port-au-Prince. The ship was expected to remain in the…
1766-Dec.-28: M. Dufloft, an Writer for the Navy acting as a Sub-Commissioner, passed away in the southern port of Les Cayes. He held a significant administrative position responsible for managing…
1766-Dec.-29: The Bordeaux vessel L'Aurore, under the command of Captain Gaujau, arrived at the port of Les Cayes after sailing from Martinique. This inter-island maritime link was a common feature…
1766-Dec.-29: A devastating fire broke out in Bridge-Town, Barbados, consuming 180 houses that had been spared by a previous conflagration earlier in the year. Despite immediate attempts to provide relief…
1766-Dec.-30: Madame Lafory, a prominent resident of the Grande-Colline district near Fort-Dauphin, passed away on her plantation. Her death was documented in the colonial record to inform her peers and…
1766-Dec.-30: The Pensionnat du Cap held its first formal assembly to examine student progress under the direction of the town's public educator, Sieur Alquié. This educational institution instituted quarterly examinations…
1766-Dec.-31: The Bordeaux ship Le Triton, under Captain Coudin, reached the port of Cap-Français after completing a voyage from the Gold Coast of Africa. Cap-Français was the economic capital of…
1766–1858: The slave trade to Georgia was characterized by a diverse range of African origins, with Senegambia and Sierra Leone providing over half of the documented captives. While merchants from…
1766-06-27: (Pierre Toussaint Born Into Slavery in Haiti, the Enslaved House Worker Who Would Become One of the Wealthiest and Most Philanthropic Black Men in Nineteenth-Century New York, Declared…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Suriname in 1766, the Standvastigheid had its boats attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Cape Lahou. The record…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Antigua in 1766, the people aboard the Elizabeth rose against the crew. They had been taken at a port the record does not…
On a slaving voyage in 1766, the people aboard the Mary rose against the crew. They had been taken at a port the record does not name. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage in 1766, the Venus was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Congo River. The record gives the numbers as: 83 people…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Martinique in 1766, the people aboard the Adelaïde de Puysegor rose against the crew. They had been taken at West Central Africa and…
On a slaving voyage that ended at British Caribbean, colony unspecified in 1766, the people aboard an unnamed American ship rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia.…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Port-au-Prince in 1766, the people aboard the Jeune Catherine rose against the crew. They had been taken at Senegambia and offshore Atlantic. The…
In August 1766 the Suriname court sentenced a woman named Bettie, along with Sara and Januarij, to burn for allegedly poisoning other enslaved people. Bettie then obtained at least a…
ON the Petition presented to us by the Procureur du Roi of this Siège, stating that the illnesses now prevailing in this Town may have as their cause at once…
1767: Sir James Steuart published an inquiry into political economy arguing that slavery was a necessary historical stage to compel mankind to labor beyond their immediate wants. He claimed that…
1767-Jan.-06: The slave ship Le Saint-Jean-Baptiste, out of Nantes and under the command of Captain Chevalier Houet, arrived at the port of Léogane. The vessel completed its journey from the…
1767-Jan.-06: Students from the Pensionnat du Cap visited the city's principal authorities to demonstrate their social and intellectual accomplishments. During the ceremony, M. Labat acted as the spokesperson, earning admiration…
1767-Jan.-07: Market prices for French metropolitan imports, such as wine, flour, and soap, were published to coordinate trade across the various ports of Saint-Domingue. In Les Cayes, old wine was…
1767-Jan.-02: The ship La Pauline, sailing from Le Havre under the command of Captain Rabier, arrived at the harbor of Cap-Français. Le Havre was a major French gateway for colonial…
1767-Jan.-03: Captain Viviat, commanding the Bordeaux ship Le Solide, arrived at Saint-Marc after departing France in November of the previous year. The relatively short transit time reflects the efficiency of…
1767-Jan.-07: A violent duel occurred in the Bois de Boulogne between two members of the King's Bodyguards, sparking a significant legal case in France. One guard attacked his opponent with…
1767-Jan.-07: An editorial reflection in the colonial gazette discussed the pessimistic historical outlook of the time, setting the "iron age" of the present era against a "golden age." The…
1767-Jan.-07: A report was published detailing the arrival of German settlers in Pensacola and the massive recruitment of Scottish Highlanders for a new project in East Florida. A British baronet…
1767-Jan.-07: Extensive renovations were carried out at the Palace of Versailles to repair and enhance the royal residence while the court stayed at Compiegne. A heavy dome that had previously…
1767-Jan.-07: The colonial market values for export commodities like sugar, indigo, and coffee were published, showing fluctuations across the island’s major ports. In Cap-Français, white sugar reached prices as high…
1767-Jan.-07: The colonial gazette published a list of people who had escaped captivity, including Jacques, a Congo man from the Mageau estate, and Martin, a Tiamba man branded…
1767-Jan.-07: A summary of freight rates for transporting goods to France was issued, with costs ranging from 12 deniers for sugar to 50 deniers for cotton. Shippers in Les Cayes…
1767-Jan.-07: An economic analysis in the Affiches Américaines argued that the Southern (West Indies) colonies reached their current state of prosperity faster than northern colonies due to their climate. The…
1767-Jan.-07: Jacques, an enslaved man of the Congo nation, was reported as a runaway in the district of Fort-Dauphin. He identified himself as belonging to the estate of the late…
1767-Jan.-07: A young mulatto man named Louis was listed as a fugitive from the service of Mr. Dumas, an officer in the Quercy Regiment at Fort-Dauphin. He bore a brand…
1767-Jan.-07: Martin, an enslaved man of the Tiamba nation, was reported missing from the Dondon district and was identified by "M" brands on both of his breasts. He belonged to…
1767-Jan.-07: Antoine, a man of the Congo nation, was listed as a runaway belonging to Mr. Chapdu, a merchant in Cap-Français. His brands were recorded as "CHAPDU" on his body…
1767-Jan.-07: Florentine, an enslaved woman of the Mina nation, fled from the service of Mr. Bazane in Cap-Français. She carried the brand "BAILLY" on both of her breasts, which may…
1767-Jan.-07: Louis, a man born in the colony (Creole), was reported as a runaway from the plantation of Mr. Moreau in Fort-Dauphin. His status as a "Creole" distinguished him from…
1767-Jan.-07: Michel, identified as belonging to the "Miserable" nation (likely a reference to the Kru ethnic group of West Africa), was reported as a fugitive in Fort-Dauphin. He belonged to…
1767-Jan.-07: Augustin, a 24-year-old Creole man, was reported as a runaway from the plantation of Madame Saint-Martin at Grand Saint-Louis. Standing five feet and one inch tall, he carried the…
1767-Jan.-07: A report from London detailed a massive colonization project in East Florida involving the recruitment of Scottish Highlanders and 3,000 people to be bought and held in slavery. A British…
1767-Jan.-07: An economic essay in the Affiches Américaines argued that the West Indian colonies attained prosperity faster than northern colonies due to their unique climate. Products such as sugar, indigo,…
1767-Jan.-07: Multiple merchant vessels prepared to depart from Saint-Domingue's major ports to return to France, carrying colonial wealth to the metropole. Ships like the Diogene from Fort-Dauphin and the Marquis-de-Levy…
1767-Jan.-07: Market prices for French metropolitan imports, such as wine, flour, and soap, were published to coordinate trade across the various ports of Saint-Domingue. In Les Cayes, old wine was…
1767-Jan.-07: Political news from London described the public's loss of confidence in William Pitt following his elevation to the Peerage as the Count of Chatham. Satirical reflections in the English…
1767-Jan.-07: Reports from the North American mainland confirmed the arrival of 164 German settlers in Pensacola on two separate vessels from Hamburg and Altona. These colonists were brought to establish…
1767-Jan.-07: An essay on colonial history noted that in 1732, West Indian planters successfully lobbied for a Parliamentary act to suppress North American trade with foreign islands. The residents of…
1767-Jan.-07: The colonial gazette published news from Rome detailing the secret consistory held by Pope Clement XIII on July 21st. During this meeting, the Holy Father addressed the Sacred College…
1767-Jan.-07: Reports from Italy highlighted a mounting food crisis as the Congregation of Provisions met daily to combat an imminent grain shortage. The scarcity was attributed to a failed harvest…
1767-Jan.-07: News from Hamburg indicated that British military recruitment efforts were highly successful, effectively crowding out other national enrollers. The English offered lucrative terms, including a ten-pound sterling signing bonus…
1767-Jan.-07: The Republic of Holland finalized plans to expand its standing army to fifty thousand men by the upcoming winter season. Informed observers considered this military buildup a certainty following…
1767-Jan.-07: The Prince Stadtholder is expected to arrive in London imminently, a development that supports rumors regarding a major royal marriage. Reports indicate the Prince is set to marry Princess…
1767-Jan.-07: Dutch diplomacy focused on securing its maritime trade routes through new treaties of friendship and commerce with North African powers. Following the renewal of agreements with the Regency of…
1767-Jan.-07: In the northern district of Fort-Dauphin, two individuals were specifically identified in the colonial runaway list to facilitate their capture. Jacques, a man of the Congo nation, was reported…
1767-Jan.-07: The port city of Cap-Français issued several search notices for people who had escaped captivity, highlighting the persistent resistance in the colony’s urban center. Among them were Martin, a…
1767-Jan.-07: Significant renovations were carried out at the Palace of Versailles to repair monuments and enhance the royal gardens. Workers removed a heavy dome that had overburdened the chapel's vault…
1767-Jan.-08: The merchant vessel Les Bons-Amis, originating from Nantes and led by Captain Guichard, attempted to depart Port-au-Prince for France. The ship was forced to return to the harbor after…
1767-Jan.-08: A massive caterpillar infestation caused widespread devastation to cotton crops in the dependencies of Petit-Goave and Saint-Marc. The Nippes district was reported as being the most severely affected, leaving…
1767-Jan.-12: Captain Pierre le Lievre arrived at Cap-Français in command of the ship Le Rollant, which originated from Honfleur. The ship carried 390 African captives from the Gold Coast to…
1767-Jan.-12: The slave ship Le Triton, originating from Bordeaux and led by Captain Coudain, docked at Port-au-Prince carrying 191 African captives. The voyage originated from the Lower Gold Coast, a…
1767-Jan.-12: Mefples l’aîné, a merchant in Port-au-Prince, issued a formal trade pass for an enslaved man named Jean to conduct "pacotille" (peddler) business. Jean was authorized to travel between the…
1767-Jan.-14: Mr. Closet announced a theatrical performance in Cap-Français featuring Molière's three-act comedy Pourceaugnac. The play was scheduled to be followed by a grand mechanical ballet and pantomime titled The…
1767-Jan.-14: A 26-year-old enslaved man, noted for being a skilled saddler and carriage repairer, was offered for rent or private sale in Cap-Français. The advertisement emphasized his ability to completely…
1767-Jan.-14: Two individuals were reported as runaways from the Perreau plantation located in the Dondon district. Manuel, a 40-year-old man of the Congo nation, was identified by a brand of…
1767-Jan.-14: A colonial judicial sale was scheduled for February 14th regarding a plantation located at Montagne-Noire in the Grande-Rivière parish. The estate, formerly belonging to the late Pierre Bouyer, consisted…
1767-Jan.-14: Mr. Lemaitre, a veterinarian based at the Lanoë inn in Limonade, advertised his services for the treatment of horses. He offered remedies for both internal and external diseases, as…
1767-Jan.-14: The Royal Printing Office in Cap-Français advertised cabinet almanacs for the year 1767 available in various artistic formats. These included illuminated and cut-out cardboards, as well as versions mounted…
1767-Jan.-14: Captain Gilbert of the ship L'Eléfant offered reduced freight rates for merchants shipping goods to Nantes, La Rochelle, or Bordeaux. He provided a discount of two deniers below the…
1767-Jan.-14: Market prices for metropolitan French imports continued to fluctuate across the colony, with old wine reaching up to 200 livres in Port-au-Prince. Moissac flour remained a staple import, commanding…
1767-Jan.-14: M. Ringeard, a resident of the Coupe-à-David district and a native of Nantes, passed away at the end of December 1766. Additionally, the death of M. Jean-François Bouche was…
1767-Jan.-14: Notices from Saint-Marc for people who had escaped captivity highlighted the escape of a newly arrived man of the Congo nation branded "L RADOV" on his right breast.…
1767-Jan.-14: In Fort-Dauphin, a diverse group of four enslaved men was reported in the runaway registries, including a man of the Nago nation named Pierre. Other fugitives included Adrien, branded…
1767-Jan.-14: A series of runaway notices from Cap-Français identified several individuals, including Nannette, a Creole woman branded "GERVAISE" belonging to a resident of Limonade. Also listed was a 20-year-old woman…
1767-Jan.-14: Gabriel, an enslaved man of the Arada nation, was reported as a runaway belonging to Mr. Mocar in Cap-Français. His notice provided a specific physical identifier, noting that he…
1767-Jan.-14: Reports from London confirmed the arrival of three Iroquois chiefs who traveled from the region between New York and Lake Ontario to seek an audience with the King. Accompanied…
1767-Jan.-14: The Spanish Crown intensified its efforts to expand its naval forces, with 48 ships of the line currently in service and fifteen more nearing completion. Shipyards in Havana and…
1767-Jan.-14: A new School of Mathematics was opened in the Faubourg Saint-Jacques in Paris to advance the study of military engineering and artillery. Students were divided into two specialized classes,…
1767-Jan.-14: The British Royal Navy began arming a naval squadron in Portsmouth reportedly destined for North American waters. A portion of this force was expected to join Commodore Palliser, who…
1767-Jan.-14: A specialized educational institution in France advertised for boarders aged eight to eighteen at an annual cost of 816 livres. The school operated under the oversight of the War…
1767-Jan.-14: Sieur Alléon de Varcourt, a former navigator and engineer based in Paris, announced the discovery of a geometric method for calculating the diameter and quadrature of circumferences. He claimed…
1767-Jan.-14: The origins of the "Fête de la Rose" in Salancy were detailed, tracing the tradition back to St. Medard in the early sixth century. During the reign of Louis…
1767-Jan.-14: Sieur Fabre, the writing master at the Pensionnat du Cap, offered specialized training in double-entry bookkeeping and general account management. This technical education was intended for individuals looking to…
1767-Jan.-14: A private individual in Cap-Français advertised a cash offer for the purchase of twelve to fifteen "Negres de Place" (enslaved domestic workers) who were already acclimated to the country.…
1767-Jan.-14: An indigo plantation located at Limbé, consisting of approximately sixty-one carreaux of high-quality land, was offered for sale. The property was described as suitable for conversion into a sugar…
1767-Jan.-14: Mlle. Menageot, a merchant in Cap-Français, advertised a wide range of luxury goods and imports from the Indies and Paris. Her stock included fine powders, dental opiates, gold watches…
1767-Jan.-14: M. Charrier, a merchant in Cap-Français, offered for sale a group of enslaved blacksmiths along with a functional forge and all related equipment. Skilled enslaved artisans were among the…
1767-Jan.-14: Augustin, a 48-year-old mulatto man and Creole of Martinique, was reported as a runaway belonging to M. de la Martiniere in St. Louis. He was described as having a…
1767-Jan.-16: The slave ship L'Arada from La Rochelle arrived at the port of Les Cayes under the command of Captain Massé. The vessel originated from the Gold Coast and successfully…
1767-Jan.-17: Madame de Cockburne, the wife of a Knight of the Order of Saint Louis, passed away in the Grand-Bassin district of Saint-Domingue. Her death was followed shortly thereafter by…
1767-Jan.-17: Market prices in Saint-Marc showed stability for colonial exports, with white sugar selling for 50 to 55 livres and cotton reaching up to 210 livres. In the same market,…
1767-Jan.-18: A performance of "Le Négociant de Bordeaux" and "L’Impromptu de campagne" was scheduled at the theater in Cap-Français, followed by a grand ball. These events provided central social venues…
1767-Jan.-18: A performance of "Le Négociant de Bordeaux" and "L’Impromptu de campagne" was scheduled at the theater in Cap-Français, followed by a grand ball. These events provided central social venues…
1767-Jan.-18: Market reports from Les Cayes indicated that white sugar was trading between 40 and 48 livres, while cotton prices were stabilized at 180 to 185 livres. In the Northern…
1767-Jan.-19: Hélène, a Creole woman from the Pagerfon plantation in Trou, was reported as a runaway and noted for her habit of disguising herself in men's clothing. Branded with "LAPERIERE"…
1767-Jan.-20: The Bordeaux merchant ship L'Actif, commanded by Captain Rosain, departed from the port of Cap-Français bound for France. It was preceded on January 17th by the departures of La…
1767-Jan.-20: The Cap-Français theater announced the first performance of the opéra-bouffon "Le Bûcheron, ou les trois Souhaits." The production was accompanied by a grand pantomime ballet titled "Le Braconnier," composed…
1767-Jan.-21: Commercial reports from Port-au-Prince and Léogane indicated a stabilization of commodity prices for colonial exports. White sugar in Port-au-Prince was valued between 46 and 52 livres, while cotton remained…
1767-Jan.-21: The colonial gazette published an urgent inquiry regarding the whereabouts of Jean Coube, a peddler (pacotilleur) who had been missing for five months. Last seen in the Ouanaminthe district,…
1767-Jan.-24: Creditors of Sieur Nicolas Verrier, a baker in Cap-Français on Rue Espagnole, were summoned to a meeting to arrange for the payment of their claims. The assembly was scheduled…
1767-Jan.-27: The port of Cap-Français saw the departure of two significant merchant vessels bound for metropolitan France. The ship Le Martinicain, led by Captain Giraud, set sail for Marseille, while…
1767-Jan.-28: The cultivation of the Italian Poplar (Peuplier d'Italie) was heavily promoted in France to address a severe national wood shortage. The tree was prized for its extraordinary growth rate,…
1767-Jan.-28: Several large vessels were listed as currently loading in the harbors of Saint-Domingue, preparing for spring departures to Europe. These included Le Marquis de la Pailleterie for Le Havre…
1767-Jan.-28: The King of Portugal was informed of widespread abuses involving individuals who manipulated the elderly and sick into altering their wills. These perpetrators used various artifices to infiltrate families…
1767-Jan.-28: Experimental planting of rice, tobacco, and sugar cane began across various parts of the Pensacola province in early 1767. Local British authorities anticipated great success from these trials, hoping…
1767-Jan.-28: A substantial indigo plantation located at Pendu in the Gros-Morne district was offered for sale by M. de la Chauffée. The estate spanned 112 carreaux of land and included…
1767-Jan.-28: Freight rates in the major ports of Saint-Domingue remained a critical economic metric for the export of plantation products. In Port-au-Prince, the cost for shipping sugar was fixed at…
1767-Jan.-28: Market data for metropolitan French imports showed that old wine reached prices as high as 200 livres in Cap-Français. Moissac flour, a dietary staple for wealthy colonists, was…
1767-Jan.-28: Runaway notices from Cap-Français identified several individuals including François, a Congo man branded "DUV" with traditional marks from his country on his stomach. Catherine, a 15-to-16-year-old Creole woman branded…
1767-Jan.-28: Market indicators for the ports of Saint-Marc and Cap-Français showed that freight rates for cotton had reached up to 50 deniers for transport to France. Shipping costs for coffee…
1767-Jan.-28: An essay was published in the Affiches Américaines analyzing the relative impacts of luxury versus necessity on the Atlantic commercial system. The editors noted that while the colonies were…
1767-Jan.-28: The colonial press published a philosophical critique of luxury, characterizing it as a divine scourge sent to nations destined for destruction. The author contrasted the superficiality of modern thinkers…
1767-Jan.-28: An analysis of national wealth in the Affiches Américaines posited that the most prosperous nations are those that consume the products of their own soil. Conversely, the text described…
1767-Jan.-28: Manufacturing sector reports highlighted a growing tension between workers in the economy of necessity versus those in the luxury trade. Manufacturers of essential goods expressed difficulty in retaining workers…
1767-Jan.-28: The colonial gazette addressed the economic burden posed by a "crowd of servants" (valets) who were seen as a drain on both the state and those who employed them.…
1767-Jan.-28: The editorial concluded its economic series with a call for "patriotic resolutions" to counter the spirit of frivolity pervading the French Empire. It warned that neighboring nations were increasingly…
1767-Jan.-28: An ongoing economic debate in the Affiches Américaines argued that simple, patriotic displays of merit and dignity were more respectable than the ostentatious luxury of the upper classes. The…
1767-Jan.-28: M. de Montaudouin of Nantes published a memoir defending the profession of merchant against contemporary critics who favored agriculture exclusively. He posited that commerce is to agriculture and the…
1767-Jan.-28: The theater in Cap-Français announced upcoming performances of "L'Avocat patelin," a three-act comedy by M. Fagan, followed by the comic opera "La Rose." For the following Sunday, the venue…
1767-Jan.-28: Srs. Loup and Brassier, farmers of the Caracole landing stage, advertised a twice-weekly transport service between Caracole and Cap-Français. They provided extensive warehouses for colonial produce, boats for ship-to-shore…
1767-Jan.-28: Legal notices in the colonial press called for the settlement of several estates and debts within the Northern Province. Creditors for the estate of M. Allain, a Counselor at…
1767-Jan.-28: The British Parliament prepared to scrutinize the territorial concessions granted to the East India Company by the treaty of Lord Clive. The government intended to restrict the company's activities…
1767-Jan.-28: To address the growing burden of public debt, the British government proposed reducing interest rates on capital from 4 percent and 3.5 percent down to 3 percent. This measure…
1767-Jan.-28: A royal edict in Portugal declared all wills made in favor of religious communities or fraternities to be null and void to prevent ecclesiastical greed. The decree also invalidated…
1767-Jan.-28: A private inventor in Great Britain developed a new tree-cutting machine that allowed five men to complete as much work in five hours as ten men could in ten.…
1767-Jan.-28: A Scotsman announced the discovery of a method to manufacture soap using seaweed, which he claimed would be 50 percent cheaper than traditional oil-based varieties. While the financial benefits…
1767-Jan.-29: Syndic M. Rimbert convened a meeting of the creditors of the late M. Allain, a Counselor at the Superior Council of the Cap. The gathering, held at the office…
1767-Jan.-30: Market data from Saint-Marc showed that old wine was valued at 150 livres, while Moissac flour command a price of 80 livres. In the port of Cap-Français, essential provisions…
1767-Jan.-31: A judicial sale was held at the Royal Seat of the Cap for a property in Petite-Ance formerly belonging to the late M. Sicard. The estate was located near…
1767-Feb.-02: The merchant vessels La Cherie from Bordeaux and La Côte-d'Or from Honfleur docked at Cap-Français carrying a combined 380 African captives. The captives, brought from the Gold Coast, were…
1767-Feb.-02: The ship Le Saint-Antoine-des-Ames, under Captain Gramont, departed from Cap-Français bound for Bordeaux with a full cargo of colonial produce. It was followed the next day by La Nouvelle-Union…
1767-Feb.-03: Two additional slaving vessels, Le Thésée from Marseille and Le Prince-de-Condé from Nantes, arrived at Cap-Français with 240 captives from the Gold Coast. The Prince-de-Condé was notably under new…
1767-Feb.-03: The estate of the late Sr. Esmenard, located at Grand-Boucand in the Plaine-du-Nord parish, was scheduled for public liquidation through an auction on the plantation. The sale included a…
1767-Feb.-04: Affiches Américaines issue No. 5 was published, continuing its role as the primary source of administrative, economic, and social news for Saint-Domingue. The gazette served as a central repository…
1767-Feb.-04: Construction began on a monumental new bridge at Neuilly near Paris, designed and directed by M. Perronet, a King’s Engineer and member of the Academy of Sciences. In a…
1767-Feb.-04: Reports from Beaune indicated that while the quality of the new wine harvest was expected to be excellent, the overall quantity across France was quite mediocre. This scarcity triggered…
1767-Feb.-04: A new manufacturing company with exclusive privileges was established in the village of Ormoy near Etampes to produce gold and silver-plated copper wire. This industrial development, located along the…
1767-Feb.-04: Maritime logs recorded the arrival of several major merchant vessels in French ports after successful voyages from Saint-Domingue. Ships such as La Liberté reached Marseille, while the Saint-Marc, Maillat,…
1767-Feb.-04: An influential essay from the Gazette de la Martinique argued that "noble emulation" among citizens was essential for improving the arts, sciences, and colonial agriculture. The author praised Saint-Domingue's…
1767-Feb.-05: Economic data from Port-au-Prince and Cap-Français revealed the continued high cost of essential European food imports. In the western capital, Moissac flour reached prices between 85 and 90 livres,…
1767-Feb.-05: Market data for Port-au-Prince showed that white sugar was trading between 42 and 50 livres, while prices for other grades of sugar lacked a fixed regulated rate. Blue indigo…
1767-Feb.-05: The slaving vessel Le Boulongne, originating from Nantes and led by Captain Christophe, arrived at the port of Léogane. The ship completed its voyage from the Angolan coast, deporting…
1767-Feb.-06: The concierge of the colonial prisons recorded the arrest of Antoine, an enslaved man of the Congo nation branded "LP" and "LPR." Antoine claimed to belong to Madame Lavaud…
1767-Feb.-07: The merchant ships La Colombe and L'Aimable-Thérèse departed from the port of Cap-Français bound for Saint-Malo with cargoes of colonial goods. On the same day, the vessel La Comtesse-de-Brionne…
1767-Feb.-08: A gold-headed cane was reported lost on the road through the Quartier-Morin district. The cane was described as having a long, intricately worked gold pommel and featured a black…
1767-Feb.-11: Maritime logs at Cap-Français recorded the arrival of several vessels from the port of Nantes, including the Marquise-de-Brancas. These ships provided the essential metropolitan link for the export of…
1767-Feb.-13: Market indicators from Saint-Marc showed a stable but high price for colonial exports, with cotton trading at 200 livres. Essential metropolitan imports remained expensive, with Moissac flour reaching a…
1767-Feb.-13: The Bordeaux merchant ship Le Robuste, under the command of Captain Robert, arrived at the port of Cap-Français. The vessel reached the Northern Province capital after a regional voyage…
1767-Feb.-14: An expert named Delile, newly arrived in the colony, provided a detailed chemical explanation regarding the essential role of lime in the sugar-making process. He compared the action of…
1767-Feb.-14: A judicial sale was held at the Royal Seat of the Cap for a coffee plantation located at Montagne-Noire in the Grande-Rivière parish. The estate, formerly belonging to the…
1767-Feb.-14: M. l’Aisné, a merchant based in Léogane, issued a public notice to the creditors of his late brother, M. I. Sarmejanne. Before his death, Sarmejanne had served as a…
1767-Feb.-14: The Brodel sisters, residing near the church in Cap-Français, expanded their business by bringing a specialized seamstress directly from Paris. They offered dressmaking services in the latest metropolitan styles…
1767-Feb.-14: The Superior of the Hôpital de la Charité in Cap-Français sought a contractor to supply three to four hundred mattresses filled with corn husks. Local inhabitants were also encouraged…
1767-Feb.-14: M. Jolly, a merchant in Cap-Français and testamentary executor for the late Sieur Larché des Landelles, initiated a search for the deceased's legal documents. Larché had been a resident…
1767-Feb.-14: A judicial sale was held at the Royal Seat of the Cap for a coffee plantation located at Montagne-Noire in the Grande-Rivière parish. The estate, formerly belonging to the…
1767-Feb.-16: The merchant vessel L'Assomption, hailing from Morlaix and led by Captain Desmoulins, departed from Cap-Français bound for Nantes. The ship set sail with a cargo of colonial wealth, following…
1767-Feb.-16: M. Jean-Jacques Brunet, a 40-year-old Creole planter residing in the Artibonite district, passed away. His death was recorded alongside that of M. de Saint-Quentin, the Curator of Vacant Successions…
1767-Feb.-16: The British government declared that all proceeds from new colonial trade taxes would be used for the maintenance and improvement of Caribbean ports. Specifically, the funds were designated for…
1767-Feb.-16: Colonial scientific debate continued regarding the chemical action of lime in the purification of cane juice. Observers noted that lime served as a vital agent to separate impurities and…
1767-Feb.-16: Market reports from Cap-Français indicated that Irish beef reached prices between 66 and 72 livres per barrel, while soap was valued up to 90 livres. In the secondary port…
1767-Feb.-16: An enslaved man named Antoine, of the Congo nation, was reported as a runaway in Cap-Français while wearing a long iron chain around his neck and foot. Despite the…
1767-Feb.-16: A significant forgery case was uncovered in the metropole involving a double engagement of 180,000 livres in the name of M. de Mory, Cashier of the India Company. The…
1767-Feb.-16: Reports from Rochefort confirmed that the royal facilities for receiving convicts (forçats) were now capable of holding up to 800 individuals. The colonial administration announced that the officers who…
1767-Feb.-16: A literary feud erupted in France as M. de Voltaire published a brochure criticizing M. de Bury’s recently released History of Henry IV. Voltaire accused Bury, whom he labeled…
1767-Feb.-16: Sieur Chartier announced the discovery of a chemical composition capable of protecting iron from rust and atmospheric decay. He characterized rust as a "leprosy" that devoured the most useful…
1767-Feb.-16: The King appointed M. Froger de l'Eguille as the new Lieutenant-General of the naval armies, filling the vacancy left by the death of the Count de Blenac. Froger de…
1767-Feb.-16: The vessel La Mariette, commanded by Captain Rochet, arrived at the port of La Rochelle from the southern district of Les Cayes. This arrival completed another commercial cycle, delivering…
1767-Feb.-16: Sieur Chartier received a formal Royal Patent from the King authorizing the use of his secret composition to protect iron from rust. The product's effectiveness was validated by certificates…
1767-Feb.-19: The personal effects and library of the late Sr. Baisset were scheduled for public sale at the residence of the King's Printer in Cap-Français. The auction included a diverse…
1767-Feb.-21: A group of 26 enslaved individuals belonging to the Pierre Bouyer succession was put up for public sale at the Royal Seat of the Cap. The terms of the…
1767-Feb.-09: The vessel Le Comte-de-Chessi, under the command of Captain Lessenne, departed from Cap-Français for the port of Le Havre. This sailing followed a series of departures earlier in the…
1767-Feb.-14: A variety of specialized health products and proprietary medicines were advertised for sale at reduced prices in the colonial capital. These included marshmallow paste of the same quality found…
1767-Feb.-14: A three-year lease for a plantation belonging to Sr. Courcelle, located in the Mornes du Cap near La Providence, was put up for public auction. The estate featured a…
1767-Feb.-14: Reports from Lisbon detailed a French inventor who developed secret "invisible or hidden fire" bombs and grenades capable of producing irresistible and instantaneous destruction. Successful trials of these incendiary…
1767-Feb.-14: M. le Chevalier-la-Martre, a prominent merchant in Cap-Français, notified his business associates of his relocation to a new office at the corner of Rue Penthievre and Rue St. Joseph.…
1767-Feb.-14: Sieur Labat de l'Isle, a resident of Port-au-Prince, advertised a specialized medicinal syrup designed to relieve and radically cure diseases of the chest and asthma. The remedy was also…
1767-Jun.-08: M. le Pelletier de Morfontaine, the Intendant of Soissons, attended the Fête de la Rose in Salancy and personally escorted the chosen Rosière during the ceremony. Moved by the…
1767-Jul.: Spain and Denmark finalized a significant diplomatic treaty aimed at cutting off the movement of fugitives between their respective Caribbean territories. The agreement specifically mandated the reciprocal return of…
1767-July-29: France further liberalized its colonial trade policies by issuing a royal decree that made Môle St. Nicolas a free port. This designation allowed foreign vessels of over one hundred…
1767-10-06: (Henry Christophe, Born Most Likely in Grenada, Sold Into Slavery in Haiti, Who Fought as a Teenage Drummer Boy at the Siege of Savannah, Rose Through the Revolution to…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Léogane in 1767, the people aboard the Badine rose against the crew. They had been taken at West Central Africa and St. Helena.…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Basse-Terre in 1767, the people aboard the Marie rose against the crew. They had been taken at Senegambia and offshore Atlantic. The record…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Saint-Marc in 1767, the people aboard the Début rose against the crew. They had been taken at Loango. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage in 1767, an unnamed French ship was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Senegambia and offshore Atlantic. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage in 1767, the people aboard the Rochelle rose against the crew. They had been taken at Madagascar. The record gives the numbers as: 386 people were…
On a slaving voyage in 1767, the people aboard the Saint Jean de Luz rose against the crew. They had been taken at Senegambia and offshore Atlantic. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Suriname in 1767, the people aboard the Enigheid planned a rising that the crew discovered before it broke. They had been taken at…
THE sieurs G....., Messieurs, settlers of the Isle à Vache at Saint-Domingue, having asked for the registration of their titles of Nobility, the Conseil Supérieur of Port-au-Prince raised difficulties, and…
UP to now the orders that were given to send an exact statement of the quantity of nègres introduced into the Colonies have been neglected. Please send me one, in…
Having seen by the Conseil the petition of the Procureur-Général du Roi, the matter put to deliberation, THE CONSEIL has ordered and does order that the Ordinance of 15 June…
Henry Christophe, a *griffe*, that is to say the son of a *nègre* and a *mulâtre*, was born in the quarter of Sauteurs, on the island of Grenada (1), on…
Desruisseaux (André-Louis Renaud) was born at Fonds-Parisien on 12 November 1767, on the plantation that bore his name. His father, a free *mulâtre*, was named François Renaud; his mother, a…
1768: The danse à Don Pèdre, a revolutionary Vodou form, is introduced. This aggressive style of Vodou emphasized vengeance and provided a spiritual foundation for future rebellion.
1768: French authorities in Martinique identified and punished several enslaved people for giving voice to a powerful liberation rumor that energized the local black community. The spreading news…
1768-May-09: Spanish ministers in Madrid reviewed an "expediente" concerning the exchange of enslaved people who had escaped between the Spanish territories and the Danish West Indies. The document examined the feasibility…
On a slaving voyage in 1768, the people aboard the Africa rose against the crew. They had been taken at Calabar. The record gives the numbers as: 310 people were…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Senegambia and offshore Atlantic in 1768, the Furet was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Joal, or Saloum…
On a slaving voyage that ended at British Caribbean, colony unspecified in 1768, the people aboard the Esther rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cayenne in 1768, the people aboard the Saint Pierre rose against the crew. They had been taken at Bight of Biafra and Gulf…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Freetown in 1768, the Favourite was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Delagoa. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Savanna la Mar in 1768, the people aboard the Tryal rose against the crew. They had been taken at Anomabu, Adja, Agga. The…
On a slaving voyage in 1768, the people aboard the Nancy rose against the crew. They had been taken at New Calabar. The record gives the numbers as: 132 people…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Port-au-Prince in 1768, the people aboard the Saint Nicolas rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Bonny in 1768, the Vine was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Bonny. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Savanna la Mar in 1768, the people aboard the Africa rose against the crew. They had been taken at New Calabar. The record…
On a slaving voyage in 1768, the Chevalier Forbin was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Madagascar. The record gives the numbers as: 386 people…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Suriname in 1768, the people aboard the Haast U Langzaam rose against the crew. They had been taken at Malembo. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage in 1768, the Indian Prince was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Bight of Biafra and Gulf of Guinea Islands. The…
In 1768 William Young and the other British settlement commissioners informed the Caribs of St Vincent that they were now subjects of the British Crown. Joseph Chatoyer refused. He asked…
THE King being in his Conseil has quashed and quashes the Decree of his Conseil Supérieur of the Cap of 21 July preceding, concerning fugitive estray nègres; makes very express…
SEEN by us Jean-Baptiste Esteve, Conseiller du Roi, etc. We, having seen the Decree of the Conseil Supérieur of the Cap of 7 April 1758, forbid all mulâtres and enslaved…
BETWEEN the sieur Carrere, Settler at Ouanaminte, appellant from a Sentence of the Amirauté of Fort Dauphin, of the one part. And the sieur Fourneau, charged with the collection of…
THE KING having had laid before him the Decree rendered on 28 January last by the Conseil Supérieur of the Cap, Island of Saint-Domingue, concerning the emancipation of the enslaved,…
White colonists in Saint-Domingue had been agitating for autonomy from Versailles, and the militia ordinances had them close to open revolt. While the Conseil superieur of Port-au-Prince was sitting, Monsieur…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Jamaica in 1769, the King David was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Calabar. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage in 1769, the people aboard the Union rose against the crew. They had been taken at Scarcies. The record gives the numbers as: 66 people were…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Saint-Marc in 1769, the people aboard the Roy Morba rose against the crew. They had been taken at Sierra Leone estuary. The record…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Dominica in 1769, the Latham was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Calabar. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage in 1769, the True Friends was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Liverpool River. The record gives the numbers as: 461…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Freetown in 1769, the people aboard the Concorde rose against the crew. They had been taken at Sierra Leone estuary. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Saint John in 1769, the Andrews had its boats attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Calabar. The record…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cayenne in 1769, the people aboard the Marie Anne rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gabon. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage in 1769, the people aboard the True Blue rose against the crew. They had been taken at Benin. The record gives the numbers as: 500 people…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Charleston in 1769, the people aboard the Jenny (a) Nancy rose against the crew. They had been taken at Sierra Leone estuary. The…
ALEXANDRE DE BONGARS, etc. In consequence of the King’s orders addressed to us by the Dispatch of the Minister, dated at Versailles 13 March last, we have regulated and decreed…
THE COURT, ruling on the remonstrance of the Procureur-Général, and having heard the report of M. Gabeure de Vernot, Conseiller, has ordered and does order that the value of the…
BETWEEN the sieur Jamet, Settler at Port Margot, appellant, of the one part; and Philippe Aumouet, Guardian of the minor Guerre children, respondent, of the other part. After Behagnon, Avocat…
An ordinance re-established the staffs of the garrison towns with their former functions.
1770-Jun.-03: A devastating earthquake levels Port-au-Prince. This catastrophic event destroyed much of the city and killed thousands in the surrounding plain.
1770-Jun.-27: Robert Norris, the captain of the Liverpool slaving ship Unity, recorded a series of violent attempted insurrections in his journal while en route to Jamaica. On this date,…
1770–1788: (The Decaying Urban Centers and Natural Warnings): Despite being the "capital of the richest country on the face of the globe," the cities of Saint-Domingue were often described as…
1770, April 2: (The Birth of Alexandre Pétion): Alexandre Sabes Pétion was born in Port-au-Prince to a free mulâtresse and a Frenchman who initially withheld his name because the child's…
1770: Biography. Did you know Alexandre Pétion was a trained goldsmith who joined the militia at 18 after being initially disowned by his father for being "too dark"?
1770s–1800s: (The Abolition Debate and the Objectification of Africa: Enlightenment Humanism Meets Evangelical Outrage, Brissot in Revolutionary France, Granville Sharp and Wilberforce's 1787 to 1788 Campaign in Britain, Wedgwood's…
1770s–1800s: (The Economic Calculus Behind Abolition: Enslaved Labor No Longer Viewed as Profitable, Caribbean Sugar Profits in Decline, Industrial Capital Redirected Homeward, and Africa Reimagined as a Source…
1770s–1850s: (The Ethiopian Highlands in the Age of Fragmentation: The Unified Christian Empire as an Ideal Only, Multiple Polities Jostling for Commerce Through Massawa and Zeila, the Oromo Migration…
1770s–1830s: (The Eastern Frontier and the Xhosa: Conflict over the Zuurveld from the 1770s, Sporadic Frontier Wars, British Unwillingness to Fund Expensive Campaigns, and Boer Frustration That Drove the…
1770s–1810: (Uthman dan Fodio and the 1804 Jihad: The Fulani Scholar Who Began Preaching in Gobir in the 1770s, Condemned Illegal Taxation and Polytheism, Performed the Hijra, Launched Jihad…
1770s–1880s: (The Age of African Exploration: James Bruce's Quest for the Nile Source in the 1770s, Mungo Park Tracing the Niger in the 1790s, Denham and Clapperton Reaching Sokoto…
1770-00-00: (Port-au-Prince Becomes the Colonial Capital of Saint-Domingue, the French Transferring Administrative Authority From Cap-Haïtien to a City Built on a Seismic Fault That Would Be Devastated Repeatedly for the…
1770-06-03: (A Devastating Earthquake Strikes Port-au-Prince, Killing Over Two Hundred People in the Same Year the City Becomes the Colonial Capital, the First of Many Seismic Catastrophes to Remind the…
1770-04-02: (Alexandre Pétion, Born in Port-au-Prince, the Mulatto Revolutionary Who Would Become President of Southern Haiti, Dismantle the Plantation System, Distribute Land to Peasants, Arm Simón Bolívar on the Condition…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cap Français in 1770, the people aboard the Brocanteur rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gabon. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage in 1770, an unnamed British ship was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Kissey River. The record gives the numbers as:…
On a slaving voyage in 1770, an unnamed British ship was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Kissey River. The record gives the numbers as:…
On a slaving voyage in 1770, the Ave Marie was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at a port the record does not name. The record…
On a slaving voyage in 1770, the Saint Augustine Packet was attacked from the shore. Captain: Savery. Flag: Great Britain. Recorded outcome, in the database’s words: “shipwrecked or destroyed, before…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Suriname in 1770, the people aboard the Zanggodin rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gabon. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Dominica in 1770, the people aboard the Delight rose against the crew. They had been taken at Cape Mount (Cape Grand Mount). The…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Kingston in 1770, the people aboard the Unity rose against the crew. They had been taken at Whydah. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage in 1770, the people aboard the Duke of Bridgewater rose against the crew. They had been taken at Windward Coast. The record gives the numbers as:…
On a slaving voyage in 1770, the George was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Sierra Leone estuary. The record gives the numbers as: 148…
On a slaving voyage in 1770, the Cato was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Benin. The record gives the numbers as: 352 people were…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cap Français in 1770, the people aboard the Saint Nicolas rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gorée. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage in 1770, the people aboard an unnamed British ship rose against the crew. They had been taken at Sierra Leone estuary. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Basse-Terre in 1770, the people aboard the Entreprise rose against the crew. They had been taken at Sierra Leone estuary. The record gives…
All the sugar works of the plain of the Cul-de-Sac were thrown down; and the Grande Rivière that crosses the plain, after lying dry for sixteen hours through the effect…
The governor's palace, the Intendance, the council house, the Church, the powder magazine, the barracks, the private houses, all became a single heap of ruins. The comte de Nolivos, governor…
BETWEEN the man named Paul, called Carenan, calling himself a free mulâtre, Settler, Appellant; and Marie-Jeanne Delaunay, wife of the said Carenan, both for herself and for her children; and…
MARIE-JEANNE DELAUNAY, a free quarteronne, most humbly petitions, saying that, united for more than 13 years by the bonds of marriage to the man named Paul Carenan, mulâtre, this unfortunate…
One sees on the rue du Centre the ruins of the Senate, and, on the rue de l'Enterrement, the palace of the chamber of deputies, which had been built on…
Some settlers of the Leeward Islands have asked permission to take their nègres to Cayenne, where they wish to establish themselves. I reported this to the King, and His Majesty…
The earthquake of 3 June 1770, which overthrew Port-au-Prince, destroyed all the manufactories of the plain of the Cul-de-Sac. The Grande-Rivière remained dry for sixteen hours. Its waters came back…
EARTHQUAKES. FIRES. Almost immediately after its foundation it suffered an earthquake, in 1751. The idea was then conceived of building it only of wood. The earthquake of 3 June 1770,…
One sees on the rue du Centre the ruins of the Senate, and, on the rue de l'Enterrement, the palace of the chamber of deputies, which had been built on…
BETWEEN the dame, not in community of property, of the sieur Cassarouy, and he himself, for the authorization and in his personal name, of the one part; and the Procureur-Général…
The governor Nolivos and the intendant Bongars wrote to the minister on the request of certain families of mixed descent to be declared of Indian race, and refused to support…
Anne-Alexandre, known under the name of Pétion, saw the light of day in Port-au-Prince, in rue de la Révolution, then rue d'Orléans (1), on Monday 2 April 1770; and by…
1771: The governor of Santiago de Cuba reported that small, unguarded harbors in the Bayamo district were full of ships engaged in illicit trade. These vessels carried deserters from various…
1771-1773: During the years between 1771 and 1773, the British slave trade reached an all-time peak in maritime activity. More than one hundred vessels per year cleared from Liverpool, which…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Saint John in 1771, the people aboard the African Queen rose against the crew. They had been taken at Kissey River. The record…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Suriname in 1771, the people aboard the Willemina Aletta rose against the crew. They had been taken at Elmina. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Kingston in 1771, the people aboard the True Blue rose against the crew. They had been taken at Benin. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cap Français in 1771, the people aboard the Saint René rose against the crew. They had been taken at Whydah. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage in 1771, the Polly was attacked from the shore. Captain: Walsh, Hugh (a) Naish. Flag: Great Britain. Recorded outcome, in the database’s words: “shipwrecked or destroyed,…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cap Français in 1771, the people aboard the Pacifique rose against the crew. They had been taken at Accra. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Suriname in 1771, the people aboard the Nieuwe Hoop planned a rising that the crew discovered before it broke. They had been taken…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Suriname in 1771, the people aboard the Guinese Vriendschap rose against the crew. They had been taken at Elmina. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Bissagos in 1771, the people aboard the Nécessaire rose against the crew. They had been taken at Grand Mesurado. Captain: Badiaux. Flag: France.…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Charleston in 1771, the people aboard the Two Brothers rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Barbados in 1771, the Carrick was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Windward Coast. The record gives the…
Two habitations at Fond Parisien, which Emile Peters claims to have bought from the co-owners Imbert, Bowler, Cariciée, etc. Together they measure 606 carreaux of land. According to a survey…
Brigadier General Pierre Henry, who commanded the arrondissement of la Grand'Anse under President Pétion, and the 18th half-brigade of Jérémie, was also born at Saint Louis du Sud, on 4…
HAVING SEEN the requisition of the Procureur-Général du Roi, stating that at the execution of Decrees rendered against nègres convicted of theft, the greatest abuses occur every day; that the…
I have reported to the King the letter of MM. de Nolivos and de Bongars of April 10, 1770, containing their reflections on the request made by the sieurs...., for…
HAVING seen by the Conseil the petition of Doré, Doyen of the Notaires of the Jurisdiction of the Cap and Greffier of the Subdélégation, with the conclusions of the Procureur-Général…
The king's minister wrote to the administrators about a dragoon captain who had married a girl of mixed blood in France and could therefore no longer serve in Saint-Domingue.
1772-Jun.-22: The landmark Somerset v Stewart case concluded in England, where Lord Mansfield ruled that an enslaved person could not be forcibly removed from English soil and sold abroad. Julius…
1772-03-17: (Charles Victor Emmanuel Leclerc, Napoleon's Brother-in-Law, the French General Sent to Reconquer Haiti With 40,000 Troops, Who Captured Louverture Through Treachery but Could Not Defeat the Revolution, Dying of…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Suriname in 1772, the people aboard the Hoop van Dordrecht rose against the crew. Captain: Darem, Pieter. Flag: Netherlands. Recorded outcome, in the…
On a slaving voyage in 1772, an unnamed British ship was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Ivory Coast. The record gives the numbers as:…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cap Français in 1772, the people aboard the Intelligente rose against the crew. They had been taken at Whydah. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at São Tomé in 1772, the people aboard the Fancy rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gabon. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Dominica in 1772, the people aboard the Lord Cassils rose against the crew. They had been taken at Calabar. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Barbados in 1772, the people aboard the Matty rose against the crew. They had been taken at Windward Coast. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Martinique in 1772, the people aboard the Cupidon rose against the crew. They had been taken at Senegambia and offshore Atlantic. The record…
On a slaving voyage in 1772, the people aboard the Comte d'Estaing rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the numbers as: 33 people…
HAVING seen the criminal trial conducted at the Siège of Port-au-Prince against Thélémaque, and the Sentence which declares the said nègre Télémaque, etc.; and forbids all Owners of Houses, of…
Several hurricanes wrought havoc in the town: those of 14 August 1680, 21 September 1751, 17 September 1754, 20 September 1756, 4 August 1772, 27 August 1775, 5 September 1781,…
The ground on which the village is established is raised about 500 meters above sea level. The whole territory of the commune is made up of mountains interspersed and separated…
Léogane gave birth to Queen Anacaona, who was a poet; to General Bonnet, born on 15 May 1773; to General Inginac; to General Ségrettier, member of the provisional government of…
SARREBOUSSE. Habitation situated in the commune of Léogane, where Marion was born on 2 December 1772. Cangé, the chief of the indigènes of the mornes of Grand-Goâve, came there in…
1773: Barely a year after the historic Somerset decision in England, planters in Virginia reported that word of the ruling had reached local enslaved communities. Enslaved Virginians began attempting to…
1773-Jan.: A vibrant watercolor titled "View of Cap-Français and the Marie Séraphique of Nantes" was created to document the opening of a sale of captives in Saint-Domingue. The vessel had…
1773-Sep.-30: The Virginia Gazette reported on instances of resistance and flight by the enslaved that reflected a growing trend of organized defiance in Britain's North American colonies. Enslavers' advertisements for…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Saint-Domingue in 1773, the people aboard the Jeune Louis rose against the crew. They had been taken at Sierra Leone estuary. The record…
On a slaving voyage in 1773, the people aboard the Industry rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the numbers as: 169 people were…
On a slaving voyage in 1773, the people aboard the New Britannia rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the numbers as: 236 people…
On a slaving voyage in 1773, the Sally was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Windward Coast. The record gives the numbers as: 171 people…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Jamaica in 1773, the people aboard the Robert rose against the crew. They had been taken at Sierra Leone estuary. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage in 1773, the Nancy was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Sierra Leone estuary. The record gives the numbers as: 171…
On a slaving voyage that ended at St. Eustatius in 1773, the people aboard the Haast U Langzaam rose against the crew. They had been taken at Malembo. The record…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Saint-Marc in 1773, the Julie was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at a port the record does not…
A French mission worked in the kingdoms of Loango and Kakongo north of the river Zaire from 1766 to 1775. The Capuchins had never reached those societies and they had…
LOUIS, etc. Between the sieur Riviere, the elder, etc. And ruling on the requisition of the Procureur-Général of the King, THE COURT has fixed at the term of 6 months,…
Celebrated men. Port-au-Prince prides itself on having given birth to General Galbaud, Governor General of St. Domingue; to Alexandre Pétion, Jean Pierre Boyer [15 February 1773] and Nissage Saget (6…
SEEN by the Conseil the Petition of the sieur Texier, etc. . . And ruling on the further submissions of the Procureur-Général of the King, orders that the orders for…
SEEN the criminal trial conducted at the Seat of Port-au-Prince, etc. OUR COURT, amending, orders that the said nègre calling himself free shall be taken to the galleys for life;…
Celebrated men. Port-au-Prince prides itself on having given birth to General Galbaud, Governor General of St. Domingue; to Alexandre Pétion, Jean Pierre Boyer [15 February 1773] and Nissage Saget (6…
Fires of the Cap: 1691. 1695. 1723, the church burns from firecrackers on the day of the Fête-Dieu; 20 September 1734; 10 May 1773; 9 January 1774; 27 November 1851.…
Léogane gave birth to Queen Anacaona, who was a poet; to General Bonnet, born on 15 May 1773; to General Inginac; to General Ségrettier, member of the provisional government of…
I have had occasion to observe, Monsieur, in connection with the nègres coming from vessels seized for interloping, a practice very harmful to the interests of the King, and liable…
ON the remonstrance of the Procureur-Général of the King in the Court, containing, etc., THE COURT, ruling on the said remonstrance of the Procureur-Général, has resolved that two of Messieurs,…
Jérôme-Maximilien Borgella was born at Port-au-Prince, the son of the white colonist Bernard Borgella and of the quarteronne Cécile La Mahautière.
1774-February-10: Ossun, the French minister to Spain, declared in an official memoir that Saint-Domingue was France's "finest and richest colony". He argued that the colony was the principal resource for…
On a slaving voyage in 1774, the Fly was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Gabon. The record gives the numbers as: 148 people were…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Suriname in 1774, the people aboard the Hermina Elisabeth rose against the crew. They had been taken at Windward + Ivory + Gold…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Martinique in 1774, the people aboard the Aimable Claire rose against the crew. They had been taken at a port the record does…
On a slaving voyage in 1774, the people aboard the Diane rose against the crew. They had been taken at Whydah. The record gives the numbers as: 252 people were…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Curaçao in 1774, the people aboard the Waakzaamheid rose against the crew. They had been taken at Malembo. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage in 1774, the Nannette was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Senegambia and offshore Atlantic. The record gives the numbers as:…
The third recorded Curaçao revolt began as mass marronage. All seventy-two enslaved people of the De Fuijk plantation tried to board a large canoe for Coro on the Venezuelan coast,…
Fires of the Cap: 1691. 1695. 1723, the church burns from firecrackers on the day of the Fête-Dieu; 20 September 1734; 10 May 1773; 9 January 1774; 27 November 1851.…
ON this day, Messieurs de Trouillet and Achard de Champroger, Conseillers Commissaires of the Court, appointed by its Decree of the 8th of this month to inspect the royal prisons…
I AM informed that settlers of the Colonies who have contracted alliances with girls of mixed blood, which render them unfit to enjoy any privileges, have had themselves provided in…
1775: The American Revolutionary War began, leading to a steep decline in the transatlantic slave trade as naval squadrons and privateers targeted merchant shipping. Between 1777 and 1782, Dutch, American,…
1775: Georgia delegates to the Continental Congress shared their fears with John Adams regarding the vulnerability of the coastal South to a British invasion. They estimated that twenty thousand…
1775-Fall: In the fall of 1775, unemployed seamen in Liverpool initiated violent protests against the exploitative conditions of the slave trade. Marching under a red flag, they expressed grievances over…
1775-Aug.: Thomas Jeremiah, a prominent free black harbor pilot in Charleston, was brought to trial and executed for allegedly plotting an insurrection of the enslaved. As a pilot, Jeremiah possessed…
1775-Aug.: A major strike by Liverpool sailors broke out, representing one of the most significant urban riots in eighteenth-century England alongside the Gordon Riots. The sailors protested against wage cuts…
1775-September-01: Caron de Beaumarchais began a persistent campaign to urge French Foreign Minister Vergennes to provide aid to the rebelling American colonies. He argued that if France failed to support…
1775-Sept.-04: A captive man branded with "LSM" on his right chest died at the Ouidah (Juda) roadstead after suffering from a sudden and uncontrollable sickness. The ship's surgeon noted that…
1775-Sept.-08: A man held captive on the ship Susanne Marguerite died of smallpox after being ill for eight days at the Ouidah roadstead. Although he had initially given the crew…
1775-Sept.-15: A young African girl branded with "LSM" on her right arm died at the Ouidah roadstead after suffering from scurvy for several days. Her death was recorded in the…
1775-Sep.-15: Thomas Jeremiah, a prominent free black pilot in Charleston, was executed following a trial where he was accused of inciting an insurrection of the enslaved. Julius S. Scott notes that…
1775-Oct.-13: A woman branded with "LSM" on her right arm passed away at the Ouidah roadstead after suffering from both lethargy (inanition) and scurvy. The ship's journal noted that her…
1775-September-01: Governor D'Ennery of Saint-Domingue reported to the French government that American agents were actively purchasing significant quantities of gunpowder within the colony. He observed that it was exceedingly difficult…
1775-October-13: The Committee of the Whole of the Continental Congress passed a resolution recommending that the various revolutionary assemblies export domestic products to the foreign West Indies. The primary goal…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Danish West Indies, colony unspecified in 1775, the people aboard the Christiansborg rose against the crew. They had been taken at Christiansborg. The…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Newcastle in 1775, the people aboard the John rose against the crew. They had been taken at Iles de Los. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage in 1775, the Fox had its boats attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Grand Mesurado. The record gives the numbers as:…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Barbados in 1775, the Burrowes was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Windward Coast. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage in 1775, an unnamed British ship was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Sierra Leone estuary. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Paramaribo in 1775, the people aboard the Geertruida en Christina rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gold Coast. The record…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Port-au-Prince in 1775, the people aboard the Brune rose against the crew. They had been taken at Senegambia and offshore Atlantic. The record…
On a slaving voyage that ended at St. Kitts in 1775, the people aboard the Lively rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at St. Eustatius in 1775, the people aboard the Zanggodin rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gabon. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage in 1775, the Sally was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at a port the record does not name. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage in 1775, an unnamed British ship was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Sierra Leone estuary. The record gives the numbers…
An enslaved woman named Quamina died in 1775 on a Suriname plantation after weeks of pain in her belly. Everyone on the estate went together to the overseer, H. C.…
General Lamarre, the hero of the Môle, was born there on 15 January 1775. Rouzier tells this under the entry Fond Parisien (le).
ON this day Monsieur de Vincent, Lieutenant de Roi in this City, informed the Court of the disturbances and brigandage carried on in the Part of Fort-Dauphin by the man…
Having seen by the Court the proceedings extraordinarily conducted by the Lieutenant Criminel of the Cap, etc.; and ruling on the fuller conclusions of the Procureur-Général du Roi, and repeating…
Several hurricanes wrought havoc in the town: those of 14 August 1680, 21 September 1751, 17 September 1754, 20 September 1756, 4 August 1772, 27 August 1775, 5 September 1781,…
BETWEEN the Hérivaux Legatees, appellants, on the one part; and the sieur Groisil, the elder, respondent, on the other part: THE COURT has declared the default properly obtained and, for…
ON the petition presented to the King, being in his Conseil, by the sieur Morisseau d'Ester, Settler of the Artibonite, stating that he has recourse to the King's authority against…
1776: At the outbreak of the American Revolution, the population of the British colonies in the Caribbean had reached a point of extreme racial imbalance. Censuses from this period reveal…
1776: Toussaint Louverture is recorded as a free man, manumitted by Bayon de Libertat. His status as a free person of color gave him the mobility and perspective necessary to…
1776: Adam Smith argued in The Wealth of Nations that the labor performed by enslaved people was ultimately the most expensive form of work, despite only appearing to cost the…
1776: A significant scare over an insurrection of the enslaved gripped Jamaica as the American Revolution disrupted the usual patterns of trade and military presence. Local authorities feared that the…
1776-Jul.: Just as the Declaration of Independence appeared in the North American mainland, planters in Jamaica’s Hanover parish narrowly averted a slave uprising. Enslaved people along the coast attempted to…
1776-July-04: Rayford W. Logan establishes the starting point for United States diplomatic interest in Haiti, identifying Saint-Domingue as a crucial factor in French imperial policy during the American Revolution. The…
1776–1830: Mortality rates on slaving voyages to Brazil did not vary significantly between widely separated arrival regions, even though each province drew from a different mix of African embarkation points.…
1776–1830: The Middle Passage to Brazil was approximately 40 percent shorter than the corresponding route to the Caribbean, yet shipboard mortality rates remained comparable. While mortality rates declined sharply over…
1776–1830: The average duration of the Middle Passage began to decrease in the late eighteenth century, representing a significant shift in maritime efficiency. This decline occurred even as the route…
1776–1830: During the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, mortality rates among captives varied widely across different Caribbean destinations. Vessels arriving in the British Caribbean lost less than 8…
1776–1860: The American Revolution significantly curtailed the arrival of enslaved Africans in mainland North America as political and legal landscapes shifted. Among the new states, only Georgia and South Carolina…
1776-February-29: Caron de Beaumarchais submitted a confidential memorandum to King Louis XVI proposing the creation of a commercial house named Roderigue Hortalez and Company. This entity was designed to facilitate…
1776-December-01: The first ship belonging to Hortalez and Company, the Amphitrite, departed France for the United States with a cargo of uniforms, cannon, and a regiment of Irish soldiers. To…
1776-December-01: During the American Revolution, the French colony of Saint-Domingue served as a vital transit point for military supplies destined for the Continental Army. American privateers frequently used the island's…
1776-1783: Logan utilizes the biography of Brigadier General Louis Lebègue Duportail by Elizabeth Kite to highlight the role of French military engineers during the American Revolution. This connection underscores the…
1776-02-15: (Jean Pierre Boyer, Born the Mulatto Son of a French Tailor and an Enslaved Woman, Who Would Reunite Haiti in 1820, Invade the Dominican Republic in 1822, Negotiate the…
1776-00-00: (Toussaint Louverture Manumitted by His Enslaver on the Bréda Plantation, Remaining as a Salaried Worker and Accumulating Property, a Position of Relative Privilege That Would Shape His Initial…
Jean-Pierre Boyer was born in Port-au-Prince on this day, on a property near the rue du Peuple. He was Petion's private secretary before he was his successor, and he ruled…
Louis Felix Mathurin Boisrond was born on 6 June 1776 at Torbeck, in the south. His father Mathurin was a carpenter. Lightning struck the baby's cradle and left him unhurt,…
On a slaving voyage in 1776, the Chance was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at a port the record does not name. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Jamaica in 1776, the Sophia had its boats attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Anomabu, Adja, Agga. The…
On a slaving voyage that ended at St. Augustine in 1776, the people aboard the Polly rose against the crew. They had been taken at Senegal. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Martinique in 1776, the people aboard the Pacifique rose against the crew. They had been taken at Loango. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Senegambia and offshore Atlantic in 1776, the Grue was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Senegambia and offshore…
On a slaving voyage that ended at St. Vincent in 1776, the people aboard the Falstaff rose against the crew. They had been taken at Bimbia. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage in 1776, the John was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Lagos, Onim. The record gives the numbers as: 539 people…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Jamaica in 1776, the people aboard the True Briton rose against the crew. They had been taken at Bonny. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Jamaica in 1776, the people aboard the Tryal rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gabon. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Jamaica in 1776, the people aboard the Phoenix rose against the crew. They had been taken at Anomabu, Adja, Agga. The record gives…
It was at this time that General Gabart died at Saint-Marc, on 30 October 1805. The emperor was deeply grieved by this loss. Gabart and Clervaux, both men of color,…
AHYSSA, born on the banks of the Senegal, was carried off from there and taken to the Isle of Grenada, one of the Antilles, where she remained in the power…
LOUIS, etc. in view of the criminal trial held at the court of Port-au-Prince, against the man named François, called Lacostiere, an enslaved man, etc.; and ruling on the requisition…
On 28 October 1776, Gabart was born at Dondon. He died at Saint-Marc on 30 October 1805. An intrepid soldier, he earned all his ranks on the fields of battle.…
SEEN by the Court the extraordinary proceedings made and conducted by the Criminal Juge of Fort-Dauphin, etc. it was said by the Court that the judgment was wrong and the…
1777: A crowd in Le Cap kills the public executioner after a reported miraculous escape of a prisoner. This spontaneous act of violence reflected the underlying tensions and volatility of…
1777: Hilliard d'Auberteuil complacently denies the possibility of a rebellion of the enslaved due to a lack of communication between plantations. His assessment reflected the general overconfidence of the free population…
1777: An extradition treaty is signed with the Spanish in Santo Domingo to facilitate the return of people who had escaped slavery. This agreement aimed to limit the mobility of maroons…
1777-Aug.-09: King Louis XVI of France issued a royal declaration known as the "police des noirs" to regulate the presence of black people within the metropole. The decree aimed to…
1777-December-27: French Foreign Minister Vergennes wrote to the French ambassador in Spain to discuss the strategic dilemma posed by the American Revolution. He weighed whether it was more expedient to…
1777-March-20: Nicholas Rogers, an American agent stationed at Port-au-Prince, reported to Silas Deane that eleven American vessels were currently anchored at Cap-Français. He also noted that five or six other…
1777-May-09: The Continental Congress formed a specialized committee to finalize a contract with a Frenchman named Bajeu Laporte for military recruitment. The proposed agreement sought to raise a full regiment…
1777-December-20: Beaumarchais sent detailed instructions to his agent in the United States regarding a sophisticated signaling system for supply ships arriving in Saint-Domingue. American vessels approaching Cap-Français were instructed to…
1777-06-03: (The Treaty of Aranjuez, Signed Between France and Spain to Delineate the Boundary Between Their Colonial Possessions on the Island, Marked With Small Cement Pyramids That Roughly Correspond to the…
On a slaving voyage in 1777, the people aboard the Bienfaisant rose against the crew. They had been taken at Malembo. The record gives the numbers as: 112 people were…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Port-au-Prince in 1777, the people aboard the Amphitrite rose against the crew. They had been taken at Bonny. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Montego Bay in 1777, the people aboard the Thames rose against the crew. They had been taken at Accra. The record gives the…
BETWEEN the man named Jean Capiscol, etc. THE COURT, ruling on the requisition of our Procureur-Général, orders that the Regulations of the Court shall be executed according to their form…
Soon the French drove the English out of it and made war on the Spaniards, from whom they took territory on the mainland, where they settled definitively around 1694. The…
LOUIS, etc. GREETING. By our Letters patent of 3 September last, we ordered that judgment be stayed in all causes or lawsuits concerning the status of Black people of both…
THE KING being informed that several Settlers of his Colonies who have brought with them Black domestics, mulâtres, or other people of color, and who have complied with article IX…
LOUIS, etc. Between the sieur Soubira, residing at Dondon, appellant, plaintiff and defendant, by his petition served on 11 October last, and also by the conclusions taken at the Bar,…
A royal edict forbade blacks to enter the kingdom; Ardouin's footnote dates the same act 6 August 1777.
An order of the council of state forbade the distribution of Hilliard d'Auberteuil's work in Saint-Domingue.
1778: The United States formally joined the community of nations in the Atlantic World after entering into a Treaty of Alliance with France. This status of "treaty-worthiness" was a valuable…
1778-February-06: The Treaty of Amity and Commerce was signed, which established the formal framework for economic relations between France and the new United States. While the treaty generally limited most-favored-nation…
1778-February-06: France and the United States signed the Treaty of Amity and Commerce, which included specific provisions regarding the French West Indies. The treaty guaranteed that France would keep open…
1778-00-00: (Jules Solime Milscent, Born in Grande-Rivière du Nord, Haitian Poet and Fabulist Whose Literary Work Celebrated the Revolution in the French Romantic Tradition, Co-Founder of L'Abeille Haytienne, Killed by…
Jérôme Marc Coutilien Coutard was born on 10 November 1778 at Bellevue, in the district of Port-au-Prince. He entered the service in the 4th demi-brigade under Toussaint Louverture and always…
BETWEEN the woman named Michelle-Louise Scaramouche, widow of Lécron, free nègre, etc. And ruling on the requisition of the Procureur-Général, orders that the Regulations of the Colony shall be executed…
I am sending you several copies of a Decree of the Conseil Supérieur of the Isle de France, of 18 August 1777, which condemns a free nègre to be hanged…
THE KING, having had his Declaration of 9 August last brought before him, by which His Majesty forbade for the future the introduction into his Kingdom of any Black people,…
M. de Lilancour consents that the Non-commissioned Officers of the Companies of color carry their arms, on the express condition that they be in uniform, and at the same time…
JEAN-BAPTISTE-GUILLEMIN DE VAIVRE, etc. It being necessary in the present circumstances to make a tariff to fix what shall be paid for nègres, carts and livestock that the settlers may…
Jérôme Marc Coutilien Coutard, who saved the life of President Pétion at the battle of Sibert by putting the gold-braided hat of the head of State on his own head,…
LOUIS, etc. Between the person named Charles, called Fauveau, N. L. etc.; And ruling on the requisition of our Procureur-Général, forbids all persons of whatever quality and condition to let…
Coutilien Coustard was born, according to the epitaph on his tomb.
1779: French Admiral D’Estaing sailed from Saint-Domingue to Savannah with a force of several hundred black and mulatto troops to assist the American Revolution. These battalions included future revolutionary leaders…
1779: Joe Anderson, a Bermuda-born sailor, successfully eluded his enslaver by jumping aboard a ship at Port Antonio on Jamaica's north coast. He managed this escape despite being shackled…
1779: The "Black St. Domingo Legion," a unit composed of free men of color from Saint-Domingue, played a crucial role in the Siege of Savannah during the American Revolution. These…
1779 Oct: The Chasseurs Volontaires fight at the Siege of Savannah. These free men of color returned from the American Revolutionary War with military experience and ideas of liberty. Significance:…
1779-October-09: During the American attempt to recapture Savannah from the British, a contingent of over six hundred free men of color from Saint-Domingue took part in the assault. These soldiers,…
1779, September–October: (The Chasseurs Volontaires and the Disaster of Savannah): In 1779, France sent an expeditionary force under Comte d'Estaing to assist American Continentals, which included the Chasseurs Volontaires de…
1779-10-09: (The Siege of Savannah, Where Over Five Hundred Free Black and Mulatto Troops From Saint-Domingue Fought to Cover the Retreat of French and American Forces During the American War…
1779-10-09: (The Siege of Savannah, Over Five Hundred Free Black and Mulatto Troops From Saint-Domingue Fighting in the American War of Independence, Future Haitian Revolutionaries Including Christophe and Rigaud Among…
THE KING being in his Council, has quashed and annulled, does quash and annul, so far as concerns the sieur Soubira only, the said Decree of the Conseil Supérieur du…
LOUIS, etc. Between the sieur Garcia, Spaniard, of the one part; and the sieur Gouesse, Spaniard, of the other: THE COURT, on the principal matter, amending, sentences the Party of…
ROBERT, Comte d'Argout, etc. His Majesty placing entire confidence in the attachment and fidelity to his service of his free Subjects, People of color, at Saint-Domingue, and having ordered us…
ROBERT, Comte d'Argout, etc. In consequence of His Majesty's orders, we have by Ordinances of this day ordered the levying of two Corps, one under the name of Volunteer Grenadiers,…
ROBERT, Comte d'Argout, etc. The circumstances requiring that each Company of the Corps of Volunteer Chasseurs of Saint-Domingue be brought to 103 men, whose full strength had been fixed at…
RULING on the further conclusions of the Procureur-Général du Roi, enjoins J...., Notaire, to be more circumspect in future in the drawing up of deeds of sale of enslaved people…
1780: Captain Vincent Ollivier, a 120-year-old black veteran and respected leader of the free colored community, dies in the colony. His long life spanned the formative decades of the colonial…
1780: A police report from Cap-Français expressed heightened anxiety regarding a restless population of petits blancs arriving daily from Europe to escape legal reprisals. While some arrivals were sturdy artisans,…
1780: Official figures for Cap Français noted only 195 free colored residents in 1775, but by 1780, a more careful count revealed almost 1,400 people in this category. This rapid…
1780s: The organized movement to abolish the transatlantic slave trade began to gain momentum in the Atlantic world, spearheaded primarily by British campaigners. Activists utilized innovative tactics such as distributing…
1780s: Pioneer activity in the mountainous interior intensifies as new coffee estates are established. The economic shift toward coffee production led to the settlement of higher elevations and increased slave…
1780s: A detailed account and illustration of an auction of captives in Cap-Français, Saint-Domingue, describe the highly organized and competitive nature of the colonial labor market. Captives were typically…
1780: Paul Eric Dubuisson published Nouvelles considérations sur Saint-Domingue, a work that analyzed the resources and strategic importance of the colony during the American Revolution. This bibliographic record highlights the…
1780s–1880s: (The East African Slave Trade's Intense Century: Russian Expansion Cutting Off Muslim World's Traditional Sources, French Indian Ocean Plantations, Brazilian Traders Crossing to the Indian Ocean, Zanzibar's Clove…
1780-00-00: (Jean Baptiste Riché, Born in Northern Haiti, the Son of a Free Black Militiaman, a Revolutionary Veteran and Christophe Loyalist Who Became President in 1846 as a Puppet of…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Suriname in 1780, the people aboard the Vigilantie rose against the crew. They had been taken at Sierra Leone estuary. The record gives…
Seen by the Conseil the Petition of the Butler heirs, seeking to be reimbursed the sum of [?],000 livres, stated in the deed of sale of the nègre Achille; Conclusions…
Jean-Baptiste Guillemin de Vaivre, &c. Having been informed that several settlers, to avoid paying the costs of their nègres' illnesses, send them to the Prisons of this City, to be…
Tiphaine, interim Greffier de l'Intendance, humbly petitions, and has the honor to set before you that he has just been informed that the receipts of the Receveur of the freedom…
François Reynaud de Villeverd, etc. Since it is necessary to make known His Majesty's intentions concerning the service of his Militias, free people of color in Saint-Domingue, and wishing to…
SEEN BY THE COURT, the proceedings extraordinarily conducted and instructed by the Juge-Criminel of Cap, at the request of the Substitut of the Procureur-Général, plaintiff and accuser, against the person…
SEEN by the Court, the proceedings extraordinarily conducted and instructed.... against the person named Jean, enslaved nègre of Sieur Laboubée, the person named Zéphire, enslaved nègre of Sieur Dallest, Apothecary…
I have received, Gentlemen, your Letter of 17 April last, in which you report to me the death of the person named Achille, nègre belonging to the Butler heirs, killed…
1781-August-05: Admiral de Grasse departed from Cap-Français with a massive French fleet to support George Washington’s final campaign against Lord Cornwallis. Before sailing, de Grasse secured $1,200,000$ livres in silver…
On a slaving voyage in 1781, the people aboard an unnamed French ship rose against the crew. They had been taken at a port the record does not name. The…
FRANÇOIS Reynaud de Villeverd, etc. Joseph-Alexandre Le Brasseur, etc. We have been informed that for a long time the greatest abuses have been creeping into the Goldsmithing trade of this…
FRANÇOIS Reynaud de Villeverd, etc. Joseph-Alexandre Le Brasseur, etc. The multiplied accidents that result in this Colony from the ease with which all private persons and a great number of…
You inform me by your letter of 1 December last, no. 55, that a Danish Frigate has arrived at Saint-Domingue, escorting three Vessels of the same Nation loaded with provisions,…
The direct nègre trade to the coasts of Africa is prohibited in our Colonies only so as to reserve its advantages for the Commerce of the Kingdom, and still more…
THIS Sentence condemns the man named Mallet, free mulâtre, holding the Ferry of Limbé, to pay to the woman named Marthe Dupré a sum of 3,600 livres, for the value…
Several hurricanes wrought havoc in the town: those of 14 August 1680, 21 September 1751, 17 September 1754, 20 September 1756, 4 August 1772, 27 August 1775, 5 September 1781,…
The village is situated 4 lieues from the town of Jacmel. Several hurricanes wrought damage there, notably those of 24 July 1724, 21 September 1751, 16 September 1754, 5 September…
JEAN-BAPTISTE de Tastes de Lilancour, etc. Joseph-Alexandre le Brasseur, etc. It being necessary to fix in an invariable manner the service of the nègres belonging to the King in the…
1782: Toussaint Louverture marries Suzanne Simone Baptiste on the Bréda plantation. Their union would anchor Toussaint's familial life during the tumultuous years of the revolution.
1782: A Spanish royal cédula authorized French vessels to trade directly with the colony of Louisiana, recognizing the "urgent necessity" of local commercial needs. This policy legalized the long-standing illicit…
1782: Jamaica's Grand Jury of the Quarter Sessions expressed alarm at the "multitude" of people of color from Curaçao and other foreign territories settling in Kingston. To maintain security, the…
1782-Dec.: The hurried British evacuation of Charleston resulted in the departure of over 5,000 blacks, both free and enslaved, aboard naval vessels. More than half of these individuals were transported…
1782-April-12: The French navy suffered a major defeat at the Battle of the Saints, which occurred as de Grasse’s fleet attempted to sail from Saint-Domingue to capture Jamaica. This engagement,…
1782-00-00: (Antoine Dupré, Born in Cap-Haïtien, One of Haiti's First Published Poets and Playwrights, Whose Historical Melodramas Celebrated the Revolution in French Literary Forms, Killed in a Duel at Thirty-Three):…
1782-08-15: (Faustin Soulouque, Born Into Slavery in Petit-Goâve, the Black Military Officer Whom the Mulatto Elite Installed as a Figurehead President in 1847, Only to Watch Him Seize Real Power,…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Martinique in 1782, the people aboard the Oiseau rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gorée. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cap Français in 1782, the people aboard the Fleury rose against the crew. They had been taken at Senegal. The record gives the…
LOUIS, etc. Between MM. and Mesdemoiselles de Brucourt, brothers and sisters, settlers at Grand Bassin, on one side: And the sieur Gaillardet, jeune, Militia Officer, settler at Grande Coline, and…
THE Procureur du Roi submits that the persistence of the nègres of this City in following through the streets and insulting a White private person named la Poterie continues still,…
THE great expedition ordered by His Majesty, Sir, being about to take out of this Colony the greater part of the regular Troops that hold garrison here, it is a…
BETWEEN the Diancourt heirs; the sieur and Dame Landon, purchasers of the property of the Diancourt estate; and the woman named Nanette Soreau, free mulâtresse, residing at Port Margot, Guardian…
I HAVE placed before the King, Sirs, the Resolution of the Conseil of the Cap that M. le Brasseur sent me on the ; June last, concerning the man named…
SEEN by the Court the proceedings made by extraordinary procedure and conducted by the Lieutenant-Criminel of Fort-Dauphin, at the Petition of the Substitut of the Procureur-Général du Roi at the…
SEEN by the Court the proceedings made by extraordinary procedure and conducted by the Juge Criminel of the Cap, at the Petition of the Substitut of the Procureur-Général du Roi…
SEEN by the Court the criminal proceedings made, conducted and judged in the state in which they were found, without need of further investigation (1) by the Lieutenant-Criminel at the…
BETWEEN the man named Vallois, free mulâtre, settler at Moustique, Appellant, of the one part; And the sieur Aumailley, settler in the said Quarter, Respondent of the other part. Seen,…
LOUIS, etc. Between Graba, residing at Léogane, in the name and as guardian of the négresse Marie-Françoise and her four children, Appellant and Respondent, appearing by Deronseray, Avocat, of the…
BETWEEN the sieur Pesseville, residing at the Cap, Appellant, of the one part; And the sieur Cappé, Respondent, of the other part; And further the man named la Tortue N.…
1783: The case of the Zong massacre received wide publicity in Britain, signaling a major shift in public opinion toward the slave trade. Discussions of the grisly details exposed the…
1783: The Spanish Crown issued a royal cédula designed to develop Trinidad by inviting foreign settlers, specifically targeting discontented French Catholics. This policy offered land grants to free blacks and…
1783–1789: (The Looming Volcano and the States-General): By 1783, the Marquis du Rouvray warned that the colony was "treading on loaded barrels of gunpowder" due to the internal wars between…
On a slaving voyage in 1783, the people aboard the Black Prince rose against the crew. They had been taken at Iles de Los. The record gives the numbers as:…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Jamaica in 1783, the people aboard the Industry rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gorée. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Jamaica in 1783, the people aboard the Wasp rose against the crew. They had been taken at Calabar. The record gives the numbers…
BETWEEN the man named Charles Maucombre, free mulâtre, Tailor at the Cap, Appellant, of the one part; And the sieur Chanche, keeper of the ferry crossing at l'Acul, residing at…
I have been informed, gentlemen, that the Ship, the Prince de Conty, outfitted at S. Malo by the Sieur Magon fils, and commanded by the sieur Corbillé, had brought, at…
BETWEEN the sieur Vergille, merchant at the Cap, of the one part; And the sieur Jacquemin, settler at Limbé, of the other part. Seen, etc. After d'Augy, Avocat for the…
The King, having had the Decree of his Conseil of 11 January 1773 laid before him, by which His Majesty, being informed that many enslavers had neglected to conform to…
Every day, gentlemen, domestic nègres and négresses are landed in France, who are stopped on their arrival in the Port and placed in the depots, in conformity with the Declaration…
BETWEEN the sieur Nogues, Settler of Port-de-Paix, Appellant, of the one part; And the sieur de Montagnac, Respondent. Seen the Sentence of the Juge of Port-de-Paix, which, on the demand…
BETWEEN the woman named Zabeth, free négresse, residing at the Cap, Appellant; And Jean-François Quarteron, Fisherman, Respondent. Ruling on the further Conclusions of the Procureur-Général du Roi, forbids Cormeaux la…
BETWEEN the sieur Henriques, etc. And ruling on the further Conclusions of the Procureur-Général du Roi; orders that the Ordinances and Regulations concerning the Police of the enslaved shall be…
ADELAIDE Fanotte sells to the Sieur Marcel, as belonging to her, a négresse of her son, of whom she is guardian, and he sells her to a Sieur Gosse. Shortly…
LOUIS, etc. Between the sieur Linas, Saddler, residing at Cap, Appellant from the Sentence of the Siège Royal of the said Town, of 20 July 1782, Plaintiff by his conclusions…
LOUIS, &c. Between the sieur Dugas, well-wisher of the woman named Vénus, négresse, appellant from an Ordinance of the Juge of Port de Paix, who, having seen the remonstrance of…
Having seen by the Court the proceedings conducted and prosecuted by extraordinary procedure by the Lieutenant Criminel of Cap, at the request of the Substitut of the Procureur Général du…
LOUIS, etc. Having seen, &c. Between the sieur Lafont, &c. And Pierre Reculé, &c. the Petition presented to the Court by François Reculé, for the purpose of summoning the sieur…
LOUIS, etc. Having seen, etc. Between the sieur François Sire, etc.; And the dame Metiser, etc.; the production made at the Greffe of our Conseil by Faure, Lawyer of the…
ALEXANDRE Jacques de Bongars, etc. The necessity of taking daily for the King's service the Carts, Acons, Canoes, nègres and Mules of various Private persons obliges us, to avoid any…
BETWEEN the sieur Lemaire, settler at Dondon, Testamentary Executor and universal Legatee of the sieur Hoyer, Appellant; And the woman named Rose Mayador, Respondent. Having seen the Sentence of the…
1784: The free mulattoes of Saint-Domingue anticipated the actions of the colony's white planters by sending Julien Raimond to France in 1784. This mission was established to lobby for the…
1784-May–June: Correspondence from factors of the slave trade in St. Vincent detailed the difficult logistical and financial challenges of selling captives from the ship Essex of Liverpool. The factors noted…
1784: Dr. Arthaud and a number of grands blancs found the Cercle des Philadelphes in Cap Français. While this intellectual society engaged with the arts and sciences, its members remained…
1784: Prominent free coloreds secretly draft a report attacking the caste system and send a representative to France. This political maneuver sought to secure legal equality by appealing directly to…
1784-August-30: A new royal ordinance was promulgated by the French government to regulate trade between foreign nations and the West Indian colonies after the war. This decree designated Cap-Français and…
1784-October-31: In response to the intense lobbying from French port cities, the government issued a subsequent decree to modify the earlier trade liberalizations. The new regulations restricted foreign trade to…
1784-August-30: Following the end of the American Revolution, the French government issued a decree known as the Arrêt to regulate trade with its colonies. This decree officially opened several ports…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Martinique in 1784, the people aboard the Bonne Société rose against the crew. They had been taken at Loango. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Saint-Domingue in 1784, the people aboard the Christiansborg rose against the crew. They had been taken at Sierra Leone estuary. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Saint-Marc in 1784, the people aboard the Jeune Aimée rose against the crew. They had been taken at Mayumba. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage in 1784, the people aboard the Santíssimo Sacramento e S Francisco das Chagas rose against the crew. They had been taken at Benguela. The record gives…
SEEN by the Court the petition presented to it by Philemon, mulâtre acting under the authority of Maître Petit Deschampeaux, Procureur in the seats of the Cap, Curator named for…
BETWEEN the sieur and dame C..., Appellants; And the sieur L..., Respondent; And the sieurs B... brothers, etc.; having seen the Sentence of the Juge of the Cap of 15…
LOUIS, etc; against the woman named Elizabeth, etc. OUR COURT has set and does set at naught the Appeal and Sentence appealed; in that by it the négresse Elizabeth called…
I have seen with regret, Sirs, from your letter of 14 January last, that the complaints that had been addressed by the Chamber of Le Havre, about the permission you…
HAVING SEEN by the Court the procedure conducted and instructed by extraordinary procedure by the Criminal Juge at the Royal Siége of this Town, at the request of the Substitut…
You know, Gentlemen, that the Ordinance of 12 October 1739 forbids all transport of nègres between the Windward and Leeward Islands, and that this prohibition was intended to prevent the…
HAVING SEEN by the Conseil the remonstrance of the Procureur-Général du Roi, stating that he is obliged to place before the Court the documents he has received concerning the public…
BETWEEN the dame widow of the sieur Morange, settler in the district of Port-de-Paix, both in her own name and as Guardian of her minor children, Appellant from a Sentence…
SEEN by the Court the petition presented to it by Dumas Machoquet at Petit-Carénage, tending to ask that it please the said Court, having seen the Decree of the first…
Guillaume Léonard de Bellecombe, etc. Alexandre Jacques Bongars, etc. We have been struck by the danger with which the city of the Cap is threatened in its interior by the…
SEEN by the Court the petition presented to it by the Sieur Lapice Bergondy, settler in the Dauphin District, tending to ask that it please the said Court, having seen…
BETWEEN the heirs le Febvre,. . . . (Pleading: Maîtres d'Augy and Darracq). A nègre of the heirs le Febvre, who had killed one belonging to the Sieurs Jombert, was…
Hérard Dumesle, a famous tribune, was also born there on 16 June 1784. He was expelled from the Chamber on 14 August 1833. He represented the commune of the Cayes.…
LOUIS, etc. Between Fleuri de la Roche, etc.; and the woman named Marie Louise Rampale; having seen the Sentence of April 28, 1783, which orders that Marie-Louise Rampale shall be…
LOUIS, etc. Between the Sieur Germon, Chirurgien-Major, holding our warrant at Port-au-Prince, etc.; appearing by Maître Bruneau de la Roque, lawyer, of the one part; And the shipowners of the…
BETWEEN the Sieurs Castera and company, operating the Passenger boat of Fort Dauphin; And the Sieurs Riviere and Chevaly, merchants, (Pleading: Maîtres d'Augy and Viel). The Decree confirms the Sentence…
SEEN the Petition of the Sieur Pelerin de la Buxière the son, settler at the far end of Isle à Vache, stating (that his nègre Mercure, murderer of the nègre…
IN CONSEQUENCE of the Resolution of the Court of the 14th of the present month, which had charged M. de Saint-Martin the son, Conseiller-Rapporteur of the Criminal Trial against the…
On what was represented to the King, being in his Conseil: that one of the principal encouragements granted to the trade in nègres, by the Letters Patent of January 1716…
LOUIS, &c. Against the man named Xavier, nègre, claiming to be free, etc. Seen by our Conseil Supérieur of Port-au-Prince the Sentence of the 15th of October of the present…
SEEN by the Court the criminal procedure, extraordinarily made and conducted by the Lieutenant-Général of the Amirauté of the Cap, at the request of the Substitut of the Procureur-Général du…
BETWEEN the Sieur Geraud, Négociant, Appellant; and the Sieur and Dame Labarthe Sainte-Foi, Settlers, Respondents. Pleading: Maîtres Carles and d'Augy. There was a declaration of the marronnage of the négresse…
Louis XVI issued the ordinance of 3 December 1784 on the procureurs gérans and the enslaved people, restored to force by the proclamation of 5 May 1793.
1785: Trade between the Gulf Coast province of Louisiana and Saint-Domingue began a period of rapid expansion under new colonial regulations. This surge in maritime traffic made the task of…
1785-Dec.-22: Antera Duke, a prominent eighteenth-century African slave trader at Old Calabar, recorded the arrival of several slaving vessels in his personal diary. He documented sending 1,500 yams to pay…
1785-Dec.-25: African slave trader Antera Duke celebrated the New Year with several European captains and local rulers at a foggy morning gathering at Aqua Landing. The group, including Captains Fairweather,…
1785-1790: An average of more than 30,000 Africans are deported to the colony each year as the Atlantic slave trade reaches its peak. This rapid influx of people directly from Africa…
1785-May-17: Louis-Guillaume Otto, the French chargé d’affaires in the United States, authored a comprehensive memoir analyzing the state of Franco-American trade. He warned that American merchants would never be satisfied…
1785-04-26: (John James Audubon, Born in Les Cayes as the Illegitimate Son of a French Planter and a French Servant, Who Fled Haiti's Slave Unrest as a Child, Emigrated to…
1785-04-26: (John James Audubon Born in Haiti, the Naturalist and Painter Whose Family Would Relocate to France in 1788 and Who Would Immigrate to the United States in 1803, His…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cap Français in 1785, the people aboard the Alexandre rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gabon. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Bristol in 1785, the people aboard an unnamed American ship rose against the crew. They had been taken at a port the record…
On a slaving voyage that ended at St. Vincent in 1785, the people aboard the Wasp rose against the crew. They had been taken at New Calabar. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage in 1785, the people aboard the Furieuse rose against the crew. They had been taken at Senegal. The record gives the numbers as: 169 people were…
On a slaving voyage in 1785, the Sprig was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Windward Coast (Nunez to Assini). The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage in 1785, the people aboard the Neptunus rose against the crew. They had been taken at Elmina. The record gives the numbers as: 150 people were…
Seen, etc.: THE COURT has condemned the man named Pierre Louis, Wigmaker, nègre, etc. And ruling on the Conclusions of the Procureur-Général, orders that the Regulatory Decrees of 20 June…
BETWEEN the man named A..., free nègre, universal legatee of B..., also a free nègre, third-party opponent; and the man named C..., also a free nègre. Pleading: Maîtres le Loup…
WE, Louis-Barthelemi de Favarange, Lieutenant de Juge in the Royal Sénéchaussée of Jérémie, acting there as Lieutenant d'Amirauté, because of the illness and absence of the ordinary Lieutenant, established by…
Seen by the Court the Petition of the Sieur de Buor, Chevalier de Saint-Louis, Captain of His Majesty's Vessels, Settler at Trou, asking, given the Sentence carrying condemnation to death,…
BETWEEN Sieur Raby du Moreau, Chevalier de Saint-Louis, Assignee of the Heirs of Claude Bidon, universal legatee of Antoine Bidon (provider of the funds), Appellant; And the man named Carrere,…
After the death of Sieur Chancerel, his widow had sent to Fort-Dauphin three nègres belonging to her minor children, to be put out to lease, and they had been seized…
Having seen by the Conseil the Requisition of the Procureur-Général du Roi, tending that it might please the Court, in view of his present requisitions, together with the attached copy…
Having seen the Requisition of the Procureur du Roi, we enjoin all the settlers of the Town to send each one of their nègres to the Place d'armes, with their…
Having seen the Petition of Verville, Receveur des Aubaines at Fort-Dauphin, tending to be received as Appellant from the Ordinance of the Juge of the said place, which had permitted…
TODAY, etc. the Procureur-Général du Roi entered, and said that there was communicated to him by the Sénéchal of Port-au-Prince an Official Report, drawn up by him at the requisition…
Whereas it was represented to the King, in His Conseil, that by a Decree issued therein on the 26th of last October, His Majesty had granted gratifications and bounties to…
LOUIS, etc. Having seen by our Conseil Supérieur of Port-au-Prince the trial conducted at the Siége of the Amirauté of the Cayes, against the Shipowners of the Frigate the Geheime…
BETWEEN Dame Bainac, Lessor; Sieur De Miniac, Lessee under a farm lease of a Plantation and nègres for 9 years; Pleading Maîtres Viel and Darracq, on the Conclusions of Maître…
GUILLAUME-Léonard de Bellecombe, etc. Alexandre-Jacques Bongars, etc. Informed by the complaints brought to us, and by the accounts that we had rendered to us, that there is no fixed place…
BETWEEN Maître Seur, Avocat en Parlement, Procureur at the Sièges of the Cap, in the name and as Guardian appointed to pursue the freedom of the négresse . . .,…
UPON the Petition presented to us by Magdeleine Marin, widow of the Sieur Jean François Marin, in his lifetime Esquire in the Town of La Ciotat in Provence; stating that…
The village is situated 4 lieues from the town of Jacmel. Several hurricanes wrought damage there, notably those of 24 July 1724, 21 September 1751, 16 September 1754, 5 September…
JEAN-JACQUES Gattien Bretton des Chapelles, etc. Whereas the Procureur du Roi has represented to us that disputes continually arise among the various Merchants, white, free, or enslaved, who sell on…
EXPERIENCE having shown the necessity of providing the Black people of the Windward Islands with an assured subsistence in the competition of cod from the foreign Fishery with that of…
The winds that prevail at the Cap are winds from the east, north and southwest. The north winds bring cold and dampness from October until March. The west winds are…
LOUIS, etc. Against the man named Jean-Louis, nègre, enslaved, etc.; And granting the Requisition of our Procureur-Général: THE COURT directs both the Sénéchal of Jérémie and the Substitut of our…
HAVING SEEN by the Court the Proceedings conducted by extraordinary procedure and instructed by the Lieutenant Criminel at the Siége-Royal of the Cap, at the Request of the Substitut of…
I have seen, Sirs, by the letters written to me by MM. Coustard and de Bongars on 14 September last, that the Sieur Fromont, Procureur-gérant of M. the Comte de…
1786: Governor Parry of Barbados reported a significant increase in the number of enslaved people employed in navigating trading vessels. He expressed concern to the British Legislature that this trend…
Étienne de La Rigaudelle du Buisson was born at Saint-Marc, Saint-Domingue, on 21 October 1786. His family held two plantations there, in cotton and indigo. He was ordained a Catholic…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Port-au-Prince in 1786, the people aboard the Reverseau rose against the crew. They had been taken at Senegal. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage in 1786, the Adventure was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Cape Coast Castle. The record gives the numbers as: 302…
On a slaving voyage that ended at St. Croix in 1786, the people aboard the Christiansborg rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gold Coast. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage in 1786, the Vigilant was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Anomabu, Adja, Agga. The record gives the numbers as: 359…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Port-au-Prince in 1786, the people aboard the Fleury rose against the crew. They had been taken at Senegambia and offshore Atlantic. The record…
On a slaving voyage in 1786, an unnamed Dutch ship was cut off, and the record does not say by whom or how. The people aboard had been taken at…
In 1786 the colonial courts of French Saint Domingue indicted a man named Jerome Poteau and several others for holding night assemblies in the northern coffee parish of Marmelade. The…
DUBUISSON. Habitation in the commune of Saint Louis du Sud. On 30 August 1786 thunder fell on this habitation and reduced it to ashes. Rouzier tells this under the entry…
1787: When Louis XVI called for the convening of the Estates-General in 1787, the planters of Saint-Domingue took the lead in pressing the claims of the Caribbean slavocracy. Influenced by…
1787: The Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade was established in 1787 as an organizational spearhead for reform. Granville Sharp served as the chairman of this influential…
1787: The fledgling British settlement at Sierra Leone was founded as a refuge for formerly enslaved people from America and London’s "Black Poor." Located adjacent to a busy…
1787: The French government consolidated the two superior councils of St. Domingo into a single supreme court based in Port-au-Prince. This move was intended to make the judiciary more compliant…
1787: Ottobah Cugoano published his personal narrative describing the horrific conditions of his enslavement in Grenada and his subsequent deliverance to England. He detailed the "dreadful scenes of misery" he…
1787: Ottobah Cugoano published Thoughts and Sentiments on the Evil and Wicked Traffic of the Slavery and Commerce of the Human Species in London. This work is widely considered the…
1787: Intendant Marbois reported that the free population of color in the colony had grown to approximately 20,000 individuals. By the eve of the revolution in 1790, general opinion estimated…
1787: Quobna Ottobah Cugoano published a seminal account describing the "horrible scene" of being conducted from a coastal prison castle to a slave ship. He detailed the rattling of chains,…
1787-Summer: Thomas Clarkson, who would later befriend King Henry Christophe, conducted extensive research on the docks of Bristol and Liverpool to gather evidence against the slave trade. He discovered a…
1787-Oct.–Dec.: Jamaican customs agents registered a significant amount of regional trade, recording eighty-nine British ships and sixty-four foreign vessels. This seagoing commerce bound the Caribbean community together despite complex imperial…
1787-October-10: The French government issued formal instructions to its new minister to the United States, Count de Moustier, regarding the future of colonial trade. The instructions acknowledged that Americans were…
1787-December-29: France issued a new decree that admitted American whale oil to the West Indies while forbidding the product from other foreign nations. This move was intended to woo the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cayes (Les) in 1787, the people aboard the Roy d'Ambris rose against the crew. They had been taken at West Central Africa and…
On a slaving voyage in 1787, an unnamed British ship was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the numbers as: 169…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Léogane in 1787, the people aboard the Reine de Podore rose against the crew. They had been taken at Senegambia and offshore Atlantic.…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Port-au-Prince in 1787, the people aboard the Ville de Basle rose against the crew. They had been taken at Porto Novo. The record…
On a slaving voyage in 1787, the people aboard the Avanture rose against the crew. They had been taken at a port the record does not name. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage in 1787, the Henrietta was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the numbers as: 20 people were…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Dominica in 1787, the people aboard the Madam Pookata went over the side, or were recorded missing. They had been taken at Ambriz.…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Port-au-Prince in 1787, the people aboard the Amitié rose against the crew. They had been taken at Senegambia and offshore Atlantic. The record…
On a slaving voyage in 1787, an unnamed British ship was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the numbers as: 169…
On a slaving voyage in 1787, the people aboard the Franc Maçon rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gabon. The record gives the numbers as: 276 people…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cap Français in 1787, the people aboard the Alexandre rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gorée. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Grenada in 1787, the people aboard the Hudibras rose against the crew. They had been taken at Calabar. The record gives the numbers…
Marie-Marthe, described in the register as the adult legitimate daughter of the free blacks Toussaint and Cecile, married for the second time to a free black of Cap-Francais known as…
On the news of the convocation of the estates general in France, the colons (white colonists) stir themselves to be summoned to it.
1788: The French ship's captain Jean Pousson settled in New Orleans, initiating a twelve-year career of freewheeling maritime activity across the Atlantic. Sailing under Spanish colors, Pousson maintained an…
1788: A small group of French humanitarians founded the Société des Amis des Noirs in 1788, drawing inspiration from the British abolition movement. Modeled after the London Committee, the society…
1788: Official population figures for the city of Cap Français in Saint-Domingue listed 12,151 residents in the urban center proper. This figure did not include the tens of thousands of…
1788: Maritime logs recorded that more than one thousand foreign vessels called at Saint-Domingue's ports, the vast majority being small ships under seventy-five tons. Of these, 259 were Spanish traders…
1788: A detailed cross-section of the slave ship Brooks was used by British abolitionists to visually demonstrate the horrific overcrowding of the Middle Passage. The diagram showed 454 captives packed…
1788: The British Parliament passed Sir William Dolben's bill, which represented the first contested legislative step toward regulating the transatlantic slave trade. The bill imposed slight restrictions on the number…
1788: Thomas Clarkson published a detailed essay on the slave trade that quantified the extreme loss of life during the "seasoning" period in the Americas. He calculated that roughly twenty…
1788: Nicolas Lejeune is acquitted of torturing and killing slaves, showing legal limits. The failure of the state to prosecute this brutal planter underscored the systemic power of the master…
1788: La Société des Amis des Noirs was founded in Paris by Brissot and other humanitarians to campaign against the slave trade. Its membership included prominent figures like Lafayette and…
1788: The Saint Domingue planters founded the Club Massiac in Paris to combat the influence of abolitionist groups. This society worked to protect the economic interests of the master class…
1788-Jan.–Jun.: Over the first six months of the year, eighty-six Spanish and seventy-two French vessels called at the port of Kingston alone. Notably, over fifty of these French vessels originated…
1788-Feb.: Prime Minister William Pitt issued an order-in-council in February 1788 to submit the slave trade to a formal parliamentary inquiry. He directed the Committee for Trade and Plantations of…
1788-Apr.: By April 1788, news of the impending parliamentary inquiry into the slave trade reached the British Caribbean colonies. In Barbados, newspapers reported the growing interest throughout Europe in the…
1788-Apr.: An abortive uprising of enslaved people occurred in Jamaica’s St. John’s parish during the month of April 1788. This incident confirmed the expectations of planters that the public abolition…
1788-Apr.-25: Reports from Spanish Town, Jamaica, indicated a heightened state of alarm among the white population following news of the abolitionist movement in London. Local officials noted that enslaved people…
1788-May: The arrival of French gazettes at Cap Français detail the British debates over the slave trade, causing a "tremendous sensation" among the colonial population. White colonists feared that any…
1788-May-11: Governor John Orde of Dominica reported to the British government on the persistent challenges of controlling "illicit trade" and the mobility of the enslaved in the eastern Caribbean. He…
1788-May-13: Governor Parry of Barbados reported to Lord Sydney that the agitation surrounding the slave trade in England had produced a "visible ferment" among the island's enslaved population. He observed…
1788-May-29: Governor Orde of Dominica forwarded a series of depositions to Lord Sydney detailing the detention of British mariners in French colonial ports. These documents revealed that British sailors were…
1788-Spring: Richard Martin of Jamaica reported that eleven people he held captive had absconded in a canoe and reached Cuba via a Spanish brigantine. Upon investigating, he found others who…
1788-Jul.-29: The Savanna-la-Mar Gazette in Jamaica published reports of increasing local anxiety regarding the illicit trade between British subjects and the French colonies. Officials expressed concern that the high volume…
1788-Aug.-12: The Savanna-la-Mar Gazette in Jamaica began reporting on the increasing presence of "masterless" individuals in the port, reflecting a growing regional concern over mobile populations. Julius S. Scott identifies…
1788-Fall: In the fall of 1788, the French Crown issued urgent orders to abolish every press in Saint-Domingue to prevent the spread of revolutionary ideals. This move resulted in an…
1788-Oct.-09: An insurance agreement was finalized for the schooner Fly for a voyage from Bristol to the African coast and onward to American ports. The terms valued the enslaved captives…
1788-Dec.-27: The French crown formally summoned the States-General and granted the tiers état representation equal to the other two orders combined. This decision acted as a primary catalyst for political…
1788-March-12: Count de Moustier, the French minister to the United States, reported to his government that American merchants were conducting an extensive and sophisticated smuggling trade with Saint-Domingue. He observed…
1788-December-07: Seeking to counter British influence and placate American demands, the French government issued a decree admitting American whale oil into the French West Indies. This ordinance was highly protectionist,…
1788–1794: (The Spark of Revolution and Bois Cayman): This period marks the transition from colonial stability to revolutionary upheaval, highlighted by the symbolic significance of "Bois Cayman". The text contrasts…
1788–1803: (The Dual Collapse of Colonial Order): The history divides the revolutionary period into two distinct phases of collapse and rising consciousness. The first phase, 1788 to 1794, focuses on the…
1788–1794: (The Spiritual and Revolutionary Awakening): The narrative moves into the revolutionary era by detailing the period of "Bois Cayman and Carmagnole". This chapter covers the critical six-year span where…
1788–1803: (Visualizing Revolutionary Transition and Conflict): The volume catalogs illustrations that depict the violent transition from colony to independent state, including depictions of risings of the enslaved. It features…
1788–1803: (The Revolutionary Reclaiming of Sovereignty): The shift from the "Death of Saint-Domingue" to the birth of Haïti was catalyzed by the spiritual and political mobilization at Bois Cayman. This…
1788–1995: (The Economic Extraction and External Dependency): The modern underdevelopment of Haiti is contextualized by its historical transition from a global sugar powerhouse to a net importer of its own…
1788–1791, August 14: (The Strategic Ignition of the Revolution): The revolutionary process gathered momentum in 1788 and reached a spiritual and political peak on August 14, 1791, with the ceremony…
1788–1794: (Vodou as the Spiritual Engine of Liberation): The revolutionary awakening known as "Bois Cayman" in August 1791 proved that Vodou was a religion and a sophisticated system of political…
1788–1791: (The Fragile Opulence of France's Richest Colony): On the eve of revolution, Saint-Domingue was characterized by a "veneer of prosperity" that masked deep structural instability. The colony's net worth…
1788–1789: (The Rise of Abolitionist Sentiment and Political Conflict): While the French National Assembly was being formed, a profound grievance emerged as the notion of African slavery became revolting to…
1788: (The Ivory Tower of Abolitionism): Did you know that the Amis des Noirs included famous figures like Condorcet and La Fayette, many of whom had never actually seen a…
1788–1870s: (The African Association, the Royal Geographical Society, and the Age of Exploration: Sir Joseph Banks and the Alliance of Scientific Enquiry, Humanitarian Endeavor, and Commercial Gain, the Improvability…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cayes (Les) in 1788, the people aboard the Antoinette rose against the crew. They had been taken at Cap Lopez. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Saint-Marc in 1788, the people aboard the Breton rose against the crew. They had been taken at Ibo. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Grenada in 1788, the people aboard the Ruby rose against the crew. They had been taken at Bight of Biafra and Gulf of…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cap Français in 1788, the people aboard the Flore rose against the crew. They had been taken at Bight of Biafra and Gulf…
On a slaving voyage in 1788, the people aboard the Augustine rose against the crew. They had been taken at Mayumba. The record gives the numbers as: 40 people were…
On a slaving voyage in 1788, the people aboard the Epaminondas rose against the crew. They had been taken at Sierra Leone estuary. The record gives the numbers as: 19…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cap Français in 1788, the people aboard the Licorne rose against the crew. They had been taken at Mozambique. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage in 1788, the people aboard the Véronique rose against the crew. They had been taken at Loango. The record gives the numbers as: 386 people were…
On a slaving voyage in 1788, the people aboard the Aimable Louise rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the numbers as: 114 people…
Several hurricanes wrought havoc in the town: those of 14 August 1680, 21 September 1751, 17 September 1754, 20 September 1756, 4 August 1772, 27 August 1775, 5 September 1781,…
The village is situated 4 lieues from the town of Jacmel. Several hurricanes wrought damage there, notably those of 24 July 1724, 21 September 1751, 16 September 1754, 5 September…
Pre-1789: The population of enslaved Africans in the French part of St. Domingo grew to be sixteen times larger than the white population. This extreme demographic imbalance gave the leaders…
Pre-1789: The white population of St. Domingo was estimated at 30,000, while the free population of color reached 24,000. Among the mulattoes, approximately 4,700 men were capable of bearing arms,…
Pre-1789: The colonial administration was divided between a Governor-General, who held supreme military command, and an Intendant, who managed the colony's finances. These two crown-nominated officers often disagreed, which inadvertently…
Pre-1789: Colonial law in St. Domingo mandated that a free person of color have their right hand cut off if they struck a white person. In contrast, a white person…
1789: The Spanish monarchy issued a decree allowing the free entry of foreign ships to Spanish colonial ports, effectively making unlicensed arrivals of captives legal. This policy of free trade…
1789: The Bourbon reformers in Spain attempted to place legal restraints on the absolute power of enslavers in 1789. These reforms were intended to regulate the treatment of enslaved people…
1789: The Jamaican Assembly enacted a severe law declaring that enslaved people attempting to leave the island could face the death penalty. This measure was part of a stepped-up effort…
1789-1793: The Spanish Crown attempted to stabilize its colonial military forces by issuing royal amnesties for all individuals found guilty of desertion and contrabanding. These amnesties were released as the…
1789-early: Governor Duchilleau attempted to prohibit parochial and provincial meetings that were being organized in response to the revolution in France. His proclamations were treated with contempt by the colonists,…
1789: The total number of enslaved people in St. Domingo reached approximately 480,000 by the eve of the French Revolution. This vast labor force was distributed across fifty-two parishes, each…
1789: The society Les Amis des Noirs was established in Paris, drawing inspiration from British abolitionist associations but pursuing a more radical agenda. The group advocated for the immediate and…
1789: A significant community of wealthy and educated mulattoes living in Paris formed a close political alliance with the Amis des Noirs. This partnership launched a series of public appeals…
1789: The Société des Amis des Noirs gains prominence in Paris, campaigning for the abolition of the slave trade. Their advocacy provided an intellectual platform for challenges to the colonial…
1789: Pro-slavery writer Robert Norris published a short account of the slave trade arguing that the widespread practice of polygamy in Africa made the continent an inexhaustible source of surplus…
1789-Feb.: The Council of the Indies enacted a far-reaching reform in February 1789, allowing free trade in captives to selected ports in the Spanish Americas. By loosening age-old restrictions…
1789-Feb.-28: A Spanish royal decree authorized foreign vessels of less than 300 tons to sell enslaved people at ports in Cuba, Santo Domingo, Puerto Rico, and Caracas. The decree of…
1789-Feb.-28: The Spanish Crown issued a "Royal Grace" that significantly modified the principles of the slave trade in its colonies, effectively opening the doors to a freer traffic in captives.…
1789-Apr.: Officers of the pardo (brown) and moreno (black) militia units in Caracas formally demanded the same ceremonial funeral observances and dress as white officers. Spanish civil authorities reacted with…
1789-Apr.-14: The Spanish Crown issued a cédula intended to reform the administration of justice and the treatment of enslaved people in the Americas. This decree sought to standardize the "paternalistic"…
1789-Apr.-27: The Spanish Junta Suprema de Estado reviewed a report by Eugenio Llaguno concerning the proposed reform of slave laws in the Americas. This meeting was part of the internal…
1789-May-09: An "Ordonnance concernant la liberté du Commerce" was issued for the southern part of Saint-Domingue, further opening the colony's ports to international trade. This decree allowed for greater interaction…
1789-May-12: During a significant speech to the British Parliament, abolitionist William Wilberforce described the transit of captives across the Atlantic as the most wretched aspect of slavery. He argued that…
1789-May-31: Charles IV issued a landmark royal decree concerning the education, treatment, and occupation of enslaved people across the Spanish Indies. Designed to make slavery compatible with "public tranquillity,"…
1789-May-31: The Spanish Crown issued a Real Cédula intended to reform the administration of the slave trade and improve the treatment of enslaved people within the Spanish Empire. Julius S.…
1789-Jun.: Eighteen delegates from St. Domingo arrived at Versailles to claim their seats as the legal representatives of the colony in the States-General. After significant debate, only six of these…
1789-Jun.: By June of 1789, the colonial deputies representing Saint-Domingue planters sided with the Third Estate in its struggle against the Crown. While they embraced the disruption of traditional authority,…
1789-Jul.: The "New Consolidated Act" of Jamaica, commonly referred to as the island's Code Noir, went into effect to regulate the treatment and conduct of the enslaved population. This legislation…
1789-Aug.: News of the fall of the Bastille reaches San Domingo, electrifying the majority. This event in France caused an immediate breakdown of colonial authority and sparked political debate…
1789-Aug.-26: Adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen creates a political crisis. This foundational revolutionary document challenged the legal basis of slavery and the racial…
1789-Oct.: Approximately 200 copies of the new royal ordinance reached the Indies late in October 1789, triggering an immediate and unanimous outcry from slaveowners. Planters and merchants in cities like…
1789-Nov.: Provincial assemblies were formally constituted by the white inhabitants in the Northern, Western, and Southern provinces of the colony. These bodies asserted that their immediate safety was a paramount…
1789-Nov.: The Jamaica House of Assembly petitioned London to apply diplomatic pressure against Spanish officials who protected enslaved people who escaped. Simultaneously, the Assembly discovered a conspiracy among a…
1789-Nov.-26: The Provincial Assembly of the North in Saint-Domingue met to discuss the growing threat posed by the spread of revolutionary ideas among the enslaved and free colored populations. Members…
1789-Dec.: Fearing the "troubles in France," Spanish customs officials at Cartagena began prohibiting all foreign vessels from docking at the mainland port. This reactive policy aimed to insulate the Spanish…
1789-Dec.: Colonial officials in Saint-Domingue held public auctions for three English-speaking captives who had escaped, including two men named Williams and Joseph Phillips. A third individual, an "intriguing character" who…
1789-Dec.-12: During a tense meeting of the Caracas cabildo, testimony surfaced that enslaved people were openly challenging and threatening those who claimed to own them. These individuals cited specific chapters of…
1789-late: Mulatto populations in Jacmel and Artibonite rose in arms to demand the full benefit of all privileges enjoyed by the white colonists. These early revolts were easily overpowered, though…
1789-late: The Northern Provincial Assembly arrested Deputy Procureur General Dubois for declaring publicly against the institution of slavery. Governor Duchilleau eventually secured his release and sent him away from the…
1789-late: Magistrate Ferrand de Beaudiere was brutally put to death by a crowd in Petit Goave after drafting a memorial for mulatto rights. The white inhabitants viewed his appeal…
1789-late: The Marquis de la Fayette reportedly sold his plantation in Cayenne, including seventy enslaved people, without any stipulations regarding their future condition. Shortly after this transaction, he enrolled himself…
1789–1792: French officials struggled in vain to prevent revolutionary slogans and "ideas of liberty" from crossing the Atlantic to inspire enslaved people in the colonies. Despite extensive efforts to contain…
1789-May-15: Olaudah Equiano published his autobiography, The Interesting Narrative, which became a cornerstone of the abolitionist movement and circulated widely throughout the Caribbean. Equiano’s firsthand account of the Middle Passage…
1789-May-09: Faced with a critical shortage of flour that threatened the stability of the colony, Governor-General Du Chilleau issued a decree opening the ports of Jérémie, Les Cayes, and Jacmel…
1789-June-28: The French Council of State, reacting to the protests of domestic merchants in Bordeaux and Nantes, formally annulled Governor-General Du Chilleau’s decree and dismissed him from his post. The…
1789-July-02: Count de Moustier submitted a detailed memoir to the French foreign secretary, Montmorin, outlining a strategy to manage American commercial ambitions without granting them full liberty of trade. He…
1789–1995: (The Extractive Burden and Economic Resistance): The economic narrative of Haiti is framed by the transition from being France’s "richest colony" to one of the poorest nations globally due…
1789–1790: (The Declaration of Rights and Colonial Collision): On August 26, 1789, the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen" proclaimed that all men are born and…
1789: (The Architecture of Economic Resistance): Did you know the anti-abolitionist Club Massiac took its name from a sugar proprietor’s town house where members met to protect their economic interests?
1789-00-00: (The French Revolution Begins, the Upheaval That Would Shatter the Ideological Foundations of Colonial Slavery by Declaring the Rights of Man While Simultaneously Exposing the Hypocrisy of a Republic…
1789-02-16: (Charles Rivière-Hérard, Born in Port-au-Prince, the Military Officer Who Overthrew Boyer in 1843 but Could Not Hold the Country Together, Losing the Dominican Republic to Independence and the Presidency…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Demerara in 1789, the Verwachting had its boats attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Elmina. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Suriname in 1789, the people aboard the Felicity rose against the crew. They had been taken at Sierra Leone estuary. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cayes (Les) in 1789, the people aboard the Georgette rose against the crew. They had been taken at Congo River. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage in 1789, the Viper was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Cameroons. The record gives the numbers as: 359 people were…
Moreau de Saint Mery appears to have been the first writer to put the word vaudou on paper, around 1789, and his account is the only detailed description of the…
Governor de Peinier, in forming the coalition of the Pompons Blancs, had organized a force that gave the colonial government a certain solidity. At the same time the enslavers were…
The Estates General opened at Versailles on 5 May 1789, and began against the aristocracy those gigantic struggles that regenerated humanity. The news of the convocation of the Estates General…
Volume I. Page 37. In place of the circumstances of the assassination of Labadie as they are related in Volume I, page 37, read: The whites, excited by this first…
Meanwhile the men of color, for all their moderation, were exposed to the cruelest violence from the colonists, who at Petit-Goâve put to death Ferrand de Baudières, an old man,…
On 19 November 1789 the virtuous Ferrand de Bandières, former seneschal, perished there, a victim of the colonists, for having drawn up a petition for the freedmen, by which they…
On 26 November 1789 the whites entered the dwelling of a man named Labadie, a man of color of Aquin, gave him twenty-five gunshots, and tied him to the tail…
Marbois's statements show 451 plantations of white sugar, 341 of brown sugar, 2,810 of coffee, 705 of cotton and 3,097 of indigo.
Admission of the deputies of Saint-Domingue in France.
Auguste Borel moved in the Club Massiac that the colonists break with the mother country, seize the government and arm the blacks and mulattoes.
Vincent Ogé proposes to the Club Massiac the gradual liberty of the enslaved and asks to be admitted among the colons.
Vincent Ogé addressed the Club Massiac on liberty as the right of all men.
François Raymond wrote to his brother Julien Raymond about the seditious movements among the gangs of the South.
De Joly, advocate at the parlement of Paris, J. Raimond, Fleury, Dusouchet de Saint Réal, Honoré and V. Ogé, commissioners of the men of color, present themselves to the national…
Vincent Ogé wrote from Paris to one of his sisters at Bordeaux that he was a colonel.
The provincial assembly of the North wrote to the committees of the West and the South proposing a general assembly of the colony, which it called an ally of France…
The provincial assembly of the North wrote its letter to the committees of the West and the South on the establishment of a colonial assembly, which Ardouin sets beside the…
In other words, it was to ask political rights for the Black people as well as for the *mulâtres*, all of them already free. This petition also asked for an…
Paris, 10 September 1789. « The Society, having examined, Sir, the memoir which was read to it by you on behalf of the free people of color, has judged that…
The death of M. Sabès, who died at 87, on 6 December 1789, came to give still more gravity and weight to Pétion's character. Although the old man had not…
1790: Chevalier Mauduit arrived in St. Domingo as Colonel of the Port-au-Prince regiment and quickly became the primary advisor to Governor Peynier. He adopted a policy of patronizing the mulatto…
1790: The population of Kingston, Jamaica, was estimated at 23,500, making it one of the most significant urban centers in the Atlantic world. In comparison, Philadelphia held 28,522 residents and…
1790: Governor Juan Guillelmi of Caracas characterized the city of Coro as little more than an "outpost of foreign colonies," specifically the nearby Dutch island of Curaçao. This proximity allowed…
1790: Minister Diego de Gardoqui expressed exasperation over the social composition of Louisiana, describing its residents as people "expatriated" due to irregular misadventures. The Spanish government had attempted to attract…
1790: Trade figures demonstrated a massive mutual dependence as the value of United States trade with Saint-Domingue exceeded that of all other Americas combined. More than 500 North American ships…
1790: Spanish authorities in Louisiana re-instituted strict regulations barring the entry of blacks from Saint-Domingue to prevent the spread of "contagion". This policy was a reaction to a previous series…
1790: A colonial summary recorded that Saint-Domingue contained 8,536 agricultural establishments, including 793 sugar plantations and 3,117 coffee settlements. The number of people held in slavery was reckoned at 480,000, while…
1790: The Northern province reported a population of 11,996 whites and 164,656 enslaved Africans distributed across twenty-five parishes. This region included the highly fertile plain of the Cape, which was…
1790: The Western province, which served as the administrative center of the colony, contained 12,798 white inhabitants and 192,961 enslaved people. Its capital, Port-au-Prince, remained in a partially ruined state…
1790: The Southern province was the least populated department, consisting of 6,037 whites and 76,812 enslaved people. This region lacked safe natural harbors, forcing merchant ships to seek refuge in…
1790: An overseer on a plantation in the Cap Français district reported the arrest of twenty-seven people who had escaped in his vicinity within a single short period. Many of them…
1790-Jan.: The king's order for convening a general colonial assembly was received in St. Domingo, naming Leogane as the designated place of meeting. The provincial assemblies rejected these instructions and…
1790-Jan.: In January 1790, the government at Port-au-Prince called for on-board visits and searches of all arriving vessels to prevent the entry of seditious materials. Authorities ordered the seizure of…
1790-Jan.-15: The Ayuntamiento (city council) of Havana submitted a formal petition to the Spanish Crown protesting the implementation of the cédula of 1789. The council argued that the new…
1790-Feb.: At the harbor of Havana, an interim governor refused to allow a French naval captain named Bruny or his crew to land. This radical departure from maritime custom was…
1790-Feb.-13: Benjamin Bailey, a merchant in the Caribbean, wrote to Christopher Champlin in Rhode Island describing the chaotic state of trade following the initial revolutionary disturbances. He noted that the…
1790-Mar.-08: The French National Assembly issued a decree stating it never intended to subject the interior government of the colonies to the same constitution framed for the mother country. This…
1790-Apr.: In Dominica, a "mob" gathered in the streets of Roseau to brutally punish an informant named John Blair for reporting the landing of prohibited goods to customs. This violent…
1790-Apr.-16: The General Assembly of St. Domingo opened its first session at Saint-Marc with 213 members representing the various parishes of the colony. The assembly immediately moved to relieve the…
1790-May: The Spanish Crown abruptly reversed a century-old practice by ordering colonial governors to no longer protect foreign fugitives. This decisive shift was influenced by intense diplomatic pressure from other…
1790-May: In early May 1790, white residents in Caracas were alarmed to find menacing posters in public places demanding the enforcement of the unpublished royal code. The posters explicitly warned…
1790-May: The French commander at Cap Français suggested that the Spanish colony could become a staging area for radicals intent on obtaining "complete equality" between whites and people of color.…
1790-May-20: The General Assembly of the French part of Saint-Domingue enacted a series of strict measures to control the movement of "masterless" people and the distribution of radical literature. This…
1790-May-28: The General Assembly at Saint-Marc issued a constitutional decree asserting that no laws passed by the French National Assembly regarding internal colonial concerns would be valid without colonial consent.…
1790-Jun.: By late June 1790, the audiencia at Caracas reported that knowledge of the royal decree's contents had extended to virtually all free and enslaved people. Despite official efforts to…
1790-mid: The colony descends into confusion as whites divide into factions and the free coloreds make militant demands for equality. This internal fragmentation among the ruling classes provided the opportunity…
1790-Aug.: A Colonial Assembly meeting in the town of Saint Marc declares itself sovereign. This act of defiance challenged French control and deepened political divisions among the white population.
1790-Aug.: The first General Colonial Assembly was dissolved, and its members embarked for France to present their grievances to the metropolitan government. This departure followed a period of intense political…
1790-Aug.: A well-known enslaved sailor named William disappeared from the drogger that employed him in Grenada. Late that same year, an enslaved crew aboard the sloop Nancy mutinied…
1790-Sept.: The arrival of thirty-one enslaved people trafficked from Curaçao prompted Venezuelan officials to prohibit nine of them from landing because they had been "educated" in the Dutch…
1790-Oct.-15: St. George’s Chronicle and New Grenada Gazette published a report referencing an "aristocratic" French newspaper circulating in Dominica. This highlighted the intense media war taking place in the Caribbean,…
1790-Oct.-16: Vincent Ogé slipped into Cap Français in disguise, possibly as an American seaman, after traveling through London and Charleston to secure weapons. Though his likeness had been posted in…
1790-Oct.-22: The St. George’s Chronicle and New Grenada Gazette featured a prominent notice regarding the arrival of news from Cap Français concerning the Ogé rebellion. The paper detailed the legal…
1790-Nov.: Tom King, an enslaved man well-known in Kingston, Spanish Town, and Port Royal, escaped from the person who claimed to own him. That enslaver issued a warning that…
1790-Nov.: After their abortive rebellion, Vincent Ogé and fifteen lieutenants sought protection across the border in Spanish Santo Domingo. The Spanish authorities, no longer viewing their territory as a sanctuary…
1790-Dec.: An enslaved fisherman named Adam, known for being a preacher and a smatterer in religious topics, attempted to escape Jamaica. After embracing the Baptist faith, he was frequently observed…
1790-Dec.: A vivid episode at Martinique illustrated a temporary inversion of the racial hierarchy when an armed French ship detained a British merchant vessel. The French vessel was navigated by…
1790-Dec.: A vivid episode at Martinique illustrated a temporary inversion of the racial hierarchy when an armed French ship detained a British merchant vessel. The French vessel was navigated by…
1790-Dec.-21: Gallagher’s Weekly Journal Extraordinary in Dominica published reports concerning the landing of "foreign people of colour" who were suspected of being agents of revolution. These individuals were often described…
1790: Vincent Ogé returns to Saint Domingue determined to secure equal rights for the affranchi caste. His subsequent arrest and execution bitterly alienated the free colored population from the white…
1790-late: The Colonial Assembly at Saint-Marc was denounced by French metropolitan authorities for assuming "imperial authority" in a subordinate part of the empire. Critics argued that the assembly's refusal to…
1790-late: Following the promulgation of the May 28 decree, rumors were industriously spread that the General Assembly at Saint-Marc intended to separate St. Domingo from France entirely. This narrative fueled…
1790-late: Pro-government factions in St. Domingo accused the Colonial Assembly of modeling its legislative resistance after the English American provinces during their own revolution. This comparison was used to brand…
1790-Oct.-28: Vincent Ogé, a free man of color, led a brief but significant armed uprising in Saint-Domingue to demand political rights for his class. His revolt was focused on the…
1790-Oct. – 1791-Aug.: French authorities in Saint-Domingue apprehended approximately 500 people who had escaped slavery in the vicinity of Cap Français during a ten-month period. Arrest records suggested that fugitives…
1790-Dec.-25: Joseph Antonio Vrizar, a Spanish official in Santo Domingo, reported to the Crown on the activities of Vincent Ogé following his failed rebellion in the French part of the…
1790-Dec.-31: A formal statement was prepared regarding the "Case of the Captain & Crew of the Schooner Union of Barbados" who were detained in a French port. The document described…
1790–1791: A French navy lieutenant predicted that the urban petits blancs in the Caribbean would serve as a primary element of propaganda for revolutionary agitation. He characterized this diverse group…
1790–1791: "Frequent supplies" of plantains arrived in Jamaica from the island of Haiti to mitigate food shortages and high prices affecting the enslaved population. Simultaneously, military authorities noted that "regular arrivals"…
1790-1800: The black community in Philadelphia experienced a massive growth rate of 176 percent, far outstripping the 43 percent increase in the city's white population. This demographic shift was part…
1790-January-01: Gouverneur Morris, an influential American figure in Paris, warned French Secretary Montmorin that excluding the United States from free trade with the French colonies would drive the Americans into…
1790-July-26: Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson wrote to William Short, the American envoy in France, regarding the appointment of Sylvanus Bourne as consul to "Hispaniola." Jefferson argued that the Consular…
1790-August-26: In a confidential letter to William Short, Thomas Jefferson suggested that the French colonial deputies should be encouraged to demand the right to receive "the necessities of life from…
1790, October–1791, March 9: (The Insurrection and Execution of Ogé and Chavannes): Vincent Ogé led a force of 300 mulâtres and disarmed whites in his parish after the royal governor,…
1790-10-00: (Ogé's Revolt, the Brief Armed Insurrection by Free Men of Color Outside Cap-Haïtien, a Rebellion That Sought Mulatto Political Rights Within the Colonial System, Crushed Within Weeks): In…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Grenada in 1790, the Eliza was cut off, and the record does not say by whom or how. The people aboard had been…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cayes (Les) in 1790, the people aboard the Bons Frères rose against the crew. They had been taken at West Central Africa and…
On a slaving voyage in 1790, the people aboard the Coureur rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the numbers as: 169 people were…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Saint-Marc in 1790, the people aboard the Phénix rose against the crew. They had been taken at Loango. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Martha Brae in 1790, the people aboard the Crescent rose against the crew. They had been taken at Sierra Leone estuary. The record…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cayes (Les) in 1790, the people aboard the Auguste rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gabon. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cap Français in 1790, the people aboard the Antoinette rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gabon. The record gives the…
There was not a moment to lose. The men of color, 250 in number, took up arms, disarmed the whites of the Grande-Rivière (28 October 1790), put Vincent Ogé at…
M. de Blanchelande, answering the call of the town of Les Cayes, sent Colonel de Mauduit there. The Port-au-Prince regiment landed at Port-Salut on 28 November 1790. Mauduit went to…
The party of independence in the West and the South proceeded in the same manner. In the course of January 1790 the enslavers organized the assembly of the West at…
The three provincial assemblies, unable to agree properly on the high administration of the colony, resolved to entrust the general interests of the three provinces to an assembly called colonial.…
Instead of publishing and enforcing the decrees of the Constituent Assembly as it received them, it declared itself inviolable, set up committees of constitution, of reports, of legislation, of commerce,…
The colonial assembly, having received the protest of the provincial assembly of the North, sent two commissioners, Jouette and Valentin de Cuillon, to Le Cap to rouse that town. But…
The Committee of the West, alarmed by the government's energetic measures, increased its ordinary guard tenfold and assembled the National Guard, made up for the most part of petits-blancs devoted…
Meanwhile the army of the South, intended to defend the colonial assembly, was organizing slowly; and at Saint-Marc itself the deputies were threatened by a numerous party of Pompons-Blancs. The…
The National Assembly summoned the 85 deputies of Saint-Marc to its bar. Valentin de Cullion, their advocate, sought in a long speech to prove that the colonial assembly had never…
Chavannes, who had lost his way in the woods, came out at the town of San Juan and was arrested in the same way. In vain did they declare themselves…
On 24 February 1790 these freedmen assembled on the Ducasse de Plassac habitation; Borel, a colonist of the Artibonite, attacked them and was beaten in 1792. Rouzier tells this under…
Plassac was the site of the first assembly in arms of the people of color of the Artibonite and of the Verrettes against the French. This assembly took place on…
History. Saint Marc saw gathered within its walls on 25 March 1790 the 212 members of the Colonial Assembly, under the presidency of the colonist Bacon de la Chevalerie. This…
Dondon saw the birth of Vincent Ogé, who was one of the first martyrs of liberty. He had gone to France, in 1789, to claim the exercise of political rights…
History. Jean-Baptiste Chavanne, the companion of Ogé, was born at the Grande-Rivière du Nord. He was a man of color and a landowning cultivator. He advised Ogé to rouse all…
In 1790, the hommes de couleur of the Cayes, on learning of the revolt of Ogé and Chavannes at Dondon and at the Grande-Rivière du Nord, had taken up arms…
History. Saint Marc saw gathered within its walls on 25 March 1790 the 212 members of the Colonial Assembly, under the presidency of the colonist Bacon de la Chevalerie. This…
On 26 April 1790, the colonists heaped indignities upon and hunted down the families of color Desmarres and Poisson, inhabitants of the Fond Parisien. They took refuge at Neybe. Rouzier…
History. On 26 April 1790 the whites of the Fond Parisien pursued the Poisson and Desmare families, who took refuge at Neybe. Rouzier tells this under the entry NEYBE ou…
History. Saint Marc saw gathered within its walls on 25 March 1790 the 212 members of the Colonial Assembly, under the presidency of the colonist Bacon de la Chevalerie. This…
On 30 July, Colonel Mauduit dissolved by force of arms the assembly of the West. He was assassinated on 4 March 1791. Rouzier tells this under the entry PORT-AU PRINCE…
Etienne-Elie Gérin, nicknamed Côtes-de-fer (Iron Ribs) by the soldiers because of his bravery in combat, was born in the Cayes on 19 December 1757. He received a certain education from…
History. General Elie Etienne Gérin, who was minister of war of the emperor Dessalines, lived at the Baradères, where he practiced the profession of coasting skipper. He was one of…
On 23 October 1790 Vincent Ogé landed at the Cap, at 7 o'clock in the evening. Rouzier tells this under the entry Cap-haïtien (le).
History. Jean-Baptiste Chavanne, the companion of Ogé, was born at the Grande-Rivière du Nord. He was a man of color and a landowning cultivator. He advised Ogé to rouse all…
On 29 August 1791 the affranchis of the South gave themselves leaders; these were Rigaud and Borgella. They had already assembled on 5 November 1790, at the call of Ogé.…
History. On 7 November 1790 the men of color of the West and the South assemble at the voice of Ogé; on 29 August 1791 they give themselves leaders. Rouzier…
History. It was at Hinche that Vincent Ogé and 23 others of his companions in arms were arrested, on 20 November 1790, after the failure of their glorious uprising. From…
Jean-Baptiste Chavannes, the companion of Vincent Ogé, was arrested at San Juan with the enslaved man Louis on 25 November 1790 and handed over at Santo-Domingo. On 23 February 1791…
History. In 1790, at the time of the revolt of the affranchis of the Cayes on the Prou habitation, Governor M. de Blanchelande sent to the Cayes Mr. de Mauduit…
Vincent Ogé and J. B. Chavannes, arrested at Hinche and at San Juan with 24 of their companions in arms, were handed over on 21 December 1790 at Sto Domingo…
Convocation of the colonial assembly by the committee of the West in the name of the provincial assemblies of the North, the West and the South.
The national assembly decreed the instructions of 28 March, drafted by Barnave; Cocherel's motion to exclude the men of color was rejected, and Grégoire withdrew his amendment when Barnave and…
The baron de Cambefort writes to the commandant of Monte-Christ to have Ogé and Fleury arrested if they land.
The baron de Cambefort wrote to the commandant of Monte-Christ asking him to arrest Ogé should he land there and to send him to Fort-Dauphin.
The general assembly of Saint-Marc learned of the national assembly's decree of 8 March.
The general assembly of Saint-Marc registered the decree of 8 March, after passing its own decree of 28 May.
The national assembly confirms the assembly of Saint-Marc.
The comte de Peinier pronounced the dissolution of the general assembly of Saint-Marc.
First disturbance at Les Cayes: death of Codère, commandant of that town.
Eighty-five members of the assembly of Saint-Marc leave for France aboard the ship the Léopard.
The national assembly passed the decree of 12 October, drafted by Barnave, which broke the assembly of Saint-Marc, ordered a new colonial assembly with the same powers, and praised Peinier,…
Vincent Ogé wrote to the comte de Peinier demanding the execution of the decree of 28 March; Chavanne wrote to him also.
Twenty-eight whites come by night to Chavannes's house at La Grande-Rivière to arrest Ogé; Madame Chavannes asks them for the order of arrest, which they cannot produce.
With about 250 men, Ogé wrote to the provincial assembly of the North and to M. de Vincent demanding the promulgation of the decree of 28 March.
The comte de Peinier answered Ogé's letter of 21 October, counselling calm.
The comte de Peinier left for France, handing the government to Blanchelande.
At Banica Ogé drafted a letter to the Spanish governor offering an oath of fidelity to the king of Spain; it was never sent.
Blanchelande wrote to Don Garcia that the corvette Favorite, under M. de Négrier, would come to receive the prisoners, and sent M. Desligneris to demand their extradition.
Blanchelande wrote in his own hand to Don Arrata, commandant at Las Caobas, about Ogé and his companions held in the prisons of Banica.
Ogé is arrested at Hinche with 23 others.
Brissot published a writing considering small-scale cultivation better suited than slavery to increasing the products of the colonies.
Don Joachim Garcia began the interrogation of the prisoners at Santo-Domingo with that of Jean-Baptiste Chavanne.
Don Garcia questions J.-B. Chavannes at Santo-Domingo.
From his dungeon Chavanne wrote to the Spanish governor that he had no right to hold him in irons and that he had come to claim the protection of Spain.
Mauduit landed four hundred men at Port-Salut and went to the Prou camp; Rigaud and his men laid down their arms, and soon after Rigaud and the principal chiefs were…
Chavanne wrote his second letter to the Spanish governor protesting his imprisonment.
Ogé tells Don Garcia that a patrol sent to the Dondon forced him to take refuge with Chavannes, and that his troop numbered more than 400 men.
Garcia's procedure ended with the interrogation of Jacob Ogé.
The fiscal oidor Fonserada gave his opinion for handing over the prisoners.
Faura gives his opinion that the extradition of Ogé and his companions should await new orders from the king of Spain.
Vicente Antonio de Faura gave his opinion against handing over the prisoners, advising that the orders of the court of Spain be awaited.
The corvette Favorite reached Le Cap with Ogé and his companions.
Meanwhile the constituent assembly awaited a report from its committee on the situation of the islands and the means of restoring calm there. Barnave presented this report, but without touching…
The comte de Peynier, who governed the colony in those times of anarchy, an ardent royalist, seemed more concerned with the fate of the monarchy, then threatened in France, than…
The progress of the assembly disquieted the partisans of France more than ever. Accordingly the comte de Peynier held a council of war at Port-au-Prince on 29 July: this council…
M. de Peynier, for his part, had not gone to sleep; put outside the law by the Saint-Marc assembly, he had ordered a march against it. M. de Vincent, commandant…
XXVIII. Vincent Ogé groaned at Paris over the lot of his own people; electrified by the sublime DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN, each of the injustices with which his…
The movement in the South was better planned; the men of color had gathered on 7 November 1790, on the plantation of one of their own, the young Léon Prou,…
“People of color,” he said, “I speak to you in the name of the nation, the law and the king; you are led astray by mad pretensions; you must never…
1791: A conservative estimate placed the number of people who had escaped slavery living and operating in the vast plains surrounding Caracas at approximately three hundred. This fugitive population included…
1791: Census data for the Spanish Caribbean highlighted the prominent demographic niche occupied by free people of color in urban areas. In Havana and its suburbs, free coloreds comprised twenty-two…
1791: The outbreak of the general insurrection in St.-Domingue caused an immediate disruption to French slaving operations in ports north of the Congo River. This catastrophic event marked the…
1791: Havana reached the status of a teeming entrepôt with a population between 44,000 and 50,000 people including its surrounding suburbs. This growth was the result of a generation of…
1791: White colonists in St. Domingo began wearing the black cockade instead of the French tricolor as a sign of their deepening alienation from the mother country. Many openly expressed…
1791: The Spanish government in Santo Domingo reportedly refused to provide assistance to the French colony and was even accused of supplying the rebels with provisions. These tensions highlighted the…
1791: Many of the primary leaders of the general insurrection were found to be favored enslaved domestics who had been born and raised within white families. This observation led…
1791-Jan.: An incipient revolt erupted in the "French Quarter" of Dominica, led by a group of enslaved people and free mulattoes. The uprising followed the spread of manufactured rumors that…
1791-Jan.: The popular French gazette L'Ami de la Liberté, published in Guadeloupe, gained an eager and subversive following among the black population in Dominica. Despite their restricted literacy, enslaved people…
1791-Jan.-06: The Kingston Daily Advertiser published reports on the growing frequency of desertions by the enslaved, which Julius S. Scott links to the heightening expectations of freedom in the Caribbean.…
1791-Jan.-10: Moses Myers, a merchant in Norfolk, Virginia, reported to James Rogers on the significant impact of Caribbean news on the local political climate. He noted that the arrival of…
1791-Jan.-13: Renault Briollard wrote to Governor Orde of Dominica regarding the specific rumors circulating among the enslaved population on the island. He reported that the enslaved believed they were…
1791-Feb.: Following a two-month trial in Cap Français, Vincent Ogé and more than twenty others were brutally executed by being broken upon the wheel and decapitated. This state-sanctioned violence was…
1791-Feb.-04: The Kingston Daily Advertiser reported on the heightened security measures taken by the Jamaica Assembly in response to the "unrest in the neighboring islands." The article specifically mentioned the…
1791-Feb.-22: A copy of the newspaper L’Ami de la Liberté, l’Enemi de la Licence was published in Port of Spain, Trinidad. This paper, whose title reflected the revolutionary struggle between…
1791-Mar.: The garrison at Port-au-Prince mutinies, forcing the governor to flee to Cap Français. This military breakdown signaled the total collapse of administrative stability in the West province.
1791-Mar.: Following his declaration, Jacques Ogé was executed at the Cape on March 9, 1791, along with twenty of his accomplices. His testimony was kept secret by the colonial administration…
1791-Mar.: Chevalier Mauduit was struck down and decapitated by his own grenadiers after he refused to kneel and apologize to the national guard. His head was carried on a bayonet…
1791-Mar.-10: Jacques Ogé, brother of Vincent, provided a detailed declaration to the Superior Council at the Cape identifying insurgent hideouts between the Crête à Marcan and the Canton du Giromon.…
1791-Spring: In response to the Ogé incident, the audiencia in Santo Domingo held marathon meetings to address the threat of "innumerable mulattos" entering Spanish territory. Officials feared that discontented individuals…
1791-Apr.: The question of the slave trade survived a second significant vote on the floor of the British House of Commons. News of the outcome reached Jamaica by mid-June, where…
1791-May-15: News of Vincent Ogé’s brutal execution prompted the National Assembly in France to pass a decree enfranchising a small percentage of free people of color born of free parents.…
1791-Spring: Spain and Holland entered into a formal convention for the mutual return of deserters and fugitives in their American colonies. This agreement was specifically designed to cut off communication…
1791-Jun.: Municipal officials in Havana reported that their capacities were being severely stretched by the simultaneous challenges of rounding up people who had escaped slavery and capturing deserters. The countryside…
1791-Jun.-06: Jamaican officials in Kingston observed an "air of insolence" among the city's black population following the arrival of a report regarding the abolition of the slave trade. A premature…
1791-Jun.-18: Governor Juan Baptista Vaillant of Cuba submitted a general summary of the inhabitants of Santiago de Cuba and its surrounding territory. The census highlighted the diverse demographic makeup of…
1791-Jun.-21: Governor Vaillant of Cuba communicated with Governor Luis de las Casas regarding the "contagion" of revolutionary ideas and the arrival of "seditious" individuals from Saint-Domingue. He noted that the…
1791-July: Officials in Montego Bay arrested a man known as "Hosa, a Spanish Negro" after taking him off a Spanish sloop. Despite his protestations that he was a free man,…
1791-Jul.-04: Governor Adam Williamson of Jamaica informed Lord Grenville that while the island remained relatively stable, the news of the slave trade debates continued to create a "state of suspense."…
1791-Aug.-08: Henry Dundas, the British Secretary of State, wrote to Lord Effingham in Jamaica concerning the legal status of people who had escaped slavery and fled to Cuba. The British…
1791-Aug.-14: Boukman Dutty, a Jamaican-born enslaved man and Vodou priest, presided over the Bois Caïman ceremony that effectively launched the general insurrection in Saint-Domingue. Scott identifies Boukman as a…
1791-Aug.-16: Governor Luis de las Casas of Havana reported to the Spanish government regarding the mounting tensions following the initial reports of the general insurrection in Saint-Domingue. He expressed…
1791-Aug.-21: A religious ceremony at Bois-Caïman provides a framework for uprising. Enslaved leaders gathered in the northern plain at Bois Caïman. A Vodou ceremony, often associated with Dutty Boukman and…
1791-Aug.-22: The Great Rebellion began on the rich northern plain of Saint-Domingue as approximately 100,000 enslaved people rose in a coordinated and well-planned strike. Insurgents set fire to 180 sugar…
1791-Aug.-22: The Cornwall Chronicle and Jamaica General Advertiser provided some of the earliest English-language coverage of the general insurrection in the Plaine du Nord. The reports described the destruction…
1791-Aug.-23: The general insurrection breaks out in the middle of the night at the Nod plantation in the parish of Acul. Insurgents massacred the plantation’s apprentice, overseer, and refiner…
1791-Aug.-25: Although the general insurrection was reportedly scheduled to coincide with St. Louis’s day, the impatience of laborers on the northern plain caused operations to begin two days early. This…
1791-Aug.-29: In response to the massive slave uprising in northern Saint-Domingue, a delegation of planters arrived in the United States to urgently request military and financial assistance to suppress the…
1791-Fall: Spanish officials in New Orleans arrested and tried Pedro Bailly, a free colored militiaman, for publicly identifying with the revolutionaries in Saint-Domingue. Bailly was an outspoken opponent of the…
1791-Sept.: The Governor-general of St. Domingo dispatched commissioners to Jamaica and the United States to request urgent military assistance and provisions. He framed the insurrection of the enslaved as…
1791-Sept.: The British administration in Jamaica agreed to provide arms, ammunition, and naval protection to assist the French inhabitants of Cape François. Admiral Affleck ordered the frigates Blonde and Daphne…
1791-Sep.-07: Governor Effingham reported the "Terrible Insurrection" in Saint-Domingue to the British Secretary of State after receiving emissaries pleading for assistance. While the official account framed the uprising as a…
1791-Sept.-11: A concordat or truce was signed at Mirebalais between the white inhabitants of Port-au-Prince and the local men of color. The agreement attempted to mitigate internal conflict by addressing…
1791-Sept.-11: A truce known as the concordat is signed at Port-au-Prince between white citizens and free men of color, providing an oblivion of the past. The agreement centered on the…
1791-Sep.-17: Governor Effingham of Jamaica reported to Henry Dundas that the news of the massive insurrection of the enslaved in Saint-Domingue had finally reached the island, causing immediate panic among…
1791-Sept.-20: The General Assembly at Cape François issues a formal proclamation declaring that they will no longer oppose the operation of the May 15 decree. This concession also announced an…
1791-Sept.-24: The National Assembly in France unexpectedly votes to repeal the May 15 decree just as the colonial administration was finally moving to accept it. This legislative reversal destroyed all…
1791-Sept.-26: Bryan Edwards arrived at Cape François and observed a dreadful scene of smoking ruins and active conflagrations across the northern plain. He reported that the desperate white inhabitants viewed…
1791-Sept.-28: Bryan Edwards personally observes the public execution of two captured rebels who were broken on the wheel outside his lodgings in Cape François. He recorded that while English spectators…
1791-Fall: In the wake of the northern insurrection, Captain John Davison of the vessel Charming Sally witnessed the exercise of new black power in Port-au-Prince. He recounted seeing a delegation…
1791-Fall: Following the first news of the black uprising in Saint-Domingue, Spanish officials in Louisiana arrested the free colored militiaman Pedro Bailly for publicly identifying with the revolutionaries. He was…
1791-Oct: Formation of Rebel Military Structure: Rebel camps consolidated in the mountains. Leaders such as Jean-François, Biassou, and Boukman organized disciplined fighting forces. Significance: Demonstrates that enslaved insurgents quickly developed…
1791-Oct.: Insurgent leaders Jean-François and Biassou send a letter to the Colonial Assembly offering a return to work. They proposed ending the revolt in exchange for the legal freedom of…
1791-Oct.: The Colonial Assembly of St. Domingo attempted to negotiate a loan from the Jamaican government using their internal taxes and port duties as security. While a motion to advance…
1791-Oct.-15: News of the black uprising in Saint-Domingue arrived in New Orleans, prompting Spanish officials to immediately tighten security around the pardo militia. Authorities were particularly concerned about the influence…
1791-Oct.-16: Commissioner Raboteau reported that 182 sugar plantations and 950 coffee, cotton, and indigo settlements had been destroyed since the general insurrection began in August. He estimated that 100,000 of…
1791-Oct.-20: A supplementary agreement is signed between white inhabitants and mulattoes in the West in a desperate attempt to confirm and preserve the provisions of the September truce. These efforts…
1791-Nov.: Robert Parker, an upholsterer in Montego Bay, observed four enslaved men engaged in an earnest nocturnal discourse in front of his establishment. The men were waiting for a scheduled…
1791-Nov.: Spanish court ministers responded to the initial news of the Saint-Domingue rebellion by urging colonial authorities to maintain "perfect neutrality" in the conflict. This attempt to insulate the Spanish…
1791-Nov.: A massive gathering of approximately 3,000 enslaved people took place in Jamaica’s Westmoreland parish to celebrate William Wilberforce's birthday. Those assembled ate and drank in an area located far…
1791-Nov.: Port-au-Prince suffers a devastating conflagration that consumes more than one-third of the city’s buildings during a renewed outbreak of civil war. The violence was characterized by a diabolical emulation…
1791-Nov.: A young brown man who was learning the carpenter trade in Kingston was spotted attempting to flee Jamaica aboard a naval vessel. He was seen trying to secure passage…
1791-Nov.: John Whittaker, a plantation owner in a remote part of Jamaica, discovered that his enslaved workers were receiving news of coastal developments faster than he was. After a worker…
1791-Nov.-late: In the closing weeks of 1791, the white plantocracy along Jamaica's northern coast mobilized in a "defensive reaction" against the growing specter of black rebellion. Parish freeholders established "committees…
1791-Nov.: Paul Williams, an English-speaking native of Charleston, was among more than 200 enslaved men transported from Port-au-Prince to Honduras for sale. These individuals were deported by French authorities…
1791-Nov.: Philip, a Cuba-born "Spanish negro" who had migrated to Jamaica in 1788, was arrested in Montego Bay after attempting to purchase gunpowder. His profile as a mobile, multilingual sailor…
1791-Nov.-05: Members of the Jamaican Assembly wrote to their agent in London, Stephen Fuller, describing the "insolent" behavior of enslaved people following the news of the Saint-Domingue revolt. They reported…
1791-Nov.-12: News of a rising of the enslaved in Dominica reached the surrounding British and French islands, causing a state of profound alarm among the local colonial governments. Enslaved people in…
1791-Nov.-18: An extract of a letter from Kingston, Jamaica, described the "dreadful" state of the colony as news of the Saint-Domingue uprising became common knowledge. The writer noted that the…
1791-Nov.-29: Mary Smith wrote to William Hammet expressing her profound anxiety over the news from Saint-Domingue reaching Jamaica. She described how the reports of the insurrection were the primary topic…
1791-late: Leading French planters in Saint-Domingue made formal applications to British ministers requesting that an armament be sent to take possession of the colony. They claimed the inhabitants were eager…
1791-Dec.: Three civil commissioners nominated by the French National Assembly arrive at Cape François to investigate the causes of the ruin and restore peace. Their arrival was met with high…
1791-Dec.: A royal proclamation issued in Jamaica strictly regulated the settlement of free people of color and free negroes arriving from the revolutionary French colony. The law required two "substantial…
1791-Dec.: Two black North Americans arrived at the Kingston workhouse in Jamaica through distinct maritime routes, highlighting the diversity of the immigrant population. Solomon Dick was arrested under vagrancy laws…
1791-Dec.-10: Facing the approach of the Christmas season, traditionally the most difficult time to enforce plantation discipline, the Governor and Assembly of Jamaica instituted martial law throughout the island. This drastic…
1791-Dec.-20: Biassou, one of the primary leaders of the Saint-Domingue insurgents, consolidated his power in the Northern Province, commanding a large and increasingly organized black army. Scott notes that Biassou…
1791-Dec.-late: The first three civil commissioners, Mirbeck, Roome, and St. Leger, arrived at Cape François with high expectations of restoring peace and subordination. Although they were received with public devotions…
1791–1792: The medical journal of the slaving ship Brandenbourg provided a systematic record of the illnesses and deaths that occurred during its final voyage. Chief surgeon Johannes Andreas Kraus documented…
1791–1804: The St.-Domingue Revolution significantly altered the geographic center of gravity for the entire transatlantic slave trade by closing the largest market in the Caribbean. Following the collapse of the…
1791–1856: The nineteenth century saw more captives deported to Brazil than to any other country, driven by the insatiable labor requirements of the expanding coffee and sugar frontiers. Following…
1791–1867: The Cuban slave trade reached unprecedented levels in the nineteenth century as the island became the world's leading sugar producer following the collapse of the industry in Saint-Domingue. During…
1791-July-28: Less than a month before the general insurrection, Jefferson reaffirmed in a ciphered message to Short that the United States had a "right and duty under the moral…
1791-September-24: President George Washington responded to a request for aid from the French minister Ternant following the outbreak of the general insurrection in Saint-Domingue. Washington expressed his sincere regret…
1791-October-01: The United States government advanced $$40,000$ to the French minister to purchase supplies, arms, and ammunition for the besieged planters of Saint-Domingue. This money was deducted from the debt…
1791-November-14: Thomas Jefferson warned Ternant that if France were to lose control of Saint-Domingue, the most likely outcome would be a British monopoly of the island's trade. Jefferson emphasized that…
1791-October-07: Alexander Hamilton, the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, approached the French minister Ternant to discuss the possibility of extracting additional commercial privileges in Saint-Domingue following the outbreak of the…
1791-November-24: Thomas Jefferson informed American envoy William Short that he had held an unofficial meeting with agents representing the French planters of Saint-Domingue. Jefferson advised the agents that seeking independence…
1791-August-14: A massive slave uprising began in the northern province of Saint-Domingue, fundamentally altering the diplomatic landscape of the Atlantic world. Fleeing planters soon arrived in the United States, bringing…
1791, August 14–22: (The Vodou Covenant at Bois Cayman): While the elite classes contested power, 700,000 enslaved people, mostly new arrivals from Africa, watched with a sense that their hour…
1791, September–October: (The General Insurrection and the Siege of the Cap): As the insurrection spread, the Plaine-du-Nord was ringed in flame, with 180 sugar plantations and 900 coffee and indigo…
1791: (The Suppressed Confession of Vincent Ogé): Did you know Vincent Ogé confessed to the mulâtre plots while on the rack, but for reasons unknown, the French authorities suppressed and…
1791: (The Sonic Shield of the Enslaved): Did you know that enslaved people used the kabinda dance and chants about "Ginen" to communicate mysteries that were never revealed to whites…
1791: (The Gruesome Standard of Insurrection): Did you know that during the initial uprising, some furious insurgents used the body of a white baby impaled on a pike as…
1791: (The Faith in Divine Invulnerability): Did you know some of the enslaved were so convinced of their invulnerability by the Vodou spirit Ogoun that they tried to stop cannonballs…
1791, September–October: (The Ferocity of Jeannot and the Fall of Trou du Nord): Following the execution of Boukman, the formerly enslaved Jeannot assumed leadership of an army of 6,000…
1791, May 15–August 9: (The Legislative Collision of Paris and Saint-Domingue): Shocked by the brutal execution of Ogé and Chavannes, the French National Assembly decreed on May 15, 1791, that…
1791, March–September: (The Internal Collapse and the Concordat of the West): During the summer of 1791, the whites of the West and Cul-de-Sac mirrored the chaos of revolutionary France as…
1791, October–November: (Military Warnings and the Burning of Port-au-Prince): Experienced soldiers du Rouvray and Touzard warned the Colonial Assembly in October 1791 that 6,000 French troops would be insufficient to…
1791, November–1792, April: (The Failed Diplomacy of the First Commission): Three commissioners sent by the National Assembly, Mirbeck, Roume, and Saint-Léger, arrived at the Cap on November 29, 1791, to find…
1791: Did you know that the rebel leader Jean-François flinched in submission and did not use his pistol when his former enslaver lashed him with a horsewhip during a…
1791: Did you know that during the fighting near Jérémie, monsters murdered a pregnant woman's husband before ripping her open alive and sewing her husband's head inside her?
1791: Did you know the French regular troops mutinied against Colonel Mauduit, hacked off his genitals, and delivered them in a box to his dearest friend?
1791: Did you know Romaine-la-Prophetesse was a Spanish mulâtre who claimed to hear the voice of God and led a congregation of marrons to kill in the name of the…
1791: Did you know the enslaved attempted to bombard Cap Français using captured alarm guns but failed because they rammed the powder in front of the cannonballs?
1791: Did you know that the insurgent leaders Jean-François and Biassou offered to betray their own followers and deliver them back into slavery in exchange for their own
1791: Did you know that a year before he arrived, Sonthonax wrote that the lands of Saint-Domingue should belong to the Black people because they had earned them with their…
1791: (Vodou as a Revolutionary Mask and Oath): Some historians believe the Cérémonie du Bois Cayman utilized Vodou forms specifically to bind participants to a fearful oath of obedience. Others…
1791–1803: (The Perilous and Dual Role of the Clergy): During the risings of the enslaved, several priests like pères Bienvenu, Sulpice, and de la Haye stayed within the rebel…
1791: Ritual. Did you know the Bois Cayman ceremony might have been a Vodou sevis, a tactical mask for conspirators, or both?
1791: Clergy. Did you know that while white colonists accused priests of betrayal, Haitians remember Abbé de la Haye as a saintly protector of the people?
1791: (The Haitian Revolution as Catalyst: The Most Notable Insurrection of the Enslaved, Which Made Investors Uneasy and Disrupted the Economy Built on Slavery): Resistance by the enslaved had long…
1791-02-06: (Vincent Ogé Executed in Cap-Haïtien, His Public Death Meant to Intimidate the Free Colored Population Into Submission, Instead Contributing to the Radicalization That Would Erupt in Revolution Six Months…
1791-08-14: (The Bois Caïman Ceremony, the Vodou Gathering Led by Boukman Where the Haitian Revolution Was Planned, the Spiritual and Political Act That Transformed Individual Grievances Into Collective Armed Resistance,…
1791-08-22: (The Night of Fire, the Haitian Revolution Begins, as Enslaved People Across the Northern Plains Rise in Coordinated Insurrection, Burning Plantations, Killing Enslavers, and Launching the Only Successful…
1791-10-15: (Boukman Captured and Executed by the French, His Head Displayed on a Pike in Cap-Haïtien, a Spectacle Meant to End the Revolution That Instead Became a Rallying Symbol of…
On 8 June 1791 Henri Grégoire, deputy of the National Assembly and Bishop of Loir-et-Cher, published an open letter to the citizens of colour and free Negroes of Saint-Domingue. He…
On 15 October 1791, seven weeks into the insurrection, Toussaint Louverture wrote to Georges Biassou, one of the commanders of the rebel camps in the North. It is among the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cayes (Les) in 1791, the people aboard the Jérémie rose against the crew. They had been taken at Iles de Los. The record…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Basse-Terre in 1791, the people aboard the Victorieux rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gabon. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Montego Bay in 1791, the people aboard the Vulture rose against the crew. They had been taken at Bonny. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at St. Vincent in 1791, the people aboard the Albion rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gallinhas. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage in 1791, the people aboard the Sally rose against the crew. They had been taken at a port the record does not name. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Jamaica in 1791, the people aboard the Favourite rose against the crew. They had been taken at Bonny. The record gives the numbers…
A French militiaman's diary records that on the Sunday after the capture of L'Acul the insurgents celebrated two marriages in the church, assumed titles, treated the titled men with great…
Dubois follows one woman through the wreckage to show how fragile purchased freedom was. In February 1791 Marie-Rose Masson handed the Gallifet plantation manager Odeluc 3,342 livres, roughly what a…
Thornton uses Jean-Baptiste Cap to break the assumption that the kings elected by the insurgents were necessarily Africans. Cap, king of Limbé and Port Margot until his capture, was apparently…
After these events there was a glimmer of calm in the colony. The trial of Ogé and Chavannes was prepared during the months of January and February 1791. In vain…
This revolution, accomplished on 5 March 1791, completely overthrew the royalist party in the provinces of the West and the South; and the lower class of whites took power in…
It was on 30 June that news of the decree of 15 May reached Le Cap, by a ship from Nantes. All the colonial prejudices rose up at once: the…
The whites, fearing the claims of the freedmen, hastened to form the second colonial assembly before the decree of 15 May should be put into execution. This new assembly met…
We have seen that since the murder of Mauduit, Blanchelande had withdrawn to Le Cap, which had become the capital of the colony. As that town was far more hostile…
On the night of 14 August 1791, two hundred delegates of the gangs of the province of the North met on the Lenormand plantation. There a man of color read…
The municipality of Port-au-Prince disarmed those who were in the town and drove them out of it. They spread through the countryside and met on 21 August, the eve of…
On the night of the general insurrection Candy, a man of color, had taken up arms in the neighborhood of Ouanaminthe at the head of a great number of his…
On the appointed day, at ten in the evening, whirlwinds of flame rising from the quarter of L'Acul and leaping into the sky gave the signal of the insurrection. The…
The new confederates were fairly well armed: they carried hunting knives, lances, pikes, sabers and swords; most of them were mounted, some on mules, some on horses. Like all men…
Meanwhile Jourdain and Gérin, men of color who had been at the meeting at Rastau's near Port-au-Prince, had gone to the quarter of Petit-Trou (province of the South), where they…
After this battle the men of color withdrew to Trou Caïman. They took up there so respectable a stance that the royalist enslavers of Mirebalais and the Croix-des-Bouquets made with…
On 10 October a deputation of the enslavers of the Croix-des-Bouquets, sent by Hanus de Jumécourt, came to Port-au-Prince to demand the execution of the concordat of 11 September; the…
Caradeux was not discouraged: in spite of the opposition and threats of Praloto, he had commissioners named on 19 October, who went to the Goureau plantation to discuss there the…
On 19 October, the day of the meeting, a new concordat was signed at Goureau, by which that of 11 September was recognized as lawful and in conformity with the…
The next day, 24 October, the men of color, about two thousand in number, entered Port-au-Prince in solemn procession together with the whites. Caradeux and Bauvais marched at their head,…
During this interval Caradeux and Lérembourg, who never lost sight of the maintenance of slavery, proposed to Bauvais, Lambert and Pinchinat that the enslaved men who had taken up arms…
Blanchelande had to fight the revolutionary party, the freedmen and the enslaved. He sent to Martinique for help; and the governor of that island, M. de Béhague, dispatched to him…
Firing began at once; the chain shot and grapeshot would have annihilated the men of color had the white artillery been well served. The freedmen, whose courage was sustained by…
The fire did not cease its ravages until 48 hours had passed. Twenty-seven of the town's 30 îlets fell prey to the flames; 500 houses were burned, and the losses…
Port-au-Prince, however, closely hemmed in by the Mulattoes, sent to the Croix-des-Bouquets Caradeux de la Caye, brother of Caradeux the Cruel, charged with announcing to Pinchinat and Bauvais that the…
Meanwhile, in the West, everything seemed to announce that war would soon break out again between the freedmen and the whites. The municipality and Praloto, although three of the four…
On 24 December, Toussaint and the other officers of Jean-François who had come to Le Cap with the prisoners presented themselves at the bar of the Colonial Assembly. The president…
Jean-Baptiste Chavannes, the companion of Vincent Ogé, was arrested at San Juan with the enslaved man Louis on 25 November 1790 and handed over at Santo-Domingo. On 23 February 1791…
On 25 February 1791 Ogé and Chavannes were broken on the wheel on the square of the Cap. The next day Jacques Ogé and twenty-two other companions of Ogé were…
POISSON. Habitation situated in the commune of the Cap-Haitien on the road that leads to Dondon and to the Grande Rivière, opposite which the heads of Ogé and Chavanne were…
On 25 February 1791 Ogé and Chavannes were broken on the wheel on the square of the Cap. The next day Jacques Ogé and twenty-two other companions of Ogé were…
On 30 July, Colonel Mauduit dissolved by force of arms the assembly of the West. He was assassinated on 4 March 1791. Rouzier tells this under the entry PORT-AU PRINCE…
HISTORY. At the time of the general insurrection of the enslaved in 1791, Governor de Blanchelande sent Colonel Thouzard from the Cap at the head of a regiment to retake…
On 14 August 1791, a fire broke out on this habitation to inaugurate the general insurrection of the enslaved. Several hommes de couleur were massacred at the Cap, being accused…
LAGOSSETTE. Habitation in the commune of the Plaine du Nord. On 14 August 1791 a fire broke out on this habitation. Several hommes de couleur were massacred at the Cap,…
On the night of 14 August 1791, two hundred Deputies of the work gangs of the parish of the North assembled on this habitation. There a man of color read…
On 14 August 1791 the Black leader Bouckmann, leading the rebellious captives of this habitation to the Bois Caïman, had them drink the blood of a black pig that a…
On 22 August 1791, at 10 o'clock in the evening, the enslaved rose in revolt against the French and burned everything, thus giving the signal of the insurrection in the…
On 22 August 1791 several men of color were massacred there, being accused by the whites of being the authors of the general revolt of the enslaved of the North.…
On 22 August 1791, the famous chief of the captives in revolt, Boukman, drew along the work gang of this habitation with those of the habitations Turpin and Le Normand…
On the night of 14 August 1791, two hundred Deputies of the work gangs of the parish of the North assembled on this habitation. There a man of color read…
HISTORY. On 22 August 1791, Candy, a man of color, took up arms in the environs of Ouanaminthe at the head of a great number of his people, most of…
HISTORY. On 22 August 1791, at the insurrection of the enslaved, the whole Plaine du Nord was put to fire and blood: in the countryside the whites of all parties…
TURPIN. Habitation situated in the commune of la Plaine du Nord, of which the famous leader of the enslaved, Boukman, was one of the commandeurs. He raised the ateliers of…
History. On 7 November 1790 the men of color of the West and the South assemble at the voice of Ogé; on 29 August 1791 they give themselves leaders. Rouzier…
On 29 August 1791 the affranchis of the South gave themselves leaders; these were Rigaud and Borgella. They had already assembled on 5 November 1790, at the call of Ogé.…
In 1791, the affranchis of the West had just organized themselves at Port-Républicain and on the habitation Diègue, when they learned that a squadron of the white militia, composed of…
On 30 August 1791, Beauvais and Lambert, the leaders of the affranchis of the West, met there the white militia commanded by a white colonist named Jean Baptiste de Lespinasse.…
History. Jourdain and Gérin, hommes de couleur, had their home at Petit Trou. On 30 August 1791 they raised their brothers and the plantation work gangs, and seized the bourg…
Coutard was a wealthy enslaver of the Plain of the Cul-de-Sac and the father of Pierre Café, one of the signatories, for the men of color, of the concordat signed…
On 7 September 1791, after the battle of Pernier, the royalist whites of the Croix-des-Bouquets made with the affranchis camped at the Trou-Caïman a concordat that obliged the contracting parties…
Jumécourt was one of the signatories of the concordat concluded on 7 September 1791 at the Croix-des-Bouquets between the colonists of the Croix-des-Bouquets and those of Mirebalais on the one…
On 7 September 1791, after the battle of Pernier, the royalist whites of Mirebalais signed at Croix-des-Bouquets, with the affranchis, a concordat for the faithful execution of the national decrees…
Pierre Pelerin was a freed mulâtre. He was one of the signatories for the men of color of the concordat concluded on 7 September 1791 at the Croix des Bouquets,…
On 7 September 1791, after the battle of Pernier, the royalist whites of the Croix-des-Bouquets made with the affranchis camped at the Trou-Caïman a concordat that obliged the contracting parties…
On 22 September 1791 the whites and the affranchis of St. Marc signed an agreement, and for the faithful execution of the decrees in favor of the affranchis. Rouzier tells…
On 7 September 1791, after the battle of Pernier, the royalist whites of the Croix-des-Bouquets made with the affranchis camped at the Trou-Caïman a concordat that obliged the contracting parties…
On Sunday 23 October 1791, deputations of whites and affranchis went to the Damiens habitation, where the mayor of Port-Républicain, citizen Lerembourg, a white colonist, read them the concordat of…
On 19 October 1791, Caradeux sent commissioners there to discuss the articles of a new treaty with the affranchis. There were 27 white deputies there, headed by Caradeux the elder…
On 23 October 1791 a peace treaty was signed on the habitation Damiens, in this plain, between the men of color and the white colonists, by which the latter recognized…
On Sunday 23 October 1791, deputations of whites and affranchis went to the Damiens habitation, where the mayor of Port-Républicain, citizen Lerembourg, a white colonist, read them the concordat of…
On 24 October 1791 Caradeux was named commandant general of the national guards of the West, and Beauvais second in command. Rouzier tells this under the entry OUEST ( l'…
History. On 1 November 1791, Jean François, generalissimo of the rebel Blacks, on learning of the atrocities committed by Jeannot, his lieutenant, was horrified by them and ordered him to…
On 21 November 1791, during the fight between the whites and the affranchis at Port-au-Prince, Aubrant was descending from the Belair with three companies to fight Praloto and force him…
On 21 November 1791, during the fight between the whites and the affranchis in the town of Port-au-Prince, Beauvais, obliged for lack of munitions to abandon the government palace where…
History. On 21 November 1791 the affranchis of Jacmel compelled the whites of that town to make a concordat with them. Reinforced by those of the Croix-des-Bouquets, they attacked the…
On 21 November 1791, during the fight between the royalist whites and the affranchis of Port-au-Prince, Captain Douyon, encamped at Montalais, protected the retreat of Beauvais by halting Caradeux, who…
On 21 November 1791, there was a battle between the affranchis commanded by Beauvais and the whites: they had fought from 2 o'clock in the afternoon until evening. Praloto set…
The hunters of Saltrou, skilled marksmen, encamped with Bauvais at the national palace of Port-au-Prince, killed most of Praloto's white gunners in the combat of 21 November 1791 between the…
Drouillard was a wealthy enslaver. He was one of the signatories of the concordat concluded on 7 December 1791 at the Croix-des-Bouquets between the royalist whites of Mirebalais and of…
On 16 December 1791, the French ship Borée bombarded Fort Bizoton without success; it was held by the men of color. Rouzier tells this under the entry Bizoton.
M. Desligneris wrote from Le Cap to Don Garcia that the Favorite had arrived there with the prisoners on 29 December 1790 and that nearly three hundred accomplices were in…
The national assembly asked the king to send three civil commissioners to Saint-Domingue with power to suspend criminal judgments arising from the troubles; the colonists' intrigues delayed their departure until…
The superior council of Le Cap condemns V. Ogé and J.-B. Chavannes to be broken alive.
Jacques Ogé and 22 others are condemned to the same death, and 13 to the galleys for life.
Jacques Ogé was executed at Le Cap; his judges recorded that he denounced many men of color, several of them residents of the West.
Clavière, in a preface to an address of the Amis des noirs to the national assembly, attacked Moreau de Saint-Méry.
The abbé Maury spoke in the national assembly against political equality for the men of color, calling Africa the true fatherland of the islanders; Ardouin holds that the speech dictated…
Robespierre declared in the national assembly, after Dupont de Nemours, that the colonies should perish if the colonists meant to force the assembly by threats.
Decree of the national assembly admitting to the colonial assemblies the freedmen of all colors who were born of free fathers and mothers.
On 15 May 1791 the abbé Maury declared from the rostrum of the constituent assembly that the nègres and mulâtres were not true Frenchmen, and Ardouin says the assembly based…
The national assembly published the statement of the reasons for its decree of 15 May, citing the edict of 1685 and the decree of 28 March.
The national assembly declares that there is no ground for accusation against the members of the general assembly of Saint-Marc, and authorizes them to return to Saint-Domingue; a new assembly…
The decree of 15 May reached Le Cap; the whites swore not to execute it, the provincial assembly of the North threatened resistance, and Blanchelande declared that he would suspend…
On Barnave's motion the national assembly declared that there was no ground to proceed against the members of the assembly of Saint-Marc and allowed them to return to Saint-Domingue.
Gathered in the church of the Mirebalais, the men of color constituted a political council of about forty representatives under Pinchinat and swore fidelity to the nation, the law and…
The colonial assembly resolved to remove to Le Cap and adjourned to the end of the month.
A fire breaks out on the Chabaud plantation, at Le Limbé, in the North.
The political council of the Mirebalais wrote to Blanchelande complaining of his partiality for their enemies.
Jourdain attended the meeting at Louise Rateau's at Port-au-Prince and left at once for Petit-Trou.
Blanchelande answered the political council that he disapproved its illicit assembly and enjoined the men of color to disperse and to venerate the whites.
The men of color assembled in arms at Diègue in the canton of the Charbonnière; Bauvais was acclaimed captain general and had Lambert named second; Rigaud was made colonel, Daguin…
The men of color of Jacmel, Petit-Goave, the Arcahaie, Petit-Trou and Les Cayes took up arms and organized on the same day.
The political council of the Mirebalais answered Blanchelande in a last letter announcing that the men of color would arm for their safety.
Barnave obtained a decree suspending the departure from Brest of the civil commissioners Roume, Mirbeck and Saint-Léger.
The constitution of the kingdom was completed, three weeks before the decree of 24 September was declared constitutional.
At the Croix-des-Bouquets the commissioners of the whites under Hanus de Jumécourt and those of the men of color signed a concordat by which the whites would not oppose the…
Commissioners of Port-au-Prince signed with those of the men of color under Pinchinat a new concordat recognizing their equality of political rights, the secrecy of letters and the liberty of…
The general assembly promised to soften the lot of the men of color who were not born of free father and mother.
The men of color of Saint-Marc under Savary the elder and the whites of the parishes of the Artibonite signed a similar concordat.
Blanchelande answered the insurgents by a proclamation exhorting the enslaved people to submit and to deliver up their chiefs.
The national assembly passes a decree that leaves to the colonial assemblies the power to rule on the political status of the men of color.
The constituent assembly passed the decree of 24 September, declared constitutional, which repealed the decree of 15 May and gave the colonial assemblies alone the laws on the status of…
The king accepted the decree of 24 September, which the colonial assembly afterwards called the constitutional law of 28 September 1791.
Hanus de Jumécourt reported to Blanchelande on the suisses and on seven plantations near revolt.
The general assembly reinstated the men of color of the Fond-Parisien in their confiscated property, by a provisional pardon.
Blanchelande wrote to Hanus de Jumécourt that he and the general assembly wanted the decree of 15 May executed.
Blanchelande wrote to the men of color that the general assembly and he wanted the decree of 15 May executed.
The treaty of peace among fourteen parishes of the West was signed on the Damiens plantation under Pinchinat and Caradeux the elder; it admitted the men of color to all…
A letter written from Port-au-Prince to merchants of Nantes described the entry of the men of color with the suisses.
A secret committee at Port-au-Prince voted, on Leremboure's proposal and with the assent of Bauvais, Lambert and Pinchinat against Rigaud, Daguin and Pétion, to deport the suisses to the coast…
The general assembly of Le Cap, on learning of the decree of September 24, postpones the political emancipation of the men of color to a more distant time.
Off Jérémie the captains of the Manuel and the Philipine confer, and their vessels change course in the night.
The 250 men and the four commissioners Chanlatte, Haran, Bonneau and Richiez leave Port-au-Prince for the coast of the Mosquitos.
Captain Bélanger of the Philipine confers with Colmin of the Manuel off Jérémie.
The general assembly resolved that it would take up the political status of the free men of color and free nègres only when the revolt of the enslaved had ended,…
Two hundred and thirteen suisses sailed from Port-au-Prince on the Emmanuel of Nantes, Captain Colmin, for the bay of the Mosquitos, followed by the commissioners of color Cadet Chanlatte, Charles…
The general assembly addressed the men of color, telling them that treaties wrested by force could have only a passing success.
Blanchelande proclaimed that the men of color must submit to the general assembly, composed of their fathers and benefactors, and join the whites against the rebel nègres.
Clash between the men of color and the whites at Port-au-Prince: fire in a part of that town; the men of color leave it and withdraw to La Croix-des-Bouquets: they…
Three of the four sections of Port-au-Prince adopted the treaty of 23 October; the fourth, led by Praloto's troop, demanded a stay.
The whites of Praloto's company provoked a quarrel with Scapin, a free black drummer of the army of color, and hanged him from a street lamp near the town hall.
Valmé, a mulâtre of the Arcahaie, shot and wounded the white Cadeau, who had come to insult the men of color, and Bauvais had Cadeau carried to the hospital.
Praloto, the royal artillery, the infantry and Caradeux's national guard attacked the army of color at the palace and the place d'armes; Pétion fired his guns and then the paving…
At Les Cayes the provincial assembly and the municipality provoked a brawl between a white and a mulâtre; the men of color left the town and camped on the plantations,…
The municipality of Port-au-Prince wrote to the confederates of the Croix-des-Bouquets that the treaty of 23 October still stood and invited them back, to gain time for its fortifications.
André Rigaud wrote from Aquin to the men of color of Les Cayes urging them to march, in the words "kill, plunder, burn", on the false news that Bauvais and…
The mulâtre Raynal and the nègre Duplessis carried to the colonial assembly a second address of the black chiefs, signed by Jean François, Biassou, Toussaint, Desprez, Manzeau and Aubert.
Garran de Coulon declared in the Legislative Assembly that the recognition of the rights of the men of color would disarm them.
The Legislative Assembly forbade the use against the men of color of the forces sent to Saint-Domingue.
Charles Tarbé presented to the Legislative Assembly his report on the troubles of Saint-Domingue, concluding for the decree of 24 September.
The colonial assembly, on the commissioners' observation, changed its title from general assembly to colonial assembly.
The president of the colonial assembly answered Raynal and Duplessis that it could not correspond with men armed against the law; Biassou in his fury would have shot the white…
The white prisoners appeared at the bar of the colonial assembly; Toussaint Louverture then declared to Jean François and Biassou that the commissioners lacked power, and Biassou stayed away from…
The enslaved in revolt in 1791 occupied it. Rouzier tells this under the entry Charite.
On the day of this procession, so minutely and so mournfully described (25 February 1791), all the troops were on their feet and the white population was in an uproar.…
The assembly remembered the harm that the ambiguity of the instructions of the month of March had done to Saint-Domingue; it was to this ambiguity that this country had owed…
It was agreed, therefore, to meet outside the city. The house of mademoiselle Louise Rasteau was chosen, situated behind that of the government, a house which the heroism of the…
Meanwhile the ASSEMBLÉE COLONIALE, sitting at Léogane, after three days of deliberation, decreed on 8 August that Saint-Domingue was an integral part of the French empire. This decree had at…
Rigaud, Boury, Bleck and Lambert had already arrived on the Diègue plantation. Pétion appeared at nine o'clock in the morning. It was his arrival that was awaited before proceeding to…
Beauvais resolved to abandon the camp of Diègue, for provisions were already lacking there; he betook himself to the Trou-Caïman, at the foot of the Grands-Bois, in the neighborhood of…
Meanwhile the intrigues of the club Massiac, which had prevented the official dispatch of the decree of 15 May, ended by obtaining something better than that, by sowing terror through…
On both sides they set about naming deputies; the whites elected, at Port-au-Prince, Messrs. Caradeux the elder, Vincendon Dutour, Catherinot, Cambfranc, Lerembourg senior, Boyer, Dufour and Guieu; at Léogane, Tiby…
The army of the confederates, made up of fifteen hundred men, among whom were the {{*Suisses*|the enslaved men who had taken up arms in the confederate ranks}}, entered Port-au-Prince in…
Meanwhile, in obedience to the treaty concluded on the Damiens plantation, the municipality had convened the districts of Port-au-Prince for the formation of new primary assemblies. These operations moved slowly;…
It was while the combined army was thus preparing all the elements of the triumph of the RIGHTS OF MAN that there landed at Cap-Français, on 28 November, the commission…
1792: General A. N. de la Salle attempted to temper the revolutionary ardor of recruits sailing to Saint-Domingue in 1792. Fearing the explosive potential of republican rituals, he instructed the…
1792: Approximately 200 emigré families from Saint-Domingue reached Philadelphia to escape the growing restlessness and violence in the French colony. The arrival of these refugees provided North American residents with…
1792: A detailed record of slave sales in Suriname documented the purchase of over sixty individuals by various local planters and merchants. The buyers included figures such as Steeven Boon,…
1792: Governor Williamson of Jamaica reported that the "spirit of discontent" among the enslaved population usually first appeared on the island's north coast. This region was particularly vulnerable due to…
1792: A group of planters on the north coast of Jamaica reported that "no character is so dangerous in this Country as that of a Pedlar." They argued that almost…
1792: The arrival of Jacobin commissioner Léger Félicité Sonthonax in Saint-Domingue sparked widespread rumors that his secret mission was to abolish slavery and empower people of color. These reports traveled…
1792-Jan.: France sent commissioners Sonthonax and Polverel to restore order amid escalating conflict between whites, free people of color, and enslaved insurgents. The civil commissioners published the decree of September…
1792-Jan.-02: Stephen Fuller, the Jamaican agent in London, received a letter from a colonial correspondent describing the "unprecedented insolence" of the island's enslaved people. The writer claimed that…
1792-Jan.-06: The Kingston Daily Advertiser published reports on the detention of several "French negroes" who were held in the local workhouse for questioning. Among these prisoners was an individual who…
1792-Feb.: A mass desertion of ten musicians from the British 10th Regiment of Foot in Jamaica exposed the complex urban underground protecting fugitives. The musicians were initially sheltered in Kingston…
1792-Feb.-27: James Innis wrote to Governor Lee of Virginia to report on the mounting anxieties regarding the "contagion" of unrest among the enslaved from the West Indies. He noted…
1792-Mar.-15: Bermuda emerged as a critical node in the Caribbean maritime network, where "masterless people" and news often circumvented official colonial borders and censorship. Bermuda underscored its role as a…
1792-Apr.-21: The Royal Gazette published advertisements for escaped captives who were suspected of attempting to board vessels in Kingston harbor to escape the island. These notices frequently warned ship…
1792-Spring: Evidence of an impending general uprising surfaced in tidewater Virginia, specifically within the coastal communities of Northampton and Norfolk. Examining officials directly attributed these conspiracies to "the example of…
1792-Apr.-04: The Legislative Assembly in France grants full citizenship to all free persons (men of color) by official decree. This landmark law fulfilled a primary goal of the free colored…
1792-May: The Jamaican Assembly passed a restrictive law governing the employment of "foreign" enslaved people who had arrived on the island since the outbreak of the Haitian Revolution. The act…
1792-May: A free man of color employed in the coastal trade at Port Royal physically attacked a naval officer who refused to allow him to clear port. This violent confrontation…
1792-May-12: The Royal Gazette of Jamaica reported on the capture of a "mulatto man" who had arrived at Port Royal in a small vessel from Saint-Domingue. The man was suspected…
1792-Jun.: British naval authorities dispatched a dedicated warship to cruise the channel between Jamaica and Saint-Domingue with the explicit task of intercepting fugitive vessels. This maritime blockade targeted the "boat…
1792-Jun.: Officials in Kingston observed a disturbing "air of insolence" among the city's black population following the arrival of a premature report. The news falsely claimed that the British Parliament…
1792-Jun.-17: Governor Williamson of Jamaica informed Henry Dundas that a premature report of the abolition of the slave trade by the British Parliament had caused an "air of insolence" among…
1792-Jun.-23: A court in Port Royal sentenced a deserted sailor to be "flogged from ship to ship" through the fleet as a public example to others. The sailor had been…
1792-Jul.: A second commission composed of Santhonax, Polverel, and Ailhaud, along with a new governor named Desparbes and 8,000 national guards, departed from France. These men were described by contemporary…
1792-July: Three volunteer army battalions prepared at the French port of La Rochelle to depart for the Caribbean to suppress the ongoing general insurrection in Saint-Domingue. While these soldiers…
1792-July: General La Salle conducted an inspection of the volunteer battalions at La Rochelle and ordered the immediate censorship of the slogan "Live Free or Die" from the Loire battalion's…
1792-Jul.-11: General La Salle wrote a series of urgent dispatches to Governor-General Desparbés detailing the collapse of military discipline among the French troops in Saint-Domingue. He described how the revolutionary…
1792-Aug.: A French-speaking hairdresser named Charmant successfully absconded from the emigré who claimed to own him in Kingston to establish an independent livelihood. Fluent in both English and French, he…
1792-Aug.-04: The Royal Gazette in Jamaica recorded the arrival of several "French negroes" from Saint-Domingue, sparking immediate security concerns among the island’s white inhabitants. Julius S. Scott explains that these…
1792-Aug.-25: The Royal Gazette published a notice regarding several enslaved domestics from Saint-Domingue who had escaped and disappeared into the urban underground of Kingston. These individuals were often described as…
1792-Aug.-27: A violent insurrection erupted on the ship Mermaid while it was anchored in the River Gambia, as approximately seventy male captives attempted to break through the main gratings and…
1792-Sept.-13: Santhonax, Polverel, and Ailhaud landed at Cape François and immediately dissolved the existing colonial assembly to terminate their disputes with the executive power. They subsequently arrested Governor Blanchelande and…
1792-Oct.: The ship's captain Jean Pousson conducted business in Cap Français during a period of intense revolutionary agitation. His presence in the French colonial port allowed him to transport…
1792-Nov.: Three highly skilled enslaved pilots, all well acquainted with the southern coast of Jamaica, absconded together in a canoe. Their escape highlighted a common pattern where maritime experience…
1792-Dec.: Fearing the consequences of "false rumors," the Virginia legislature enacted a law targeting the "busy-headed people" who divulged news of foreign revolutions. This "Act against divulgers of false news"…
1792-late: The commissioners established an "intermediate commission" consisting of six whites and six mulattoes to serve as a legislative council and raise money from the inhabitants. This board was largely…
1792–1793: Military desertions in Jamaica involving Irish soldiers frequently coincided with the emergence of nationalist republicanism and the radicalism of the United Irishmen. Deserters like James Regan used stolen commissions…
1792-1793: The ship Nancy completed at least three voyages between Richmond, Virginia, and the revolutionary ports of Saint-Domingue. The vessel's crew included a black cook from Richmond who witnessed the…
1792–1803: Denmark became the first European nation to formally take legislative action against the slave trade, passing an outlawing act in 1792. This landmark ban did not take full effect…
1792-August-08: The French minister Ternant was forced to announce a suspension of payments on the drafts issued by the colonial authorities in Saint-Domingue. The French government in Paris had failed…
1792-April-01: Jefferson again raised the issue of a new commercial treaty with France, suggesting that American trade with the French West Indies be placed on the same legal footing as…
1792-August-15: French Admiral Kersaint proposed a strategic plan to utilize Saint-Domingue as a base for revolutionary expeditions against Spanish and British colonies in the Americas. The project involved mobilizing six…
1792: (The Siege of the Cap and the Northwestern Revolt): After negotiations and the armistice collapsed, the insurgent leader Biassou launched a fierce night attack on Cap Français on…
1792, April 4 – September 18: (The Jacobin Decree and the Second Commission): On April 4, 1792, King Louis XVI gave royal assent to a Jacobin decree that granted full…
1792–1793: (Anarchy and the Rise of André Rigaud): By late 1792, Saint-Domingue was nearing total anarchy; white planters defied the April 4 decree, while hommes de couleur wanted Black slaves…
1792: Did you know that the rebel leader Biassou personally entered the Cap on a rescue mission for his mother, who was held in slavery at the hospital of…
1792: Did you know the marron leader Hyacinthe carried a bull’s tail that he believed could turn aside French bullets and transform cannonballs into dust?
On 22 March 1792 colonial troops marched out of Port-au-Prince to destroy the free-coloured force of Louis-Jacques Beauvais and André Rigaud at Croix-des-Bouquets. The enslaved people of the Cul-de-Sac plain…
Jacques Jules Bonnaud was born in Saint-Domingue in 1740 and died in Paris on 2 September 1792. He was arrested around 10 August 1792 and held at the Carmes prison.…
On a slaving voyage in 1792, the Fly was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Badagry. The record gives the numbers as: 113 people were…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Grenada in 1792, the people aboard the Mermaid rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Barbados in 1792, the people aboard the Christopher rose against the crew. They had been taken at Bonny. The record gives the numbers…
A few days later Caradeux and Praloto, masters of the Croix-des-Bouquets, tried to have all the mulattoes of the Arcahaie arrested and to seize all authority in that quarter. As…
During this interval the civil commissioner Saint-Léger, sent into the West by his colleagues, landed at Port-au-Prince on 29 January. He made vain efforts to restore peace between the whites…
While Saint-Léger was putting out the insurrection of Trou-Coffi, the assembly of the West asked for nothing but the extermination of the men of color of the Croix-des-Bouquets. It ordered…
During this interval the quarter of Léogane was being ravaged by a Spanish griffe named Romaine Rivière, who had taken the title of prophet and called himself the godson of…
During this interval the quarter of Léogane was being ravaged by a Spanish griffe named Romaine Rivière, who had taken the title of prophet and called himself the godson of…
A few days later Caradeux and Praloto, masters of the Croix-des-Bouquets, tried to have all the mulattoes of the Arcahaie arrested and to seize all authority in that quarter. As…
Meanwhile several regiments promised by the metropolitan government arrived in the colony; but Blanchelande did not know how to employ them. Besides, under constant attack from the revolutionary party led…
Pinchinat and Bauvais were obliged to use all their eloquence and all their skill to destroy these unfortunate impressions in the minds of the Blacks. At last they succeeded; and…
One Dumontellier, a self-styled patriot who lived on nothing but devastation and plunder, armed against the mulattoes of the Artibonite a band of Africans who took the name of Saliniers,…
Then the Sénéchaussée of Saint-Marc, formed of the parishes of Saint-Marc, the Arcahaie, the Verrettes and the Gonaïves, made with the freedmen a treaty of union whose purpose was to…
The submission of Port-au-Prince gave the government a powerful influence in the province of the West. Tranquillity being restored there, Blanchelande resolved to make a journey into the South, and…
We have seen that the Blacks of the mountains of the Platons had risen to uphold the rights of the men of color when Rigaud, sent to Les Cayes by…
The first column, made up of a hundred and twenty men of the 92nd regiment, formerly Walsh, and two hundred militiamen, white and mulatto, was commanded by Deschet. It set…
Meanwhile the popular party was making astonishing progress in France. The law of 4 April had been sanctioned, as we have seen, in spite of all the opposition of the…
Savary, mayor of Saint-Marc, Roy de la Grange and Decoigne, ardent royalists, tried to raise the whole population against them; but these guilty designs were thwarted by Chanlatte, who promised…
Sonthonax resolved to put an end to this anarchy. A proconsul of the Republic, he put into practice the words: perish the colonies rather than a principle. Indignant at the…
In November 1791 the affranchis of the South blockaded the town by land and by sea, thus breaking the treaties they had made with the whites, whom they massacred in…
Beauvais and Pinchinat, evacuating the Croix-des-Bouquets on 10 March 1792, harassed by Caradeux and Philibert, fought against them at the Crochus. Rouzier tells this under the entry Crochus (les).
On 10 March 1792 the army of Port-Républicain, 3,000 men strong, marched against the Croix-des-Bouquets. Caradeux commanded the national guard, and Praloto the artillery; the company of Africans, in the…
History. Hanus de Jumécourt, knight of Saint-Louis, mayor of the Croix-des-Bouquets, fled to the Grands-Bois on 10 March 1792, at the arrival of the army of Port-au-Prince, sent against the…
On 10 March 1792, Beauvais and Pinchinat, attacked at Croix-des-Bouquets by 8,000 men of the troops of Port Républicain, withdrew with their artillery to Mirebalais. Rouzier tells this under the…
On 10 March 1792, a column of troops sent from Port-au-Prince against the affranchis of la Croix-des-Bouquets passed by la Coupe (Pétion-Ville). Rouzier tells this under the entry PETION-VILLE.
On 12 March 1792 Romaine la Prophetesse, who committed so many crimes in the canton of Léogâne, had his headquarters there. Sinclair, a man of color, sent against him with…
History. On 22 March 1792 Lapointe, a man of color, raised the work gangs of l'Arcahaie against the French, from the halt of Aubry to the extremity of les Vases.…
On 22 March 1792, the work gangs of enslaved people of this habitation were raised by Lapointe, chief of the indigenous rebels, against the French. Rouzier tells this under the…
On 22 March 1792, Lapointe raised the work gangs of the habitations of this canton against the French in favour of the English. Rouzier tells this under the entry VASES…
On 28 March 1792, the natives cut the throats there of 30 colonists who were following Lapointe to St. Marc. Rouzier tells this under the entry RAVINE SECHE (la).
The owner, a white colonist, was a genuine bandit. In 1792 he made an alliance with another bandit named Dumontellier. He set up two camps against the affranchis, one that…
In 1891 the Constituent Assembly was replaced in France by the National Legislative Assembly. By its decree of 28 May 1792 it granted to the affranchis of Saint-Domingue their civil…
The governor de Blanchelande went in person to the foot of the Platons and presented himself as a peacemaker to the Blacks, who refused to lay down their arms. On…
The second column of the whites, commanded by Thiballier, unaware that the first had been annihilated, attacked on the 7th. The nègres kept hidden behind the trees and the rocks,…
After the rout of the Platons, Blanchelande was able to rally his people only at the Gérard camp, on 10 August 1792. Rouzier tells this under the entry Gérard.
On 17 September 1792 there arrived at the Cap the civil commissioners Southonax, Polvérel and Ailhaux with the generals Desparbès, d'Hinisdal, de Lassale and de Montesquiou-Fezensac and 6,000 men of…
On 4 December 1792 the petits blancs and the affranchis fought a deadly combat in the town. Dassas was killed. The affranchis, yielding to numbers, withdrew to the Fossette and…
On 4 December 1792, after a murderous combat fought against the affranchis by the petits blancs of the Cap, the former withdrew to the Fossette, which they evacuated the same…
History. On 4 December 1792 the affranchis of the Cap entrenched themselves at the Haut-du-Cap after a fight that the petits blancs of the town gave them. They were preparing…
The civil commissioners wrote to the confederates of La Croix-des-Bouquets and of the Fond-des-Nègres a letter of exhortation partial to the whites.
Roume signed with Mirbeck and Saint-Léger the letter of the civil commission to the confederates of La Croix-des-Bouquets and Le Fond-des-Nègres, which Ardouin cites against Roume.
Charles Tarbé presented a second report to the Legislative Assembly on the troubles of Saint-Domingue.
Hanus de Jumécourt and Bauvais wrote to the civil commissioners urging their presence in the West.
The Mercy post is taken in the plain of Les Cayes.
Saint-Léger succeeds in dissolving the gathering at Trou-Coffi, in the hills of Léogane.
The whites of Port-au-Prince go to La Croix-des-Bouquets: the men of color raise the work gangs under the leadership of Hiacinthe and force the whites to return to Port-au-Prince; after…
Roume and Mirbeck resolved at Le Cap that the civil commission would return to France.
The colonial assembly resolved to send six commissioners to France to blacken the men of color.
Saint-Léger has a meeting at Saint-Marc with Pinchinat and decides to leave for France; Mirbeck also returns there.
Desmarais de Montfélix wrote a letter, cited in the Débats, giving details of the reprisals in the Grande-Anse.
The national assembly passes a decree that repeals that of September 24 and reestablishes that of May 15, 1791.
Louis XVI sanctioned the decree of 28 March, countersigned by Roland, which became the law of 4 April; it also placed six millions at the minister's disposal for the colony…
Saint-Léger sailed for France from Saint-Marc.
A preliminary treaty between the men of color and the whites of the Artibonite was signed at the Petite-Rivière.
The Amis des Noirs (Friends of the Blacks) ask for their admission to the national assembly.
Blanchelande and Roume leave Le Cap to come to Saint-Marc, where a council of peace and union had been formed between the whites and the men of color and had…
Pinchinat, with Savary, Laplaine, Guyambois, Petit-Bois and Esnard, and the vicomte de Fontanges for the whites, concluded at Saint-Marc a treaty of peace and union that made the coalition rulers…
Pinchinat and Decoigne signed the treaty of peace and union of Saint-Marc, which created a general council of war for the confederate parishes; Savary, mayor of Saint-Marc, had helped bring…
The frigate Inconstante reached Le Cap with the news of the decree of 28 March and of its sanction by the king on 4 April.
Dumas presented to the colonial assembly a plan of constitution making Saint-Domingue a subaltern monarchy under a puppet governor with three secretaries of State.
The colonial assembly decreed that the colony could not exist without slavery and named Page, Brulley and Lux to carry the decree to the king.
The West side of the colonial assembly and the municipality of Le Cap stirred up a riot in the town to weigh on the assembly.
The colonial assembly declared that it would submit to the law of 4 April when it arrived officially.
A dispatch boat brought the law of 4 April to Le Cap with the minister's orders for its immediate execution.
Roume required the colonial assembly, the provincial assembly of the North and the municipality of Le Cap to register the law of 4 April, suppressing at their urging the date…
Saint-Léger presented his report to the Legislative Assembly, confirming Mirbeck's.
Roume and Blanchelande left Le Cap on the ship Jupiter.
Tanguy Laboissière founded a newspaper at Les Cayes against the men of color and wrote advising that they be butchered.
The riot of 20 June in Paris struck a first blow at royalty.
Roume and Blanchelande arrived at Saint-Marc and were received with respect by the men of color.
The king sanctioned the decree of 15 June extending the powers of the civil commissioners.
Blanchelande set out from Saint-Marc with the naval forces for Port-au-Prince.
Blanchelande attacks Port-au-Prince by sea, Rigaud from the south side, Beauvais and Roume across the plain: the town submits, and the decree of April 4 is carried out there; Praloto…
The society of the Friends of the Constitution of Bordeaux issued a certificate of civism to Delpech, later secretary of the civil commission.
Cougnac Mion wrote from London to the colonial assembly that the national assembly was preparing a general emancipation of the nègres.
The national civil commissioners Polvérel, Sonthonax and Ailhaud, appointed to execute the law of 4 April 1792, sailed from Rochefort.
The revolution of 10 August dethroned Louis XVI, and the Legislative Assembly decreed a national convention to try him.
The revolution of 10 August overthrew the throne in France and led to the arrest of Louis XVI.
A decree confirmed the powers of Polvérel, Sonthonax and Ailhaud and declared traitors all who refused them obedience.
The Legislative Assembly decreed that deputies of the colonies would sit in the Convention and set the functions of the governors of the colonies.
On board the ship l'América the civil commissioners drew up instructions for Delpech, who was to go ahead to Le Cap to announce their arrival.
André Rigaud wrote to Roume that, after a month of negotiation for the provincial assembly of the South, he had granted liberty to seven hundred insurgents of the Platons and…
The civil commissioners Sonthonax, Polvérel and Ailhaud disembark at Le Cap, with the generals Desparbès, d'Hinisdal, de Lasalle and de Montesquiou-Fesenzac, and 6000 men of troops.
Roume, at Saint-Marc, learned that the new civil commissioners had landed at Le Cap and went to join them with Savary.
Roume left Saint-Marc for Le Cap, arrived on the 25th and offered to serve under the new commissioners, who declined his offer.
The civil commissioners issued a proclamation recognizing in Saint-Domingue only two classes, the free and the enslaved, and declaring slavery necessary to the cultivation and prosperity of the colonies.
The club of Le Cap, formed by members of the West side of the colonial assembly after Daugy had the decree closing clubs rescinded, constituted itself in the theater hall…
Four days before its dissolution the colonial assembly decreed a tax of a quarter of revenues, the quarter of subvention, which d'Esparbès refused to sanction.
The colonial assembly of Le Cap is suppressed by the civil commission, which replaces it with an intermediary commission.
By proclamation the civil commissioners dissolved the colonial assembly, the three provincial assemblies, the council of peace and union of Saint-Marc and the council of administration of Jérémie, and created…
The civil commissioners proclaimed that they held powers equal to those of the Convention's commissioners to the armies; Ardouin calls it the dictatorship needed to keep the colony for France.
The civil commissioners deport Blanchelande, Cambefort and others.
Desparbès is likewise forced to embark: he had wished to carry out the counter-revolution on the news of the events of August 10 in France; General Rochambeau, come from Martinique…
The civil commissioners ordered the arrest of Cambefort, colonel of the Le Cap regiment, of Touzard, Girardin and thirty-three other officers and soldiers, suspected of dealings with the rebel enslaved…
Polvérel and Ailhaud left Le Cap for the West, Ailhaud to pass on into the South; Sonthonax remained at Le Cap with the intermediary commission.
Sonthonax wrote to the club of Le Cap to protest against its proscriptions.
The intermediary commission laid the tax of the quarter of subvention, approved by Sonthonax without consulting Polvérel and sanctioned by Rochambeau.
The Convention confirmed the mission of the civil commissioners for Saint-Domingue while recalling those of the other colonies.
The National Convention decreed that the civil commissioners to the Windward Islands were invested with all powers, military and naval officers being bound to obey their requisitions.
By proclamation Sonthonax dismissed the officials on the list of proscribed drawn up by the club of Le Cap.
During a campaign Rochambeau opened with success, twelve prisoners taken from the insurgent blacks, among them two white deserters and two mulâtres, were massacred in the streets of Le Cap…
Sonthonax consented by proclamation to the legal expulsion of suspect public officials while placing simple citizens under the safeguard of the public faith.
Ailhaud sailed on the Sémillante for the South but had himself carried to France instead.
Sonthonax ordered the closing of the club of Le Cap and forbade assemblies of the commune.
Whites of Le Cap, with sailors and two cannon seized at the arsenal, joined the regiment of Le Cap against the battalion of the men of color under Quérou, which…
At Port-au-Prince armed followers of the whites, among them Cayeman, Painchina and Fontaine, beat men of color in the streets; four were beaten to death, among them Boisvictime.
Sonthonax published a proclamation declaring that only two classes existed, the free and the enslaved, and that slavery was necessary to the colonies; Ardouin blames him for it.
Embarkation of Larchevêque-Thibaud and others at Le Cap.
The municipality of Port-au-Prince decreed that the men of color merge into the ranks of the national guard.
The Convention approved the measures taken in Saint-Domingue by its civil commissioners.
The National Convention approved by decree the measures of the civil commissioners and their interpretation of the decree of 10 August.
An armed detachment of men of color brought its tricolor flags to the town hall of Port-au-Prince, where Bauvais presented them in a speech that was also a warning to…
Polvérel had Cayeman arrested and kept him under arrest in spite of the municipality and the club; Cayeman was never tried.
Sonthonax created by proclamation a company of guides and six companies of troupes franches drawn from the men of color, three hundred men in all.
In April 1792, Biassou gathered 500 men there and threatened le Cap. In January 1793, Governor Laveaux marched against him from le Cap. This position was well fortified and reputed…
Already the sad news of the Sainte-Cécile had reached France; the cause of this great disaster was attributed, rightly, to the revocation of the decree of 15 May. The Legislative…
The Artibonite then enjoyed a perfect calm, thanks to the presence of Pinchinat, who had just regularized its position more firmly by creating the COUNCIL OF PEACE AND UNION. This…
Now, Blanchelande set sail on the 22nd for Port-au-Prince. On the 23rd, Roume, escorted by a detachment commanded by Lapointe, departed by land. It was only at Croix-des-Bouquets that he…
Such were the events that had just taken place in the West and in the South of the colony when the new commission civile landed at the Cap on 17…
1793-Feb.: Governor Carondelet issued a public proclamation in Louisiana strictly prohibiting any reading or speaking in public about French politics. The new regulations required twenty-four-hour prior notice for any meetings…
1793: Whites in the city of Kingston demonstrated their fierce opposition to the abolitionist movement and radical politics. In a public display of defiance, a crowd burned images of…
1793: A mulatto sailor aboard a schooner bound for Curaçao committed a spectacular act of maritime rebellion by murdering his captain at sea. After seizing command of the vessel, he…
1793: By 1793, American merchant vessels had replaced French and Spanish rivals as the primary suppliers of both labor and information to Cuba. Ships traveling to and from Charleston were…
1793-1798: Foreign Military Intervention (Spain & Britain): British forces occupied parts of the southern and western provinces of Saint Domingue as well as the strategic port of Môle Saint-Nicolas. During…
1793: Despite being a war year, nearly 350 foreign vessels successfully eluded privateers to land at Jamaica. Jamaican newspapers recorded these daily arrivals but often withheld specifics to protect the…
1793-Jan.: In January 1793, a crowd in Bridgetown, Barbados, performed a counter-revolutionary ritual by burning an effigy of Thomas Paine. The figure was shown clutching a copy of his radical…
1793-Jan.-20: The Royal Gazette in Kingston reported on the increasing frequency of "French-speaking black mariners" wandering the streets of the city. Jamaican authorities expressed grave concern that these sailors were…
1793-Apr.-03: Following the confirmation of war between Britain and France, the Governor of Jamaica issued a proclamation severely restricting the freedom of movement of all foreigners. The new regulations required…
1793-Apr.-13: Jamaican authorities intensified their crackdown on Spanish residents in the parish of St. James following rumors of a conspiracy. The Committee of Secrecy and Safety investigated several Spaniards suspected…
1793-early: Santhonax and Polverel secured absolute mastery of the colony after successfully persuading their associate Ailhaud to quit the country with a share of common plunder. They maintained their authority…
1793-May-07: General Galbaud landed at Cape François as the new governor-general, having been appointed by the executive council in France to organize the colony's defense. He was initially received with…
1793-Mid: Governor Carondelet reported to the Spanish Minister of State that the government was only able to obtain intelligence through the free people of color. This admission underscored the central…
1793-Early Summer: Intelligence regarding the total destruction of Cap Français reached Charleston, South Carolina, carried by merchant vessels arriving from the French colony. This news documented the decisive victory of…
1793-summer: The British ministry accepted overtures from French planters and authorized General Williamson in Jamaica to accept terms of capitulation from Saint-Domingue. M. Charmilly was dispatched to prepare the loyalist…
1793-Summer: George Theodorus "Dorus" Eskirkin and John Sims, two musicians who had deserted the British military, successfully eluded authorities by adopting maritime disguises. Aided by a black fiddler named Jack…
1793-Jun.-10: Santhonax and Polverel arrived at Cape François from Port-au-Prince and challenged Governor Galbaud’s authority on the grounds that he was a proprietor of a local coffee plantation. They cited…
1793-Jun.-13: The civil commissioners formally ordered Governor Galbaud to return to France on board the ship La Normande and appointed Monf. de la Salle to take command of the colony.…
1793-Jun.-20: Galbaud and his brother led a landing of 1,200 failors and volunteers to attack the government house and reclaim the governorship from the commissioners. The conflict was fierce and…
1793-Jun.-20: Martial Besse, a free man of color and general from Saint-Domingue, arrived in North America with the French fleet, challenging the racial hierarchies of the American South. Enslaved…
1793-Jun.-20: Commissioners Sonthonax and Polverel offer rebel bands the sack of Cap Français to secure support. This desperate political gamble allowed the commissioners to hold power against white counter-revolutionaries.
1793-Jun.-21: In a desperate attempt to defeat Galbaud’s forces, the civil commissioners invited rebel negro chiefs to the city with offers of unconditional pardon and the plunder of the town.…
1793-Jun.-21: Leger-Felicité Sonthonax and Etienne Polverel, the French civil commissioners in Saint-Domingue, proclaimed the first major decree of abolition for all enslaved people who fought for the Republic. Julius S.…
1793-Jun.-22: Following a rebel victory in the northern district of Saint-Domingue, a mass exodus of approximately ten thousand residents fled the colony on a single morning. This "little Flotilla" of…
1793-Jul.: Residents of Kingston gathered in July 1793 to witness the symbolic execution of the era's two most prominent threats to the plantation system: Thomas Paine and William Wilberforce. The…
1793-Jul.: The evacuation of Cap Français resulted in a massive spectacle as hundreds of vessels filled with destitute survivors arrived in North American ports. In a two-day period, over 20…
1793-Jul.: William Johnson, a black cook from Philadelphia, arrived at Cap Français aboard the ship Rising Sun. The vessel had been hired by French merchants and later came under the…
1793-Jul.-09: Thomas Newton informed the Governor of Virginia that a large number of French refugees, accompanied by their enslaved servants, had arrived in the port of Norfolk. He expressed concern…
1793-Jul.-15: The Journal des Révolutions de la partie française de Saint-Domingue, published in Philadelphia, began documenting the experiences of thousands of white refugees fleeing the burning of Cap Français. The…
1793-Jul.-13: The Royal Gazette reported on the examination of four "French negroes" in the Spanish Town workhouse, one of whom identified himself as "John Paine." The name was a clear…
1793-Jul.-21: John Randolph provided a deposition in Virginia regarding the activities of French-speaking blacks who had recently arrived in the colony. He testified that these individuals were seen interacting with…
1793-Aug.: Governor García of Spanish Santo Domingo shipped over 500 republican prisoners, including many people of color, to the port of La Guaira in Caracas. These captives had been taken…
1793-Aug: Proclamation of General Emancipation (North Province): Civil commissioners Polverel and Sonthonax issued a desperate proclamation abolishing all slavery in a bid to recruit the black population against the impending…
1793-Aug: Following the commissioners' offer of freedom, approximately 100,000 formerly enslaved people retreated to the natural mountain fastnesses of the interior to establish an independent republic. These groups…
1793-Aug.-17: The Royal Gazette in Kingston reported on the continuing arrival of "French negroes" and other political refugees from the war-torn areas of Saint-Domingue. The newspaper documented the landing of…
1793-Aug.-18: The Council of Public Safety at Jeremie granted M. de Charmilly full powers to propose formal terms of capitulation to the British authorities in Jamaica. The inhabitants requested British…
1793-Aug.-28: A letter was sent to a "Miss Polly Morgan" in Charleston, South Carolina, documenting the personal and political anxieties of residents following the mass exodus from Saint-Domingue. The writer…
1793-Aug.-29: Slavery is officially abolished in the Northern Province by civil commissioner Sonthonax. This radical proclamation was intended to win the support of the black masses against encroaching European invaders.
1793-Aug.-29: Commissioner Sonthonax issued a historic proclamation in the northern province of Saint-Domingue that affirmed the immediate freedom of all enslaved people. This document provided the first legal framework for…
1793-Aug.-Late: A young enslaved woman from Charleston, recently sold and transported to Saint-Domingue, wrote an "enigmatic" letter to her mother describing the state of the country. She reported that the…
1793-Fall: Enslaved workers in the bakeries of La Guaira began openly discussing the success of the revolution in Saint-Domingue. They predicted that within a year they would be free as…
1793-Sep.: Robert Bartlett, captain of Kingston's town guard, apprehended eight "dangerous" black individuals who had landed at the west end of the city in an open boat. This group, consisting…
1793-Sept.: The accepted terms of capitulation for La Grande Anse guaranteed the preservation of property laws in force before the French Revolution and maintained the Catholic religion. The agreement also…
1793-Sep.-05: Governor Williamson of Jamaica informed Henry Dundas about the arrival of a Monsieur Borel, whom he described as one of "the most violent Democrats imaginable." Despite Borel's radical republicanism,…
1793-Sept-19: A British expeditionary force under Lieutenant-Colonel Whitelocke landed at Jeremie and took formal possession of the town and its forts. The resident inhabitants greeted the troops with apparent zeal…
1793-Sept-22: Commodore Ford accepted the surrender of the fortress at the Mole of Cape St. Nicholas, which was handed over by the garrison of the Dillon regiment. While the harbor…
1793-Sep.-23: Robert Mitchell wrote to J. Marshall in Virginia describing a "scare" involving a suspected plot of the enslaved in Petersburg that was reportedly inspired by the events in the French…
1793-Sep.-25: The "Regente" of the Audiencia of Santo Domingo submitted a comprehensive report on the state of commerce and social order in the colony since 1788. The report detailed the…
1793-Oct.: Newport Bowers was present in Cap Français when Commissioner Sonthonax issued his historic proclamation of general liberty. During his six-month residence, Bowers established a small store and engaged in…
1793-Oct.: White residents in Charleston began detecting signs of an imminent rising of the enslaved, which they attributed to the influence of "St. Domingo Negroes". A French observer noted that "many…
1793-Oct-04: An attempt by the British to capture the post of Cape Tiburon failed when expected reinforcements from the French loyalist M. Duval failed to materialize. The British were forced…
1793-Oct.: South Carolina officials arrested a black immigrant in Charleston who reportedly bragged about having "massacred eleven whites" during the uprising in Saint-Domingue. The city's committee of public safety immediately…
1793-Nov.: A Boston newspaper reported that South Carolina authorities had apprehended French "emissaries" from Saint-Domingue carrying papers detailing plans for a general insurrection of the enslaved. The implicated republicans argued…
1793-Nov.: Pedro Bailly faced a second trial in Louisiana after being accused of general insubordination and promoting "diabolical ideas of freedom and equality". Testimony revealed that Bailly had lectured fellow…
1793-Nov.-23: The Spanish governor in Santo Domingo received reports of the increasing military influence of Jean-François and Biassou, the leaders of the black insurgent armies. Julius S. Scott describes how…
1793-Nov.-30: Governor Carbonell of Caracas reported to Gardoqui on the arrival of French "emigrants" and prisoners who were suspected of spreading republican propaganda. He noted that the Spanish authorities were…
1793-Dec: The parishes of Jean Rabel, St. Marc, Arcahaye, and Boucassin surrendered to the British under the same conditions previously granted to Jeremie. This expansion of territory was followed shortly…
1793-Dec.-04: Newport Bowers and six other French-speaking black residents of Saint-Domingue boarded the Baltimore vessel Juno to travel to the United States. Bowers believed the passengers were "free Negroes" who…
1793-Dec.-14: Authorities in Jamaica examined Newport Bowers, a black man suspected of participating in illicit maritime networks between Saint-Domingue and North America. Bowers, who was believed to be a resident…
1793-late: Toussaint Louverture, Jean-François, and Biassou entered into a strategic alliance with the Spanish crown to fight as "auxiliary" forces against the French Republic. This maneuver allowed black revolutionary leaders…
1793-late: French messengers from Cap Français slipped into the camp of the black general Jean-François to deliver letters from a republican commander named Pierrot. These communications painted a vivid picture…
1793-1794: Armed troops and militia in Santo Domingo spent a significant portion of their time pursuing mobile bands of people who had escaped slavery and those the authorities called…
1793-February-01: Following the outbreak of war between Great Britain and France, the United States found itself in a difficult position regarding its pledge to defend French possessions in the Caribbean…
1793-August-29: Commissioner Léger-Félicité Sonthonax issued a unilateral decree abolishing slavery in the northern province of Saint-Domingue to gain the support of the black population. This radical move was intended to…
1793-1802: The index records the "Guarantee of French West Indies" as a central pillar of early U.S.-French diplomacy. The U.S. initially pledged to protect French possessions (including Saint-Domingue), but the…
1793, May 7 – June 21: (The Galbaud Rebellion and the Fall of the Cap): Thomas-François Galbaud arrived as the new governor on May 7, 1793, but his authority was…
1793, August 29 – 1794, February 4: (The Universal Proclamation of Liberty): On August 29, 1793, in the ruins of the Cap, Sonthonax decreed the Declaration of the Rights of…
1793: Did you know the counter-revolutionary sailors' attack on the Cap disintegrated when they stumbled upon a wine cellar and abandoned the fight to drink?
1793: Did you know the fall of Cap Français led to 10,000 people fleeing into exile on warships and merchantmen as the city burned?
1793: (The Failed Introduction of the Guillotine): The commissioner Sonthonax attempted to introduce the guillotine to Saint-Domingue as a tool of revolutionary justice. He set the machine up in Port-au-Prince…
1793, September 22: (The Defection of the 'Wild Geese'): The British were able to occupy Môle St. Nicolas without a fight because the 150 Irish soldiers of the Dillon Regiment…
1793, August 8: (The Symbolic Ascendancy of 'Louverture'): By the time he issued his historic proclamation from Limbé in 1793, Toussaint Bréda was already adopting the name "Louverture". This name…
1793: Terror. Did you know the people of Port-au-Prince were so disgusted by the guillotine that they destroyed it after its very first use?
1793: Foreign Troops. Did you know Irish "Wild Geese" handed over one of the colony's strongest forts to the British because they refused to serve a Republic?
1793-00-00: (France Declares War on Great Britain and Spain, a European Conflict That Transforms the Haitian Revolution From an Insurrection of the Enslaved Into a Multi-Power Proxy War, With…
1793-08-29: (Sonthonax Proclaims the End of Slavery in Saint-Domingue Without Authorization From Paris, a Desperate Gambit to Win Black Loyalty Against the British and Spanish Invasion, the First Emancipation Decree in…
On this day General Etienne de Lavaux took the camp of La Tannerie, between Dondon and Grande-Riviere-du-Nord. The camp had been fortified for months by formerly enslaved insurgents; Georges Biassou…
On 5 March 1793 the National Convention in Paris decreed every French colony to be in a state of war. Article I subordinated governors and administrators to the national civil…
On 5 November 1793 Sonthonax issued a printed broadside answering a rival proclamation put out by Lasalle from the Môle under English protection, which claimed to dismiss him. He denied…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Paramaribo in 1793, the people aboard the Nancy rose against the crew. They had been taken at Sierra Leone estuary. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage in 1793, the people aboard the Pearl rose against the crew. They had been taken at Cacandia. The record gives the numbers as: 108 people were…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Montego Bay in 1793, the people aboard the Backhouse rose against the crew. They had been taken at Bonny. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Kingston in 1793, the people aboard the Eagle rose against the crew. They had been taken at Anomabu, Adja, Agga. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Kingston in 1793, the people aboard the Governor Parry rose against the crew. They had been taken at Calabar. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Kingston in 1793, the people aboard the Alice rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gold Coast. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage in 1793, the people aboard an unnamed American ship rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gorée. The record gives the numbers as: 40…
Months after the largest and best organised group of self-liberated insurgents formally became the Black Auxiliaries of Carlos IV, Jean-Francois received a fresh French recruitment offer. The reversal was abrupt,…
We have seen that the civil commissioners, before leaving Port-au-Prince to go and fight Galbaud, had ordered Rigaud to assemble an army corps to subdue the Grand'Anse. General Rigaud had…
While Delasalle was in the West, Sonthonax ordered Laveaux to march against Jean François and Biassou, who held the mountains of the Limbé and the Souffrière, and La Tannerie, a…
At the sitting of 22 July, under the presidency of citizen Pierre André, vice-president, the order of the day called for the discussion of the law on imprisonment for debt.…
Borel returned to Port-au-Prince and came out again a few days later with eight field pieces, 1,800 foot and a hundred dragoons, determined this time to hold every proprietor of…
Borel returned to Port-au-Prince and came out again a few days later with eight field pieces, 1,800 foot and a hundred dragoons, determined this time to hold every proprietor of…
The civil commissioners had under their orders one hundred and fifty men of European troops and twelve hundred freedmen furnished to them by Saint-Marc. Having put in at the Arcahaie…
Galbaud, who kept up relations with Gauvain and the other royalists of the town, took from Cambis the command of the squadron anchored in the roads of Le Cap, and…
Taking advantage of the confusion that the affair of Galbaud had spread among the republican troops, Jean François attacked the fort of La Tannerie, which was held by twenty gunners…
Meanwhile the town of Les Cayes was in turmoil through the royalist party, which was making its last effort there. Delpêche, who had replaced the civil commissioner Ailhaud, represented the…
Meanwhile the town of Les Cayes was in turmoil through the royalist party, which was making its last effort there. Delpêche, who had replaced the civil commissioner Ailhaud, represented the…
The council of safety and execution of Jérémie, which had replaced the council of administration after the fight at Desrivaux, was the soul of these guilty maneuvers. As early as…
At almost the same time a petition bearing eight hundred signatures, by which general liberty was demanded, had been drawn up at the municipal office of Le Cap. The men…
He had no more than 1,800 soldiers left at Le Cap, freedmen and Europeans together; he was almost without munitions of war; Jean François and Biassou at the head of…
The council of safety and execution of Jérémie, which had replaced the council of administration after the fight at Desrivaux, was the soul of these guilty maneuvers. As early as…
Adam Williamson fitted out an expedition of little size; for the Grand'Anse, left to its own strength, had already held out against the Republic. The expeditionary army was made up…
Meanwhile the Môle, which was then a rich and populous town, was preparing to give itself up to England as well. The place was perfectly supplied with munitions of war…
Polvérel, older and less impetuous than Sonthonax, blamed his colleague for having proclaimed liberty without any restriction whatever; he even forbade the publication of the proclamation of 29 August. On…
Sonthonax then convened the primary assemblies for the election of deputies to the National Convention. On 23 and 24 September the electoral assembly of Le Cap named five representatives: Mills…
In the last days of September Polvérel sent the civil commissioner Delpêche, who was still at Les Cayes, his own proclamation and that of Sonthonax, inviting him to have them…
Meanwhile, on the advice of the whites of Jérémie, Whitelocke resolved to attack Tiburon, an important place that covered the Grand'Anse on the south. He embarked with six hundred English…
A few days after Sonthonax's arrival at Port-Républicain, the Africans of the heights of Saint-Marc rose, burning and sacking everything. They spoke of cutting the throats of the people of…
Polvérel resolved to drive them back: he gave them a rendezvous on the Smith habitation. They all came there, abandoning their entrenched camp of the Platons, full of confidence in…
PIVETEAU. Habitation in the commune of Dondon. After the capture of the Tannerie from Biassou by the whites, on 18 January 1793, Jean François went to camp at Piveteau in…
On 23 January 1793, the enslaved of the Crochus, stirred up by the whites, revolted against the French. They set fire to thirty-three habitations of the hommes de couleur, of…
On 23 January 1793, the enslaved of the Fond Parisien, incited by the whites, rose up; they set fire to several properties of the men of color; the whites and…
On 18 March the Black chief Guimbeau, driven from Digneron on the 12th, attacked Beaugé, and would have taken it had the Blacks who were fighting in the ranks of…
On 12 March 1793, the whites attacked a band of Africans commanded by one of them named Guimbeau, and drove them from Digneron. Rouzier tells this under the entry Digneron.
On 18 March the Black chief Guimbeau, driven from Digneron on the 12th, attacked Beaugé, and would have taken it had the Blacks who were fighting in the ranks of…
On 5 April 1793, when the civil commissioners Southonax and Polvérel came from Saint-Marc to besiege Port-au-Prince, Governor de Lassale marched against that town from the side of the plain…
MORNE PELE (le). Small morne in the commune of Port-au-Prince, toward Drouillard, which Governor Lasalle held at the time of the siege of the town on 5 April 1793 by…
On 5 April 1793, Santhonax and Polvérel came in their turn, from Saint Marc, to blockade the town. The governor Delassale camped at the Portail Saint Joseph, Beauvais at Bizoton.…
On 12 April 1793, the civil commissioners Sonthonax and Polvérel charged Pinchinat and Rigaud with going to subdue the Grand'Anse, which the colonists delivered to the English on 19 September.…
On 5 April 1793, Santhonax and Polvérel came in their turn, from Saint Marc, to blockade the town. The governor Delassale camped at the Portail Saint Joseph, Beauvais at Bizoton.…
On 12 April 1793, the frigate the Fine received at the waterline two 24-pound shot fired from fort Ste. Claire, where Borel the Hunchback (Augustin), brother of the famous colonist…
On 5 April 1793, Santhonax and Polvérel came in their turn, from Saint Marc, to blockade the town. The governor Delassale camped at the Portail Saint Joseph, Beauvais at Bizoton.…
On 19 June 1793, Rigaud, with 1,500 men reinforced by all the work gangs of the quartier of Petit-Trou de Nippes, going to fight the colonists of Jérémie who had…
On 20 June 1793 General Galbaud attacked the civil commissioners at the National Palace with 3,500 men of troops. Colonel Antoine Chanlatte, a man of color, and Mars Belley, a…
The colonist Gauvin, owner of this habitation, was one of the instigators of Galbaud's revolt at the Cap, on 20 June 1793, against the civil commissioners. He took part in…
On 21 June 1793, the civil commissioners Southonax and Polvérel, attacked at the government palace of the Cap by Galbaud with forces ten times superior to their own, withdrew from…
The next day, 21 June, General Galbaud came down from the ships of the squadron and marched against the arsenal, which was occupied by 50 affranchis with a white man…
The next day, 21 June, General Galbaud came down from the ships of the squadron and marched against the arsenal, which was occupied by 50 affranchis with a white man…
History. Plaisance surrendered to the Spaniards in 1793. On 22 June 1793, Polverel, with a division of affranchis commanded by Antoine Chanlatte, took Plaisance without a blow. Rouzier tells this…
On 26 June 1793 Lafeuillée, a royalist officer, delivered Ouanaminthe to 10,000 men, of whom 6,000 were Spanish soldiers and 4,000 warriors of the bands of Jean François. Rouzier tells…
On 14 July 1793, the royalists of the Cayes, in revolt against the authority of the civil commissioner, seized it after having been driven back from the town. General Rigaud…
On 14 July 1793, the royalists of the Cayes, in revolt against Delpèche, civil commissioner, and driven out of the town by Harty, commander of the province of the South,…
On 14 July 1793, the royalists of the Cayes, in revolt against the authority of the civil commissioner, seized it after having been driven back from the town. General Rigaud…
On 14 July 1793, the royalists of the Cayes, in revolt against Delpèche, civil commissioner, and driven out of the town by Harty, commander of the province of the South,…
HISTORY. On 17 August 1793, the royalists, who had taken the designation of émigrés, occupied Saint Michel. Lieutenant Colonel Desfourneaux, commandant of the place of Port-au-Prince, went to attack them…
The next day, 21 June, General Galbaud came down from the ships of the squadron and marched against the arsenal, which was occupied by 50 affranchis with a white man…
On 22 September 1793 Polvérel approves and proclaims in the West the general liberty of the enslaved, already proclaimed in the North by Santhonax on 29 August, and which will…
HISTORY. On 3 September 1793, the colonist Pierre Venant de Charmilly, in the name of the inhabitants of the Grand'Anse, on the one part; and Adam Williamson, governor of Jamaica,…
The English arrived in the bay of Tiburon on 4 September 1793; Morin Duval, a rich enslaver, at the head of 500 noirs of the Grand'Anse, and seconded by Jean…
On 12 April 1793, the civil commissioners Sonthonax and Polvérel charged Pinchinat and Rigaud with going to subdue the Grand'Anse, which the colonists delivered to the English on 19 September.…
On 19 September 1793 the English, called in by the colonists, landed at Jérémie and reestablished slavery there. Rouzier tells this under the entry JÉRÉMIE.
The Mole was a rich and populous town: it was one of the 9 ports of the colony open to foreign commerce. The French colonists called on the English to…
On 22 September 1793 Polvérel approves and proclaims in the West the general liberty of the enslaved, already proclaimed in the North by Santhonax on 29 August, and which will…
On 22 September 1793, Polverel proclaimed the general liberty of the enslaved on the place d'armes. Rouzier tells this under the entry PORT-AU PRINCE [le].
The civil commissioner Delpêche died at the Cayes on 27 September 1793, without having had the honor of proclaiming in the South the general liberty that Southonax and Polvérel, his…
On 3 November 1793 the English took possession of St. Marc, which the colonists delivered to them. Thomas Brisbane established himself there in the name of King George of England.…
On 5 December of that same year 1793, Toussaint-Louverture took possession of Gros-Morne in the name of the Spaniards. Rouzier tells this under the entry Gros-Morne (le).
On 6 December 1793, the inhabitants of the Gonaïves and Colonels Caze and Paul Lafrance handed the town over to Toussaint-Louverture, who took possession of it in the name of…
VAUXEL. Habitation in the commune of the Grande Rivière du Nord. On 31 December 1793 a column of Toussaint Louverture, in the attack on the Grande Rivière against the Spaniards,…
The municipalities of Port-au-Prince and the Croix-des-Bouquets addressed the parishes of the West, proposing an assembly of two commissioners from each parish at Port-au-Prince on 20 January 1793; Ardouin sees…
Daugy, Raboteau and Larchevesque Thibaud were arrested and deported to France.
Polvérel, at Les Cayes, forbade by proclamation the communes of the West to send commissioners to the proposed assembly.
Polvérel has the camp of the Platons carried by General Hardy.
The club of Port-au-Prince asked Polvérel to release Cayeman; he refused.
Proposals are made to the English government, at London, by the colonists of Saint-Domingue.
Roume presented his report to the National Convention, explaining that he had stayed in the colony to prevent a counter-revolution.
France declared war on Great Britain; the news reached Le Cap on 18 March and Saint-Marc on the 21st.
The executive council delivered to Thomas-François Galbaud his commission as governor general of Saint-Domingue in place of d'Esparbès; colonists in Paris had worked for his appointment.
Sonthonax wrote to the National Convention on the wasting of the white troops, urging it to decide the fate of the enslaved and praising the citizens of 4 April; Ardouin…
The Spanish minister Pedro Acuña instructed Don Joachim Garcia, governor at Santo-Domingo, to conquer the French part with the help of the enslaved people in revolt, promising them liberty, and…
Sonthonax by proclamation entrusted public safety in the North to the intermediary commission.
The British government sent orders to Williamson, governor of Jamaica, to act against Saint-Domingue.
In London colonists of the independence party concluded a convention with the British government to deliver Saint-Domingue to Great Britain; Genest informed the commissioners of it.
On 26 February 1793 the minister Monge wrote to Polvérel and Sonthonax ordering them to make every effort to conquer the Spanish colony, at a time when France was at…
Polvérel wrote in vain to the municipality of Jérémie against its persecutions of the men of color.
Borel asked Lasalle to support a request to go to the United States with a respite for his debts, offering to deliver 150 agitators.
Sonthonax, who had left Le Cap at the end of February, arrived at Saint-Marc on the ship l'América with about a hundred troops under Desfourneaux, fifty dragoons under Martial Besse,…
The National Convention declared the colonies in a state of war, authorized free men to take up arms in free companies, allowed the commissioners to modify provisionally the regulation of…
The National Convention confirmed the measures taken by Polvérel and Sonthonax and their powers.
The meeting of deputies of the communes of the West set for Léogane was dissolved on Polvérel's proclamation.
Sonthonax wrote from Saint-Marc giving Laveaux the high police of Le Cap and ordering arrests of the factious.
The citizens of Saint-Marc petitioned Sonthonax against the enrolment of some two hundred enslaved people by the men of color, which he had authorized; he ordered the enrolled enslaved people…
Monge dispatched the decrees of 5 and 6 March to Polvérel, who received them at the beginning of May 1793.
Polvérel left Les Cayes for the West, embarking alone on the frigate la Fine.
Sonthonax proclaimed from Saint-Marc that the faction of Port-au-Prince was the source of the colony's ills and placed the national guards of the fourteen parishes of the West in permanent…
The two commissioners wrote from Saint-Marc to the intermediary commission threatening the factious of Le Cap.
The civil commissioners arrived in the roadstead of Port-au-Prince; Lasalle, with A. Chanlatte, Martial Besse, Lapointe, Montbrun and Desfourneaux, came by the plain of the Cul-de-Sac to occupy Drouillard and…
The municipality of Port-au-Prince rejected the commissioners' summons and published an order accusing them; the merchants petitioned on the 8th and the commissioners answered on the 9th.
The municipality of Port-au-Prince asked a last delay, which the commissioners granted for the whole of the 11th; the municipality answered with a new writing insulting to them.
The municipality of Port-au-Prince sent Chanlatte the elder and Pérussel to the commissioners; the inhabitants bought the flight of Borel, who left with Philibert's africains by the mountains of the…
Polvérel and Sonthonax landed at Port-au-Prince to an artillery salute.
The procurator of Jérémie opened a correspondence with the commissioners; the Grande-Anse submitted ungraciously.
By proclamation the commissioners reorganized the national guard and created the Legion of Equality of the West, twelve hundred men of whom six hundred mounted, under Antoine Chanlatte; Ardouin credits…
The commissioners annulled the corps of six hundred enslaved people created by the council of the Grande-Anse; the general council of Jérémie did not submit.
Galbaud arrived at Le Cap with the ordonnateur Masse and had himself installed by the municipality before presenting himself to the intermediary commission.
Galbaud, withholding the dispatches he carried for the commissioners, among them the appointment of Delpech in place of Ailhaud, wrote to Polvérel and Sonthonax to announce his arrival.
After the surrender of Port-au-Prince, Polvérel and Sonthonax wrote to the intermediary commission announcing the convocation of primary assemblies to name deputies to the National Convention.
The commissioners wrote to Laveaux to open negotiations with the chiefs of the insurgents.
The civil commissioners wrote from Jacmel, where they renewed the constituted authorities.
The municipality of Jérémie sent Galbaud an address hailing him as the salvation of the unfortunate colony.
Hyacinthe received his definitive liberty by a special act.
Don Gaspard de Cassassola, commanding the Spanish cordon on the northern frontier, issued with Garcia's authority a proclamation to the inhabitants of Saint-Domingue, on the model of Acuña's despatch.
Polvérel and Sonthonax entered Le Cap, escorted by men of color under Antoine Chanlatte, to a triumphal welcome.
Polvérel and Sonthonax resolved to dismiss César Galbaud and send him to France; the governor Galbaud wrote the same day begging leave to return to France.
By proclamation Polvérel and Sonthonax dismissed the governor general Galbaud, among other grounds for incivisme, and ordered him to France; he embarked the same day.
The commissioners charged Laveaux provisionally with the functions of governor general and summoned Lasalle to Le Cap.
The delegation and Rigaud's army, approaching the Desrivaux camp by the road of the Désert, wrote to the whites inside demanding the execution of the law of 4 April and…
The ensign Rousseau insulted the men of color, Bijou Moline was punished by the commissioners for answering him, and the sailors took it as a pretext for tumult.
General Galbaud had arrived at Le Cap as governor general: a misunderstanding breaks out between him and the civil commissioners who had gone there; a terrible clash is the result,…
A council of war on the fleet resolved to spike the batteries of Le Cap, throw the powder into the sea and sail for the United States.
Galbaud proposed to exchange Polvérel's son for his brother César; Polvérel wept and refused, sacrificing his son to the Republic.
The commissioners ordered Martial Besse, Villatte, Léveillé and Bédos to drive the sailors from the arsenal and stop the plunder; Lasalle reached the camp of Breda that evening.
Polvérel and Sonthonax sent their declaration of 21 June to the post commanders, authorized them to arm and free enslaved sang-mêlés and nègres, and sent Poizac and Janvier along the…
The commissioners wrote to Jean François and to Biassou, sending Biassou a safe-conduct, to win them to the French Republic.
The officers, with Pierrot and Macaya, drove the sailors out of Le Cap onto the ships.
At the camp of Bassin-Caïman Toussaint, general of the king's army, Biassou, Moïse and other officers signed a declaration refusing the commissioners and pledging fidelity to the Bourbons and the…
The commissioners proclaimed plunderers at Le Cap in revolt, to be shot when taken in the act, and ordered the citizens into patrols.
Neuilly passed to the Spaniards with his post.
Pageot, commanding Fort-Dauphin and its posts, wrote to the commissioners of Lafeuillée's treason and of his resolve to fight for the Republic.
Jean François and Biassou wrote to the commissioners that they were French but would serve the king, refusing to submit.
Doyon, chosen by Rigaud, left Port-au-Prince with a detachment including Pétion's company of artillery, reached Petit-Trou on 2 July and took command of the army there on the 7th.
Delpech at Les Cayes, learning of Galbaud's revolt, issued a proclamation supporting his colleagues.
By proclamation the commissioners declared traitors to the homeland Neuilly, Lafeuillée and other officers and the municipal officers of Jérémie, la Cayemitte and the Abricots, and granted amnesty to the…
The civil commissioners re-entered Le Cap and reinstalled the constituted authorities.
Biassou and Jean François wrote to the abbé de La Haye that they had lost the king of France and were cherished by the king of Spain, refusing to recognize…
Laveaux, recovered, retook the camps of La Tannerie and Lesec, then lacked munitions to go on.
The commissioners reported the events of Le Cap to the Convention, writing that they would save Saint-Domingue for France with the Africans.
Affair of Bandolet at Les Cayes: he attempts the assassination of Rigaud.
At Le Cap the commissioners celebrated the federation on the Champ-de-Mars, planting the tree of liberty for the first time beside an altar of the homeland; Polvérel took the oath,…
At the instance of Page and Brulley the Convention decreed the accusation of Polvérel and Sonthonax.
After Brandicourt delivered his post to the Spaniards, the commissioners wrote to Duvigneau, commanding at Ennery, urging the citizens of 4 April to stay faithful and warning against sudden emancipation.
The commissioners declared free the armed enslaved people of Les Cayes, Torbeck, Tiburon and the South, gave amnesty and liberty to Armand, Martial and the other insurgent chiefs on condition…
Sonthonax wrote to the Convention urging it to proclaim the liberty of the enslaved; Ardouin notes that he thus condemned his own declarations of 1792.
Polvérel ordered severe military discipline in the West and set up a court-martial judging by death or deportation.
Polvérel ordered the property of the condemned confiscated for distribution to faithful republicans.
Polvérel wrote to Sonthonax of the gravity of events in the Artibonite and of the triumvirate plot.
Sonthonax forbade by proclamation at Le Cap the natives of the country to leave the colony without the authorization of the civil commission.
The English accept, in Jamaica, the proposals made by the colonists of Saint-Domingue; in the course of this month they take possession successively of Jérémie, of the Môle-Saint-Nicolas, of Saint-Marc,…
Polvérel forbade the publication of Sonthonax's proclamation in the West and issued a proclamation submitting his own plan of liberty and that of Sonthonax to the judgment of the enslaved.
Polvérel wrote to Sonthonax asking whether he had been free not to proclaim general liberty, and to Delpech asking him to choose between the two plans.
Lasalle, acting governor general, left Le Cap for Port-de-Paix and La Tortue, corresponded with Commodore Ford, issued a proclamation against general liberty, and in October sailed for the United States…
Sonthonax answered Polvérel that he had been perfectly free in his act and that circumstances required it, the Spaniards promising liberty to the insurgents.
Sonthonax, whose corvette the Las-Casas had been refused munitions at the Môle in August, proclaimed Deneux, O'Farel, Jaunas and Chaumette traitors, dismissed the mayor Bellille and ordered the garrison changed;…
Montbrun, who claimed to own 543 enslaved people, was the first to sign their manumission.
Polvérel answered A. Chanlatte, who spoke of falling back, that republicans do not count their enemies and that France would be no less free were Saint-Domingue conquered.
Polvérel gave Port-au-Prince the name Port-Républicain.
Whitelocke issued at Jérémie a proclamation later cited by Commodore Ford in his summons to Port-au-Prince.
Delpech died at Les Cayes, deeply regretted by Rigaud and the men of color; Ardouin, with the commission of the colonies, calls his death a misfortune for Saint-Domingue.
Polvérel left Port-au-Prince for Les Cayes, delegating his civil powers in the West to Pinchinat; Montbrun held the superior military command of the West and A. Chanlatte the cordon of…
Sonthonax wrote to the minister of the navy that the North did not lack men faithful to the Republic.
The English summoned the Gonaïves to surrender; Guillaume Bleck refused and their cannonade of the town was fruitless.
Dartiguenave, supported by Rigaud, repulsed Whitelocke's attempt on Tiburon.
Whitelocke issued from Jérémie a proclamation inviting the inhabitants of Saint-Domingue, and the men of color in particular, to submit to the king of Great Britain, declaring that a colony…
Polvérel arrived at Les Cayes and proclaimed general liberty for the enslaved people of the South, seconded by Rigaud.
Sonthonax named the mulâtre Péré his delegate at Le Cap and issued a proclamation calling the men of 4 April and of 29 August to arms against the English.
Sonthonax left Le Cap with Laveaux and all the European troops that could be spared.
Sonthonax left Le Cap for the West, leaving the mulâtre Péré civil delegate and Villatte military chief, while whites, mulâtres and blacks contended for influence.
Sonthonax left Laveaux at Port-de-Paix as acting governor general, with orders to march against the Môle; Laveaux held the place on the defensive.
Don Joachim Garcia issued a proclamation promising the colonists much if they submitted to Spain and threatening those who resisted.
Laveaux wrote to Sonthonax of the insubordination of the emancipated blacks of the North, who barely recognized the governor general's authority.
Sonthonax left Saint-Marc for Port-au-Prince by the Arcahaie, escorted by Martial Besse, A. Chanlatte and Lapointe.
Savary wrote to Sonthonax that Africans had come into Saint-Marc wishing to pillage and burn and that someone of Sonthonax's retinue had urged them to kill the mulattoes.
Savary wrote again to Sonthonax that the most horrible of plots was being carried out against the men of color; Ardouin sees in the two letters a Machiavellian preparation of…
Sonthonax proclaimed false the decree of accusation the English attributed to the Convention, disarmed the national guard of Port-au-Prince and raised the Legion of Equality from 300 to nearly 1,500…
Savary wrote to Bauvais to win him to the coalition of Saint-Marc; Bauvais rejected him and kept the men of color and whites of the Mirebalais to their duty.
Sonthonax restricted by proclamation at Port-au-Prince the passports solicited for New England by a multitude of individuals.
In his letter to Bauvais, Savary insinuated that Pinchinat's poverty colored his writing and that he had a part in the coalition of Saint-Marc, casting suspicion on him with Sonthonax;…
The town of Saint-Marc passed a resolution adopting the white flag and sent commissioners to Saint-Raphaël and to the Môle.
Polvérel wrote to Sonthonax against burning the colony, resolving to bury himself under the ruins of Saint-Domingue before he would provoke its destruction; Ardouin sees in the letter a flash…
The white flag was raised at the Vérettes, and La Petite-Rivière and the Gonaïves followed the example of Saint-Marc.
The English took possession of Saint-Marc; Guillaume Bleck, arrested after the treason, refused to side with them and was shipped to Jamaica and the United States.
Toulon was retaken by the French, as Sonthonax announced to Commodore Ford a few days later before he could have known it; Ardouin notes that Bonaparte justified his assertion.
Polvérel refused Sonthonax's proposal that one of them leave for France, resolving to remain at his post; Garran says Sonthonax honored himself by yielding.
Sonthonax issued a proclamation in 32 articles on the police of the port of Port-au-Prince to prevent escapes, with fines of six and twelve thousand livres on ships' captains; Ardouin…
The battle began at eight o'clock in the morning and lasted until half past two (2). Polvérel and Sonthonax, in full costume, walked about on the quarterdeck during the action.…
The establishment of this Legion at last legalized the arming of the former confederates. It was in the house of Beauvais that the volunteers came to enroll. This legion was…
Three o'clock in the afternoon strikes; a cannon shot goes off from the ship *Jupiter*, a blue flag rises at the head of the mizzenmast. The crews of the warships…
On the morning of the 21st, the government house, continually battered by cannon, threatened to fall in ruins. The commission decided to withdraw through the gardens to Camp Breda, accompanied…
Galbaud's cruel outrage threw the cordon of the West into disorganization; de Nully then held its command, in place of the marquis de Fontanges, who was at that time at…
«IN THE NAME OF THE REPUBLIC, «MEN ARE BORN AND REMAIN FREE AND EQUAL IN RIGHTS: There, citizens, is the gospel of France; it is more than time that it…
But this general liberty was bound to draw a new war upon the colony. The {{*grands planteurs*|the great plantation proprietors}} could not reconcile themselves to so complete a social renovation.…
Sonthonax had ordered the execution of the proclamation of general liberty only in the North, and could order it nowhere else. Polvérel, after assuring himself that it had been wrung…
Rigaud was preparing a fresh march against Jérémie when he learned of the successive surrender of so many different points to the enemies of republican France. This enterprising man marched…
1794-Early: A "free Negro" named Delrrival publicly asserted a radical identity by declaring himself a "good republican" while simultaneously claiming to be the "enemy of all whites." This declaration highlighted…
1794: The South Carolina legislature passed a law making it strictly illegal for any black person from the West Indies to enter the state. This legislative action followed similar restrictive…
1794: The free colored militiaman Pedro Bailly was transferred from Louisiana to a Cuban prison (castillo) to prevent him from spreading seditious principles. His imprisonment in Havana was part of…
1794: France formally decreed the end of slavery across its colonial empire, a radical measure that was later rescinded by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1802. This brief period of universal emancipation was…
1794: Spanish cabinet ministers made the decision to allow the royal code of 1789 to die quietly in 1794. This retreat from reform was driven by the determined resistance of…
1794: The Chambre d'Agriculture of Cap Français approves a Mémoire recognizing colonies as canals for national activity. This document reflected the colonists' desire for a measure of free trade to…
1794: In the Southern province, the decree of abolition was implemented by informing the enslaved they were free but would be compelled to enlist in black regiments if they left…
1794: Spanish forces under Don Francisco de Villa Nueva captured the town and harbor of Gonaïves during an attempt to co-operate with British military operations. However, the Spaniards were soon…
1794: Observations of the adjacent Jamaican settlements of Falmouth and Martha Brae noted their rapid expansion as centers of sugar and rum production. Together, they were home to approximately 800…
1794-Jan.: Spanish military forces successfully occupied the strategically vital port of Fort Dauphin in Saint-Domingue after local French planters surrendered. Upon entry, the occupation authorities immediately banned the use of…
1794-Jan.: Spanish military forces achieved a major strategic victory by successfully occupying the port of Fort Dauphin following the surrender of local French planters. Upon entry, the occupation authorities immediately…
1794-Feb.: The French National Convention in Paris passed a landmark decree officially outlawing slavery in all French colonies and granting full citizenship to the unfree. This news reaching the Americas…
1794-Feb.: Havana Governor Luis de las Casas observed that the war against the French was primarily a struggle for "hearts and minds". He warned that the true danger lay in the…
1794-Feb-02: British forces successfully captured Cape Tiburon after a spirited landing led by Major Spencer and the flank companies. The victory resulted in the capture of 150 prisoners and well-stocked…
1794-Feb.-02: Joseph Antonio Vrizar, a Spanish official in Santo Domingo, authored a discourse entitled "Discurso sobre Modificación de la esclavitud." This document outlined a plan to reform the slave system…
1794-Feb.-04: The National Convention in Paris passed a formal decree (16 Pluviôse An II) abolishing slavery in all French colonies and granting full citizenship to all men regardless of color.…
1794-Feb-19: Colonel Whitelocke led a successful assault on the fortress of L'Acul, though the victory was marred by a post-battle explosion that killed several British officers. The fort's commander had…
1794-Mar.: A public auction was held in Kingston, Jamaica, to sell the "Sundry old Cloathes" belonging to Newport Bowers following his death in the workhouse. After the British captured the…
1794-Apr-16: A massive force of 2,000 insurgents led by Andre Rigaud launched a pre-dawn attack to retake the fort at Cape Tiburon from the British. The small garrison successfully repulsed…
1794-mid: Toussaint Louverture switches his military support to the republican French forces after a period of alliance with Spain. His leadership became the decisive factor in securing the colony for…
1794-May: Spanish authorities in Fort Dauphin arrested 110 individuals described as "rabid republicans" and shipped them to Havana as political prisoners. This group included a majority of black and brown…
1794-May: Toussaint Louverture abandons his Spanish alliance and rallies to the French Republican forces. His defection fundamentally altered the military balance and ensured the survival of republican rule. Significance: Marked…
1794-May: Spanish authorities in Fort Dauphin rounded up 110 political prisoners and shipped them to Havana to prevent the further spread of republican "maxims." This group consisted of individuals from…
1794-May-18: Spanish authorities in Bayajá (Fort Dauphin) arrested a group of French people who were suspected of fomenting rebellion. The "Lista de los Franceses" included both white and colored individuals…
1794-May-19: Brigadier General Whyte arrived at the harbor of Cape St. Nicholas with three fresh regiments of infantry to reinforce the exhausted British occupation force. His arrival provided immediate relief…
1794-May-23: Brigadier General Whyte proceeded to Arcahaye to rendezvous with Commodore Ford and finalize measures for the impending assault on Port-au-Prince. He bolstered his landing force by taking one hundred…
1794-May-30: A British squadron composed of four ships of the line and three frigates cast anchor off Port-au-Prince on the evening of the same day. The expedition carried a land…
1794-May-31: The British commanders dispatched a flag to demand the surrender of Port-au-Prince, but the officer was informed that no flag would be admitted. The demand for surrender was returned…
1794-Jun.-01: Major Spencer landed three hundred British and five hundred colonial troops near Fort Bizotton to commence a land-based attack on the city's approach. A tremendous thunder-storm and heavy rain…
1794-Jun.-01: Captain Daniel led sixty men of the 41st regiment in a daring bayonet charge through a breach in the walls to capture Fort Bizotton. The surprise was so complete…
1794-Jun.-04: Republican forces evacuated Port-au-Prince and retreated to the mountains, allowing British troops to take full possession of the colonial capital. The British commanders were fortunate to prevent the town…
1794-Jun.-04: The capture of Port-au-Prince yielded twenty-two topsail vessels fully laden with sugar, indigo, and coffee, valued at approximately £400,000 sterling. This victory also secured seven thousand tons of shipping…
1794-Jun.-08: Lieutenant-Colonel Lenox arrived at Port-au-Prince with eight flank companies from the Windward Islands to reinforce the newly established British garrison. Although the detachment originally consisted of several hundred men,…
1794-Jun.-11: Upon receiving the first word of the French Convention's decree abolishing slavery, white leaders in Charleston held an emergency meeting to discuss preventive measures. They feared the "diabolical decree"…
1794-Jul.: A considerable number of French planters seeking refuge in Fort Dauphin were slaughtered in their homes by the forces of Jean François. This tragedy was blamed on the Spanish…
1794-Jul.-07: The black general Jean François entered the town of Fort Dauphin with several thousand armed insurgents during a period of Spanish occupation. He met no resistance from the Spanish…
1794-Jul.-12: Juan Manuel García Chicano reported to Governor Las Casas in Havana concerning the interrogation of several individuals suspected of "evil conduct" and revolutionary sympathies. The detainees included people of…
1794-Sept.: Brigadier-General Horneck arrived from Jamaica to succeed General Whyte as the commander-in-chief of British forces in St. Domingo. He was faced with the immediate challenge of defending a drastically…
1794-Sept.-06: Mulatto inhabitants of St. Marc violated their neutrality and rose in arms for the republic, murdering local citizens who opposed the French commissioners. A small British garrison of forty…
1794-Oct.: Rebel mulattoes under André Rigaud captured the town of Léogane and executed all the French planter allies of the British who fell into their hands. This victory allowed the…
1794-Oct.: Republican forces captured the strategic outposts of St. Michael and St. Raphael, which provided them with a significant supply of arms and ammunition. This advance allowed the insurgents to…
1794-Oct.: Toussaint Louverture storms the Spanish frontier towns of San Rafael and San Miguel. These victories expanded his control over the central savanna and pushed back Spanish influence.
1794-Dec.-05: André Rigaud led a pre-dawn attack with two thousand men in three columns to attempt the recovery of Fort Bizotton. The assault was repulsed with great slaughter to the…
1794-Dec.-23: A republican naval force consisting of a brig and three schooners sailed from Aux Cayes to launch a second major attack on Cape Tiburon. The armament carried nearly three…
1794-Dec.-25: Rigaud commenced a vigorous siege of the fort at Cape Tiburon, which was defended by a small garrison of only four hundred and eighty men. The defenders maintained their…
1794-Dec.-29: Lieutenant Bradford led the survivors of the Tiburon garrison in a breakout through enemy lines, fighting for five miles to reach safety at Irois. During the fort's fall, Lieutenant…
1794-late: Judicial proceedings in the colony identified several free men of color, including Jean Pierre Goudy and Joseph Lucas, as primary conspirators in the ongoing revolutionary violence. These individuals were…
1794-late: Rebel leaders such as Pinchinat and Labastille were named in colonial trial documents as the "great motors" of the insurrection along the lower coast. Their efforts were supported by…
1794-late: The son of a man named Laplace was reported to have left the Limbé district to raise new recruits for the insurgent cause in the quarter of Ouanaminthe. This…
1794-late: Colonial authorities tracked the movement of revolutionary "recrues" (recruits) who were reportedly supported by the presence of Fleury and other active partisans. The continued agitation in various quarters signaled…
1794-Feb.-04: The American Star, a Philadelphia newspaper, published a report on the arrival of French political refugees and the intense debates their presence sparked in the United States. The paper…
1794-Feb.-04: The French National Convention formally decreed the end of slavery in all French colonies, a move that was reported with both jubilation and dread across the Atlantic world. In Philadelphia, French…
1794-May-18: In the wake of the French National Convention's decree of general abolition, reports from Havana noted the spread of "subversive" republican ideas among the city's black population. Julius S.…
1794-Jun.-11: Upon receiving the first word of the French Convention's decree abolishing slavery, white leaders in Charleston held an emergency meeting to discuss preventive measures. They feared the "diabolical decree"…
1794-February-04: The National Convention in Paris formally decreed the end of slavery in all French colonies, a move that fundamentally altered the political landscape of Saint-Domingue. For the United States, this…
1794-June-04: The U.S. Congress approved an embargo on all foreign shipments in response to escalating maritime tensions between Great Britain and France. This legislative action had immediate consequences for Saint-Domingue…
1794–1801: (The Ascendancy of Toussaint Louverture): Following the early revolutionary chaos, this era is defined by the rise and personal leadership of Toussaint Louverture. The narrative focuses on his efforts…
1794–1801: (The Personal Leadership of Toussaint Louverture): This era is defined by the specific rise and consolidation of power by Toussaint Louverture. The authors frame this period as a time…
1794, February 3–4: On these dates, a landmark delegation from Saint-Domingue: (modern-day Haiti) arrived at the French National Convention in Paris to formally demand the abolition of slavery. Their presence…
1794, Feb 4: On this historic date, the French National Convention passed the landmark decree officially abolishing slavery in all French colonies. Following the announcement, which was met with thunderous…
1794, May: (The Desperate State of the Republic): By May 1794, the French Republican cause in Saint-Domingue appeared nearly terminal as its forces faced starvation and acute supply shortages. Villatte's…
1794, May 6: (Toussaint Louverture’s Volte-Face): On May 6, 1794, after secret communications with Laveaux, Toussaint Louverture attended early mass at Marmelade alongside the Spanish commandant. Immediately following the service,…
1794, June: (The British Occupation of Port-au-Prince): While Toussaint reconquered the Artibonite for France, the British reached their strategic "high-water mark" by capturing Port-au-Prince on June 4, 1794. The assault…
1794, June: (The Recall of the Commissioners): Just three days after arriving in Jacmel, Sonthonax and Polvérel were arrested under a warrant from Robespierre and ordered back to Paris to…
1794–1864: (Al-Hajj Umar Tal and the Tukolor State: The Distinguished Scholar Who Introduced the Tijaniyya Brotherhood to Sokoto, Declared Jihad on the Upper Senegal in 1852, Conquered a Swathe…
1794-02-04: (France Officially Decrees the End of Slavery in All French Colonies, an Act of Revolutionary Principle That Would Last Exactly Eight Years Before Napoleon Reimposed the Institution in 1802): On…
1794-05-06: (Louverture Abandons Spain and Joins the French Republic, Bringing Dessalines and Christophe With Him, a Strategic Reversal That Would Determine the Course of the Revolution): On May 6, 1794,…
1794-06-04: (British Troops Capture Port-au-Prince, Occupying Haiti's Capital as Part of Britain's Opportunistic Campaign to Seize French Colonies During the Revolutionary Wars): On June 4, 1794, British troops captured Port-au-Prince,…
The British had invaded Saint-Domingue in 1793 at the invitation of French enslavers who preferred King George to the Republic and to emancipation. Andre Rigaud, commanding for the Republic in…
Sonthonax and Polverel had proclaimed freedom. French enslavers refused it and signed the colony over to Britain. On this day Lieutenant-Colonel John Whitelocke marched on the fort of l'Acul at…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Kingston in 1794, the people aboard the Sandown rose against the crew. They had been taken at Rio Nunez. The record gives the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Kingston in 1794, the people aboard the Jemmy rose against the crew. They had been taken at Iles de Los. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Accra in 1794, the people aboard the Lumbie rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gabon. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Havana in 1794, the people aboard the Ascension rose against the crew. They had been taken at Mozambique. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage in 1794, the people aboard the Venus rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gorée. The record gives the numbers as: 149 people were…
On a slaving voyage that ended at St. Vincent in 1794, the people aboard the Cadiz Dispatch rose against the crew. They had been taken at a port the record…
Almost at the same time (8 January) Le Mirebalais fell into the power of the Spanish. General Bauvais abandoned the place only after an hour of murderous fighting. He withdrew…
Governor Laveaux wrote to Toussaint Louverture to secure against the enemy the districts that formed the cordon of the Artibonite, and to march against La Grande-Rivière, which the Spaniards infested.…
The English held the Môle Saint-Nicolas, Saint-Marc and the Arcahaie; to be masters of the bay of La Gonâve, nothing remained for them but to seize Port-Républicain. Commodore Ford, in…
A month later the English seized Tiburon, from which they had been driven back a first time. The town, armed with twenty-two pieces of cannon, was defended by 500 republicans,…
On 3 February the Republic lost Fort-Dauphin, the bulwark of the province of the North on the side of the Spanish part. The civil commissioners had entrusted the command of…
A month later the English seized Tiburon, from which they had been driven back a first time. The town, armed with twenty-two pieces of cannon, was defended by 500 republicans,…
Meanwhile the Montagnards were beginning to see clearly the infamous part the colonial party was playing in France. Thuriot had just exposed to the nation all the machinations of these…
"Levasseur of the Sarthe rose and said: I ask that the Convention, yielding not to a movement of enthusiasm but to the principles of justice, faithful to the Declaration of…
Seven days after the proclamation of general liberty, on 11 February, the three deputies of Saint-Domingue presented themselves before the General Council of the Commune, and there each delivered a…
After a speech by Chaumette on the horrors of slavery, the council decided that on 30 Pluviôse (18 February) the abolition of slavery would be celebrated in the Temple of…
So as not to leave his troops idle, he resolved to attack the Acul, a stronghold held by the republicans and situated one league from Léogane. He landed at that…
At five o'clock in the morning the firing still went on in the town between the freedmen and the white citizens. Then 6,000 newly free were seen entering Port-Républicain from…
The civil commissioner did not lose heart; he went on recruiting, from the cultivators of the Cul-de-Sac, the legion of the newly free, or of the Regenerated, which he had…
General Rigaud, for his part, set out from Les Cayes with 2,000 men and two four-pounders and appeared before Tiburon on 16 April. At three o'clock in the morning he…
In the meantime 2,377 men of fine European troops arrived from England at Barbados on 5 May 1794. The English general Sir Charles Grey, having conquered Guadeloupe and the other…
In the meantime 2,377 men of fine European troops arrived from England at Barbados on 5 May 1794. The English general Sir Charles Grey, having conquered Guadeloupe and the other…
In the meantime 2,377 men of fine European troops arrived from England at Barbados on 5 May 1794. The English general Sir Charles Grey, having conquered Guadeloupe and the other…
In the meantime 2,377 men of fine European troops arrived from England at Barbados on 5 May 1794. The English general Sir Charles Grey, having conquered Guadeloupe and the other…
On 1 June, at eleven in the morning, the frigate Pénélope moored broadside to Fort Touron, and the ships Belliqueux and Sceptre against Fort Bizoton, which was armed with five…
On 1 June, at eleven in the morning, the frigate Pénélope moored broadside to Fort Touron, and the ships Belliqueux and Sceptre against Fort Bizoton, which was armed with five…
Port-Républicain, whose defenders numbered only 800, seemed disposed to defend itself. As for Monbrun, he promised to bury himself beneath the ruins of the place; nevertheless Sonthonax, distrusting his patriotism,…
As early as 5 May 1794 Laveaux had urged him to recognize the Republic, in a letter conveyed to him by Chevalier, commandant of Terre-Neuve and Port-à-Piment. On the 18th…
Meanwhile Biassou refused to submit to the authority of Jean François. Jean François could get his soldiers to march against Biassou only by promising them the plunder of Fort-Dauphin. After…
We have seen that during the interview at the dike of the Artibonite, Toussaint had won over Brisbane's secretary, Morin, a man of color, who enjoyed the full confidence of…
We have seen that during the interview at the dike of the Artibonite, Toussaint had won over Brisbane's secretary, Morin, a man of color, who enjoyed the full confidence of…
While General Rigaud was restoring order and labor throughout his command, most of the men of color of Léogane, discontented with the English domination, under which the colonists received a…
The governor, accompanied by the ordonnateur Perroud and by Pageot, commander of the province of the North, left Port-de-Paix and came to Le Cap, where the municipality, devoted to Villate,…
Five weeks after the taking of Léogane the English came to attack the outposts of the Republican army on the highroad to Port-Républicain. General Rigaud marched to meet them with…
Rigaud then resolved to attack Tiburon. Before reaching the town he had to carry an advanced post called Moisson, held by 500 Englishmen. During the night of 24 to 25…
On 1 January 1794, Toussaint-Louverture attacked there a camp occupied by the Spaniards, whom he drove out. This camp was given to the flames. Rouzier tells this under the entry…
On 2 January 1794, Southonax entrusted Fort Ilet to Captain Adelou to resist Commodore Ford. At the second appearance of this commodore in the harbor, on 31 May, Fort Ilet…
On 3 February 1794, while the Spaniards were blockading Fort Liberté by land and sea, a coaster named Juan Delmonte won over the commander of the fort. The Spanish ship…
History. Fort-Liberté fell into the power of the Spaniards on 3 February 1794. Biassou refused to submit to the authority of Jean François. The latter marched against him, promising his…
On 3 February 1794 the English took Tiburon. This town, armed with 22 pieces of cannon, was defended by Dartiguenave. At daybreak the English ships swept the shore, and the…
Halaou, the chief of the revolted African bands of the plain of the Cul-de-Sac, was killed at the Croix-des-Bouquets on 9 February 1794. There was, on that occasion, a general…
On 19 February 1794, the English marched against the Acul of Léogane with two cannon of 5 and a half inches and two pieces of 4. Seconded by the marquis…
On 17 March 1794, at 11 o'clock in the evening, Montbrun, at the head of the legion of the West and of the artillery, marched on the barracks of the…
On 21 March 1794 the cavalry of the garrison of Léogane pursued the English as far as the landing place of the Bossan habitation. Rouzier tells this under the entry…
On 3 February 1794 the English took Tiburon. This town, armed with 22 pieces of cannon, was defended by Dartiguenave. At daybreak the English ships swept the shore, and the…
On 2 January 1794, Southonax entrusted Fort Ilet to Captain Adelou to resist Commodore Ford. At the second appearance of this commodore in the harbor, on 31 May, Fort Ilet…
On 31 May the English General Whyte and Commodore Ford came to blockade Port-au-Prince. They cannonaded the place and directed three columns against it and seized fort Bizoton. Santhonax and…
In the night of 1 to 2 January 1794, Commodore Ford, in the hope of winning over the inhabitants of Port-Républicain, came to anchor opposite Fort Bizoton with two English…
Captain Daniel, at the head of 60 grenadiers, marched with the bayonet against the fort, whose gates were opened to him by traitors. Monbrun, seeing a company enter the enclosure,…
Colonel Spencer entered the fort with a battalion. They fought in the darkness with the bayonet and hand to hand. The soldiers of the fort, seeing themselves betrayed, fell back…
On 1 June 1794, the English landed 800 men at the Lamentin, commanded by Colonel Espencer, and seized the fort of Bizoton. Rouzier tells this under the entry LAMENTIN (…
On 1 June 1794, at 11 o'clock in the morning, Fort Touron was cannonaded by the English frigate the Penelope. The next day, in the afternoon, Colonel Hamofield landed with…
On 1 June 1794, at 11 o'clock in the morning, Fort Touron was cannonaded by the English frigate the Penelope. The next day, in the afternoon, Colonel Hamofield landed with…
It has been called Morne des Commissaires since the civil commissioners Southonax and Polvérel crossed it on 5 June 1794 to go from Port-Républicain to Jacmel. Rouzier tells this under…
MALANGA. Twenty-third and last rural section of the commune of Port-au-Prince, parish of Sainte Anne. It is included in the Fond-Ferrier. The morne Malanga, of the chain of the Hotte,…
On 31 May the English General Whyte and Commodore Ford came to blockade Port-au-Prince. They cannonaded the place and directed three columns against it and seized fort Bizoton. Santhonax and…
On 5 June 1794, Blaise, Lieutenant Colonel of the Legion of the West, handed the fort over to the English. A colonist named Béranger went there that day, and in…
A royalist colonist, or rather a monster, named Béranger, who had killed thirty enslavers in Fort St. Joseph at Port-au-Prince on the arrival of the English, on 5 June 1794,…
It was at Nérette that Santhonax, the civil Commissioner, received, on 6 June 1794, the farewells of several Black officers, among others of Dieudonné, the chief of the national volunteers…
On 21 June 1794, at the moment of passing into the service of the French, Toussaint took communion at Marmelade, where the marquis d'Almodas was in command, renewed his oath…
History. Fort-Liberté fell into the power of the Spaniards on 3 February 1794. Biassou refused to submit to the authority of Jean François. The latter marched against him, promising his…
On 14 July 1794 a white man named Badolet demanded from Delpêche and from Harty, commander of the province, several people he had held in slavery who had been freed.…
On 14 July 1794 a white man named Badolet demanded from Delpêche and from Harty, commander of the province, several people he had held in slavery who had been freed.…
On 6 September 1794, the army of Toussaint-Louverture entered Saint-Marc through the Guêpes gate. The English held the town. Brisbane, their commander, taken by surprise, had only time to withdraw…
On 6 September 1794 Toussaint Louverture, at the head of eleven thousand men, was let into the town by three hundred affranchis who had seized the gates; while his soldiers…
On 6 September 1794, the army of Toussaint-Louverture entered Saint-Marc through the Guêpes gate. The English held the town. Brisbane, their commander, taken by surprise, had only time to withdraw…
Belair. Fort situated at Saint-Marc on the morne of the same name. It dominates the town. On 5 October 1794 Toussaint-Louverture took it from the English, despite the fire of…
On 5 October 1794 Toussaint-Louverture established a battery there against the English who occupied the town. He worked himself with his soldiers to haul up a piece of cannon which,…
On 6 September 1794 Toussaint Louverture, at the head of eleven thousand men, was let into the town by three hundred affranchis who had seized the gates; while his soldiers…
On 6 October 1794, General Rigaud came from the Cayes to Léogane to attack the English, to whom Labuissonnière, a man of color, and Tibi-Salec, a white man, had handed…
Six weeks after Rigaud had driven the English out of Léogane (6 October 1794), the latter presented themselves at Truitier. Rigaud marched against them and gave them battle on this…
In 1794, the English had established an advanced post there. In the night of 24 to 25 December, Rigaud ordered an attack on this post. Five young Blacks, strong and…
On 25 December 1794, General Rigaud, fighting the English at Tiburon, ordered Lieutenant Colonel Gilles Benech to go and set up an ambush there. Rouzier tells this under the entry…
On 25 December 1794, Rigaud, at daybreak, cannonaded the English who had entrenched themselves there. Rouzier tells this under the entry VAINQUEUR.
On 31 December 1794 a column of Toussaint-Louverture took this camp from the Spaniards. Rouzier tells this under the entry Baujoint ou Beaujoint.
On 31 December 1794, a column of Toussaint-Louverture, attacking the Spaniards at the Grande-Rivière du Nord, took this camp from them. The indigenous column was commanded by Noël. Rouzier tells…
On 31 December 1794, Toussaint-Louverture took it from the Spaniards. Rouzier tells this under the entry Cambron.
On 31 December 1794, Toussaint-Louverture took a post that the Spaniards had established there. Dessalines had the honours of the day. At nightfall, Toussaint brought his troops back to Flamine.…
On 31 December 1794, the first column of Toussaint-Louverture, going to attack the Spaniards at the Grande-Rivière, passed through the Grand-Gilles. It was commanded by Commandant Moïse. Rouzier tells this…
On 31 December 1794, Toussaint-Louverture attacked the Spaniards established in this bourg. He formed five columns of his army: the first, under the orders of Commandant Moïse, passed by the…
On 31 December 1794, Lieutenant Colonel Dessalines marched on the Itis post through the Pignon, during the attack on the Grande Rivière by Toussaint-Louverture. Rouzier tells this under the entry…
On 31 December 1794 a company under the orders of Paparel passed by the Ravine à Marianne, during the attack led by Toussaint Louverture against the Spaniards of the Grande…
Bauvais was forced to fall back on the Croix-des-Bouquets.
Polvérel wrote to Montbrun that the colony should not wait for troops from Europe in order to fight.
The Spaniards and the bands of Jean-François seize Fort-Liberté.
Captain Smith and Campan issued a proclamation at Léogane denying rumors that the English had taken money to massacre the men of color; Sonthonax avowed in the Débats that he…
Ardouin recalls the decree of the National Convention of 4 February 1794 on the general freedom of the blacks, whose anniversary fell on the day Rochambeau took Fort-Liberté and Le…
Polvérel promulgates an agrarian regulation.
Whitelocke wrote to Laveaux offering the conditions of the Môle, rank and 5,000 pounds sterling to deliver Port-de-Paix; Laveaux read the letter to his troops and answered with a challenge…
Major James Grant sent Laveaux a second letter by flag of truce, recalling his nobility and telling him that Polvérel had named Montbrun to the government of the West.
Martial Besse wrote Sonthonax a letter full of malignity against Montbrun.
Sonthonax called all classes to the defense of Port-au-Prince, admitted that the general disarmament had displeased, and authorized Desfourneaux to recruit the 48th regiment from the whites of Praloto's former…
Sonthonax proclaimed martial law at Port-au-Prince, enrolling the armed citizens in the national volunteers under Lafontant and ordering death for soldiers who sold their arms.
Sonthonax made Bauvais colonel of infantry and ordered him to supply munitions to Blanc Cazenave's men; Bauvais wrote back with observations on the recruitment among the whites.
Sonthonax wrote to Blanc Cazenave and his soldiers camped in the mountains of the Cahos urging them to rally to the Republic; the letter probably reached Toussaint Louverture, who sent…
Sonthonax wrote to Rochambeau, governor general of the Windward Islands, that it was impossible to keep the colony for France without munitions and forces.
Toussaint Louverture wrote to Don Joachim Garcia an account of his conduct, accusing Biassou of calumnies and ambushes, declaring that Biassou was not his superior and professing fidelity to God…
Toussaint Louverture left Saint-Raphaël; Biassou meanwhile sought to force the blacks not protected by the king of Spain back onto their enslavers' plantations and attacked Toussaint's soldiers.
From La Marmelade Toussaint Louverture wrote a second letter to Garcia, describing his troops' attack on Biassou's men at the Dondon and Ennery and protesting his oath to his king.
Toussaint Louverture wrote to Don García protestations of submission and fidelity while preparing the massacre of Spaniards at Les Gonaïves.
An émigré, Larue, wrote to Montbrun urging him to treat with the British, enclosing Whitelocke's safe-conduct; the letter fed the suspicions against Montbrun.
Laplace, deputy of the French émigrés at Saint-Michel, denounced Toussaint Louverture at Fort-Dauphin as the author of an attempt on Biassou's life and of a snare against Don Cabrera.
Laveaux wrote to Chevalier, commandant of Terre-Neuve and Port-à-Piment, who answered on the 6th.
By Ardouin's reading of Laveaux's two accounts, Toussaint Louverture fought for the Spaniards until 6 April 1794 and then resolved to leave them.
Polvérel returned from Les Cayes to Port-au-Prince, leaving Bruno Blanchet his civil delegate in the South and Rigaud in command there as governor general, and confirmed Montbrun in his command…
The tricolor flag was hoisted at Bombarde, which submitted to Laveaux; at the Plate-Forme the Germans repelled an English attack.
Toussaint Louverture drove the Spaniards and the émigrés out of the Gonaïves, killing many, and hoisted the tricolor flag there and at Terre-Neuve.
Valentin de Cullion wrote to the free men of Petit-Goave, commanded by Brunache, offering sums for the surrender of places.
Toussaint Louverture, brigadier general, wrote to Laveaux from La Marmelade that he had been led into error, that the national flag floated at the Gonaïves, the Gros-Morne, Ennery, Plaisance, La…
Laveaux, awaiting Toussaint Louverture's reply of 18 May, wrote to Sonthonax.
Martial Besse, summoned from Jacmel, arrived at Port-au-Prince; Jacques Boyé commanded the town, and Montbrun sent four hundred men to oppose a landing at the Fossé.
Bauvais took Borgella to La Frétillière to watch for d'Espinville; spending the night at the post of Pelet, Borgella saw defection spreading among Jérôme Coustard's men.
Polvérel and Sonthonax named Martial Besse provisional commander of the West, citing the honorable wounds Montbrun had received at Bizoton.
At Néret the commissioners harangued the blacks led by Pierre Dieudonné and Pompée; Ardouin rejects the remark against the men of color attributed to Sonthonax, holding that he can have…
At daybreak the commissioners left Néret with Martial Besse, Bauvais, A. Chanlatte, Boyé and Pinchinat by the road of the Rivière-Froide and the mountains, the morne later named for them,…
Laveaux was holding Port-de-Paix, and Villate was at Le Cap.
Polvérel wrote from Jacmel to Rigaud that the safety of the colony rested on him alone and denounced Montbrun as the traitor who delivered Port-Républicain; Sonthonax wrote similarly to Laveaux.…
Gignoux made an account at Jacmel claiming that Montbrun and Marc Borno fled Bizoton without fighting.
Polvérel and Sonthonax left Saint-Domingue for France on 13 June 1794, the date to which the commissioners' correspondence with Montbrun runs.
Dufay, Belley and Mills replied to the commission of the colonies on Montbrun's conduct in terms favorable to him up to their departure in October 1793.
Jean François brought his own troops up to Fort-Dauphin on the day fixed for the ordinary delivery of provisions to the auxiliary troops, as though only to receive them.
Don Gaspard de Cassassola left the town while the massacre took place and returned two days afterward; Ardouin holds him probably consenting and accuses him and Jean François alike.
Toussaint Louverture wrote to Laveaux on learning of the massacre of the French at Fort-Dauphin, saying that his religion forbade him to shed blood and signing as servant of the…
Montbrun left Bauvais at Jacmel and went to his habitation in the parish of Aquin, where he learned of the intrigues against him; he returned to Jacmel.
Polvérel and Sonthonax arrived at Paris on 16 thermidor year II, which falls on 3 August although Ardouin gives it as 5 August; the Convention suspended the accusation against them…
In the night of 16 to 17 August Montbrun ordered Bauvais under arrest at Jacmel; Bauvais refused, withdrew to fort Béliot and declared he would no longer submit, the legion…
Rigaud, with Pinchinat, mediated at Jacmel between Montbrun and Bauvais; the procès-verbal of 29 August required Montbrun to yield the command of the West to Bauvais and withdraw to his…
Rigaud, at Miragoâne, decided in council on the arrest of Montbrun; the order is dated 21 fructidor year II (7 September 1794), and it was carried out on 8 September.
Rigaud wrote to Laveaux to inform him of Montbrun's arrest, accusing him of vexations, agiotage and hoarding; Laveaux approved on 23 September and ordered him sent to France.
Laveaux addressed a proclamation to the inhabitants of Saint-Marc inviting them to return to the Republic, promising oblivion of the past and threatening that Toussaint Louverture would sack the town…
The Convention decreed that its committees might pronounce the provisional or definitive liberty of the detained colonists, Page and Brulley being still detained when they asked for adversarial debates.
Laveaux replied to Rigaud approving the arrest of Montbrun and ordering him sent to France with the supporting papers.
The Convention ordered a commission of nine members from its own body to deal with the debates between the colonists and the former civil commissioners; the decrees fixing their start…
Toussaint Louverture wrote to Laveaux that the reverse at Saint-Marc came only from the perfidy of the men of color of the region.
Laveaux, at Port-de-Paix, sent Seguinard and Grandet to the United States on the way to France to report to the Convention and the committee of public safety.
Toussaint Louverture, learning that the Spaniards were reappearing at La Marmelade, set out from there with nearly five thousand men.
Bauvais's complaint against Montbrun is dated 10 brumaire year III (31 October 1794), nearly two months after Rigaud's order of arrest.
After retaking Léogane Rigaud ordered Lefranc to seal Montbrun's trunks and lodge him in a dungeon of the fort of Saint-Louis, where he was put on 2 November.
Laveaux went from Le Cap to La Marmelade and visited the bourgs, meeting Toussaint Louverture for the first time and receiving the presentation of his officers.
Laveaux received an unsigned petition asking that Villatte command the province of the North in place of Pageot; the houses of Le Cap occupied by mulâtres and anciens libres were…
The commune of Le Cap assembled to elect a procureur and four municipal officers but discussed only the election of deputies to the legislative body; Laveaux put a stop to…
Laveaux wrote to Jean François promising a general amnesty if he would range himself under the tricolor and seize Fort-Dauphin and the Spanish ships.
Jean François replied from Fort-Dauphin to Laveaux's letter of 30 brumaire year III, refusing to submit.
Pamphile de Lacroix cites an old letter of Rochambeau to the provisional executive council of France, dated at Philadelphia on 26 November 1794, to support his account of Rigaud.
Laveaux wrote to the black Jean-Baptiste Ducrosse urging the seizure of Fort Labouque and offering the pillage of the Spanish ships.
Laveaux returned to Port-de-Paix after these fruitless negotiations.
LEVASSEUR of the Sarthe succeeds Camboulas: “I demand, he says, that the NATIONAL CONVENTION, declining to yield to a movement of enthusiasm, and obeying the principles of justice, faithful to…
But the English still threatened Port-au-Prince; and their squadron, composed of two ships of the line of 74 guns, one of 84, another of 50, six corvettes or frigates, 12…
L'Ouverture, after enjoying the title of physician to the armies of Jean-François, after being the first aide-de-camp and principal secretary of Biassou, had long resisted the proposals of peace made…
Chambon set out from the island of Aix and seized a Portuguese ship whose papers informed him that the English occupied a part of Saint-Domingue. He steered toward the South…
Chambon set out from the island of Aix and seized a Portuguese ship whose papers informed him that the English occupied a part of Saint-Domingue. He steered toward the South…
This same Rigaud, who had completely organized the Legion of Equality of the South, dividing it into three battalions of eight hundred men each, and who had put the town…
1795: Governor Juan Baptista Vaillant reported that a new wave of liberation rumors was sweeping the east coast of Cuba, leading to a surge in plantation desertions. Vaillant attributed this…
1795-Early: Authorities in Caracas discovered that free people of color were openly discussing egalitarian ideas and arrested a free black man named Juan Bautista Olivares. Olivares had been reading and…
1795: A massive revolt erupted near the coastal city of Coro in 1795, representing the largest insurrection of its kind in Venezuelan history. The uprising involved a coalition of…
1795: A report on Trelawny Town, the largest maroon settlement in Jamaica, concluded that the "Connections" between maroon men and enslaved women on nearby plantations were "alarming." The maroons wandered…
1795-Jan.: Colonel Brisbane discovered and defeated a dark conspiracy among French inhabitants at St. Marc who plotted to cut him off. This plot emerged just as the British were struggling…
1795-Jan.: Officials in Norfolk, Virginia, met to discuss the "peculiar situation" caused by the frequent migrations of people of color from the Caribbean. Strong sentiment existed for mass deportations as…
1795-Feb.: Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Brisbane was killed while on a reconnoitering party, depriving the British of a highly admired and indefatigable officer. His death at this critical juncture was a significant…
1795-Feb.: A French privateer was captured near the Venezuelan coast after it had been gathering "up-to-date news" of events in the capital through contact with neutral vessels. This maritime encounter…
1795-Feb.-15: Antonio López Quintana informed Gardoqui that the Spanish government in Caracas was considering a prohibition on the use of "skyrockets" and fireworks. This measure was proposed because such devices…
1795-Feb.-18: Fifteen individuals were executed by firing squad in Port-au-Prince after a dangerous plot to massacre the British garrison was discovered. The conspirators were tried by a council of war…
1795-Spring: Spanish officials discovered and suppressed major conspiracies against their governments in two widely disparate regions: western Venezuela and Pointe Coupee parish in Louisiana. In Coro, a multiracial coalition of…
1795-Mar.: Lieutenant-Colonel Markham was killed during a successful assault on a republican outpost that had been laying siege to Fort Bizotton. Although the British captured five cannons and the enemy…
1795-Mar.-28: Brigadier General Horneck issued a general order paying tribute to Lieutenant Colonel Markham following his death in an attack on a republican advanced post. He commended the detachment for…
1795-Apr.: A parish-wide conspiracy to rise against enslavers was discovered in Pointe Coupee, Louisiana, a region with a heavy black majority. An intense investigation revealed the plot originated among…
1795-Apr.-10: The Courrier de la France et des colonies reported on the widespread "contagion of liberty" following the French National Convention's decree of general emancipation. The Philadelphia-based paper noted that…
1795-Apr.-15: A major plot of the enslaved was discovered at Pointe Coupée in Louisiana, which Julius S. Scott identifies as a significant extension of the Caribbean "common wind." The conspirators were…
1795-May: Sir Adam Williamson arrived at Port-au-Prince to take over his new commission as the governor-general and commander-in-chief of British possessions in St. Domingo. He had recently been honored with…
1795-May: A major insurrection erupted in western Venezuela as armed enslaved people, free blacks, and zambos descended from the highlands to attack the coastal town of Coro. Led by…
1795-May: A multiracial force of hundreds of enslaved people, free blacks, and zambos descended from the highlands to attack the coastal town of Coro in western Venezuela. Led by…
1795-May: The Treaty of the Hague brought a formal end to the war between France and Holland, signaling a major geopolitical shift in the Atlantic world. Enslaved people in the…
1795-May-10: The Coro uprising in Venezuela, led by José Leonardo Chirino, demonstrated the direct influence of the Haitian "common wind" reaching the Spanish Main. Chirino, a zambo, was inspired by…
1795-May-15: Governor Vaillant of Cuba reported a series of aggressive assaults by French republican privateers against Spanish slave ships off the coast of the island. He noted that these privateers,…
1795-Aug.-12: The British occupation of Saint-Domingue faced a strategic crisis as yellow fever and relentless guerrilla warfare decimated the ranks of European soldiers. In response, British commanders began the controversial…
1795-Aug.-Mid: A violent rising of the enslaved erupted on the island of Curaçao, beginning as a coordinated work stoppage on a western sugar plantation. More than one thousand enslaved people…
1795-Aug.-17: The Curaçao rising of the enslaved began at the Knip plantation, where leaders Tula and Bastiaan Carpata demanded their freedom from the Dutch colonial government. The rebels were clearly…
1795-Aug.-25: Lord Balcarres, the Governor of Jamaica, communicated with the Duke of Portland regarding the outbreak of the Second Maroon War and the threat posed by people who had escaped.…
1795-Fall: Rumors that the National Convention had decreed the end of slavery swept through the mid-Atlantic states, prompting a group of "citizens of color" in Philadelphia to draft a letter of…
1795-February-04: French minister Fauchet wrote a significant dispatch emphasizing the necessity of France acquiring Louisiana from Spain to support its Caribbean colonies. He argued that Saint-Domingue was dangerously dependent on…
1795-April-01: Rumors circulated among diplomats regarding an alleged slave trade involving the transport of ten thousand people from Saint-Domingue to the United States. A French ex-consul expressed alarm that this…
1795-July-22: During the peace negotiations at Basel, the French Executive Directory formally demanded that Spain retrocede the territory of Louisiana. Although the Spanish envoy successfully resisted this specific demand, Spain…
1795–1796: (The Treaty of Basel and the Exit of Spain): On July 22, 1795, the Peace of Basel concluded the war between France and Spain, leading to the cession of…
1795-07-22: (The Treaty of Basel, by Which Spain Cedes the Eastern Two-Thirds of the Island to France, Placing the Entire Island Under French Sovereignty on Paper Though the Reality on the…
Etienne Polverel died in Paris on 6 April 1795. He had landed at Le Cap on 17 September 1792 as one of three civil commissioners sent to Saint-Domingue, with Leger-Felicite…
On a slaving voyage in 1795, the Isabella was attacked from the shore. Captain: Given, Thomas. Flag: Great Britain. Recorded outcome, in the database’s words: “captured by the French -…
On a slaving voyage in 1795, the people aboard the Bell rose against the crew. They had been taken at Sierra Leone estuary. The record gives the numbers as: 215…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Kingston in 1795, the people aboard the Ann rose against the crew. They had been taken at Iles de Los. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Savannah in 1795, the people aboard the Charleston rose against the crew. They had been taken at Rio Nunez. The record gives the…
On 12 March 1795 Joseph Chatoyer circulated a proclamation in French among the estate owners living on St Vincent. It opens with a question. Is there a Frenchman who would…
By the middle of 1795 the French Republic was almost everywhere triumphant on the continent of Europe. Exhausted Prussia had been the first of all the powers to make a…
On 1 January 1795 (12 Nivôse, Year 3), at daybreak, two Republican columns commanded by Captain Médor and by Dessalines came out of the camp Flamin. The latter reached the…
On 13 Nivôse (2 January 1795) Toussaint came out of Fort Saint-Malo at the head of his cavalry and went to examine the enemy's positions. He discovered a camp at…
After sending his prisoners to the Dondon, Toussaint set out on 14 Nivôse (3 January 1795) against the camps Pistau and Ducasse, which he took after a bloody fight. At…
On 15 Nivôse (4 January) Toussaint had all the positions carried that protected the important fortification of Charles Sec, so as to attack it the more easily. A detachment took…
A month later another conspiracy, stirred up by the letters of Pinchinat, was discovered at Port-au-Prince. The Republicans were to disarm the garrison of the town and put all the…
A fortnight later Thomas Brisbane died at Saint-Marc of the wound he had received at the dike of the Artibonite (2 March 1795). His death was a real loss for…
Meanwhile Generals Bauvais and Rigaud had assembled at Léogane 3,000 troops, drawn both from the legion of the West and from the legion of Equality of the South. In the…
The Spanish colony, as we have seen, had been ceded to France by the treaty of Basel. But the French government, preoccupied with European affairs, had for five years neglected…
By the middle of 1795 the French Republic was almost everywhere triumphant on the continent of Europe. Exhausted Prussia had been the first of all the powers to make a…
Governor Forbes had taken the offensive at every point. He had Léogane attacked by Major General Bowyer. The place was commanded by Renaud Desruisseaux. On 22 December 1795 (1 Nivôse,…
On 1 January 1795, Laurent, lieutenant of Toussaint-Louverture, took the Bois-pin from the Spaniards established at the Grande-Rivière du Nord. Rouzier tells this under the entry Bois-pin (le).
On 1 January 1795, Toussaint-Louverture attacked a camp there occupied by the Spaniards. He drove them out and consigned the camp to the flames. Rouzier tells this under the entry…
On 1 January 1795, Dessalines took the Crête Plate, and made numerous Spanish prisoners there. Rouzier tells this under the entry Crête Plate (la).
On 1 January 1795 Toussaint-Louverture carried a camp that the Spaniards of the Grande-Rivière had established there. That camp was given to the flames. Rouzier tells this under the entry…
On 1 January 1795, two columns commanded by Captain Médor and by Dessalines left the camp of Flamine. The latter reached the Crête-Plate, where he took numerous prisoners, while Médor…
On 1 January 1795 Captain Médor, lieutenant of Toussaint Louverture, seized Camp Roque, where the Spanish had established themselves. See Roc. Morne Roc. Rouzier tells this under the entry ROQUE.
The State owns five carreaux of land there, occupied by fermiers. There was a fort there, occupied in 1795 by the Spaniards; Toussaint Louverture and Captain Laurent took it at…
On 1 January 1795, Toussaint Louverture captured there a camp established by the Spaniards of the Grande Rivière du Nord, and delivered it to the flames. Rouzier tells this under…
On 2 January 1795, Toussaint-Louverture took a post that the Spaniards of the Grande-Rivière had established there. Rouzier tells this under the entry Cardinaux (les).
On 2 January 1795 Toussaint-Louverture discovered there a camp that the Spaniards of the Grande-Rivière had established, seated on a height overlooked by another camp. The next day he carried…
PISTAU. Habitation in front of the Grande Rivière du Nord. On 2 January 1795, Toussaint Louverture discovered there a camp set up by the Spaniards of the Grande Rivière. He…
Bamby. Fort situated in front of the Grande-Rivière du Nord on the summit of an almost inaccessible morne. The Spanish had seized it. Moïse, lieutenant of Toussaint-Louverture, attacked this fort…
On 3 January 1795 Lieutenant Colonel Thomas André, on the order of Toussaint-Louverture, seized a camp established by the Spanish on the habitation Barbara. Rouzier tells this under the entry…
On 3 January 1795 Captain Noël, a lieutenant of Toussaint-Louverture, took a camp there that the Spaniards had established. Rouzier tells this under the entry Delaunay.
On 2 January 1795 Toussaint-Louverture discovered there a camp that the Spaniards of the Grande-Rivière had established, seated on a height overlooked by another camp. The next day he carried…
On 3 January 1795, Captain Noël, a lieutenant of Toussaint-Louverture, took a camp that the Spaniards had established there. Rouzier tells this under the entry Gillette.
The Spaniards of the Grande-Rivière had established a camp at Denis, at the Giraumon. Toussaint-Louverture took it from them on 3 January 1795. Rouzier tells this under the entry Giraumon.
On 3 January 1795, Thomas André, a lieutenant of Toussaint-Louverture, took a camp that the Spaniards of the Grande-Rivière had established there near the Charles Sec camp. Rouzier tells this…
On 3 January 1795, Toussaint Louverture captured a camp that the Spaniards of the Grande Rivière had established there on a morne near the Charles Sec camp. Rouzier tells this…
PISTAU. Habitation in front of the Grande Rivière du Nord. On 2 January 1795, Toussaint Louverture discovered there a camp set up by the Spaniards of the Grande Rivière. He…
On 3 January 1795 Captain Noël, lieutenant of Toussaint Louverture, took there a camp established by the Spaniards. Rouzier tells this under the entry RATEAU ou RASTEAU.
On 3 January 1795 Moïse, lieutenant of Toussaint Louverture, seized a camp established on this habitation by the Spanish of the Grande Rivière. Rouzier tells this under the entry SABOURIN.
On 3 January 1795, Moïse, lieutenant of Toussaint Louverture, seized a camp that the Spaniards of the Grande Rivière had raised there. Rouzier tells this under the entry TANACHE.
In January 1795, Toussaint-Louverture went to fight the Spaniards at the Grande-Rivière. Jean François yielded ground to him in order to draw him to the camp Charles Sec, a well-fortified…
In March 1795, Beauvais, marching against the English at Port-au-Prince, established his headquarters there. On the 18th, his soldiers were quietly cleaning their weapons when they were suddenly attacked by…
Soon the French drove the English out of it and made war on the Spaniards, from whom they took territory on the mainland, where they settled definitively around 1694. The…
History. The eastern part of the island of Haiti, occupied by the Dominican Republic, was called, under Spanish rule, after Dominique Colomb, the father of Christopher Columbus, the Audience of…
Laveaux wrote that on 9 January he was warned that the mulâtre Chevalier, commanding at Terre-Neuve, was to open at his house a meeting of military chiefs to form a…
Toussaint Louverture wrote to his officers complaining of their repeated requests for powder and reproaching Blanc Cazenave with making bad use of it.
Toward the end of January the men of color of Saint-Marc conspired to arrest Major Brisbane and deliver the town to France; the plot was discovered and the colons and…
Toussaint Louverture enumerated to Laveaux the grounds for Blanc Cazenave's arrest without suggesting that he was a partisan of Villatte.
Toussaint Louverture announced the death of Blanc Cazenave to Laveaux.
Sonthonax told the commission of the colonies that the three hundred suisses deported had been reduced to eighteen.
The corvette the Musette, Captain Desagenaux, entered Le Cap from Brest with 30 barrels of powder, cartridges, sabers, muskets and copies of the decree of 4 February 1794 on general…
Polvérel died in Paris, according to Ardouin's note.
Polvérel died at Paris of the illness contracted in the colony, having attended the debates until 1 April; Verneuil had his corpse exhumed for an autopsy, and the commission called…
The Musette put to sea from Le Cap with Battalion Commander Bedos, bearing Laveaux's dispatches to the minister of the navy; it was the first French warship to reach the…
The accusers presented a supplementary act developing the accusation, at the commission's order to specify the facts; the Convention passed decrees on 30 June and 7 July confining the proceedings,…
Garran's report of 13 May on Julien Raymond exculpated him and secured his definitive liberty from the Convention, after fourteen months of detention, in order to facilitate his departure for…
Toussaint Louverture wrote to Laveaux that if Villatte had been one of his true brothers he would have told him of the remarks made against him.
Toussaint Louverture wrote to Laveaux against Joseph Flaville, black commandant, saying he had denounced him to Villatte and to Pierre Michel.
At Rigaud's request Laveaux ordered Toussaint Louverture to attack Saint-Marc as a diversion; after assaults on 25, 26 and 27 June he gave it up.
Joseph Flaville wrote to Toussaint Louverture admitting that he had not told him he was under Villatte's orders and begging him to forget the past.
Toussaint Louverture replied to Flaville that he ought to have been told of his submission to Villatte and must return the troops placed under his orders.
Defermon presented the Committee of Public Safety's report on Saint-Domingue to the Convention on 25 messidor year III, the committee having just received Laveaux's dispatches brought by Bedos on the…
Defermon's report to the Convention of 15 July 1795 is cited for the appointment beforehand of the commissioners later sent to Saint-Domingue.
In the Débats Sonthonax told the commission of the colonies that Galbaud had set the sailors in insurrection and that the colonists had ruined Le Cap and their own system.
Peace between France and Spain by the Treaty of Basel (4 Thermidor, year 3): cession of the Spanish part to France.
The Spanish part had been French since 22 July 1795.
The Convention's decree of 23 July gave the military chiefs the ranks due to their valor, including brigadier general for Villatte, Toussaint Louverture, Bauvais and Rigaud, maintained the subordinates provisionally,…
About 25 July Toussaint Louverture's troops were organized into four regiments numbered 1 to 4 on the model of the three regiments of Le Cap under Rodrigue, Pierre Michel and…
Toussaint Louverture sent Christophe Mornet and Valleray to take the bourg and canton of the Mirebalais from the Spaniards, who retired to Las Caobas, which also fell to him.
Before the Convention Sonthonax defended the men of color against the charge of treason: the first examples were given by the whites at Jérémie and the Môle, and the South…
Marc Borno died of illness at Léogane, a keen grief to Borgella, who soon helped drive off an English attack on the town.
Boissy-d'Anglas presented to the Convention the report of the commission of eleven on the organization of the colonies, which Ardouin finds just in tone but showing the colonial party seeking…
Toussaint Louverture wrote to Laveaux that the Mirebalais had surrendered through the understandings he had prepared.
Toussaint Louverture wrote to Laveaux that he was arranging understandings at the Arcahaie and had received at the Mirebalais a deputation from Mamzelle, chief of the independent nègres of the…
The Convention decreed on 13 fructidor year III that no elections to the legislative body be held during the whole year IV, and on 1 vendémiaire year IV (23 September)…
Toussaint Louverture, at Saint-Michel, wrote to Laveaux on the limits of his command of the cordon of the West after a claim by Villatte; Ardouin sees only jealousy of power.
Toussaint Louverture returned to the charge with Laveaux against Joseph Flaville, who had gone under Villatte's orders without telling him.
The corvette the Vénus, Captain Desageneaux, passing the English cruisers, reached Le Cap with the decree of 23 July, the instructions of the committee of public safety, the treaty cession…
Toussaint Louverture, at La Marmelade, wrote to Laveaux of plots at Le Dondon and Plaisance and sent him Renaud Desruisseaux's copy of Victor Hugues's letter reproaching Rigaud and Bauvais with…
Jean François and Biassou, with 4,000 men, attacked Le Dondon and took it from Moïse; Toussaint Louverture drove them far from it.
Laveaux left Port-de-Paix for Le Cap with Perroud to fix his residence there by order of the committee, leaving Pageot, sending Toussaint Louverture his commission as general of brigade for…
Toussaint Louverture wrote again to Laveaux on Joseph Flaville, who was relieved of his post and sent to Le Cap.
The commission adopted Garran's report in full and resolved that Mollevaut should propose that there was no ground for inculpation against Sonthonax and that his provisional release be made definitive.
The Convention declared no ground for inculpation against Sonthonax and set him definitively at liberty; Polvérel's son was refused admission to defend his father's memory.
Toussaint Louverture, at La Petite-Rivière, sent Laveaux copies of his letter urging Jean François to submit to France and of the reply, while Laveaux asked Casa Calvo to hand over…
Mauban, head of Laveaux's deputation to Santo-Domingo, wrote that the marquis de Casa Calvo would not let it continue, Don Garcia having been authorized by the Convention to keep administering…
Toussaint Louverture replied to Laveaux's account of the vexations at Le Cap, sending four deputies to the senior black officers, which Ardouin reads as preparing supporters against the mulâtres.
After visiting Plaisance, Les Gonaïves and the camps of the Artibonite with Toussaint Louverture, Laveaux and his companions reached Port-de-Paix by the Gros-Morne.
Toussaint Louverture had his three envoys, Caze the elder, Viart and Lacroix, take a written oath to fulfil their mission to France.
Laveaux left Port-de-Paix for Le Cap, where he arrived on 18 December and found that Pinchinat, Sala and Pierre Fontaine had already arrived.
Unsuccessful attack by the English against Léogane: the fort Ça-ira forces the fleet to weigh anchor.
Fort Byzoton was bound to fall; unhappily Colonel L'Ouverture, charged with making a diversion against Saint-Marc in favor of Rigaud, had failed completely in his attempt. Laveaux ordered Rigaud to…
Aided by Dupuche, Lys and Zénon, Pétion soon had the fort of the Mountain armed. On 24 germinal (13 April) five pieces of cannon, of 8, 16, 18 and 24,…
The mother country had come out triumphant from the coalition of kings; at Basel she had dictated peace to Spain. The treaty, dated 4 thermidor (22 July), ceded to France…
1796: Governor Chacon of Trinidad reported that the crews of French privateers landing on the island were composed mostly of mulattoes and blacks who had once been enslaved. He…
1796-Mar.-15: Governor Chacon of Trinidad reported to the Spanish crown that the island was being overwhelmed by "colored crews of republican corsairs" from the French islands. He noted that these…
1796-Jun.: Contemporary calculations suggested that St. Domingo had lost more than three-fifths of its total population since the start of the 1791 revolution. This estimate implied that over 300,000 people…
1796: The Villatte affair occurs as free colored leaders attempt to overthrow Governor Laveaux in Le Cap. Toussaint’s intervention to rescue the governor consolidated his power over the revolutionary government.
1796-Jun.: Contemporary calculations suggested that St. Domingo had lost more than three-fifths of its total population since the start of the 1791 revolution. This estimate implied that over 300,000 people…
1796-Jun.: A series of suspicious fires broke out in Charleston, leading white residents to suspect a coordinated plot by "French Negroes". Observers feared that these individuals "intended to make a…
1796-Dec.-31: Juan Nepomuceno de Quintana reported on the continued presence of large numbers of people who had escaped slavery and "vagabonds" in the backcountry of eastern Cuba. He described these…
1796-1801: An extended struggle for hegemony takes place between the anciens libres and the nouveaux libres. This conflict determined which group would control the political and economic future of the…
1796–1842: British Guiana, formed from the Dutch colonies of Essequibo, Demerara, and Berbice, saw a massive influx of African captives following the British seizure in 1796. Merchants from Liverpool managed…
1796-Sep.-30: St. Thomas, a Danish colony, served as the Caribbean’s first "free port," creating a unique and largely unregulated space for the exchange of goods and revolutionary intelligence. Because of…
1796-Early: French consul Charbonnat Duplaine warned his government that Jay’s Treaty was likely a preliminary step toward an Anglo-American alliance. The French foreign minister dismissed this immediate threat, believing any…
1796-January-12: French minister Pierre-Auguste Adet requested that the United States government block the sale of flour and cavalry horses to British-controlled ports. The U.S. government refused the request, maintaining that…
1796-July-02: The French Executive Directory issued an order for French naval vessels to treat American merchant ships as the British treated neutrals. This decree was a direct response to the…
1796-November-27: Commissioner Léger-Félicité Sonthonax issued a decree at Cap Français authorizing the seizure of all American merchant vessels bound to British ports. This aggressive policy was expanded on January 1,…
1796, March 20: (The Villatte Affair and Toussaint’s Rise): In March 1796, the mulâtre commander Villatte and his agent Pierre Pinchinat attempted a coup against Governor Laveaux at the Cap.…
1796–1797: (The Master of the South and Toussaint’s Promotion): By late 1796, after the collapse of the French mission to the South, André Rigaud established absolute control over that region.…
1796-10-30: (Beaubrun Ardouin, Born Into a Wealthy Mulatto Family in Petit Trou des Baradères, the Largely Self-Taught Historian Whose Eleven-Volume Études sur l'histoire d'Haïti Stands as One of the Two…
The Directory formed the commission on 23 January 1796 and gave it five members: Léger-Félicité Sonthonax, Julien Raymond, Philippe Roume, Pierre Leblanc and Marc-Antoine Giraud. They came ashore at Le…
Alexis Beaubrun Ardouin was born at Petit-Trou-de-Nippes on 30 October 1796. He was a journalist, a senator and a diplomat as well as a historian. His Études sur l'Histoire d'Haïti…
On a slaving voyage in 1796, the Young Tom was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at West Central Africa and St. Helena. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Savannah in 1796, the people aboard the Liberty rose against the crew. They had been taken at Bance Island (Ben's Island). The record…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Môle Saint Nicolas in 1796, the people aboard the Thomas rose against the crew. They had been taken at Loango. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Pernambuco in 1796, the people aboard the Espera Dinheiro rose against the crew. They had been taken at St. Paul de Loanda. The…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Savannah in 1796, the people aboard the Mary rose against the crew. They had been taken at Cape Coast Castle. The record gives…
The French forces fighting alongside the Caribs on St Vincent agreed to capitulate in June 1796, a little over a year after the war began. The Caribs would not sign.…
These two generals, wishing to draw ever closer the ties between the provinces they commanded and the Metropole, asked the governor, on the advice they had received from Pinchinat, for…
In the meantime the English, who wished to seize Fort-Dauphin, had established secret dealings there through some French émigrés. They had brought into the port an armed schooner and a…
Villate, Pinchinat, Sala and Fontaine showed themselves indignant at this glaring partiality of the governor in favor of Toussaint Louverture. They resolved to organize an insurrection against Laveaux, to deport…
Meanwhile the war between the republicans and the English went on with fury in Saint-Domingue. The English, who had received fresh forces from Europe, resolved to attack Léogane once more,…
Meanwhile the war between the republicans and the English went on with fury in Saint-Domingue. The English, who had received fresh forces from Europe, resolved to attack Léogane once more,…
Meanwhile General Forbes had surrounded Léogane. He commanded in person the left wing of his army, which had established itself at Dampus; the York Legion, which formed the right wing,…
Meanwhile fairly considerable armaments were being fitted out at Brest and Rochefort; and in the first days of April 1796 a French squadron carrying 1,200 troops, national volunteers as well…
The Executive Directory had just named Citizen Roume commissioner for the former Spanish colony; he embarked at Cádiz and arrived at Santo Domingo on 8 April 1796. He was charged…
The day after the departure of the English, General Rigaud arrived at Léogane. Bauvais set out from Jacmel and came to meet him there. They resolved to convene primary assemblies…
Toussaint left the Cap and went to Le Gros-Morne. There he assembled all the cultivators of the commune, together with the drivers of the plantations, and himself read them Governor…
The squadron crossed the sea without hindrance and arrived at Saint-Domingue on 12 May. The civil commissioners, under Article 156 of the Constitution, were to exercise the same functions as…
In the meantime a considerable reinforcement of troops had arrived at the Môle Saint-Nicolas; it amounted to 7,000 men under the orders of Brigadier General Howe. The English, taking advantage…
At the same time Governor Laveaux went with some troops to Fort-Dauphin, or Bayaha, and took possession of it in the name of the Republic on 14 June (26 Prairial,…
At the same time Governor Laveaux went with some troops to Fort-Dauphin, or Bayaha, and took possession of it in the name of the Republic on 14 June (26 Prairial,…
A few days later the civil commission resolved to send General Rochambeau, at the head of some forces, to take possession of Santo Domingo. He had been named, as we…
At the same time General Desfourneaux had left Les Cayes at the head of a column. The delegates accompanied the army, which came in sight of Camp Raymond on 7…
On receiving the delegation's dispatches, Rigaud learned from the letters of one of his friends, Juste Bigot, an officer in the Legion of the South, of the conduct of Rey…
The delegates returned to Les Cayes, which they found in great agitation. Brigade Chief Boyé, a European officer, and General Bauvais, who were there, were striving to calm the ferment.…
The district of Port-de-Paix, which had enjoyed some tranquillity since the first insurrection of Étienne Daty, had stirred again. The insurgents gave themselves up to massacre and pillage, and the…
General Rigaud, as soon as he had received the delegates' dispatches, left Tiburon with 400 men and reached Les Cayes on 30 August after forty-eight hours of forced marches. Instead…
Rigaud gave the civil commission an account of the events at Les Cayes and asked it to send other delegates into the South. Pinchinat, having learned what had happened, left…
Meanwhile there was great tumult in the electoral assembly. Sonthonax's enemies were making every effort to prevent his election. Gignoux breaks into the assembly and threatens to cut down with…
Meanwhile General Rigaud was sending to France the deputies to the legislative body for the provinces of the West and the South, elected in April 1796 at Léogane and at…
General Rigaud, as soon as he had received the delegates' dispatches, left Tiburon with 400 men and reached Les Cayes on 30 August after forty-eight hours of forced marches. Instead…
On the strength of the dispatches that had arrived from France, the civil commission declared by a decree of 13 Frimaire, Year 5 (3 December 1796), that its delegates, Rey,…
In 1796, a Black man named Titus, a former lieutenant of Toussaint Louverture, to whom the French émigrés had sent 1,200 muskets, pistols and munitions, went to camp at Maribaroux.…
An English fleet, under the orders of Admiral Parker, bombarded Fort Ça-Ira on 18 March 1796; it was made up of nine vessels: the frigate Cérès of 32 guns, Captain…
On 18 March 1796, the English Admiral Forbes came to take position there with the left wing of his army, and surrounded Léogane. On the 21st, the English army was…
On 18 March 1796 the York legion, which formed the right wing of the English army surrounding Léogane, occupied the woods of Delval and was exposed to the fire of…
On 18 March 1796, the right wing of the English army, surrounding Léogane, encamped in the woods of Delval, was exposed to the fire of the Mithon post. Rouzier tells…
On 18 March 1796 a division of English troops, sailing from Port-au-Prince to Léogane, landed at the Petite Rivière and formed into two columns of 2,500 men each. Rouzier tells…
On 20 March 1796 Villate had the governor Laveaux arrested and imprisoned at the Cap, and he was deposed. The next day, before the threats of Toussaint-Louverture, the municipality had…
On 21 March 1796, the English army, which was surrounding the town, assaulted this fort and was repulsed with losses by the Commandant Dupuche. The garrison drove the English back…
There is a fort where Villate withdrew on 21 March 1796, after the release of Governor Laveaux, whom he had had arrested at the Cap. On 12 May, Sonthonax, or…
In 1796 Laveaux, fearing an insurrection at Caracol, moved the seat of government from the Cap to the Petite Anse in order to protect the Cap. The women ran through…
History. On 22 April 1796, a battalion of republicans took the bourg by surprise from the English who occupied it, delivered it to the flames, and withdrew. Rouzier tells this…
In April 1796, General André Rigaud had gathered in the bay of Carcasse, situated on the left on entering Tiburon, a flotilla loaded with munitions of war and provisions that…
On 26 April 1796, Colonel Dessources entered the Morne de l'Hôpital, on the side of Fourmy, and met several ambushes of the indigènes, which he overran on behalf of the…
There is a fort where Villate withdrew on 21 March 1796, after the release of Governor Laveaux, whom he had had arrested at the Cap. On 12 May, Sonthonax, or…
On 1 June 1796 there was a fight between the troops of Toussaint Louverture and the English. The former went to camp on a more advantageous position, from which the…
On 14 June 1796 the English established at the Môle directed fresh forces against Bombardopolis. This parish, then perfectly planted with food crops of every kind, was bound to be…
On 14 June 1796, Governor Laveaux went to Fort-Dauphin with some troops and took possession of it in the name of the French Republic. It was at this time that…
On 14 June 1796, Governor Laveaux went to Fort-Dauphin with some troops and took possession of it in the name of the French Republic. It was at this time that…
In August 1796 the English General Bowyer occupied the Irois. André Rigaud marched against him on 6 August from Tiburon. The English garrison numbered more than 2,000 men. The republican…
In August 1796 the English General Bowyer occupied the Irois. André Rigaud marched against him on 6 August from Tiburon. The English garrison numbered more than 2,000 men. The republican…
On 7 August 1796, General Desfourneaux set out from the Cayes at the head of a column and came in sight of the Raymond camp, which was occupied by a…
On 28 August 1796, Lefranc, commander of Saint-Louis, was arrested. He escaped from the hands of the French officers who were taking him on board the corvette l'Africaine, reached the…
The whole black and yellow population of the Cayes answered his call against the authority of the delegates of the civil commissioners. General Desfourneaux and the delegate Rey embarked for…
On 28 August 1796, the affranchis of the Cayes seized the fort of the Tourterelle against the authority of the delegates of the civil commissioners. General Desfourneaux and the delegate…
On 10 September 1796 Danty, chief of brigade, was executed at Port-de-Paix. Rouzier tells this under the entry PORT-DE-PAIX.
On 1 November 1796 the French cartel ship the Cerf-Volant, which was taking to France Pinchinat, representative of the Southern province of Saint-Domingue, Rey Delmas and Fontaine, representatives of the…
At Martinet's table Colonel Rodrigue, a white, maintained that Saint-Domingue could do without France, and Laveaux withdrew from the conversation and later solicited a written declaration against him.
Laveaux wrote on 24 nivôse year IV to the president of the committee of public safety that troublemakers at Le Cap, with the white Rodrigue as chief, were working for…
A law of the Ancients and the Five Hundred authorized the Executive Directory to send to the colony five agents, one to reside at Santo-Domingo and four in the French…
Rodrigue presented himself at Laveaux's house in an insolent tone and was imprisoned; Villatte took him out of prison on 29 January and returned him to the 1st regiment.
Laveaux went to Le Borgne to calm the effervescence, and in his absence Villatte ordered the commandant at Haut-du-Cap, Édouard, to admit no armed troops to Le Cap, so that…
Bauvais and Rigaud repeatedly asked Laveaux and Perroud for authorization to convene primary assemblies in the West and the South.
Toussaint Louverture wrote to Dieudonné, urging him to range himself under the banners of France, and had the letter carried by two of his officers, Docteur and Maurepas.
A decree of the Executive Directory of 12 February 1796 named General Rochambeau commander in chief of the Spanish part, with Roume also designated to exercise his functions there.
The Vénus left Le Cap, was chased by an English ship of the line, put into Le Borgne and Port-de-Paix, and reached France with only Toussaint Louverture's deputies Caze the…
Toussaint Louverture, still at the Vérettes, wrote to Étienne Datty as a black speaking to a black, urging him to submit.
Toussaint Louverture, at Gros-Morne, announced to Laveaux the submission of Étienne Datty and advised him to stay at Port-de-Paix.
On 2 ventôse Villatte, with infantry and 200 horsemen, surprised the camp of Titus, who with English and émigré arms was raising the old black troops to seize Fort-Dauphin; Beaucorps…
Toussaint Louverture reported to Laveaux that Docteur and Maurepas had returned from camp Néret, where Laplume used the indignation of Dieudonné's troop to have Dieudonné and two accomplices arrested; Pompée…
Toussaint Louverture wrote to Laveaux the same day asking for Laplume, who had about 3,000 armed men with him, to be given a commission as colonel; Laveaux issued it and…
By a new ordinance of 9 ventôse Laveaux and Perroud suspended the convocation of the primary assemblies in all the parishes of the West, relying on Toussaint Louverture and Bauvais…
Toussaint Louverture, at La Petite-Rivière, wrote to Laveaux sharing his sorrows and urging patience; he wrote again on 12 March and from Les Gonaïves on 18 March, two days before…
According to Montbrun, Pompée, Zéphir, Saint-Cyr and the white Baudouin were brought to the fort of Saint-Louis and treated atrociously by Lefranc, Pompée being put in an iron mask until…
Laveaux gave a ball for whites, mulâtres and blacks at Le Cap, and they asked for another for the 20th.
Bauvais told Laveaux how delighted he was that he had raised Laplume to the rank of brigade commander.
Many men of color from all the parishes, among them Maillot and Levasseur, came to Le Cap, and the mulâtre Bienaimé Gérard gave a luncheon attended by Villatte and Paul…
The municipality of Le Cap decreed that Brigadier General Villatte, replacing the governor by rank, should secure the roadstead, the corvette Hyéna and the papers, and write to Toussaint Louverture,…
On 1 germinal Léveillé resisted the movement and was briefly imprisoned by Villatte, Pierre Michel sent a hundred men to seize fort Belair and demanded the reasons for the arrest,…
On 1 germinal, the day after the arrest of Laveaux and Perroud, Toussaint Louverture wrote from Les Gonaïves to Adet, minister to the United States, attributing the arrest to the…
Pierre Dieudonné and four other blacks reached Saint-Louis about five in the evening and Lefranc treated Dieudonné as he had treated Pompée; both died in the dungeons, which Ardouin condemns…
The English set up a battery against Léogane on 22 March and fired on Dupuche's fort, a new assault failed and the defenders took two pieces of cannon; Renaud Desruisseaux…
On 5 germinal Laveaux abandoned Le Cap for the Haut-du-Cap, and Villatte, fearing arrest, left Le Cap in the night of 5 to 6 germinal for his camp of La…
Laveaux wrote to Toussaint Louverture an account of his arrest, saying the assailants were all citizens of color, and asked him to send forces to reduce the rebels.
The women of Le Cap who had gone to Villatte's camp spread the rumor that Laveaux and Perroud had chains brought to enslave the blacks again; the blacks ran to…
Montbrun, held at Saint-Louis since 2 November 1794, was transferred as a prisoner on board the frigate the Concorde under Captain Mahé.
Toussaint Louverture, at La Marmelade, pointed out Delair of Jean-Rabel to Laveaux as a disturber of the public peace, and on 15 and 18 April wrote from Les Gonaïves of…
Toussaint Louverture wrote to Laveaux from Les Gonaïves on letters from Villatte's camp that Pierre Michel had sent him, judging their author a man of color.
Perroud, at Fort-Dauphin, wrote to Laveaux that the marquis de Casa Calvo was opposing the black officers going to Santo-Domingo, and he went alone on a Spanish brig of war.
Toussaint Louverture issued his first proclamation, addressed to the Africans his brothers, designating the men of color as enemies of general liberty and equality and declaring himself responsible as chief;…
Toussaint Louverture wrote to Laveaux on 7 floréal that he had received from Bauvais the minutes of the nomination of four deputies and would have two more named at Les…
Toussaint Louverture wrote to Laveaux a letter demanding that Villatte be punished.
On 14 floréal (3 May), at sea aboard the Wattigny, the agency held a session to open its secret packets, there being secret instructions besides the ostensible ones of the…
Perroud wrote from Santo-Domingo to Laveaux to send nothing to the minister of the navy about the affair of 30 ventôse before his return and to prepare a plain account…
Perroud wrote to Laveaux of the counter-revolutionary Léopardins sowing disunion, and Adet answered Toussaint Louverture congratulating him on freeing the chiefs of the colony and forwarded Villatte's letters of 14…
Toussaint Louverture informed Laveaux that he had sent Clervaux, Desravines and Dessalines to Gros-Morne to arrest Étienne Datty and his agents.
The commission publishes an amnesty; but, on the complaints of Laveaux, Sonthonax outlaws Villate, whom the commission had pardoned, and from then on conceives a plan which leads him to…
The day after landing the agents ordered Villatte to appear before them; General Bedos bore the order, and Villatte obeyed and was welcomed in Le Cap by a sympathetic crowd.
Laveaux, wounded by the crowd's sympathy for Villatte, mounted his horse and charged it with a squadron, wounding forty-five women, an act he justified in his letter of 17 messidor.
After two hours with the commission Villatte was sent back to his camp with orders to instruct his army, disband the men around him and await orders, Le Cap to…
Perroud addressed a letter to Rigaud that Ardouin finds irreproachable, though his letters of 10 and 11 May held another language.
On 26 floréal, after a report on 30 ventôse, the commission decreed that Villatte be secured and held aboard the commanding ship, reserving prosecution of the authors, abettors and adherents…
The commission sent General A. Chanlatte to Villatte to obtain his denunciation of those who had driven him to revolt; Villatte refused, and the commission decided that he be arrested…
Perroud wrote to Laveaux that the next day he would leave Santo-Domingo to return to Le Cap.
The commission proclaimed amnesty for all who laid down their arms and sent César Thélémaque, Leborgne and Bellevue to Villatte's camp, which he declared dissolved; he turned back within a…
Dufay wrote a confidential letter from Paris to Laveaux, who had supported the decree of 16 pluviôse.
On 10 prairial the agency decided to send delegates into the South, with instructions to equalize rights, inquire into the ramifications of 30 ventôse, dismiss the ordonnateur Gavanon and the…
Toussaint Louverture wrote to Laveaux from Les Gonaïves that a new conspiracy was directed by A. Chanlatte and asked that he be put on board ship.
Perroud published at Le Cap the letter to Rigaud that he had dated 26 germinal (15 April), to send it to France on the corvette carrying Villatte.
On 26 prairial the commission named Villatte chief of a plot against the colony and the mother country, with Thomas André, Beaucorps, Binet, Legris, Daumec and others as accomplices, and…
While Laveaux took possession of Fort-Liberté on 14 June, the English seized Bombarde with two thousand fresh troops from the Môle, lost it to yellow fever and the attack of…
Toussaint Louverture denounced Delair, Levasseur and Valerai to Laveaux, saying that mistrust is the mother of all security.
Toussaint Louverture wrote to Laveaux that he wanted only black generals of brigade, naming Pierre Michel, Bedos or Pageot, and no Chanlatte or Martial Besse.
The commission ordered the arrest of Puech, Léger Duval, Durand the son and Chervain as Villatte's accomplices, and of Delair, Levasseur and Lapointe as instigators of the killings in the…
Toussaint Louverture wrote to Laveaux as general of division commanding the West that he was gathering proofs against Guy, Chevalier and Danty, and that Savary had just arrived from the…
Laveaux wrote on 17 messidor that he had deployed military force against the gathering at Le Cap, which he thought about to become criminal.
Rigaud and Bauvais practiced the system of leasing plantations in the South and West, as a letter of 26 messidor year IV (14 July 1796) in the Leborgne and Kerverseau…
Desfourneaux, just arrived at Les Cayes, wrote to Laveaux on 29 messidor that Rigaud, Lefranc and Augustin Rigaud held a frightful concentration of power and that the legion of the…
By its decree of 30 messidor the agency dismissed Rochambeau, who had quarreled with Leblanc over his secretary Paulin Goy, and ordered his arrest and embarkation on the corvette the…
The Concorde, having called at the United States, reached Rochefort on 29 July, and Montbrun was put in prison and then in the military hospital.
On 19 thermidor year IV the agency proclaimed the constitution of year III at Le Cap, and in the same proclamation convoked a single electoral assembly there for the whole…
Toussaint Louverture, at Les Gonaïves, learned from Laveaux that the electoral assembly was about to meet and wrote to him from the Descahos plantation hoping he would be named deputy.
By a proclamation of 1 fructidor the agency declared the part of the North in danger, which allowed martial law and a state of siege there, and suspended the constitution…
The delegates returned dejected to Les Cayes, where they received the agency's dispatches ordering primary assemblies, courts, an army reorganization and Lefranc's arrest, and Sonthonax's letter of 17 August urging…
The delegates attempt to arrest Pinchinat; the hommes de couleur rise up.
The population of Les Cayes armed, Desfourneaux's attack on a fort under Brigade Chief Nadan failed, and in the night of 28 to 29 August Augustin Rigaud put the blacks…
The delegation sent Bonnard, Bleck, Fontaine and the elder Blanchet to the fort to summon the rebels to deliver up Lefranc, and they obtained nothing.
Toussaint Louverture wrote again to Laveaux, answering his letter of 27 August, promising that he would be named deputy and sending men of confidence to the electors.
Rigaud, summoned from Tiburon 25 leagues away, reached Les Cayes on 31 August; before his arrival whites had been murdered, among them Édouard, Lilladam and Arnaud Pretty, the work of…
Calm began to return to Les Cayes, Rigaud having the town evacuated by the multitude and publishing a proclamation the same day.
The captains and supercargoes of the American vessels in the roadstead of Les Cayes thanked Rigaud for protecting their property.
Five hundred citizens of Les Cayes of every color signed an address to the agency saying that the troubles came from the arbitrary measures of its delegates and notably of…
Étienne Datty and five of his accomplices, condemned to death by a court-martial, were executed at Port-de-Paix; the blacks of that district rose again a few weeks later, and Toussaint…
The citizens of Les Cayes wrote to Roume setting out the events since the delegation's arrival and praying him to come; he would not receive their deputies.
Rigaud issued a proclamation recalling the measures he had taken to safeguard persons and property and asking the people to choose capable persons to direct civil affairs until the Directory…
The commune of Les Cayes assembled its citizens of all classes and thanked Rigaud for saving them, inviting him to keep the government of the South; all the communes later…
An act drawn up by Pinchinat, to which all communes of the South adhered, protested the annulment of the March and April elections and the single assembly at Le Cap…
The agency's letter of 18 vendémiaire accused Pinchinat and Augustin Rigaud of going through the plantations to rouse the blacks against the whites.
The agency's dispatch of 18 vendémiaire described the finances of the North as exhausted; Perroud resigned and was made maritime agent at Havana, Thibault replacing him, and the West was…
Leborgne and Kerverseau left Les Cayes with Martial Besse and A. Chanlatte, sent by the agency, and went by Santo-Domingo, reaching Le Cap on 6 November to write their joint…
Laveaux embarked for France on a frigate that put in at Vigo short of provisions and taking in 33 inches of water an hour; he wrote from Vigo on 11…
Sonthonax's proclamation of 23 Frimaire, Year V, accused Rigaud, Pinchinat and the men of color of the South over the troubles at Les Cayes and charged Pinchinat with the deportation…
The agency prepared to send the frigate the Sémillante to France with its dispatches of 26 December 1796 and 5 January 1797 transmitting the papers of the delegation and its…
On 10 nivôse the municipal administration of Les Cayes decreed that Rigaud remain in command of the South until the legislative body or the Directory ordered otherwise, and all the…
HISTORY. In July 1796 the English took Lascahobas from the republicans and massacred most of the prisoners taken from them. Rouzier tells this under the entry LASCAOBAS ou LASCAHOBAS.
But since the return of Pinchinat to the South, murmurs against Laveaux and Péroud had grown at the Cap: the storm broke. On 30 ventôse (20 March), at ten o'clock…
On the first of germinal (21 March) Admiral Parker came up with the west wind and moored broadside before Ça-ira; at ten o'clock in the morning the cannonade began; it…
The outposts, commanded by Pierre-Michel, colonel of the 3rd regiment, declared themselves against the arrest of Laveaux: Henry Christophe, captain of the grenadiers of the 3rd regiment, was sent to…
A new {{civil commission|the commission of civil commissioners sent by the French government to govern Saint-Domingue}} arrived on 22 floréal (11 May): this commission was composed of Messieurs Giraud, Leblanc,…
The call to arms had rallied two hundred and sixteen national guards and sixty-eight men of the 88th regiment. Desfourneaux orders Brigade Chief Nadaud to march with a hundred and…
At that time Pétion was twenty-seven years old; he was of a height above the average, and perfectly formed in person; a certain degree of stoutness added to the dignity…
1797: The British government completed the deportation of the last independent group of Indians, known as Black-Caribs or Garifuna, from St. Vincent to Central America. This event marked the final…
1797: Charleston authorities uncovered and crushed a major conspiracy to burn the city that was said to have "originated among the French Negroes". Five French-speaking blacks were tried and accused…
1797-Feb.-18: British forces under Sir Ralph Abercromby captured the Spanish island of Trinidad, leading to significant changes in the island's racial and social dynamics. Julius S. Scott notes that Trinidad…
1797-Jun.-24: Prince Hall, the founder of the African Lodge in Boston, delivered a charge to his fellow Masons that referenced the ongoing struggles for liberty in the West Indies. He…
1797-Aug.: Toussaint Louverture accuses Commissioner Sonthonax of plotting independence and forces his departure. This removal left Toussaint as the nearly undisputed authority in the French-controlled regions.
1797-Jun.-24: Prince Hall, the prominent black activist and founder of the African Lodge in Boston, delivered a famous charge that specifically mentioned the occurrences of the Haitian Revolution. Hall used…
1797-May-01: Despite growing metropolitan anxiety regarding his ambitions, French authorities named Toussaint Louverture the General-in-Chief of the French army in Saint-Domingue. This promotion was largely a matter of military necessity…
1797-August-15: French consul Victor Dupont protested in Charleston after city authorities forced General Martial Besse to post a bond under restrictive state laws. Besse was a high-ranking mulatto officer on…
1797, August 20: (The Final Ousting of Sonthonax): On August 20, 1797, Toussaint marched on the Cap with two regiments to force the final departure of Commissioner Sonthonax. Toussaint informed…
1797–1818: (The Kingdom of the North: Fermage, the Code Rural, and the Cultivator's Day): A British visitor at Cap Henry in 1818 characterized the King as a fine portly-looking man…
1797-00-00: (Louverture Becomes De Facto Leader of the Haitian Revolution, Named Commander of French Forces by Sonthonax, the Formerly Enslaved Man Now Governing the Wealthiest Colony in the Caribbean While…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cape of Good Hope in 1797, the people aboard the NS do Rosario S Antônio e Almas rose against the crew. They had…
The civil commission had the Festival of National Victories celebrated with pomp at Le Cap (9 January). The whole army took up arms, the whole people covered the parade ground,…
Meanwhile General Rigaud was fighting the English with the greatest tenacity. He marched at the head of about two thousand men against the fort of Les Irois, held by a…
Rigaud was not discouraged. During the night that followed his retreat he attacked Les Irois again and delivered several assaults on the fortification without success. Perceiving that Colonel Degress, at…
Rigaud was not discouraged. During the night that followed his retreat he attacked Les Irois again and delivered several assaults on the fortification without success. Perceiving that Colonel Degress, at…
Rigaud, whom no reverse discouraged, prepared to lay regular siege to Les Irois. The English were not unaware that he intended to go on and attack Jérémie. Brigadier Churchill therefore…
Toussaint, master of the Grands-Bois, hesitated to cross the plain of the Cul-de-Sac to effect his junction with Pétion's column. General Simcoe took advantage of this to recall to Port-Républicain…
Simcoe, having learned, contrary to his expectation, that Toussaint had penetrated into the plain of the Cul-de-Sac, entrusted its command to the Baron de Montalembert. Colonel Dessources, on the day…
"Arcahaie, 12 July 1797. To General Rigaud, commanding the province of the South. The war that Commissioner Sonthonax is kindling against you must convince you of the perversity of his…
But immediately after his departure Sonthonax sent Adjutant-General Mentor into the West on a secret mission. On Mentor's return he quarreled again with J. Raymond and called Toussaint ambitious and…
Meanwhile Pinchinat and Rey Delmas, deputies to the legislative body, and Bonnet, who had been taken prisoner by Commodore Rickets as we have seen, were on the hulks in England.…
There the return of Louis XVIII was spoken of openly. As Pinchinat and Bonnet showed themselves zealous republicans, the municipality of Cherbourg, on the pretext that they were agitators, placed…
The Indien set sail for Europe, and Sonthonax departed repenting of having raised so high a man who had deceived his expectation, but in no way repenting of what he…
General Laplume, who commanded at Léogane, ordered Adjutant-General Pétion to drive the English from the hills of La Coupe. Pétion had his headquarters at the Carrefour Masson. A strong detachment…
On 3 January 1797 Dessalines, a lieutenant of Toussaint-Louverture, took a camp there that the Spaniards had established to protect the Charles Sec camp. Rouzier tells this under the entry…
On 26 March 1797 Toussaint himself came to attack the English. The viscount de Bruges, who commanded there, evacuated the village before Toussaint's arrival. Rouzier tells this under the entry…
On 20 April 1797 Rigaud again delivered several assaults on the fort of the Irois without result. He then invested it on all sides and continued to cannonade it. But…
When Pétion had taken the fort of la Coupe (Pétion-ville) from the English, on 5 December 1797, the latter abandoned the camp Fourmy. Rouzier tells this under the entry Fourmy.
In December 1797, General Laplume, who commanded at Léogane, ordered Adjutant General Pétion to drive the English from the mornes of the Coupe (Pétion-ville). Pétion set out from Léogane with…
On 5 December 1797, Pétion, having taken the fort of the Coupe (Pétion-ville) from the English, came to establish himself at the Gros Morne, investing Port-Républicain on that side. Rouzier…
It is Kérenskoff that one ought to say, from the name of an English officer whom Pétion surrounded at the fort of la Coupe (Pétion-Ville) in 1797. On 5 December…
On 5 December 1797, Pétion encircled Port-Républicain from the side of the Gros Morne. Rouzier tells this under the entry PORT-AU PRINCE [le].
Rigaud issued a proclamation yielding to the wish of his fellow citizens and promising to remain at his post and defend the department at the peril of his life until…
Sonthonax wrote to Bauvais and to Toussaint Louverture that intercepted letters of Cambefort and other émigrés said Rigaud was negotiating the surrender of the South to the English.
Martial Besse returned to Le Cap, driven from his command at Saint-Louis by a popular movement; A. Chanlatte, who resisted longer at Jacmel, returned on 4 May.
A law of 27 pluviôse year V determined that Saint-Domingue would send 13 deputies to the legislative body.
Doulcet reported to the Five Hundred the nullity of the elections held at Le Cap, which were declared null, and the deputies who had reached France were not admitted; Marec's…
Barbé de Marbois reported to the Council of Elders on 28 ventôse year V in favor of maintaining general liberty.
After the campaign Sonthonax promoted Moïse to brigadier general on 19 March and Laplume on the 20th, and soon afterward Dessalines and Clervaux, with Paul Louverture made colonel.
Sonthonax wrote to Charles Chevalier at Caracol about a vast conspiracy supposedly forming there, and on 13 April to Moïse about a similar movement in his arrondissement.
Sonthonax named Laplume general of brigade commanding the arrondissement of Léogane, which the proclamation of 23 frimaire had conferred on Bauvais.
A new electoral assembly at Le Cap elected Leborgne, G.-H. Vergniaud, Étienne Mentor, J.-L. Annecy, Pierre Antoine fils, J. Tonnelier and A. Chanlatte to complete the deputation of 13; none…
Sonthonax wrote to Bauvais that the Agency could not accept his resignation in the present circumstances and counted on his civic spirit.
By a message of 3 floréal year V the Directory asked the legislative body for an act of amnesty for the troubles of fructidor while naming Pinchinat, the two Rigauds,…
Toussaint Louverture arrived at Le Cap at Sonthonax's wish to see him, after returning to Les Gonaïves.
In the night of 1 to 2 May Sonthonax had Desfourneaux arrested and put aboard the Indien, and on 4 May transferred him to the aviso les Droits de l'homme…
Sonthonax raised Toussaint Louverture to commander in chief, and on the day of his installation Toussaint left Le Cap without taking leave of him.
Three days after the arrest of Desfourneaux the rumor ran at Le Cap that General Pierre Michel was about to be arrested also.
Moïse wrote to Sonthonax that the municipal administration of Le Cap required him, in the name of the people, to keep the reins of the government of the colony.
On 12 May 1797 Sonthonax wrote to Toussaint Louverture that E. Mentor wished to make with him the campaign planned against Saint-Marc, which was carried out in that month.
The municipal administration of Les Gonaïves, and on the 24th that of La Petite-Rivière, wrote to Sonthonax against his approaching departure.
Sonthonax wrote to Laplume that he knew all that Rigaud planned without leaving his study.
Toussaint Louverture wrote to Laveaux from the habitation Descahos that he had driven the English from the small towns of the Spanish part and had been made commander in chief…
On 24 May 1797, at the request of Toussaint Louverture, Sonthonax promoted Mentor to the rank of adjutant general.
Vaublanc, a colon of Saint-Domingue and royalist leader, spoke in the Council of Five Hundred demanding the recall of Sonthonax and the repeal of the law of 4 pluviôse.
Sonthonax sent copies of the Directory's message to Laplume and congratulated Bauvais for having had no hand in the crimes of the South.
Leborgne, Vergniaud, Tonnelier and A. Chanlatte left Port-de-Paix on the brig the Loyauté for France, Sonthonax having counted out 200 piastres to each.
Sonthonax wrote to Toussaint Louverture on the Directory's message, and reproached Moïse for his complaint against Dessalines and Agé after the attack on Saint-Marc.
Laveaux published in Paris a writing of 19 June 1797 in reply to Vaublanc, saying that in April 1795 he had proposed exchanging the properties of colonists discontented with general…
Sonthonax told Laplume to repel Rigaud if his movements were hostile and to act with Bauvais, and warned Toussaint Louverture of Rigaud's emissaries arriving at Les Gonaïves.
Sonthonax wrote to Colonel Édouard of the 2nd regiment about the desertion of 200 men with arms and baggage.
Sonthonax learned that Laplume had sent a deputation to Rigaud at Petit-Goave.
The deputies sent to the West brought to Bauvais and Laplume letters recommending them and announcing the aim of their mission.
The Directory appointed General Hédouville to replace Sonthonax; his dispatch to Saint-Domingue was postponed.
Sonthonax answered Toussaint Louverture on the situation of his army and proposed to disband the 2nd regiment of Le Cap.
Sonthonax wrote to Toussaint Louverture on the Marie-Antoinette, the vessel rearmed with 14 cannon, and again on 23 July.
Sonthonax approved Laplume's sending of deputies to the insurgents but advised him to avoid any connection with Rigaud.
Rigaud replied from Les Cayes on 29 messidor year V, calling Lapointe a traitor, defending Toussaint Louverture and refusing any correspondence.
Sonthonax wrote to Mentor and Annecy to gather proofs against Bauvais for his conduct in the troubles of the South and of Jacmel.
Sonthonax wrote to Pierre Michel that he had never been guilty and that he had no thought of punishing him for listening to a dangerous man.
Barbé de Marbois concluded, as Vaublanc had done, for the recall of Sonthonax.
Sonthonax wrote to Toussaint Louverture that the commission had chosen to secure Pierre Michel and to neither punish him nor send him to France.
Moïse arrested Macaya and two others at La Grande-Rivière on suspicion of a plot, and Sonthonax urged a commission to try them.
Sonthonax wrote to Toussaint Louverture, on the report of Mentor and Annecy, that he feared Laplume's weakness and ordered an end to all shipment of arms.
André Rigaud published his memoir of 18 Thermidor, Year V, refuting Sonthonax's charge against Pinchinat.
In his memoir of 18 thermidor year V Rigaud declared that as long as blood circulated in his veins he would prove his love for the French Republic and his…
Toussaint Louverture arrived at Le Cap at Sonthonax's wish, to confer on the conspiracy imputed to Pierre Michel.
Toussaint Louverture announced a general review of the troops for the 19th; Sonthonax wrote to Laplume of his concert with the commander in chief, and sent 28 letters that day,…
Toussaint Louverture writes a letter to Sonthonax inviting him to leave for France.
By letter of 4 fructidor Sonthonax ordered Idlinger to put at the disposal of Captain Billiet of the Indien the sums needed for the provisioning of his table.
After the alarm gun of the night of 23 to 24 August, Sonthonax embarked on the Indien on 7 fructidor with his family, followed by Adjutant-General Étienne Mentor; Ardouin rejects…
Julien Raymond addressed his report to the minister of the marine on 18 fructidor year V.
On 18 fructidor the royalist party was struck at Paris and Vaublanc and Barbé de Marbois were eliminated and deported.
Eschassériaux the elder reported to the Five Hundred on the elections of Saint-Domingue, held in August 1796 and April 1797, and Laveaux and his colleagues were admitted.
Toussaint Louverture wrote to Laveaux reproaching him for his silence and announcing a deputation to explain Sonthonax's departure.
Toussaint Louverture wrote to Roume enclosing his report to the Directory accusing Sonthonax of a project of independence.
Laveaux described Toussaint Louverture's submission to the Council of Ancients.
Laveaux delivered his speech to the legislative body relating his administration and repulsing Vaublanc's accusations against the blacks.
The law of 4 brumaire year VI (25 October 1797), which Rigaud invoked, fixed the limits of the five departments of Saint-Domingue and included Léogane in the department of the…
Pinchinat published a memoir addressed to the Council of Five Hundred on his arrival at Cherbourg.
Eschassériaux presented on 18 brumaire a report dividing the island into five departments: the North, the West, the South, Samana and the Engaño; the division lasted until 1801.
The Indien, after frightful storms, put in at Ferrol in Spain.
Pinchinat wrote to Rigaud on 9 frimaire year VI to inspire confidence in Hédouville.
Hédouville's instructions, dated 9 nivôse year VI, prescribed publication of the laws and respect for the constitution; his commission was issued by Barras on 14 January 1798.
Wherever there was a maneuver to direct, a resentment to excite against Rigaud, Sonthonax let nothing escape him: he raises on 1 prairial (20 May) Pétion to the rank of…
Who had given him a higher rank. It was Sonthonax who, on 1 prairial, Year V (20 May 1797), raised Pétion to the rank of adjutant-general (2); the First of…
Toussaint goes to the Cap: after several conferences, both with Raymond and with Sonthonax, and wishing to use the most flattering forms, he wrote to the commissioner on 3 fructidor,…
Toussaint, by the great successes of his arms, had become, so to speak, the master of the destinies of the colony; his administration, subject to no control, gave cause to…
1798: Brigadier-General Thomas Maitland signed a "secret convention" with Toussaint Louverture following the evacuation of British troops. The agreement was negotiated directly with the general, bypassing the official French…
1798: New colonial regulations in Cuba officially recognized the dual challenge of enslaved people escaping to the cities and enslaved city dwellers themselves absconding. Authorities noted with concern…
1798: British forces evacuate occupied zones, effectively ending slavery for 70,000 blacks in those regions. Toussaint’s diplomatic negotiations with General Maitland secured a peaceful withdrawal and local autonomy.
1798-Jun.: Military officials in Philadelphia reported a "dangerous mutiny" brewing among nearly 300 black sailors aboard French ships from Saint-Domingue anchored in the Delaware River. The crew of a black-manned…
1798-Aug.-31: General Thomas Maitland of the British forces signed a secret agreement with Toussaint Louverture, marking the end of the failed British occupation of Saint-Domingue. Julius S. Scott highlights that…
1798-August-31: Same event described by Rayford W. Logan, who notes the historical significance of the Maitland Convention, a document long-disputed and published here for the first time using original copies…
1798-1799: During the height of the diplomatic struggles over the future of Saint-Domingue, masterless people from the colony appeared in port cities ranging from Philadelphia to Venezuela. These individuals carried…
1798-April-08: President John Adams revealed the "X.Y.Z. Affair" to Congress, exposing the attempts of French agents to solicit bribes from American envoys. This revelation unified much of the American public…
1798-August-31: Toussaint Louverture and British General Thomas Maitland signed a landmark secret convention following the British decision to withdraw from the island. In this agreement, Toussaint solemnly promised that no…
1798-December-01: Rufus King, the American minister to Great Britain, first learned of the secret Toussaint-Maitland Convention through reports in English newspapers. He immediately requested a meeting with Lord Grenville and…
1798, April: (Hédouville’s Mission and Maitland’s Secret Strategy): Commissioner Gabriel-Théodore-Joseph Hédouville arrived in April 1798 with instructions to pacify the colony and dampen Toussaint's suspected ambitions for independence. Just weeks…
1798, May–August: (The British Withdrawal and Internal Rivalry): On May 8, 1798, British troops marched out of Port-au-Prince following an evacuation agreement that allowed them to leave peacefully. By August…
1798, October 2: (The End of the British Campaign): The Union Jack was lowered for the last time over Haitian soil on October 2, 1798, as Admiral William Bligh embarked…
1798, October 22: (The Flight of Hédouville and the Rise of Roume): Toussaint sparked a revolt in the North to counter Hédouville's attempt to disarm Black regiments, leading the commissioner…
1798–1799: (The U.S.-Toussaint Entente and Economic Diplomacy): Following the British withdrawal, Toussaint established relations with the United States, sending his treasurer Joseph Bunel to Philadelphia in November 1798. In March…
1798-00-00: (Louverture Negotiates a Secret Treaty With Great Britain, in Which the British Renounce Their Territorial Claims in Haiti in Exchange for Louverture's Promise Not to Export Revolution to British…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Barbados in 1798, the people aboard the Diana rose against the crew. They had been taken at Cape Mount (Cape Grand Mount). The…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Montevideo in 1798, the people aboard the Ascension rose against the crew. They had been taken at Mozambique. The record gives the numbers…
About the same time General Rigaud was exerting every effort to drive the English from the Grand'Anse. He ordered Lieutenant-Colonel Doyon to go and carry Camp Thomas, on the heights…
Matters stood thus when General Hédouville landed at Santo Domingo on 21 April. He was accompanied only by a guard of honor. He received from the agent Roume and from…
On 28 April he sent to Port-Républicain a trusted officer, Adjutant-General Huin, furnished with his powers. Maitland charged Adjutant Nightingal, an officer in the troops of His Britannic Majesty, to…
On 6 May General Maitland had finished embarking all the munitions and the English merchandise, together with the English merchants, the cast guns and the French mortars. He also received…
On 8 May, at two in the morning, Maitland had embarked all the English troops of Port-Républicain and of Fort Bizoton; and in the course of the next day the…
In the afternoon of the same day, 9 May, General Laplume, at the head of the Legion of the West commanded by Adjutant-General Pétion, took possession of Port-Républicain. Toussaint, faithfully…
Monbrun, of an imperious character, soon entered into a struggle for authority with Bauvais. Pinchinat and Rigaud, chosen as mediators by the two rivals, went to Jacmel and condemned the…
After this action General Rigaud sent Adjutant-General Blanchet to Maitland at the Môle to treat for the surrender of Jérémie. Maitland, while consenting to the evacuation of that town, had…
Hédouville, for his part, was thinking of destroying Toussaint's power at Fort-Liberté. Moyse, who commanded that district, exercised the greatest influence over the 5th colonial. The Agent of the Directory…
Hédouville, for his part, was thinking of destroying Toussaint's power at Fort-Liberté. Moyse, who commanded that district, exercised the greatest influence over the 5th colonial. The Agent of the Directory…
Already Colonel Dalban, on Manigat's orders, had assembled before the town headquarters the battalions of the Morbihan and of Fort-Liberté, the 84th and 106th European regiments commanded by Colonel Romain;…
The next day, 17 October (26 Vendémiaire), General Moyse, followed by three dragoons, presented himself at the gates of the town; he found them shut. Colonel Grandet had them opened…
In 1797, Pétion surrounded the fort of la Coupe, which was commanded by an English officer named Kérenskoff. After an hour of combat, he took it on 5 December. On…
On 22 February 1798 this camp was still somewhat occupied by the English under the command of Domingeau, the same man who had beaten Rigaud at the camp Desriveaux. Lieutenant…
On 23 April 1798 General Maitland began to evacuate the place by embarking his munitions. A treaty was signed in the town on 30 April between the Adjutant General Huin,…
On 23 April 1798 General Maitland began to evacuate the place by embarking his munitions. A treaty was signed in the town on 30 April between the Adjutant General Huin,…
On 7 May 1798, at noon, Lapointe at last evacuated l'Arcahaie. In withdrawing he destroyed everything: fortifications, barracks, crops, munitions and horses. He withdrew to the Môle Saint-Nicolas: Dessalines took…
On 8 May, General Maitland had finished embarking all his munitions and his troops. The next day, he left for the Môle. In the afternoon of the same day, 9…
The bourg of the Irois, occupied by the English, surrendered on 20 August 1798 to Adjutant-General Pétion, after the evacuation of Jérémie by the English. Rouzier tells this under the…
In August 1798 General Rigaud, after several battles, arrived beneath the walls of Jérémie, which he closely blockaded. The English refused to negotiate the surrender with a general who was…
The English found 200 milliers of powder and 200 cannon there. They raised fortifications there and held it until 2 October 1798, when they evacuated it. Had they wished to…
On 16 October 1798, Hédouville ordered the disarmament of the 5th colonial half-brigade, which was devoted to Toussaint-Louverture and ready to rise in insurrection against the authority of the agent…
On 20 October 1798, Abraham Cyprès and Camus fell dead in an ambush that Toussaint Louverture had set for them at Mont-Rouis. Rouzier tells this under the entry MONT-ROUIS.
On 22 October 1798 Toussaint-Louverture and Moïse came to surround the Cap, and forced the agent of the Directory, Hédouville, to leave the colony. Toussaint entered the Cap in triumph.…
Bauvais at Jacmel drew up on 13 January 1798 a regulation of cultivation for that arrondissement.
By a secret decree of 1 pluviôse year VI the Directory designated Roume to replace Hédouville in case of death.
Sonthonax took his seat in the Council of Five Hundred on 16 pluviôse year VI and delivered his speech accusing Toussaint Louverture.
Laplume took a post after four hours of combat, according to his report to the commander in chief of 15 February; Madiou gives 5 December 1797.
Hédouville left Brest on 30 pluviôse with the frigates the Bravoure, the Cocarde and the Syrène, ordered to land at Santo-Domingo.
On 2 germinal the English came from Jérémie to attack Rigaud's troops and were vigorously repulsed.
Cholet presented to the Five Hundred the first of two reports, the other on 20 April 1798, setting aside the deputies of the South and West from the legislative body.
Pinchinat published at Paris a reply to Sonthonax declaring that he owned no plantations, houses or fortune.
Hédouville arrived at Le Cap with all honors due to an agent of the metropolis and wrote flattering words to Toussaint Louverture about Rigaud.
Montbrun, transferred to Nantes, saw the instruction of his case begin on 21 April 1798.
General Maitland wrote to Toussaint Louverture, three days after Hédouville's arrival.
Toussaint Louverture at the plantation Descahos replied to Maitland with satisfaction; the same day Rigaud wrote to Roume to thank him and announce his election as deputy.
Rigaud made known to Roume by letter his wish to go to France to fulfil his mandate as deputy to the legislative body.
Hédouville wrote to Toussaint Louverture not to leave his cordon without securing the means of profiting from the division among the enemies.
From the Gros-Morne of Saint-Marc, Toussaint Louverture reported to Hédouville his negotiations with Maitland.
Hédouville authorized Toussaint Louverture to treat with Maitland, recommending humanity except toward the émigrés.
Toussaint Louverture issued a proclamation of amnesty extended to those who had served in the militia; the Arcahaie and Saint-Marc were evacuated by the English, who withdrew to the Môle…
The English capitulate to Toussaint and evacuate Port-au-Prince and the other districts of the West.
Maitland evacuated Port-au-Prince in person for the Môle, and Toussaint Louverture entered Saint-Marc, finding everything in perfect condition.
Toussaint Louverture entered the Croix-des-Bouquets and placed his brother Paul Louverture there.
Toussaint Louverture asked Hédouville to raise an officer to a higher rank; Hédouville refused on the 22nd as his instructions forbade it.
Toussaint Louverture issued a regulation compelling the black cultivators to return at once to their former plantations, which Hédouville approved.
Toussaint Louverture wrote from Saint-Marc to Hédouville that he was setting out for Le Cap.
Maitland issued a proclamation declaring in blockade all ports of the colony not held by the English.
Arrived at Les Gonaïves, Toussaint Louverture wrote to Hédouville that he would soon pay his respects.
Toussaint Louverture wrote to Laveaux from Le Cap on 1 and 5 June.
Montbrun appeared before a council of war at Nantes and was declared not guilty unanimously on all five counts, the council finding his arrest illegal and arbitrary in Saint-Domingue and…
The indemnities granted to Pinchinat were voted.
Rigaud wrote from Les Cayes that the English were marching on Cavaillon, the camp Périn and Tiburon; on 14 June he reported that he had driven them back at Cavaillon.
Roume wrote to Rigaud that he had interrupted all communication with him for two years.
At La Marmelade Toussaint Louverture received Rigaud's letters through Blanchet; Hédouville wrote to Maitland sending English prisoners to the Môle.
Hédouville sent Blanchet back to Rigaud with orders to prepare an offensive movement.
Rigaud informed Toussaint Louverture from Tiburon that the English had been repulsed there and at the bourgade des Anglais.
Hédouville wrote to Toussaint Louverture about complaints of abuses by military officers against cultivators.
Maitland answered evasively Hédouville's proposals of evacuation.
Rigaud returned to Les Cayes; Hédouville told Toussaint Louverture he was sending European officers to serve under Rigaud.
Colonel Harcourt wrote to Rigaud under pretext of an exchange of prisoners.
The officers Ployer, Dauzy, Cyprès, Béchet and Camus left Le Cap for the South; Toussaint Louverture submitted a draft letter to the Directory on the law concerning émigré property.
At Port-au-Prince Toussaint Louverture told Hédouville he had summoned Rigaud to concert a campaign against Jérémie; Hédouville approved on 1 July.
Harcourt interviewed Rigaud at Les Cayes before the officers sent by Hédouville had arrived, then left Île-à-Vache with prisoners.
Rigaud reported Harcourt's mission to Toussaint Louverture, who transmitted the documents to Hédouville on 9 July.
Hédouville urged Toussaint Louverture not to send his letter to the Directory; Laplume asked that places formerly attached to Léogane be reunited to his arrondissement.
Laplume asked Hédouville to unite with his arrondissement Grand-Goave, Petit-Goave and neighboring places; Hédouville refused.
Toussaint Louverture wrote to Hédouville that he expected Rigaud at Port-au-Prince to settle the campaign against Jérémie.
Hédouville wrote that the English were seeking to sow division and that he would end correspondence with them.
Toussaint Louverture announced Rigaud's arrival.
Bauvais wrote to Hédouville regretting he could not accompany Rigaud, and was ordered to Jacmel.
Hédouville summoned Moïse to Le Cap on an accusation of ordering a gathering of cultivators at Terrier-Rouge and sent him back for lack of proof; Dessalines complained against Boerner.
Sonthonax wrote against the indemnities granted to Pinchinat.
The priest Lecun wrote from Jérémie to Toussaint Louverture asking authorization to return to Port-au-Prince.
Boerner wrote to Hédouville that Toussaint Louverture and Rigaud had passed Saint-Marc on 26 July and set out again that night.
Hédouville wrote to Toussaint Louverture that the order on cultivation, arranged with Rigaud, would keep the public prosecutor from protesting the employment of vagabonds.
Toussaint Louverture replied to Maitland that he was willing to treat of the evacuation of Jérémie and the Môle, failing which he would march his troops to seize them.
Maitland proposed to Toussaint Louverture the evacuation of Jérémie and the Môle; Hédouville the same day said that only the agent had the right to treat.
Leaving Port-au-Prince for the South, Rigaud wrote to Hédouville announcing his departure that day.
Maitland wrote again to Toussaint Louverture proposing only the evacuation of Jérémie and the supply of English ships with cattle for the Môle.
From the Arcahaie Toussaint Louverture wrote to Hédouville about the order on cultivation; on 8 August Hédouville answered that it was more his work than the agent's.
Maitland wrote to Hédouville that he had received the British government's authorization for the entire evacuation of Saint-Domingue, Huin having already arrived at Jérémie.
Toussaint Louverture reported to Hédouville on Huin's mission to treat the evacuation of Jérémie.
Hédouville answered that the English could be treated with only for the entire evacuation, and approved Huin's dispatch.
Huin concluded with Harcourt aboard the Cérès the convention for Jérémie, with fifteen days' suspension of arms; Colonel Stewart carried Maitland's letter to Hédouville.
Bauvais wrote to Hédouville denouncing Lafortune and Conflans for misdeeds.
Hédouville accepted the proposal, sent Colonel Dalton to the Môle and proclaimed an amnesty for Jérémie and the Môle from which the émigrés were excluded.
Huin and Harcourt concluded at Jérémie the convention for the Môle; Hédouville sent Watrin to France to announce the coming evacuation.
Colonels Dalton and Stewart signed at the Môle a convention requiring the English to return the artillery as it stood in September 1793; Toussaint Louverture thanked Hédouville for the authorization…
Maitland received the documents of the Dalton and Stewart convention and on the 23rd protested that his colonels had no power to make such arrangements.
Hédouville answered that under article 373 of the constitution no émigré could profit by the amnesty.
Hédouville answered Maitland and wrote Toussaint Louverture authorizing him to treat anew, on the condition that article 2 of the Jérémie convention be redrafted.
Hédouville recalled to Toussaint Louverture that generals commanding in chief are such only during a campaign.
At Saint-Marc Toussaint Louverture sent Hédouville a copy of Maitland's dispatch of the 23rd.
Colonel Dalton wrote that Maitland, pleading illness, had made sport of him, and that he had been held on board the Abergavenny.
Toussaint Louverture met Maitland at the camp of the Pointe-Bourgeoise; Hédouville wrote that he was the dupe of Maitland.
From Port-de-Paix Toussaint Louverture reported his interview with Maitland; Boerner informed Hédouville that Dessources's black regiment had landed at Saint-Marc.
Hédouville answered Toussaint Louverture that he was the dupe of Maitland's perfidies and denied authorizing the admission of officers of the black regiments that had served the English.
Hédouville wished to be informed of the particular conventions made with Maitland for the evacuation of the Môle.
A letter of the commander in chief to the municipality of Port-au-Prince invited the French refugees in the United States to return.
Hédouville issued an order against the émigrés and their accomplices.
Toussaint Louverture reported the discharge of about 3,000 soldiers of the 8th, 10th and 12th demi-brigades to return to cultivation.
From Descahos Toussaint Louverture wrote two letters to Hédouville, one noting General Spencer's invitation to the Môle on 1 October.
A letter of Toussaint Louverture dated 24 September 1798 refers to the convention concluded with Maitland at the Pointe-Bourgeoise shortly before Hédouville's expulsion.
Hédouville consented to Toussaint Louverture's going to the Môle.
Hédouville invited Toussaint Louverture in pressing terms to come to Le Cap.
Toussaint Louverture met General Spencer at the Pointe-Bourgeoise, who asked a postponement of 48 hours for the evacuation.
Toussaint Louverture issued a proclamation at the Môle declaring that he would regard as émigrés only those who followed the English.
Toussaint and Rigaud are summoned to Le Cap by Hédouville, who succeeds in dividing them by authorizing Rigaud not to obey Toussaint.
Toussaint Louverture entered the Môle at seven in the evening with a hundred grenadiers, and Clervaux on the morning of the 3rd.
Toussaint Louverture planted a tree of liberty at the Môle, the first that town had seen.
From the last days of September until 5 October Hédouville and Moïse exchanged letters, Hédouville threatening dismissal.
Pinchinat published his last writing in France, Sonthonax refuted by himself.
Moïse complained of Colonel Grandet, commandant at Monte-Christ, who had patrols arrest fugitive Spanish blacks to return them to their enslavers.
Toussaint Louverture issued a proclamation recalling to the army its glory in obtaining the evacuation of every point.
Toussaint Louverture arrived at Port-de-Paix and wrote to Hédouville.
Bonnet, on mission in Paris, presented to the minister of the navy a memorandum on the neglect of the South by the mother country.
Hédouville renewed by circular the prohibition on admitting the émigrés, about two thousand of whom were in Jamaica; the disturbances at Fort-Liberté began on the 14th.
Manigat fled Fort-Liberté and a cloud of cultivators marched on Le Cap.
General Clervaux at Port-de-Paix ordered an embargo by sea and a ban on communication by land with Le Cap.
Hédouville is forced to embark and return to France.
Before embarking Hédouville proclaimed Toussaint Louverture disposed to independence in agreement with Britain and the United States, and wrote to Rigaud on 1 vendémiaire releasing him from Toussaint Louverture's authority…
While Hédouville was still in the roadstead of Le Cap, Rigaud answered Toussaint Louverture's letter, urging him to drive out the émigrés and denying any project against the freedom of…
The municipality of Le Cap addressed the other municipal administrations of the colony on the events of Fort-Liberté and Le Cap.
Toussaint reports the embarkation of Hédouville to the Executive Directory.
Toussaint Louverture informed the Directory that he had begged Roume to come and take the government.
After Hédouville's departure Toussaint Louverture issued a proclamation renewing his measures of constraint against cultivators.
Toussaint Louverture issued his ordinance by which the ordonnateurs acquired the cargoes of foreign ships, payable in produce, to favor the import of foodstuffs and concentrate specie in the public…
Rigaud answered Toussaint Louverture again, stating that Hédouville had authorized him to extend his command as far as Léogane and that he had notified Laplume.
Borgella received the rank of squadron commander and the command of the dragoons of Rigaud's escort.
Rigaud replied to Toussaint Louverture that he had not been seduced by Hédouville and would ask for his resignation from the Directory and from Roume.
Roume, still at Santo-Domingo, wrote to Rigaud that he was preparing to go to the French part and would gather the general in chief, Rigaud, Bauvais and the other chiefs.
The English were beginning at this moment to weary of a war which cost them much money and much blood: they had seen all the posts and fortresses they occupied…
The English possessed in the heights of Port-au-Prince four camps, la Coupe, Nérette, Grenier, and Formy; Beauvais had already made two painful, perilous and vain attempts against these camps. Pétion…
Pétion, with the spyglass, discovered on 27 pluviôse (15 February), at daybreak, a convoy heading from Port-au-Prince toward la Coupe. At once he assembled his officers: some objected that their…
Toussaint, by the great successes of his arms, had become, so to speak, the master of the destinies of the colony; his administration, subject to no control, gave cause to…
Toussaint entered Saint-Marc on 19 floréal (8 May), Arcahaye on the 23rd (12 May), Croix-des-Bouquets on the 25th (14 May), and on the same day, in the afternoon, Port-au-Prince (2).…
Toussaint granted, in the various towns he had just occupied, safety to those who had been unable to follow the English, and amnesty besides to all who had borne arms…
But the English asked to capitulate: Toussaint sent Adjutant-General Huin, who signed the convention with Colonel Harcourt on 26 thermidor (13 August), in the roadstead of Jérémie, on the frigate…
During this time Rigaud set out from Les Cayes with his army formed of two divisions, the first under the orders of Brigade Commander Dartiguenave, and the second under the…
Toussaint left Port-au-Prince, arrived at Saint-Marc on {{9 fructidor, Year VI|26 August 1798}}, had the whole regiment assembled in the church, with the women and children who had followed it,…
Toussaint left Port-au-Prince, arrived at Saint-Marc on {{9 fructidor, Year VI|26 August 1798}}, had the whole regiment assembled in the church, with the women and children who had followed it,…
Toussaint left Port-au-Prince, arrived at Saint-Marc on {{9 fructidor, Year VI|26 August 1798}}, had the whole regiment assembled in the church, with the women and children who had followed it,…
Hédouville received this letter almost at the same time as the news of the insurrection of Fort-Liberté. General Moyse absented himself from the town on 22 vendémiaire (13 October); the…
Before the effervescence, for which Hédouville (naive man!) did not foresee an explosion, above all one so sudden, this agent had given order to return to the North to Brigade…
Toussaint until then was not hastening, as may be imagined, to answer Hédouville's summons; he was gathering forces. At last, on 1 brumaire (22 October), three regiments and an innumerable…
The next day, 2 brumaire, the regiments and the bands which occupied Haut-du-Cap came to seize the forts Saint-Michel and Bel-Air; they skirted the Bande-du-Nord and threatened to enter the…
1799: The "War of the Knives" begins as a regional power struggle between Toussaint and André Rigaud. This civil conflict determined who would hold supreme power over a unified Saint-Domingue.
1799: While visiting Venezuela, observers noted that French sailors continued to dart in and out of local ports undetected to recruit residents to serve aboard their vessels. These republican crews…
1799: The explorer Alexander von Humboldt had a violent confrontation in Cumaná, Venezuela, with an ex-crew member of a Saint-Domingue privateer. The individual, a native "zambo" from a nearby village,…
1799: Thomas Jefferson expressed deep alarm following the lifting of the North American embargo on trade with Saint-Domingue, fearing the arrival of "black crews" and "missionaries" of rebellion. He warned…
1799-1802: British slave-trading traffic reached its all-time peak during this brief window at the turn of the century. During this period, merchants from London, Bristol, and Liverpool served as the…
1799-Jan.-09: King George III issued an Order in Council that made it expedient to allow certain articles to be exported from Jamaica to Saint Domingue. This policy regulated trade with…
1799-Feb.-12: Thomas Jefferson wrote to James Madison expressing his deep anxiety over the political developments in Saint-Domingue under Toussaint Louverture. Julius S. Scott analyzes this correspondence as evidence of the…
1799-May: Interracial crews from Saint-Domingue arrived at the port of Maracaibo in Venezuela under false pretenses to incite a local rebellion against Spanish rule. These sailors sought to spark an…
1799-May: Toussaint Louverture entered into a secret convention with British and American representatives in Philadelphia to secure essential trade for his rebuilding colony. While the agreement opened Saint-Domingue’s ports to…
1799-May-19: Admiral Hyde Parker informed Lord Spencer that the British naval strategy in the Caribbean was being adjusted to account for the growing maritime power of Toussaint Louverture. He reported…
1799-Jun.-04: Thomas Maitland reported to Governor Balcarres of Jamaica regarding the finalization of a "secret convention" with Toussaint Louverture following the British evacuation. Maitland confirmed that Toussaint had promised to…
1799-Jun.-15: Toussaint Louverture engaged in secret negotiations with British and American representatives in Philadelphia to secure a "triple entente" regarding trade. The parties agreed to reopen Saint-Domingue's ports to merchant…
1799-Aug.-06: The Marqués de Someruelos in Havana wrote to Mariano Luis de Urquijo to report on the "fearsome example" Toussaint Louverture was setting for the Spanish colonies. He noted that…
1799-Oct.-11: Edward Stevens, the American consul in Saint-Domingue, informed Christopher R. Perry that Toussaint Louverture was effectively consolidating his power over the entire island. Stevens noted that Toussaint was increasingly…
1799-Dec.: British authorities in Jamaica executed Isaac Sasportas, a Jewish merchant and revolutionary partisan from Saint-Domingue, for conspiring to rally black support for an invasion. Sasportas had infiltrated the island…
1799-Dec.-08: Admiral Hyde Parker wrote again to Lord Spencer, expressing his frustration with the "unauthorized" trade being conducted between North American merchants and Toussaint’s ports. He argued that the influx…
1799-Late: British cruisers patrolling the waters near Jamaica seized Toussaint Louverture’s "small fleet of war" after the vessels supposedly strayed outside their permitted navigation zone. The fleet consisted of four…
1799-1802: British slaving activity reached its historical zenith during this brief three-year window at the turn of the nineteenth century. During this peak, the ports of London, Bristol, and Liverpool…
1799-January-01: The first American warships arrived at the Saint-Domingue naval station to protect merchant shipping from French privateers during the height of the Quasi-War. This naval presence was part of…
1799-January-15: Silas Talbot, an American naval officer and agent, submitted a detailed "projet" or plan regarding the strategic future of the French West Indies. He argued that the United States…
1799-January-30: During the congressional debates over the "Toussaint Clause" of the Non-Intercourse Act, Representative Thomas Pinckney of South Carolina argued that an independent Saint-Domingue would benefit the Southern States. He…
1799-February-09: The U.S. Congress passed an amendment to the Non-Intercourse Act that specifically authorized the President to reopen trade with Saint-Domingue if he deemed it safe and beneficial. This legislation,…
1799-March-04: Dr. Edward Stevens was officially appointed as the United States Consul General to Saint-Domingue with instructions to coordinate closely with Toussaint Louverture. His mission was unique because he was…
1799-March-12: Federalist Representative Robert Goodloe Harper of South Carolina circulated a sensational report to justify the government’s support for Toussaint Louverture. He claimed that only Toussaint’s recent seizure of authority…
1799-April-01: John Quincy Adams, serving as a diplomat in Europe, expressed a vision of "Manifest Destiny" by advocating for the complete independence of the French West Indies. He argued that…
1799-May-01: Dr. Edward Stevens arrived in Saint-Domingue and immediately began complex negotiations with Toussaint Louverture to establish a framework for renewed trade. He found himself acting as a…
1799-June-13: A formal tripartite convention was signed between Dr. Stevens, General Maitland, and Toussaint Louverture to regulate the reopening of commerce. The agreement designated specific ports, such as Cap Français…
1799-June-23: Dr. Stevens dispatched a report to Secretary of State Pickering detailing the annexes to the new trade convention, which included strict regulations for coastal shipping. To prevent the covert…
1799-June-26: President John Adams issued an official proclamation formally reopening commercial intercourse with the ports of Saint-Domingue under Toussaint’s control. The President acted on his authority under the Non-Intercourse Act…
1799-June-24: Dr. Edward Stevens informed Secretary of State Pickering of his belief that Toussaint Louverture was preparing to consolidate total power over the island. Stevens predicted that as soon as…
1799-June-25: Secretary of the Navy Benjamin Stoddert issued orders to Captain Patrick Fletcher of the George Washington to sail for Cap Français to protect the burgeoning American trade. Fletcher was…
1799-July-25: Captain Alexander Murray of the Insurgent wrote directly to Toussaint Louverture to offer his "most zealous services" in the effort to bring order to the island. Murray expressed a fervent…
1799-July-27: Commodore Silas Talbot instructed Captain Jewett to consult with Dr. Stevens on how the U.S. Navy could be of further assistance to Toussaint’s military efforts. One of the primary…
1799-August-01: The official reopening of commerce began as American and British merchant ships arrived simultaneously in the designated ports of Saint-Domingue. Although President Adams had originally issued his proclamation without…
1799-August-15: Captain Alexander Murray continued his diplomatic correspondence with Toussaint Louverture, assuring the general that the United States intended to maintain all "salutary regulations" established by his predecessors. He emphasized…
1799-September-01: Captain James Sever relieved Captain Murray at the Saint-Domingue station and immediately issued formal assurances of his desire to work "in concert" with Toussaint’s government. He echoed the previous…
1799, June 18: (The Outbreak of the War of the Knives): Civil war officially commenced on June 18, 1799, when Rigaud’s troops crossed the bridge at Miragoâne and sacked Petit-Goâve.…
1799, August: (Massacres and Ambush): By late August 1799, Toussaint’s forces had quelled uprisings at the Cap using mass executions at the Savanne de la Fossette. Toussaint himself narrowly survived…
1799, July 25 – 1800, January 6: (The Siege of Port-de-Paix and Jacmel): On July 25, 1799, Toussaint Louverture broke the siege at Port-de-Paix where Maurepas had resisted stoutly, subsequently…
1799-04-27: (Louverture Signs a Secret Treaty of Friendship With the United States During the Presidency of John Adams, Trading Sugar and Strategic Restraint for Weapons and Supplies): On April 27,…
Andre Rigaud commanded the southern peninsula and refused to accept Toussaint Louverture as general-in-chief of the armies of Saint-Domingue. On 9 June 1799 his troops took Petit-Goave. That was the…
Louis-Jacques Beauvais was born free at Croix-des-Bouquets in 1759. He was one of the ablest officers among the free men of color, commanding in the South and West through the…
On 25 December 1799 Toussaint Louverture issued a proclamation addressed to the colony. By then he governed most of Saint-Domingue in fact, whatever his formal title, and was a year…
On a slaving voyage in 1799, the people aboard the Lightning rose against the crew. They had been taken at Congo River. The record gives the numbers as: 355 people…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Havana in 1799, the people aboard the Flying Fish rose against the crew. They had been taken at a port the record does…
In the first days of September Toussaint went to Môle Saint-Nicolas. On 25 Fructidor, Year 7 (11 September 1799), he published there a proclamation whose principal provisions depict well the…
Roume strove to persuade Rigaud that it was his duty to submit to Toussaint, who was disposed to make every possible sacrifice to avoid coming to blows. He proposed to…
On 18 June 1799 Faubert, at the head of a battalion of the 2nd regiment, reached the ramparts of Petit-Goâve at daybreak in the deepest silence. He entered the town,…
Having cast his eyes over the battalions of the North, which presented a force of 10,000 men covering Grand-Goâve, Rigaud formed his army into three columns: the right, made up…
Toussaint ordered the commander of the republican squadron, Lieutenant Lacroix of the navy, to go and blockade Les Cayes. Lacroix, aboard the state schooner le Vengeur, set out with his…
What was the astonishment of all these brave men when, suddenly, one morning in September 1799, the rumor went round that General Bauvais had embarked for St. Thomas, abandoning his…
The redoubt of Bellevue, which for several months had held back Toussaint's masses, was armed with only one 24-pounder and two 8-pounders. On 30 Vendémiaire (22 October) Dessalines attacked it…
The next day (25 October) Dessalines detached from his army a battalion of the 7th under the orders of Commandant Montauban and sent it to attack a weak position held…
It was at this juncture that Colonel Vincent landed at Santo Domingo, in the first days of June 1800. He was at the head of a deputation composed of General…
On 15 June 1799 Rigaud took possession of Petit-Goâve, thus giving the first symptom of the civil war against Toussaint Louverture. Jean Cécile and Faubert, colonels of the 1st and…
Faubert gave the town up to pillage. Rigaud had only 2,000 men; Toussaint thereupon took the field at the head of 20,000 men. Both parties invoked the name of France;…
When on 18 June 1799 Faubert seized Petit-Goâve from General Laplume, the garrison abandoned the town and fell back on the Tapion. Colonels Faubert and Geffrard seize the Tapion. Rouzier…
On 18 June 1799, when Faubert had taken Petit-Goâve by surprise from General Laplume, who was in command there for Toussaint Louverture, the garrison fell back on the habitation Thauzin.…
On 8 July 1799, General Moïse was obliged to entrench himself there with his 6,000 men, following the battle of Faucher, where Rigaud repulsed his army with 3,000 men. After…
At the beginning of the civil war between Toussaint-Louverture and Rigaud, on 8 July 1799, the two armies met at Faucher. They fought from seven o'clock in the morning until…
On 8 July 1799, General Moïse was obliged to entrench himself there with his 6,000 men, following the battle of Faucher, where Rigaud repulsed his army with 3,000 men. After…
On 10 July 1799, while the army of Toussaint was occupied fighting Rigaud at Grand-Goâve, at the beginning of that civil war, the town of the Môle, commanded by Bellegarde,…
HISTORY. Toussaint Louverture, uneasy at the neutrality of Beauvais at Jacmel during the civil war against Rigaud, has Saltrou and Marigot seized and sacked on 11 July 1799 by Mamzelle…
Toussaint Louverture, uneasy at the neutrality of Bauvais at Jacmel during his war against Rigaud, had Saltrou and Marigot taken on 11 July 1799 by Mamzelle and Magloire Ambroise: a…
Borno Déléart, at the head of 600 men, took Marigot from Toussaint's soldiers on 14 July; he maintains himself there with difficulty. Vigorously seconded by Magloire Ambroise, he repulsed every…
On 19 July 1799, there was between the troops of the North and those of the South an encounter called the Affair of the Two Days, in which Dessalines was…
On 24 July 1799, while the army of Toussaint Louverture was occupied in fighting Rigaud at Grand-Goâve, at the beginning of the civil war, Etienne Colard, a native of Jean-Rabel,…
In 1799, during the civil war between Toussaint and Rigaud, Dessalines sent Colonel Nérette from Léogane to Tavet to support secretly the two band leaders Lafortune and Conflant, who had…
The village of Grand-Goâve is picturesque; it lies a short distance from the sea, in the middle of a small sloping plain which, well cultivated in 1799, was covered with…
Meanwhile the regiment of the Sans-Culottes of the North, composed of 2,000 men, held its ground energetically in the cane fields of Thauzin. Rigaud hurled against it Lieutenant Colonel Compas…
On the morning of 15 August he began the attack; 1,400 men of the South had seen 10,000 of the North flee. Faubert occupied Grand Goâve, which Dessalines had abandoned.…
On 10 July 1799, while the army of Toussaint was occupied fighting Rigaud at Grand-Goâve, at the beginning of that civil war, the town of the Môle, commanded by Bellegarde,…
Beauvais had received from Roume, the agent of the Executive Directory, a letter that he had hidden from the population. Suddenly, on the morning of 13 September 1799, the rumor…
The fort of Bellevue was commanded by Tessier and Renaud Desruisseaux; it was armed with only one piece of 24 and two pieces of 8. On 22 October, after several…
On 25 October 1799, Dessalines sent to attack the Rigaudins encamped on this habitation. They were routed. Rouzier tells this under the entry TROUIN.
Roume wrote to Rigaud that Toussaint Louverture, writing from the plantation of Descahos, would be at Port-au-Prince within a few days.
Toussaint Louverture came to Port-au-Prince in the evening and met Roume.
Roume wrote to Rigaud that he was delighted with Toussaint Louverture and invited him to come confer at Port-au-Prince.
Roume succeeds Hédouville, having been summoned from Santo-Domingo by Toussaint.
Roume, who had called Kerverseau from Saint-Yague to replace him as agent in the Spanish part, wrote to him that Toussaint Louverture was a philosopher, a legislator, a general and…
Rigaud acknowledged Roume's letter of the 17th and sent the battalion chief S. Doyon with packets that had come from Bordeaux.
On 16 pluviôse, the anniversary of the decree of the National Convention on general liberty, Roume held a great festival on the parade ground of Port-au-Prince and made a speech;…
An assembly of the generals met under Roume's presidency; Roume invited Rigaud to relinquish the command of the South, renounce Léogane and give Laplume Grand-Goave, Petit-Goave and Miragoâne, and Rigaud,…
Rigaud sent Roume an overview of the situation of the department of the South and a letter asking again for his resignation; Roume refused in writing, calling him a principal…
Rigaud, after going to Roume, consented to hand Grand-Goave and Petit-Goave to Laplume and kept Miragoâne.
Roume issued his order of 21 pluviôse giving Grand-Goave and Petit-Goave to Laplume.
Rigaud left Port-au-Prince for the South, having Grand-Goave evacuated by Commandant Laferté as he passed.
The minister of the navy wrote to Toussaint Louverture that the Directory had seen with astonishment Hédouville return to France before the expiry of his mission and noted the commander…
Roume wrote to Rigaud asking the causes of the death of the prisoners of Jérémie.
Toussaint Louverture had the general call beaten at Port-au-Prince, mounted the pulpit of the church and accused the men of color of a vast conspiracy against the colony, threatening the…
The minister of the navy wrote to Toussaint Louverture the Directory's satisfaction with the campaign that ended in the complete expulsion of the English.
Roume left Port-au-Prince with Toussaint Louverture for Le Cap.
A new ordinance of Toussaint Louverture on cultivation appeared, shortly after the conferences of Port-au-Prince.
Roume wrote from Le Cap to Rigaud, by his letter of 1 germinal, expressing satisfaction that Rigaud had carried out the order to imprison a white named Duranton.
The minister of the navy wrote to Toussaint Louverture to ask whether the authors of the assassination of Dauzy, Cyprès and Camus had been punished.
Rigaud informed Roume that the electoral assembly of the South had elected Pinchinat to the Five Hundred and Garnot to the Ancients, both then in France.
Rigaud answered Toussaint Louverture's letter on the death of the prisoners of Jérémie, saying that there had been no malice on the part of the authorities.
Roume issued his decree of 6 floréal sanctioning the convention among Stevens, Toussaint Louverture and Roume on commerce with the United States, and wrote the same day to Kerverseau to…
Roume answered Rigaud's letter of 22 germinal, approving the elections of the South, urging him to forget the old divisions and asking him to send back the deserters of the…
Rigaud wrote to Roume regretting the transfer of the seat of the agency to Le Cap and the neglect of the department of the South; he wrote further letters on…
Roume wrote to Rigaud that the deserters of the West were being welcomed at Jérémie and even at Les Cayes, and asked him to put an end to the abuse.
Rigaud reminded Roume by letter of 30 floréal that his decree of 21 pluviôse gave him direct supervision of the officials of that part of the department of the South.
Toussaint Louverture wrote to Rigaud the letter later printed, which Kerverseau calls a libel and Rigaud found insulting.
Rigaud wrote to Roume that he was proscribed upon the earth and that Toussaint Louverture was marching troops and threatening the department of the South.
On the day of Rigaud's complaint, Roume had the letter of 27 April addressed to Rigaud published by the press.
Rigaud issued a proclamation to the citizens of the South defending himself against the charge of ambition, publishing Hédouville's letter and Roume's order of 21 pluviôse, and declaring himself invested…
Roume issued a decree ordering the printing of the three letters of the minister of the navy to Toussaint Louverture, posted in all places subject to him, which made the…
Bauvais wrote to Roume asking authorization to go to Le Cap or to Santo-Domingo, after asking in June for his resignation; Roume refused.
Roume issued a long proclamation praising Toussaint Louverture's administration, ordering the mass levy of the cultivators against Rigaud, and offering Rigaud pardon and the command of the arrondissement of Les…
Kerverseau wrote to Roume urging him to interpose his authority between the two rivals to stop the civil war at its birth; he wrote again on 27 and 30 July…
Bauvais wrote to Roume, in a letter Ardouin read in the archives of the ministry of the navy, that he had sent Rigaud copies of the proclamation of the 3rd.
According to a letter of Roume to Kerverseau, Toussaint Louverture was at Léogane on 24 messidor (12 July); the troops of the North under Moïse had arrived there in the…
Toussaint Louverture wrote from Port-au-Prince on 29 messidor to Henri Christophe about the revolt of the Môle, counting on his imperturbable severity.
Roume wrote to Don Joaquín García to forearm him against Rigaud, and wrote to the governors of Cuba, Curaçao and Saint-Thomas for ships against the rebel.
Bauvais wrote to Roume complaining of the violence done to his neutrality and of the massacres of men of color, and sent Birot with 500 men of the Legion of…
Toussaint Louverture issued a proclamation on the revolt of the Môle and wrote to all the commanders to put to the sword the victims designated in advance.
Roume wrote to Kerverseau of Rigaud's flotilla and of the 60,000 piastres sent to Santiago de Cuba to buy a corvette of 18 guns, and sent Sasportas to the French…
Roume imposed import duties of 12 1/2 per cent on goods of neutrals.
Roume wrote to Toussaint Louverture that his speech in the church of Port-au-Prince doubtless made Rigaud say that he wanted the extermination of the whole class of mulâtres; Toussaint Louverture…
Toussaint Louverture answered Roume that Rigaud was wrong to accuse him, citing Clervaux, Vernet, Laraque, Desruisseaux and Rouanez as men of color in whom he had confidence.
Roume, writing from Le Cap on 22 thermidor, dismissed Bauvais as chief of the rebels of the arrondissement of Jacmel under the traitor Rigaud.
Toussaint Louverture answered Roume asking for the dismissal of Kerverseau; Roume did not yield.
Roume wrote to the minister of the navy denouncing Bauvais, after Kerverseau had reproached him for his wrong to Bauvais.
On 1 September 1799, the day Moïse entered the Môle, he wrote Toussaint Louverture a letter reproaching him for not paying his troops and asking for his retirement.
Toussaint Louverture wrote to Dessalines from the Môle an account of the events there.
Rigaud issued a proclamation defending his class and his conduct and accusing Toussaint Louverture of the massacres and of secret treaties with the English and the Americans.
According to the Moniteur of 10 vendémiaire year 8, General Laveaux resigned from the council of Elders because it was proposed to send him to Saint-Domingue as agent of the…
Roume confirmed Toussaint Louverture's arrangements giving Moïse the command in chief of the North and Dessalines the command of the army and of the department of the West, with Clervaux,…
According to the Moniteur of 26 vendémiaire year 8 (18 October), the Executive Directory approved Roume's decree of 6 floréal.
The 18 Brumaire called General Bonaparte to power; Sonthonax, deputy to the Five Hundred, was imprisoned in the Conciergerie and released a few days later.
It is claimed that on 18 Brumaire (9 November 1799) Mentor declared himself against General Bonaparte and was imprisoned like Sonthonax and others.
Toussaint Louverture issued at Port-au-Prince a proclamation refuting Rigaud's of 11 September, avowing treaties with Maitland and the United States with secret articles.
Dessalines set out against Jacmel; Gautier abandoned Arréguy and re-entered the town, and Birot drew back the garrison of Baynet under Geoffroy.
Roume reduced to 10 per cent the import duties on goods of neutrals, on the representations of Edouard Stevens, to obtain American help in the blockade of Jacmel.
Colonel Vincent, sent by Toussaint Louverture and Roume to the Directory, reached Lorient on the aviso Enfant Prodigue, when the government had already passed to Bonaparte.
Roume issued an order permitting the working of logwood and other dyewoods, and on 4 January 1800 another permitting mahogany; these products paid 35 per cent on export.
The constitution of 22 frimaire year 8 was adopted in France.
Toussaint Louverture, at the siege of Jacmel, wrote to Roume asking authorization to take possession of the Spanish part to end the traffic in blacks; Roume refused.
It will soon be seen what answer Toussaint made to this language, so dignified. He was then at the Cap, where Roume had accompanied him, for he had sworn never…
This second day cost the army of the South a grievous loss: that of the brigade chief Tessier, who was killed by a Biscayan ball (1). This event dismayed the…
Such was the respective attitude of Toussaint and of Rigaud when Roume, whom the Directoire had designated in advance, by a decree of 1 pluviôse, Year VI (20 January 1798),…
This festival would have given the colony the peace it needed, had it not been for the fatal determination which Roume, to please Toussaint, took to sanction Laplume's insubordination. Talk…
The rupture between Toussaint and Rigaud was precipitated by the maneuvers of the priests, the émigrés and the English, whose hatred against the latter was the more ardent in that…
Such is the substance of the famous treaty concluded between England, the United States and Toussaint: it is entirely from Maitland's hand. Needless to say, it constituted an evident treason…
Toussaint went to Arcahaye, where Maitland landed; on 13 June (25 prairial) they signed a secret convention. This convention, which was a veritable treaty from power to power, stipulated peace…
Meanwhile the position at Petit-Goâve was critical. On 27 prairial (15 June) Toussaint sent there three hundred men of the 2nd battalion of the 8th, under the orders of Battalion…
Roume alone could attempt to extinguish the fire that was beginning to kindle. As representative of France, he could order the parties, following the counsels of Kerverseau, to lay down…
At last, on 19 messidor (7 July), Moyse sent the army off to the Acul. It arrived at five in the evening at the Beauharnais plantation, where there was a…
Pétion, after sending Boyer and the others on ahead, under pretext of visiting the advance posts, came as far as the place where the 11th was bivouacking. He declared his…
Toussaint, in fact, himself uneasy at this neutrality of Beauvais, ordered two bandits, Brigade Chief Mamzelle and Captain Magloire Ambroise, to seize two cantons of the district of Jacmel, Sale-Trou…
In the meantime Dessalines, who had just been reinforced by the 1st, 2nd and 5th demi-brigades, numbering then nearly six thousand men (5), left his camp at the Acul and…
Meanwhile Dessalines, in despair at not having succeeded in his movements by the right of the block-house, attempted a movement by the left, that is to say by the Tapion.…
It was at the Cap that the council of war was established which was to try the prisoners; but Christophe found officers cowardly enough to massacre on the road those…
But what seemed still more to assure the triumph of Rigaud were the hostilities of which the district of Jacmel became the theater. Birot had been observing the camp at…
Dessalines, since his last attempt against Grand-Goâve, had renounced new combats. On 19 thermidor (4 August) he formed a kind of line of circumvallation around the block-house and the other…
This aggression of Beauvais filled Toussaint with joy. He cried out at the violation of the neutrality, without wishing to recall that he himself had been the first to violate…
It was after such a letter that Beauvais lost his head on receiving that of Roume. Struck down and thunderstruck, so to speak, he forgot that he wore a sword…
Grave events had taken place in the bosom of the metropole: General Bonaparte had carried out the 18 brumaire (9 November); that is to say, he had violently substituted for…
Dessalines appeared before Jacmel on 1 frimaire (22 November). He established his headquarters on the Ménissier plantation, the guard of which he entrusted to the 4th, his former regiment. Laplume,…
Pinchinat presented one that was remarkable for the wisdom and grandeur of its views (1). The minister, citizen Parfait, even held a conference, on the 11th, with those who had…
1800: As Gabriel Prosser began laying the groundwork for his Richmond conspiracy, white authorities across the Americas moved to limit Saint-Domingue’s contact with other territories. Recognizing that black rebels could…
Early 1800s: President Pétion’s land distribution policy is strategically designed to strengthen his political standing against rivals in the Senate. By creating a broad class of property owners, he hoped…
Early 1800s: General Guy-Joseph Bonnet proposes a state monopoly on the sale of salt, tobacco, and timber to increase national revenue. This project eventually failed due to significant pressure from…
Early 1800s: In the northern kingdom, some mulatto residents express discontent over being treated as social equals to the black population. This record of intra-color tension in the North contrasted…
1800: Lord Balcarres, the Governor of Jamaica, described the city of Kingston as a "Pandora's Box" filled with every kind of vice found in commercial towns. He highlighted the presence…
1800-Feb.: Over 500 seafaring men from Saint-Domingue languished in overcrowded Jamaican jails after being captured as "prisoners of war" by the British Navy. Admiral Hyde Parker refused all requests for…
1800-May-21: Henry Shirley informed Edward Shirley that the internal situation in Jamaica was becoming increasingly precarious due to the "looming presence" of Toussaint across the water. He reported that local…
1800-Aug.-30: Gabriel Prosser’s planned insurrection in Richmond, Virginia, was thwarted just hours before it was to begin, leading to a wave of trials and executions. During the investigations, multiple witnesses…
1800-Sep.-30: The Virginia Argus provided extensive coverage of the aftermath of Gabriel Prosser’s attempted insurrection of the enslaved in Richmond. The newspaper explicitly linked the local conspiracy to the "example of…
1800-Nov.-04: Robert Liston informed Edward Robinson that the British government was closely monitoring the diplomatic overtures made by Toussaint Louverture to the United States. He noted that Toussaint was attempting…
1800-February-01: The American frigate General Greene, commanded by Christopher Raymond Perry, played a decisive role in the Siege of Jacmel by blockading the port against André Rigaud’s forces. By preventing…
1800-May-01: A diplomatic incident occurred when Commodore Silas Talbot’s forces "cut out" the French privateer Sandwich from the Spanish port of Puerto Plata. Captain Murray expressed concern that such aggressive…
1800-June-01: As Toussaint’s power reached its zenith following the defeat of Rigaud, American officials began to notice a shift in his diplomatic tone regarding his ultimate status. While he continued…
1800, March 11 – August 1: (The Fall of Jacmel and the Southern Purge): On the night of March 11, 1800, Pétion led 1,400 defenders in a desperate breakout through…
1800–1801: (The Nation-Building Challenge and Economic Dilemma): By 1801, Toussaint reigned over a ruined nation where 300,000 people of all colors had perished since 1791. The white population had diminished…
1800–1801: (The Restoration of Agriculture Through Fermage): To restore the ruined plantations of cane, coffee, cotton, and indigo, Toussaint implemented the fermage system, a form of state-controlled serfdom originally conceived…
Pre-1800: (The Political Economy of Southern Africa Before the Nineteenth Century: Cattle as the Basis of Power, Great Zimbabwe's Stone Structures and Gold-Mining, the Mutapa State, and the Southeastern…
Pre-1800–19th Century: (North African Islam: Nomadic-Sedentary Interaction, the Shift from Caliphal to Sufi-Allied Leadership, Islam as a Political Weapon for Berber Communities, the Sanusi in Libya, Abd al-Qadir's Qadiriyya…
Pre-1800–1880s: (Islam on the Nile: The Funj Kingdom and the Faqis as Workers of Miracles and Scholars of Islamic Law, the Darfur Sultanate as a Major Crossroads Linking Western…
1–1800s CE: (The Emergence of African Currencies: A Common Global Consequence of Commercial Revolutions Being the Development of Currencies as Tokens of Value, West African Networks Using Standardized Small…
1800-03-00: (Louverture's Forces Drive Rigaud, Pétion, and Boyer Into Exile, Ending the War of Knives Between Black and Mulatto Factions and Consolidating Louverture's Control Over the Entire Colony at a…
On 26 November 1800 Toussaint Louverture moved against Philippe Roume, the French civil commissioner, and removed him from the colony. Roume was the last representative of French authority standing above…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Martinique in 1800, the people aboard the Willy Tom Robin rose against the crew. They had been taken at West Central Africa and…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Kingston in 1800, the people aboard the Trelawney rose against the crew. They had been taken at Malembo. The record gives the numbers…
In 1800 a new French commander reached Monte Cristi, on the Spanish side of the island, and told the field workers there that they were no longer property, that they…
Pétion and Auger were in the vanguard, with Jérémie walking before them as their guide; the garrison, about 1,400 men, was followed by more than 400 women, by children and…
His vanguard, composed of the 1st demi-brigade under Christophe's orders, was attacked again by Figaro at the head of a hundred cultivators, who were driven back with loss. But Colonel…
On the appointed day, at midnight, the Grand Fort and Talavigne, lying outside the line of circumvallation, were vigorously attacked by Colonel Christophe and by General Laplume. They carried both…
It is impossible to express the indignation of the soldiers of the Legion of the West when they learned of this betrayal. They railed furiously against their chiefs without distinction;…
On 10 January, Birot, recognizing that it was impossible to hold Jacmel any longer, assembled all the officers of the garrison at the National Palace and proposed to them that…
At eight o'clock in the evening of 12 March 1800 the garrison set itself in motion and left the town, except for the troops who held the blockhouse. These, to…
Pétion and Auger were in the vanguard, with Jérémie walking before them as their guide; the garrison, about 1,400 men, was followed by more than 400 women, by children and…
On 13 March, in the morning, Toussaint's troops entered Jacmel. Christophe, without leaving his headquarters, was of the opinion that the town should be razed and every inhabitant found in…
Pétion and Auger were in the vanguard, with Jérémie walking before them as their guide; the garrison, about 1,400 men, was followed by more than 400 women, by children and…
On 13 March, in the morning, Toussaint's troops entered Jacmel. Christophe, without leaving his headquarters, was of the opinion that the town should be razed and every inhabitant found in…
Toussaint, refusing to be dazzled by a success so dearly won, ordered Dessalines to pursue the war with the greatest activity. On 22 March (1 Germinal) General Laplume, at the…
Toussaint, for his part, while General Agé was preparing to go to Santo Domingo, had ordered Dessalines to continue the campaign and to penetrate into the department of the South.…
Toussaint, for his part, while General Agé was preparing to go to Santo Domingo, had ordered Dessalines to continue the campaign and to penetrate into the department of the South.…
All the redoubts covering the bourg of Baynet having been carried, Dessalines marched on the place on 24 April (4 Floréal). He was at the head of 12,000 men of…
All the redoubts covering the bourg of Baynet having been carried, Dessalines marched on the place on 24 April (4 Floréal). He was at the head of 12,000 men of…
Dessalines, master of the whole southern coast of the department of the West, resolved to go back up toward the northern coast to force the cordon of Grand-Goâve, which Faubert…
The Rigaudins held the cordon of Grand-Goâve under the orders of men such as Pétion, Faubert, Geffrard, Renaud Desruisseaux and Delva. On the evening of 28 April Dessalines's army halted…
The Rigaudins held the cordon of Grand-Goâve under the orders of men such as Pétion, Faubert, Geffrard, Renaud Desruisseaux and Delva. On the evening of 28 April Dessalines's army halted…
His vanguard, composed of the 1st demi-brigade under Christophe's orders, was attacked again by Figaro at the head of a hundred cultivators, who were driven back with loss. But Colonel…
Dessalines had bought his victory dearly; he had counted 600 men killed and more than 400 wounded. He entered Grand-Goâve, which was now only a heap of ashes. He left…
Dessalines had bought his victory dearly; he had counted 600 men killed and more than 400 wounded. He entered Grand-Goâve, which was now only a heap of ashes. He left…
On the evening of 2 May Pétion, having recognized that he could not hold Petit-Goâve, opened at eight o'clock a sustained musketry fire that forced Dessalines to stay on the…
After crossing precipices and frightful roads, Dessalines arrived on 3 May (13 Floréal) with his whole army on the morne that overlooks Petit-Goâve. To prevent the enemy from falling back…
Dessalines entered Petit-Goâve on 3 May during the day. Without losing an instant he formed his army into three columns: the left was composed of the 7th and 8th demi-brigades,…
By an order of 8 May 1800 he had declared in a state of blockade all the ports of the department of the South, from Miragoâne and Aquin up to…
At daybreak on 17 May 1800 Pétion perceived that he had been turned and that he might be assailed from the rear by the whole enemy army. After spiking his…
A few days later Dessalines, taking advantage of a dark night, left two demi-brigades before the bridge, all of whose fires were lit to deceive the enemy, and with the…
Despite the entreaties of Vincent and Raymond, the general-in-chief would not have these words inscribed on the flags of the colonial troops: Brave Blacks, remember that the French people alone…
On 28 June he learned from deserters that the army of the South occupied the plain of Fond-des-Nègres, that it had two bronze four-pounders, that its infantry pushed its outposts…
On 28 June he learned from deserters that the army of the South occupied the plain of Fond-des-Nègres, that it had two bronze four-pounders, that its infantry pushed its outposts…
Dessalines, giving the enemy no time to catch his breath, ordered a division 8,000 strong, made up of the 6th, 7th, 9th and 10th, to seize the heights of the…
General Rigaud, struck by the numerical strength of the enemy, fell back in haste on the town of Aquin. Colonel Dommage dashed after him with the 4th demi-brigade, taking the…
Two days after the battle of Aquin (7 July 1800, 18 Messidor), Dessalines, having left the rest of his army under the orders of Brigadier General Laplume, set out from…
General Rigaud, struck by the numerical strength of the enemy, fell back in haste on the town of Aquin. Colonel Dommage dashed after him with the 4th demi-brigade, taking the…
Commissioner Roume had given them a safe-conduct worded as follows: Liberty, Equality. SAFE-CONDUCT. At Cap-Français, 8 July 1800 (19 Messidor, Year 8) of the French Republic, one and indivisible. The…
The next day, 9 July (20 Messidor), at 4 in the afternoon, he marched on Petit-Trou. A distance of five leagues separates that town from Anse-à-Veau. Having come within a…
A schooner out of Petit-Trou, believing the town still in the hands of the army of the South, came to anchor in the roadstead of Anse-à-Veau; she was taken and…
Rigaud conducted this war as a poor captain; from the capture of Petit-Goâve onward he committed the gravest errors; he remained at Les Cayes when the Black populations themselves of…
After being feted by the colonists, Toussaint left Les Cayes, carrying with him the names of all those Black and colored Rigaudins who were to be sacrificed. By his amnesty…
The town of Le Cap, although it did not have him within its walls, celebrated the conquest of the department of the South with a brilliant festival. On the eve…
After being feted by the colonists, Toussaint left Les Cayes, carrying with him the names of all those Black and colored Rigaudins who were to be sacrificed. By his amnesty…
The town of Le Cap, although it did not have him within its walls, celebrated the conquest of the department of the South with a brilliant festival. On the eve…
On 21 November (2 Frimaire) it was learned at Le Cap that he would arrive there the following day. At four in the morning of the 22nd the general call…
Having crushed in the French part all who stood in the way of his ambition, he resolved to seize the Spanish part. Before taking the field he wished to secure…
Grand Fort (le). Fort at Jacmel, southeast of the town, on a rise whose foot is washed by the sea. On 5 January 1800, during the siege of Jacmel by…
In 1799, Beauvais neglected to arm this point in order to defend its entrance against the army of Toussaint Louverture. On 5 January 1800, at midnight, it was taken by…
Celebrated men. Port-au-Prince prides itself on having given birth to General Galbaud, Governor General of St. Domingue; to Alexandre Pétion, Jean Pierre Boyer [15 February 1773] and Nissage Saget (6…
Famine was already making itself felt in the town. The garrison already suffered privations. Women and children no longer received the ration reserved for the soldiers. People began to eat…
At the evacuation of this town, on 12 March 1800, a part of the garrison, lost in the woods, reached this habitation, driving before it the armed mountain dwellers. The…
At the evacuation of Jacmel, on 12 March 1800, a part of the garrison, lost in the woods, reached the habitation Gaste, where it rallied. It was only at this…
During the evacuation of Jacmel, on 12 March 1800, part of the garrison, lost at night in the woods, was able to reach the Bénard habitation. From there it made…
Rigaud came to the relief of Jacmel and was beaten at the morne Laporte; he returned to the Cayes, dejected, discouraged. A squadron of Toussaint came to blockade the port…
On 14 March 1800, after the evacuation of that town, a portion of the garrison, lost in the woods, arrived at the Girard habitation, where at last it met friendly…
During the evacuation of Jacmel, on 12 March 1800, part of the garrison, lost at night in the woods, was able to reach the Bénard habitation. From there it made…
After the evacuation of Jacmel, on 22 April 1800, Dessalines, guided by Commandant Conflant, plunged into the mountain gorges, resolved to seize Bainet before reaching the south. At the head…
After the execution of Jacmel in 1800, Dessalines moved from that town upon Bainet. He crossed the Grande Colline on 22 April, and left on his left the Larivoire post,…
After the evacuation of Jacmel, Dessalines moved from that town to Bainet. He reached the Grande Colline on 22 April 1800 and left on his left the Larivoire post, which…
On the evening of 28 April 1800, the army of Toussaint-Louverture, commanded by Bellevue, marching from Grand-Goâve against the Rigaudins, halted at Claville. Dessalines spent the day of the 29th…
On 30 April 1800, the army of Toussaint-Louverture, commanded by Dessalines, marching from Léogane against the Rigaudins at Grand-Goâve, reached this habitation. On 1 May it continued its march and…
On the evening of 28 April 1800, the army of Dessalines left its camp at Bellevue, halted at Claville, then the next day at Chéridan, and on 1 May stood…
On 2 May 1800, when Rigaud's army was falling back before that of Toussaint-Louverture, Dessalines reached the Dantis Pelé habitation, from which he caught sight of Petit-Goâve. Rouzier tells this…
On the evening of 28 April 1800, the army of Dessalines left its camp at Bellevue, halted at Claville, then the next day at Chéridan, and on 1 May stood…
On 2 May 1800, when Rigaud's army was retreating in the south, Dessalines halted there. When he resumed his march on Petit-Goâve, his advance guard was assailed by the fire…
It is placed in the rural section of Dufour, on the boundary of the departments of the West and the South, 8 km from Petit-Goâve and 6 km from Miragoâne.…
On 5 May 1800 the remnants of Rigaud's army, retreating on the South, established themselves at Dufour, while Pétion occupied the Pont. A complete discord reigned at Dufour among the…
It is placed in the rural section of Dufour, on the boundary of the departments of the West and the South, 8 km from Petit-Goâve and 6 km from Miragoâne.…
On 16 May 1800, while Rigaud's army was retreating on the South, this general only entered Miragoâne, which he abandoned the same day. Colonel Faubert spiked the guns and delivered…
On 17 May, Pétion perceived that he had been outflanked, and that he might be attacked from behind by the whole army of the North. After spiking his cannon, he…
On 18 May 1800 Dessalines, pursuing Rigaud as far as Miragoâne, marched his troops against St. Michel, which he took only after a siege of fifteen days. The army of…
On 28 June 1800, Dessalines, encamped on the habitation Muzaine, while the Rigaudins were falling back from Miragoâne toward the South, learned that the enemy was occupying the plain of…
While Rigaud's army was retreating into the South, in 1800, and after having seized Miragoâne, Dessalines established his headquarters on the Muzaine habitation. He fell ill there, with an illness…
On 28 June 1800 the Rigaudins, retreating into the South, had raised two camps on these two mornes. General Laplume attacked the fortification on the left with 2,000 men, and…
While Rigaud's army was retreating into the South, in 1800, and after having seized Miragoâne, Dessalines established his headquarters on the Muzaine habitation. He fell ill there, with an illness…
TRÉMÉ or DUFRÉTEY. Small morne and habitation at the far end of the plain between Fond des Nègres and Aquin. The rigaudins, retreating toward the South, entrenched themselves there after…
Rigaud, retreating into the South before the army of the North, defeated Dessalines at the battle of Vigil, which took place on 29 June 1800. However, unable to withstand superior…
General Laplume could not carry their rampart. The next day, however, he succeeded in turning it and seizing it. It was in this affair that Auger, who had covered himself…
On 2 July 1800, the army of Toussaint-Louverture, having seized Aquin, marched on Saint-Louis du Sud, and came to camp on the habitation Allard. Dessalines, the commander in chief, was…
Dessalines, not giving the enemy time to catch his breath, ordered a division of 8000 men to go and seize the heights of Trémé. Clervaux could take possession of them…
General Rigaud, struck by the numerical strength of the enemy, fell back with haste on Aquin, situated 3 lieues away. Rouzier tells this under the entry TRÉMÉ ou DUFRÉTEY.
Rigaud, retreating into the South before the army of the North, defeated Dessalines at the battle of Vigil, which took place on 29 June 1800. However, unable to withstand superior…
MARRE à COIFFE. Habitation at the morne Tremé, commune of Aquin, where on 7 July 1800 the combat took place that put an end to the civil war between Rigaud…
After the battle of Aquin, on 7 July 1800, Dessalines, on his way to Anse-à-Veau, spent the night there. Rouzier tells this under the entry PIEMONT (le).
History. Two days after the battle of Aquin (7 July 1800), Dessalines, having left the rest of his army under the orders of Brigadier General Laplume, set out from Aquin…
Two days after the battle of Aquin (7 July 1800), Dessalines, having left the rest of his army under the orders of Brigadier General Laplume, set out from Aquin for…
On the day after the taking of the Anse-à-Veau by Dessalines, 9 July 1800, this general marched on Petit Trou. A space of 5 lieues separates these two towns. Having…
History. After seizing Saint-Louis du Sud on 27 July 1800 from the Rigaudins, who made their submission to him, Dessalines, violating the armistice agreed with them, marched on Cavaillon, where…
On 29 July 1800 Rigaud, feeling the impossibility of continuing the civil war, withdrew from the Cayes to Tiburon, where he embarked with his family for Guadeloupe. Dessalines entered the…
Dessalines left the Cayes for Jérémie with his army. After being feted by the colonists, Toussaint in his turn left the Cayes. He appointed General Laplume commander in chief of…
In 1800, Toussaint, having crushed in the French part of Saint-Domingue all those who opposed his ambition, resolved to seize the Spanish part. Before entering upon the campaign, he wished…
In December 1800, Toussaint Louverture marching toward Santo-Domingo, General Moïse, at the head of 3,000 men, crossed the Massacre River on the 10th. He was about to take possession of…
Toussaint Louverture issued an ordinance forbidding the Vaudoux, all dances and nocturnal assemblies, with corporal punishment for offenders, at the height of the siege of Jacmel.
In the night of 5 to 6 January a general assault was made on all points of Jacmel; the Grand-Fort and Talavigne were taken, and Ogé immediately retook the Grand-Fort.
The Moniteur of 15 nivôse, year 8, published an article meant to reassure the colonists and warning that foreign offers to Toussaint Louverture would bring death or slavery to the…
The Moniteur of 15 nivôse year VIII published the article on the colonies in which Ardouin sees the First Consul's early ideas on Saint-Domingue.
General A. Chanlatte, who had replaced Kerverseau at Santo-Domingo, wrote to Don Joaquín García to stop the traffic in blacks.
Admiral Gantheaume left Brest on 5 pluviôse year 8 with an expedition under General Sahuguet; the three agents for Saint-Domingue did not leave until the following May.
Toussaint Louverture had Roume refused a thousand piastres he asked as an advance on his salary, and invited him to Port-au-Prince.
Roume, declining to go to Port-au-Prince, wrote to Toussaint Louverture to have carried out his address ordering the expulsion of the English agents, and asked for the corvette Diligente to…
Rigaud, at Aquin, issued a proclamation against Toussaint Louverture on the news of the evacuation of Jacmel, ordered levies en masse and organized a 5th half-brigade under Renaud Desruisseaux; Pétion…
Toussaint Louverture issued a proclamation on the taking of Jacmel.
Borgella, ill, left Baynet on 15 April, leaving it under Lacole, who evacuated and burned it eight days later.
Toussaint Louverture addressed the citizens of the South, urging them to submit and accusing Rigaud of mad ambition.
On 7 floréal year 8 the municipal administration of Le Cap addressed Roume, who decreed that General Agé take possession of the former Spanish part in the name of the…
A. Chanlatte received Roume's decree of 27 April and notified it to Don García; the violence that had wrested it from Roume became known at Santo-Domingo, and the cabildo, the…
Toussaint Louverture issued a regulation bringing into the state storehouses the produce of plantations whose proprietors were absent.
A regulation of Toussaint Louverture regularized the post offices, fixed the price of letters and set passports for travel in the interior.
Don García issued a decree suspending the taking of possession and referring it to the governments of Spain and France, after Chanlatte's answer of the 20th; Agé replied on the…
General Agé's mission at Santo-Domingo ended in popular agitation, and Toussaint Louverture, after writing the letter that maintained it, ordered him to leave Santo-Domingo for Port-Républicain.
Rigaud issued a proclamation declaring that to his power alone belonged the treating of peace or suspension of arms.
Toussaint Louverture wrote to Agé from Port-au-Prince on 12 prairial that the taking of possession would be the happiness of the French proprietors who had taken refuge there and that…
A regulation of Toussaint Louverture governed the revenues of the plantations leased out by the administration of the domains under Idlinger; another on 10 June organized the administration of the…
Toussaint Louverture wrote again to Agé insisting on the taking of possession to end the traffic in blacks and denying violence done to Roume, then ordered him to leave Santo-Domingo…
Toussaint Louverture wrote from Léogane to Don García protesting against the ill treatment of Agé at Santo-Domingo.
A. Chanlatte reported to the minister of the navy that the captain and officers of the Diligente had been imprisoned by order of Toussaint Louverture.
Roume issued, on 27 prairial, a new decree revoking that of 27 April, and sent copies to Toussaint Louverture, Don García, Chanlatte and the French government.
Colonel Vincent wrote to the minister of the navy that Toussaint Louverture complained the First Consul had not written to him.
Roume wrote to Don García that the commander in chief had renounced the taking of possession and approved the sending of deputies from Santo-Domingo to Europe.
The last combat of the war took place at the old bourg of Aquin; Colonel Piverger, wounded and taken prisoner, was respected by Dessalines and sent to Saint-Marc.
Colonel Vincent is sent to Les Cayes by Roume and Toussaint to summon the inhabitants to surrender and Rigaud to leave the country.
Renaud Ferrier, wounded at Aquin, died in Borgella's arms at Les Cayes.
Toussaint Louverture, at Petit-Goave, wrote to Don García on 1 thermidor complaining of the insults to Agé without saying that he had renounced the taking of possession; Don García later…
Rigaud embarks at Tiburon: end of the civil war.
Fifty-two inhabitants of Les Cayes addressed Toussaint Louverture with insults against Rigaud, and Toussaint Louverture published a proclamation to all the inhabitants of Saint-Domingue forgiving the civil war but ordering…
A proclamation of Toussaint Louverture disposed of the whole of the harvests of the sequestered plantations in favor of the State.
Pétion and Dupont reported to Bresseau, French agent at Curaçao, that Rigaud had resolved to withdraw to France.
Rigaud, who had gone from Saint-Thomas to Guadeloupe, arrived there on 17 September and left on 2 October.
Roume transmitted to Don García, by a letter of 15 vendémiaire, his decree of 16 June annulling the order of 27 April, according to Don García; Ardouin notes that a…
Toussaint Louverture, at Port-au-Prince, published a regulation on cultivation binding managers, drivers and cultivators to work like soldiers, ordering idle cultivators back to their plantations and subjecting them to arrest.
Toussaint Louverture issued at Port-au-Prince an ordinance against remarks, made by colonists and others, that the cultivators called free would be led as formerly; offenders were to be arrested, proprietors…
The Moniteur universel of 25 vendémiaire year 9 printed Toussaint Louverture's letter to the citizens of Les Cayes with the words 'Yes or no'.
A proclamation explained the cultivation regulation of the 12th and charged the gendarmerie with its execution under the military commandants.
Toussaint Louverture created in each department a council of war, with councils of revision, to try theft, assassination, pillage, rape and military offenses, with the penalty of death; he also…
General Agé ordered the surgeon Mirambeau by letter of 4 brumaire year 9 to examine Victoire, condemned the day before and declaring herself pregnant.
On 7 brumaire year 9 Bauvais drowned when his ship, bound for Europe, foundered; he gave his place in the longboat to his wife and children.
Jean-Charles Tibi gathered some men in the canton of Camp Périn above the plain of Les Cayes; Laplume offered them pardon, then had Tibi, Jean Michel and three other leaders…
Placide was promoted sub-lieutenant and attached to the expeditionary legion and to General Sahuguet's staff (Ardouin gives the day and month; the year follows from the order of his account).
Rigaud, made prisoner by the Americans and taken to Saint-Christophe, returned to Guadeloupe on 1 November.
Toussaint Louverture, at Port-au-Prince, issued a regulation authorizing the civil tribunals to collect fees.
Toussaint Louverture made his triumphal entry into Le Cap under an arch raised by the colonists, was crowned with laurels by a white woman who compared him to Bonaparte, and…
The agent Roume ceases his functions and leaves for France.
Toussaint Louverture issued an ordinance on passports for those wishing to go to France or abroad, which only he could grant, with fines of 4 and 6 thousand gourdes and…
Toussaint Louverture published an address communicating a letter of 26 March from the abbé Mauvielle, elected bishop by the national council of France, who was to come with twelve priests;…
Toussaint Louverture issued an ordinance on new streets and quays for the enlargement of Le Cap.
Toussaint Louverture issued at Le Cap a regulation abolishing the tax of the quarter of subvention, creating customs houses and imposing duties of twenty percent on imports, exports, house rents…
A. Chanlatte, learning of Roume's detention at Dondon, wrote to Don García asking for 500 dragoons to go and carry Roume off.
Toussaint Louverture fixed the salaries of the customs officials: comptroller 10 thousand francs, director 8 thousand, inspector 7 thousand, weigher 6 thousand.
Toussaint Louverture wrote from Le Cap to Don García, on 29 frimaire year 9, that he had charged Moïse with taking possession of the Spanish part by virtue of Roume's…
The ordinance of 31 December 1800 reduced the import duty from 20 to 10 per cent, and the same rate for French merchandise was kept under Leclerc's order.
Meanwhile, in spite of Toussaint's promises, Dessalines's march did not halt; on 10 thermidor, at daybreak (29 July), his vanguard was only three leagues from Les Cayes. Rigaud could decidedly…
Each day cost the garrison from ten to twenty dead, both in the defense of the forts and in the center of the town, which the bombs and cannon balls…
The place was blockaded by land, and by sea as well: a flotilla of large gunboats, commanded by Bois-Blanc, took possession of the bay of Baynet, thus preventing it from…
The four sails had the good fortune not to meet the American cruisers. They were entering the passes of Jacmel on the morning of 29 nivôse (19 January) when a…
Then Pétion suffered at the sight of the women and children dying before his eyes for want of the feeblest nourishment. But, though himself reduced to the ration of four…
But on this Ogé plantation there was a considerable post. Pétion hoped to carry it swiftly, to cross the river of the Gosseline and to reach the mountains before the…
Michel, Vincent and Raymond landed at Santo-Domingo on 1 floréal (21 April) (1). They took the road to the Cap. Toussaint had given orders to arrest the two Europeans. As…
After taking the town of Baynet, Dessalines appeared, on 11 floréal (1 May), on the heights of the Bory plantation, to the west of the small plain in the middle…
Pétion entered Petit-Goâve on 12 floréal (2 May), where Desruisseaux died, offering his prayers for the triumph of the arms of the South and the happiness of his race. Pétion…
Dessalines, after resting a few days at Petit-Goâve, set out against the Pont. He ordered Clerveaux to occupy the morne Olivier, on the plantation of the same name, and to…
When he had somewhat recovered from his violent emotions, he summoned brigade commander Vincent to Port-Républicain. The latter had arrived there on 5 messidor (24 June). Toussaint complained bitterly that…
The deputation, having furnished itself besides with a safe-conduct from Roume's agent, whose dying authority Toussaint still deigned from time to time to invoke, went to embark at Jacmel; on…
Toussaint made his entry into Les Cayes on 13 thermidor (1 August), to the sound of bells and artillery. He devoutly heard mass. He issued a proclamation in which he…
Pétion, Dupont, Brouard, and Aly, who counted on taking passage on the Vengeance, arrived at Curaçao on 5 fructidor (23 August), two days after the flight of that frigate, a…
« Done at Curaçao, 10 fructidor, Year VIII (28 August 1800). Signed: PÉTION, DUPONT. »
The appeal that Pétion and Dupont made to Bresseau, in the name of their companions in misfortune, was not in vain. Bresseau had the other expatriates brought from Arûba and…
They therefore set out with Aly for the mother country on 21 vendémiaire, Year IX (13 October 1800) (3). Taken prisoner at the entrance of the Channel, they were conducted…
First came Jean-Charles Tiby, a Black man devoted to Rigaud because he knew that general's love of liberty, who, on 3 brumaire, Year IX (25 October 1800), raised the standard…
Whatever may be thought of this appreciation (1), the general alarm was beaten on 7 brumaire (29 October); Laplume went to encamp on the Laborde plantation. Marlot, taken unawares, betrayed…
In fact, Beauvais (1) could not leave Curaçao again for Europe until 3 fructidor, Year VIII (21 August 1800), on the frigate the Vengeance. Until then he had found no…
1801: An envoy of Napoleon Bonaparte captured Toussaint Louverture and banished him to a prison in France as part of a metropolitan effort to re-establish slavery in the colonies. This…
1801: A British traveler visiting the busy port of Kingston remarked on the "pernicious passion" for acquiring wealth without adequate exertion among its residents. The observer noted a high proportion…
1801: White inhabitants of Port Royal, Jamaica, petitioned the Assembly for funds to erect a "place of confinement" specifically to control the population of people who had escaped. The town was…
1801: Toussaint Louverture is proclaimed Governor General for Life in the new constitution for Saint Domingue. This move established effective political autonomy and allowed Toussaint to reach sovereign-level commercial agreements…
1801: Toussaint Louverture negotiated a commercial accord with British authorities in Jamaica to ensure vital supplies for the colony during the revolutionary transition. This diplomatic interaction established a map of…
1801-Jan.-15: St. George Tucker published his influential Letter to a Member of the General Assembly of Virginia in response to the growing threat of unrest among the enslaved. Tucker…
1801-Jan.-26: Toussaint enters Santo Domingo, completing the conquest of the entire island. His arrival in the eastern capital signaled the unification of the island under his revolutionary leadership.
1801-Jul.-07: Toussaint Louverture promulgates an autonomous constitution, naming himself Governor-General for Life. This bold political move effectively established Saint-Domingue as an independent state while remaining nominally French.
1801-Oct.: The British government gives its assent to a French invasion of Saint Domingue after peace preliminaries. This shift in international relations allowed Napoleon to launch a massive expedition to…
1801-Nov.: Joseph Bunel signed an accord on behalf of the British government with Toussaint Louverture to establish restricted areas for Haitian shipping. A draft map affixed to the second article…
1801-Nov.-16: Edward Corbet and Joseph Bunel signed an accord establishing restricted maritime areas for Haitian shipping around Saint Domingue. This agreement served as a sequel to the 1799 secret convention…
1801-March-04: The inauguration of Thomas Jefferson as President marked a significant shift in the American approach toward Saint-Domingue and the French Republic. While the previous Federalist administration had fostered a…
1801-July-01: Rumors regarding the secret Treaty of San Ildefonso, which retroceded Louisiana from Spain to France, began to reach the United States and heavily influenced policy toward Saint-Domingue. James Madison…
1801-August-15: Toussaint Louverture issued a new constitution for Saint-Domingue which, while nominally professing loyalty to France, appointed him Governor-General for life and gave him the power to choose his successor.…
1801–1803: (The Final Collapse of Saint-Domingue): Described as "The Death of Saint-Domingue," these years cover the climactic and violent end of the French colony. The period is marked by intense…
1801–1803: (The Violent Death of Saint-Domingue): This three-year chapter chronicles the climactic struggle that resulted in the complete destruction of the French colonial system. Titled "The Death of Saint-Domingue," it…
1801, January 6 – March: (The Occupation of Santo Domingo): On the night of January 6, 1801, Toussaint sent a dispatch to Spanish Governor Don Joaquin Garcia announcing his intent…
1801: (The Administrative Cadre and Toussaint’s Generals): By 1801, Toussaint Louverture’s administrative resources were composed primarily of his military staff and generals, as most trained government officials had fled the…
1801, May 9 – July 8: (Toussaint’s Constitution and Absolute Power): On May 9, 1801, a handpicked "Central Assembly" presented Toussaint with the island's first constitution, which named him gouverneur-général-à-vie…
1801, October 22 – November 29: (The Revolt and Execution of Moyse): Rumors that Toussaint intended to restore slavery triggered a fierce explosion of violence in the North and Northwest…
1801, October – 1802: (Napoleon’s Grand Object and the Peace of Amiens): Following an armistice with England in October 1801, Napoleon was finally free to deal with the "gilded Africans"…
1801: Leadership. Toussaint’s administration was so centralized that he addressed Napoleon as "The first of the blacks to the first of the whites," but received no reply from the latter.
1801: Economy. Raw sugar exports had plummeted to just 19 percent of pre-revolutionary levels, and indigo exports fell from 375 tons to a mere 804 pounds.
1801: Economy. Dessalines had become the proprietor of 33 sugar plantations, generating over 300,000 francs a year through the ruthless enforcement of fermage.
1801: U.S. Policy. Thomas Jefferson warned that the day France took possession of New Orleans would be the moment the U.S. must "marry ourselves to the British fleet and nation".
1801, December – 1802, January: (Napoleon's Machiavellian Instructions and the Leclerc Expedition): Napoleon Bonaparte resolved to "annihilate the government of the blacks" in Saint-Domingue, viewing the colony as a necessary…
1801–1849: (Muhammad Ali's Egypt: The Macedonian Who Destroyed the Mameluke Aristocracy, Created a Huge Army Used Against the Wahhabis, Expanded the Taxation System, Enforced Cotton Production, Set Up Technical…
1801-01-00: (Louverture Conquers Spanish Santo Domingo, Defying Napoleon by Unifying the Entire Island Under His Authority and Proclaiming the End of Slavery in the Eastern Territory): In January 1801, Louverture invaded…
1801-07-07: (Louverture Promulgates a Constitution, Declares Himself Governor for Life, Proclaims the End of Slavery, and Asserts Haitian Autonomy While Nominally Remaining Under French Sovereignty, a Document That Was Both a…
Moise, Toussaint Louverture's adopted nephew and commander of the North, had sided with the cultivators against the plantation system Toussaint was enforcing. The revolt was crushed and Moise was shot.…
On 3 July 1801, at Cap-Français, Toussaint Louverture formally approved the constitution the Central Assembly had adopted at Port-Républicain on 9 May. Article 77 asked him to transmit the text…
On 16 July 1801, two weeks after approving the constitution at Cap-Français, Toussaint Louverture wrote to Bonaparte about it. He had enacted a text that made him governor for life…
On 18 November 1801 Bonaparte wrote to Toussaint Louverture as First Consul. He said that peace with England had freed France to attend to the colony, and that his brother-in-law…
Georges Biassou died on 14 July 1801, aged sixty, at St. Augustine in Spanish Florida. With Jean-François and Jeannot he had led the insurrection of August 1791 in the North,…
On 14 December 1801 the Brest squadron under Villaret-Joyeuse sailed for Saint-Domingue with some eight thousand soldiers, under Bonaparte's brother-in-law General Leclerc. Squadrons from Rochefort, Lorient, Toulon, Cadiz, Le Havre…
Moïse Louverture, Toussaint's adopted nephew and one of his most senior commanders, was executed by firing squad at Port-de-Paix in November 1801, on Toussaint's order. Moïse had opposed the labour…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Demerara in 1801, the people aboard the Lucy rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gorée. The record gives the numbers…
Jeanne Mathusine Droibillan Volunbrun had left Saint Domingue five years earlier for New York. In August 1801 she prepared to move the people she held to Norfolk, sell them there…
On the representations of Mr. Stevens, consul general of the United States, the decree of 21 Frimaire, Year 9 (12 December 1800), will be modified on 10 Nivôse (1 January…
The indolence of the Spaniards, most of them landowners or herdsmen, had given rise to the greatest poverty in the eastern part; there were even frequent and terrible famines. To…
The general-in-chief, for his part, had arrived on 5 January 1801 at San Juan de la Maguana. He was at the head of the 7th and 10th demi-brigades, commanded by…
The governor, Don García, received this letter while mass was being celebrated in the cathedral of Santo Domingo on 6 January 1801. He learned at the same time that Toussaint's…
During this interval General Moyse, having set out from the Rivière du Massacre at the head of more than 3,000 men, reached the river of Guayubín, twenty leagues from Santiago.…
The general-in-chief, for his part, had arrived on 5 January 1801 at San Juan de la Maguana. He was at the head of the 7th and 10th demi-brigades, commanded by…
The general-in-chief, for his part, had arrived on 5 January 1801 at San Juan de la Maguana. He was at the head of the 7th and 10th demi-brigades, commanded by…
He had become the absolute master of the whole island; the French government no longer exercised any influence there. He resolved to convoke a new central assembly which, under his…
Ill-intentioned persons never ceased to spread the most alarming rumors among the Spaniards. It was said in the countryside that he had granted his troops four hours of pillage in…
On 25 April the governor went to Le Cap. On his arrival in that town Citizen Gombaut, judge of the civil court, followed by the civil and military authorities, presented…
Done at Port-Républicain, 19 floréal, Year 9 of the French Republic, one and indivisible. Signed, Borgella, President. Raymond, Collet, Gaston Nogérée, Lacour, Roxas, Mugnos, Mancebo, E. Viart, Secretary. Having taken…
Toussaint, seeing all his plans being realized and wishing to make friends for himself even among the vanquished, cast a look of compassion on the Rigaudist men of color and…
Given at Cap-Français, 14 messidor, Year 9 of the French Republic, one and indivisible. The General-in-Chief: Signed: Toussaint Louverture. Under the date of 15 germinal, Year 1, the Captain-General Rochambeau,…
Toussaint, believing he had nothing more to fear from a party that had been almost exterminated, showed himself generous. On the other hand, as he did not doubt that his…
On 19 Thermidor, Year 9 (7 August 1801), a law suppressing the registries of the former Superior Council of Port-au-Prince, of the seneschal's court of Saint-Marc, and of the former…
Toussaint had the Colonial Constitution, which was in fact nothing but an act of independence, published in every town of the colony with pompous display, to the sound of trumpets,…
In the course of Vendémiaire, Year 10 (October 1801), a conspiracy was hatched at the Cap whose ramifications reached to Port-Margot, to La Marmelade, to Le Dondon, and in short…
Art. 3. This article concerned Guadeloupe, which was likewise regarded as having placed itself in rebellion against the mother country by the expulsion of Captain-General Lacrosse on 29 Vendémiaire, Year…
At the same time Colonel Henry Christophe, commandant of the arrondissement of the Cap, had by his activity and energy restored order in the quarters under his authority. The Cap…
Toussaint was at Les Verrettes, preparing to go to the eastern part to organize the tribunals there according to his Constitution, when General Dessalines, who was with him, received a…
In the course of Vendémiaire, Year 10 (October 1801), a conspiracy was hatched at the Cap whose ramifications reached to Port-Margot, to La Marmelade, to Le Dondon, and in short…
It was remarked that in his proclamation the general-in-chief promised the colony regular institutions, but not liberal ones. On the same day an extract from the registers of the deliberations…
The governor left Héricourt for Le Cap. When he reached the heights above that town, he had about a hundred cultivators who had taken part in the revolt exterminated. On…
"Whatever your origin and your color, you are all French; you are all free and equal before God and before men. France, like Saint-Domingue, has been a prey to factions…
Toussaint Louverture, going to take possession in 1801 of the eastern part ceded to France by Spain in 1795 by the Treaty of Basel, arrived by the Mirebalais road at…
On 11 January 1801, after the fighting at the Guayabine River and at Sabana Grande de Moa, the Spanish withdrew to Santiago; General Moyse reached the walls of their town.…
On 11 January 1801, after the combat of Sabana Grande de Mao, the Spaniards withdrew to Santiago; General Moïse reached the walls of their stronghold. The next day, Lieutenant Colonel…
Toussaint-Louverture, going to take possession of the Eastern part in 1801, left Saint-Jean and arrived at Azua on 12 January. He found the city in perfect tranquillity: he continued his…
In December 1800 Toussaint Louverture marched from the Cap on Santo Domingo with 10,000 men. On 21 January 1801 the Eastern part was handed over to him in the name…
Soon the French drove the English out of it and made war on the Spaniards, from whom they took territory on the mainland, where they settled definitively around 1694. The…
For a long time it was called the department of Louverture, after the name of the general in chief of the army of Saint-Domingue, and it was founded on 13…
On 31 October 1801 there broke out at the Cap the conspiracy of General Moïse against Toussaint-Louverture, whose aim was the extermination of the whites in the North, the union…
On 31 October 1801 there broke out at the Cap the conspiracy of General Moïse against Toussaint-Louverture, whose aim was the extermination of the whites in the North, the union…
On 29 November 1801 the same General Moïse was shot in the Grand Fort of Port-de-Paix before the eyes of General Clerveaux. He had urged an insurrection at the Cap…
Borgella was released from prison at Port-au-Prince after his father Bernard Borgella interceded with Toussaint Louverture.
Don Joaquim Garcia writes to Toussaint to urge him to turn back.
Don García replied to Toussaint Louverture's letters of 29 frimaire and 14 nivôse, refusing to treat his approach with troops as peaceful, and referring to Roume's annulment of the taking…
Agé wrote again to Mirambeau, on 18 nivôse year 9, by superior orders, that he must examine Victoire again; Mirambeau declared she was not pregnant, and she was executed on…
At Saint-Jean Toussaint Louverture signed the regulation of 19 nivôse establishing stamp and registration duties, with fourteen offices; on 10 January he established the duty on patentes.
Toussaint Louverture entered Azua and on 13 January (23 nivôse) answered Don García at length, holding Roume's order of 16 June not to have been officially notified and demanding the…
The day after his arrival at Azua Toussaint Louverture issued an ordinance raising the piastre-gourde to eleven escalins, as in the French part since Count d'Ennery.
Toussaint Louverture wrote again to Don García, sending a letter to be forwarded to Moïse ordering him to cease all hostilities.
An agreement is reached between Toussaint and Don Joaquim Garcia for the handing over of the Eastern part.
Toussaint Louverture, at Boca-Nigua, wrote to Don García approving the lowering of the Spanish flag and hoisting of the French flag with a salute of 22 cannon shots.
Toussaint Louverture entered Santo-Domingo on 6 pluviôse; Don García presented him the keys at the Del Conde gate, and a Te Deum in the cathedral consecrated the taking of possession…
The day after his entry into Santo-Domingo Toussaint Louverture published a notice to reassure the inhabitants and urge those who had left to return; on the 31st he wrote to…
Toussaint Louverture wrote to Don García asking him to stop removing cultivators, more than 3000 of whom had been taken, and blacks embarked by force on a three-masted ship.
Toussaint Louverture asked Don García for 30 thousand piastres-gourdes of the 320 thousand in the royal treasury of Santo-Domingo as a loan to the Republic; on 12 February he asked…
Toussaint Louverture wrote to Don García that, wishing the same laws and measures throughout the island, he set the gourde at eleven escalins as he had done at Azua.
Toussaint Louverture published a proclamation to the inhabitants of Saint-Domingue announcing the taking of possession of the former Spanish part in the name of France.
Toussaint Louverture told Don García he had written three times for ships from Le Cap to transport the Spanish governor and troops, and on 13 February urged him to depart.
The First Consul issued an order of 17 pluviôse year 9 appointing Toussaint Louverture captain-general of the French part of Saint-Domingue, which Ardouin does not know to have been addressed…
An order of the First Consul of 17 pluviôse year IX (6 February 1801) conferred on Toussaint Louverture the title of captain-general; Ardouin says it appears never to have been…
Toussaint Louverture issued at Santo-Domingo the order of 18 pluviôse forbidding sales of land of fewer than fifty carreaux and requiring prior authorization of the municipal administration and his approval…
Toussaint Louverture issued a proclamation declaring that no one but Don García and his troops would leave the colony and that Spaniards were under the protection of the Republic, to…
Toussaint Louverture issued a proclamation to the inhabitants of the former Spanish part ordering the planting of cane, coffee, cotton and cacao.
Toussaint Louverture ordered a company of gendarmerie of 54 men in each commune, kept at the commune's expense; on 6 May, at Le Cap, he issued an order regulating its…
Toussaint Louverture issued an ordinance forbidding the sale of animals in the East, and on 7 March an order taxing the passage of animals from one department to another.
A proclamation of Toussaint Louverture reduced to six per cent the import and export duties in the eastern part and opened the ports of Monte-Christ, Puerto Plata, Samana, Santo-Domingo, Azua…
Toussaint Louverture wrote to the First Consul asking confirmation of the senior ranks he had given, saying he had named Moïse general of division after the taking of the Môle,…
Toussaint Louverture told Don García that it was urgent he depart with the Spanish troops, for reasons he could not detail.
Toussaint Louverture wrote to Don García that he could not consent to the retention of the 62 thousand gourdes Don García had kept for the expenses of his departure.
Toussaint Louverture wrote to Don García to oblige an officer of the regiment of Puerto Rico to fulfil his engagement to marry Doña Ursula Guerrero.
Toussaint Louverture, back at Santo-Domingo after visiting the department of the Engaño and Samana, forbade the cutting and export of mahogany and lignum vitae from the East and permitted logwood…
The central assembly of ten deputies, presided by Bernard Borgella and including Viart, Julien Raymond, Collet, Nogérée, Lacour and deputies of the East, was to meet at Port-au-Prince; Toussaint Louverture…
Rigaud landed at Bordeaux and arrived in Paris on 7 April.
A few days after his arrival at Port-au-Prince Toussaint Louverture issued an order against piracy on the coasts.
Rigaud had arrived in Paris on 7 April 1801, as recalled from the fourth book.
Toussaint Louverture issued at Le Cap a proclamation to the army of Saint-Domingue on military discipline, and on 29 April a decree on the clothing of the troops.
Toussaint Louverture summoned the central assembly to Le Cap by a letter to its president; it signed the constitution on 9 May and left Port-au-Prince on 11 May.
Toussaint Louverture issued a new fiscal regulation abolishing the registration duty and the ten per cent on house rents, keeping export duties at twenty per cent and import duties at…
The central assembly signed the constitution of 1801, whose 77th article charged Toussaint Louverture with sending it to the French government but invited him to have it executed at once;…
Toussaint Louverture permitted the export of the mahogany already cut at Santo-Domingo and Monte-Christ on a duty of 25 per cent and of dyewoods on 20 per cent, while renewing…
Grégoire reads to the Institute his apology for Las Casas.
A decree of Toussaint Louverture regulated the slaughterhouses throughout the colony, leased out to butchers who alone could kill cattle and sell meat.
On 24 May 1801 the minister Forfait wrote at the foot of a report on Pétion's request that the First Consul did not mean to confirm any of those ranks.
A. Chanlatte reported to the minister of the navy on the events at Santo-Domingo.
According to Madiou, Toussaint Louverture assembled in the church of Le Cap the men of color who had been languishing in prison since the fall of Rigaud and pardoned them.
Toussaint Louverture approved the constitution on 14 messidor year 9, declaring the central assembly's invitation an order and promising to send it to the French government for sanction.
An order of the governor released all prisoners other than those held for thefts and murders.
The law of 13 July 1801 fixed the limits of the four departments of the western part of the island.
The central assembly passed a law on the Catholic, apostolic and Roman religion as the only one publicly professed, with ecclesiastical acts subject to the governor's consent.
Toussaint Louverture wrote to the First Consul, by Vincent, announcing the constitution and asking his approval and the sanction of the French government.
The central assembly passed a law on children born out of wedlock.
The central assembly passed a law on the organization of the tribunals created by the constitution.
The central assembly passed a law on notaries, surveyors, health officers, pharmacists, auctioneers, prisons and their keepers.
The central assembly passed a law on the municipal administrations, each with a mayor and four administrators, and the governor published a notice calling public functionaries who took unauthorized fees…
The unpaid national guard was organized by a law, binding every able-bodied man from 14 to 55.
A law settled private debts on the basis of two epochs, 23 August 1791 and 3 October 1798, the date of the total evacuation of the English from the Môle.
A law organized the administration of the finances of the colony under a general administrator of finances and a general treasurer, and an order of the governor directed payment of…
Toussaint Louverture issued an ordinance forbidding communication between neighboring quarters of the Petite-Rivière de l'Artibonite, Saint-Raphaël, Hinche and Banica because of frequent thefts.
The central assembly passed a law on the émigrés and their properties in Saint-Domingue.
A law put the new courts into activity: the governor was to install the court of cassation and the appeal courts.
A law fixed the offenses and penalties within the competence of the special tribunals, and on 11 August another settled the procedure, with sentences of death subject to the governor's…
A law decreed the costume of the members of the central assembly, magistrates, mayors and finance officers.
The governor issued an order on the formation of the new courts.
Toussaint Louverture wrote to the central assembly, which had just ended its single session, praising the organic laws; the assembly answered in a letter referring to 10 fructidor.
Sahuguet wrote to the minister of the navy about Placide, whom he was sending back to Paris; Ardouin takes this as a sign that the expedition was already resolved.
General Kerverseau presented to the minister of the navy a report on Toussaint Louverture's part in the insurrection of 1791.
General Kerverseau presented to the minister of the navy and colonies his report on the French part of Saint-Domingue, dated 20 fructidor, year 9, with a summary five days later.
The governor issued an order erecting several bourgs of the former Spanish part into communes.
The preliminaries of the peace of Amiens were signed in London.
The preliminaries of peace with England were signed on 1 October 1801.
The Moniteur of 11 vendémiaire published Toussaint Louverture's constitution, taken from American papers, without guaranteeing its authenticity.
The Moniteur analyzed the pamphlet of the colonist Charles Esmangart, which held for the liberty of the blacks but proposed a strong government and the trade in captives.
The schooner Wilmington left Plymouth for the West Indies to announce the preliminaries of peace and carry orders of the English government.
The First Consul wrote on 16 vendémiaire to the minister of war about the expedition, with further letters on 13, 21 and 23 October; France made peace with Russia the…
The Moniteur published Toussaint Louverture's two letters to the First Consul of 12 February 1801, while the expedition was being prepared in the ports of France; the second said he…
Julien Raymond died at Le Cap on 25 vendémiaire year 10.
Toussaint Louverture considered Moïse a state prisoner (6 brumaire, year 10).
On the governor's feast day, Toussaint Louverture ordered General Clervaux to take Moïse to the dungeon of the Grand-Fort of Port-de-Paix.
The expedition was ordered ready to depart between 12 and 15 brumaire, year 10 (3 to 6 November), General Leclerc having been summoned from the Gironde.
The First Consul signed at Paris his proclamation of 17 brumaire year X to the inhabitants of Saint-Domingue.
Rigaud went to Rochefort on 17 November 1801 to embark.
The First Consul wrote from Paris his letter of 27 brumaire year X to Toussaint Louverture, general in chief of the army of Saint-Domingue.
Councillor of State Thibaudeau told the legislative body that a fleet and an army preparing to leave would restore Saint-Domingue to the laws of the Republic.
On 23 November 1801 the government's spokesman, in the exposition of the situation of the Republic, announced the provisions on the colonies that the law of 1802 later contained.
Toussaint Louverture issued at Cap-Français his proclamation of 4 frimaire, year 10, a penal and police regulation in 21 articles that Ardouin calls his political testament.
Toussaint Louverture published a proclamation of 27 frimaire to reassure minds, calling for the orders of the mother country to be received with filial piety.
Toussaint Louverture issued his proclamation of 18 December, whose terms the municipality of Le Cap recalled to Christophe in 1802.
In October 1801, Toussaint Louverture drove out of it the partisans of Moïse who had taken refuge there. Rouzier tells this under the entry RAVINE DOREY (la).
The army was therefore on the point of departing when the policy of the consular government began to reveal itself with regard to the colonies. It was on the occasion…
They therefore set out with Aly for the mother country on 21 vendémiaire, Year IX (13 October 1800) (3). Taken prisoner at the entrance of the Channel, they were conducted…
Thus the last shadow of authority that France cast over the colony had just vanished (1). Toussaint at once directed his army against Santo-Domingo; he entered it by force on…
“Paris, 4 floréal, Year IX (24 May 1801). “Citizen Pétion, an officer of color who served in Saint-Domingue under the orders of General Rigaud, was promoted to the rank of…
He did indeed convene a constituent assembly under the name of Central Assembly. This assembly, composed of the citizens Gaston Nogéré, Lacour, André Collet, Jean Monceybo, François Morillas, Charles Roxas,…
On 14 messidor (3 July), this constitution was promulgated at the Cap, where the Central Assembly had been summoned. Citizen Borgella, in his speech, extolled the extraordinary man whose acts…
Signed: FORFAIT.” It is true that Sonthonax, in his last mission, no doubt to prepare disciples for his destructive projects, had scattered military dignities with scandalous profusion; he had heaped…
The government counted heavily on the Black officers and the officers of color who were in France to aid the success of its arms. Rigaud, Léveillé, Villatte; the chiefs of…
This general censured his uncle's predilection for the whites; and although he had been the principal instrument of Hédouville's flight and of the humiliations Roume underwent, he was far from…
The squadrons of Rochefort, of Brest and of Lorient weighed anchor on 23 frimaire (14 December); they rallied for the third time at Cape Samana, at the head of the…
1802-1804: Napoleon’s expedition sought to restore slavery; resistance led to the final defeat of French forces. Napoléon Bonaparte sent a massive expeditionary army to Saint Domingue with secret orders to…
1802: William Wordsworth composed the famous sonnet "To Toussaint L'Ouverture" while the Haitian revolutionary leader was held as a prisoner of Napoleon in France. Toussaint was confined to a deep…
1802-Feb.-03: General Leclerc arrives with a massive French expeditionary force. Napoleon sent this fleet with secret orders to restore slavery and capture the revolutionary leadership. Significance: Triggered the final and…
1802-Mar.: The Treaty of Amiens established a precarious peace between France and Great Britain, ending the official aiding of Dominguan rebels. With France no longer an enemy, the British were…
1802-May: Toussaint Louverture surrenders and retires to private life on his plantation. His withdrawal from active command left his subordinates to collaborate with or resist the French presence.
1802-Jun.-07: Toussaint Louverture is arrested by Brunet and deported to France in chains. His betrayal and subsequent death in captivity failed to stop the momentum of the revolution he had…
1802-Jul.-04: General Leclerc issues a secret order for the arrest of Colonel Sans Souci to prevent a new rebellion. The French commander intended to remove the most effective guerrilla leaders…
1802-Jul.-07: Colonel Jean-Baptiste Sans Souci defects from the French camp and launches an attack on a military outpost. This act marked the beginning of his sustained guerrilla resistance in the…
1802-Oct.-13: Alexandre Pétion leads a rebellion against the French army and is immediately followed by Henry Christophe. This defection of the colonial generals initiated the final, unified stage of the…
1802-Oct.-13: The generals Alexandre Pétion and Jean-Jacques Dessalines desert the French army to lead a unified popular insurrection. Their defection signaled the collapse of Leclerc's strategy to use colonial officers…
Late 1802: Colonel Sans Souci is assassinated at the Grand Pré plantation after falling into a trap set by Henry Christophe. His death effectively silenced a major rival to the…
1802-January-02: As Napoleon prepared a massive expeditionary force under General Leclerc to submerge Toussaint’s regime, French diplomats became increasingly obsessed with American influence on the island. Chargé Pichon warned his…
1802-February-01: A diplomatic crisis arose when Magloire Pélage, the rebel leader of Guadeloupe, sent an envoy named De Nord to the United States to seek an increase in American commerce.…
1802-February-04: General Charles Leclerc arrived in Saint-Domingue at the head of a massive French expeditionary force intended to restore metropolitan authority and eventually re-establish slavery. President Jefferson, despite earlier hints…
1802-March-01: French chargé d'affaires Pichon expressed extreme frustration with the Jefferson administration for failing to issue a formal decree forbidding all commerce with Toussaint’s rebels. While Madison admitted that the…
1802-May-01: American Minister to France Robert R. Livingston defended the conduct of American merchants in a series of tense communications with the French foreign ministry. He argued that the U.S.…
1802-June-28: French Foreign Minister Talleyrand sent a disgruntled note to Livingston demanding that the United States formally forbid its citizens from trading with the rebellious "brigands" of Saint-Domingue. Talleyrand argued…
1802-October-15: As the Leclerc expedition continued to falter due to disease and heavy casualties, the tension over American commerce remained the principal source of friction between the two nations. In…
1802, February 2–7: (The Burning of Cap Français and the Envelopment of the Coast): Toussaint observed the arrival of the French armada from the heights of Samana Bay on January…
1802, February 17–23: (The Battle of Ravine-à-Couleuvre): Leclerc officially proclaimed Toussaint a rebel and outlaw on February 17, 1802, as his sick list already numbered 2,000 men. Toussaint attempted to…
1802, March 4–24: (The Epic Siege of La Crête-à-Pierrot): Dessalines concentrated his defense at La Crête-à-Pierrot, an old English-built fort commanding the upper Artibonite valley. During a March 4 assault,…
1802, April 25 – May 6: (The Surrender of the Generals and Toussaint’s Retirement): The fall of La Crête-à-Pierrot signaled the end of organized resistance and the conclusion of Napoleon's…
1802, May 6–23: (The Uneasy Armistice and the Demobilization of the South): Following Toussaint Louverture's formal surrender at the Cap, General Leclerc hosted him for a tense dinner where Toussaint,…
1802, June 7: (The Capture and Deportation of Toussaint Louverture): General Leclerc utilized a French general named Brunet to lure Toussaint into a fatal trap by inviting him to a…
1802, May–July: (The Secret Decree and the Return of the Yellow Jack): While Leclerc and his wife Pauline enjoyed a luxurious lifestyle at the Cap, Napoleon signed a decree on…
1802, July–September: (The Failed Disarmament and the Spreading Revolt): Despite the official peace, Leclerc was unable to disarm the colony, as some 140,000 muskets remained in the hands of the…
1802, October 22 – November 2: (The Death of Leclerc and the Succession of Rochambeau): In his final "will and testament" to Napoleon, a malarial and feverish Leclerc advised that…
1802, August 24 – 1803, April 7: (The Imprisonment and Death of Toussaint Louverture): Following his arrest, Toussaint Louverture was transported to the Jura mountains and imprisoned in the stone…
1802-02-00: (Leclerc Arrives in Haiti With 40,000 French Troops, the Largest Expeditionary Force Napoleon Ever Sent Across the Atlantic, Charged With Crushing Louverture and Restoring French Control Over the Colony):…
1802-05-00: (Louverture Surrenders Under a Fraudulent Promise That Slavery Will Never Be Reimposed, the French Seizing Him Within Weeks and Shipping Him to a Prison in the Jura Mountains Where…
1802-08-07: (France Reestablishes Slavery in Haiti, the Betrayal That Reunites Black and Mulatto Revolutionaries Against the French and Transforms a Colonial War Into a War of Total Liberation): On August…
1802-11-01: (Leclerc Dies of Yellow Fever on Tortuga, His Army Decimated by Disease, the French Campaign to Reconquer Haiti Collapsing Around a General's Corpse): On November 1, 1802, General Leclerc…
1802–1935: (Marie-Jeanne at Crête à Pierrot and the Ethiopian Connection: the LFAS Sending Sympathies "in the Name of All Haitian Women" to "the Valiant Ethiopian Women Who Remind Us…
On 23 February 1802 Toussaint Louverture met Napoleon's army in a narrow pass about ten kilometres from Gonaïves. General Donatien de Rochambeau came down the ravine with 3,000 infantry. Toussaint…
Jean-Denis Le Doyen was born at Liege in 1751 and made brigadier general of the French Revolution. On 29 October 1801 he was assigned to the army of Saint-Domingue, the…
Leclerc landed in February 1802 with orders from Napoleon to deport the black generals and put the chains back on. Most of the indigenous commanders had submitted. Toussaint Louverture was…
Two weeks after landing at Le Cap, General Leclerc issued a proclamation on this day: General Toussaint and General Christophe are outlawed, and every citizen is ordered to hunt them…
Charles Victoire Emmanuel Leclerc died of yellow fever on Tortuga on 2 November 1802, aged thirty. Napoleon had sent him in December 1801 with a fleet and 40,000 men. He…
On 20 July 1802 Toussaint Louverture, held prisoner in France after his arrest and deportation from Saint-Domingue, wrote to Bonaparte. He had been taken in June by men who invited…
On 24 July 1802 the Minister of the Marine instructed the maritime prefect at Brest that Toussaint Louverture was to be shut in the château there and kept under good…
On 16 September 1802 Toussaint Louverture wrote once more to Bonaparte from captivity in France. He had been moved inland by then, away from the sea and any chance of…
On 27 October 1802 Toussaint Louverture wrote from Fort de Joux, the fortress high in the Jura where he had been held since August. He had been searched on arrival…
Suzanne Bélair, called Sanité, was executed by the French on 5 October 1802, alongside her husband General Charles Bélair. Born around 1781, she was a lieutenant in Toussaint Louverture's army.…
Toussaint Louverture was brought to Fort de Joux, the fortress in the Jura mountains where he would die, in late August 1802. He had been arrested in June after being…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Montevideo in 1802, the people aboard the Balk rose against the crew. They had been taken at Senegal. The record gives the numbers…
Henriette Saint-Marc was known in Port-au-Prince as a quiet and respectable woman who walked with her eyes down past the barracks of the old regiments of Artois, Guyenne and Normandy.…
A few days before the battle of Crete-a-Pierrot, Dessalines was at Petite-Riviere de l'Artibonite where French residents were being killed in reprisal. Two young Frenchmen ran to Claire Heureuse and…
Before leaving for the Mornet, Toussaint heard Mass and took communion at La Marmelade. His soldiers, following his example, fulfilled their duties as Christians. They addressed fervent prayers to God…
Aboard the Océan, 13 Pluviôse, Year 10. I learn with indignation, citizen general, that you refuse to receive the squadron and the French army that I command, on the pretext…
During this interval the frigates Fraternité and Précieuse, under the orders of Captain Bernard of the navy, carrying a thousand men for landing under the command of General Kerverseau, had…
The French squadron had reached Le Lamentin on the evening of the third of February. Groups of citizens at once formed in every street. On all sides people declared themselves…
Christophe, followed by his staff, went to the municipality, reproached Télémaque sharply and with threats for having had the two proclamations posted, and told him that the town would be…
As soon as the sails of Admiral Latouche-Tréville's squadron had been sighted, most of the inhabitants of Port-Républicain, whose number rose above 30,000 souls, had shown themselves disposed to receive…
The calm that reigned in the bay of La Gonâve held back the squadron carrying Boudet's division. The ships seemed to sleep upon the sea; their flags, stirred by not…
Meanwhile the Sainte-Claire battery was firing on the squadron, which had moored broadside along the reefs that separate the two roadsteads. Admiral Latouche-Tréville, by the rapid fire of his broadsides,…
In the afternoon of 5 February (the day after the fire), Admiral Villaret-Joyeuse fired several broadsides from the ship of the line l'Océan, of 120 guns, at Fort Bélair, which…
Having made vain efforts to bring the citizens to take up arms, Lamartinière went to the arsenal. He was boiling with fury; had he not met with opposition from Magny…
Christophe, followed by his staff, went to the municipality, reproached Télémaque sharply and with threats for having had the two proclamations posted, and told him that the town would be…
The next day, 5 February, at ten in the morning, the French army landed at Le Lamentin. Lamartinière, to his great astonishment, did not hear the guns of Fort Bizoton.…
When they were brought into the presence of Leclerc, he said to them, handing them the letter addressed to their father by the First Consul: "I think that this writing,…
I am giving General Laplume the order to burn the town of Les Cayes, the other towns and all the plains; and in case he cannot resist the enemy's force,…
On 20 pluviôse (9 February) a French schooner was tacking within sight of Port-de-Paix. A boat put off from it and reached the shore. Two envoys under a flag of…
The white troops did not yet hold Fort National. Had Lamartinière resolved to defend it with as much vigor as he had fought with at the Léogane post, Boudet would…
At the same time General Pamphile de Lacroix, unaware of the events in the Artibonite and the North, seriously expected to be attacked by Dessalines. Two letters had been intercepted…
Liberty, Equality. Toussaint Louverture, Governor of Saint-Domingue, to Citizen Dommage, general of brigade, commander in chief of the arrondissement of Jérémie. Headquarters, Saint-Marc, 20 Pluviôse, Year 10 (9 February 1802).…
On 20 pluviôse (9 February) a French schooner was tacking within sight of Port-de-Paix. A boat put off from it and reached the shore. Two envoys under a flag of…
The citizens of Les Gonaïves, frightened of the calamities of war by the sufferings that already afflicted the inhabitants of Le Cap who had taken refuge in great numbers in…
On 20 pluviôse (9 February) a French schooner was tacking within sight of Port-de-Paix. A boat put off from it and reached the shore. Two envoys under a flag of…
Art. 5. General Augustin Clervaux, who commands the department of Cibao, having recognized the French government and the authority of the captain-general, is confirmed in his rank and his command.…
By his plan of campaign, Leclerc was to drive all of Toussaint's forces back upon Les Gonaïves, blockade them there on every side, and hurl them into the sea, where…
Headquarters, Le Cap, 28 Pluviôse, Year 10 (17 February 1802). Inhabitants of Saint-Domingue, I came, in the name of the French government, to bring you peace and happiness; I feared…
General Rochambeau, for his part, who, as we have seen, had left Fort Liberté, came up with the enemy on 18 February, scattered them in the woods after a most…
Rochambeau, having learned that Toussaint had a considerable depot of powder at the Ravine-à-Couleuvre, resolved to leave General Christophe's track. He made his way along paths the enemy did not…
General Rochambeau, for his part, who, as we have seen, had left Fort Liberté, came up with the enemy on 18 February, scattered them in the woods after a most…
By his plan of campaign, Leclerc was to drive all of Toussaint's forces back upon Les Gonaïves, blockade them there on every side, and hurl them into the sea, where…
Sir John Thomas Duckworth, commanding the Jamaica station, to Admiral Villaret-Joyeuse, at the Cap. On board His Britannic Majesty's ship Leviathan, at Port Royal, Jamaica, 19 February 1802. Sir, I…
The first right-hand column set out by the Gros-Morne road to take Maurepas in the rear; the second right-hand column crossed the Lacoupe Aubert plantation and came out in the…
We must remember that the first right-hand column had left Port-de-Paix to attack General Maurepas in the rear. It was five hundred strong. After crossing the Aubert plantation, it had…
Clervaux at Santiago, at the head of 700 men of the 6th demi-brigade, received no news of Toussaint Louverture. He was in the keenest anxiety over the fate of his…
We must remember that the first right-hand column had left Port-de-Paix to attack General Maurepas in the rear. It was five hundred strong. After crossing the Aubert plantation, it had…
While Leclerc was assailing Les Gonaïves, General Boudet, encamped at Montrouis, set out to march on Saint-Marc. He ordered Lieutenant Colonel Valabrègue, who had taken possession of L'Arcahaie, to join…
On 2 Ventôse (21 February) Christophe was attacked at Ennery by General Hardy. Hardy carried the town with the bayonet. Christophe gave ground foot by foot, falling back before forces…
General Rochambeau had already reached the gorge called the Ravine-à-Couleuvre. This defile leaves the Coupe-à-l'Inde on the left and the Bayonnet on the right. Setting out from Saint-Michel, he had…
While Leclerc was assailing Les Gonaïves, General Boudet, encamped at Montrouis, set out to march on Saint-Marc. He ordered Lieutenant Colonel Valabrègue, who had taken possession of L'Arcahaie, to join…
General Rochambeau had already reached the gorge called the Ravine-à-Couleuvre. This defile leaves the Coupe-à-l'Inde on the left and the Bayonnet on the right. Setting out from Saint-Michel, he had…
In the meantime Desfourneaux's division took up position in front of Ennery, where General Hardy had assembled his whole division. It followed the high road to Les Gonaïves (22 February).…
The former governor marched at the head of the grenadiers of his guard. Suddenly he heard the challenge of a French sentry. His eyes flashed with unease: Guard of honor…
Dessalines seized a torch and, accompanied by the chef d'escadron Bazelais, his aide-de-camp, advanced toward his residence, whose building and furnishing had cost him a million francs; he went in…
In the meantime Desfourneaux's division took up position in front of Ennery, where General Hardy had assembled his whole division. It followed the high road to Les Gonaïves (22 February).…
As soon as these letters had been handed to him, General Pamphile de Lacroix, unaware that Dessalines was at Petite-Rivière de l'Artibonite, laid ambushes on the night of 8 to…
Lubin Golart at once resolved to march against Maurepas, his personal enemy, at the head of the cultivators of the commune of Jean-Rabel, all of them Black. He declared that…
As Toussaint was still fighting the French relentlessly, Leclerc, to draw his partisans into defection, received General Maurepas at Le Gros-Morne with distinction, confirmed him in his rank of general…
Rochambeau and Hardy were encamped at the bridge of the Ester. Captain-General Leclerc ordered them to scour the mountains of the Cahos, where Mesdames Dessalines, Louverture, Vernet and Gabart and…
General Boudet had taken the field at the head of all the troops under his orders. Pamphile de Lacroix, adjudant-general, recovered from the wound he had received in the attack…
Lamartinière and Magny, foreseeing that they would be attacked during the night, ordered an officer who had their confidence to keep watch around the fort, to give the alarm as…
On 13 Ventôse (4 March) he entered the Mirebalais, which had been reduced to ashes by the Indigenous when Rochambeau had penetrated there. On the Chirry plantation lay the corpses…
On 13 Ventôse (4 March) he entered the Mirebalais, which had been reduced to ashes by the Indigenous when Rochambeau had penetrated there. On the Chirry plantation lay the corpses…
Rochambeau's division, having likewise scoured the Cahos, had followed the right bank of the Artibonite and on 22 March had come to take up position in front of the Raque-à-Vaches,…
From 1 to 3 Germinal (22 to 24 March) the great and the small fort were vigorously cannonaded and bombarded. Colonel Jean-Baptiste Louverture was killed by a blast of grapeshot.…
On the morning of 24 March an old Black man, lame, deaf and nearly dumb, accompanied by an old Black woman, was seized by the French in the neighborhood of…
To open communication with Maurepas, of whose fate he was ignorant, the former governor resolved to take Plaisance and not to halt until he was deep in the mountains of…
The sentries posted at the edges of the camp stood motionless at their posts. The soldiers, who all scorned death, sat on broad stones around their few arms, stacked in…
The same day, 30 Germinal (20 April), Vilton wrote to Christophe from La Petite-Anse that he had received his letter, and that his submission to General Leclerc would win him…
On 2 Floréal, Year 10 (22 April), Christophe, who was indignant at the proposal Leclerc had made to him to deliver up Toussaint Louverture, answered Hardy that he would have…
Leclerc answered him in a letter of 4 Floréal (24 April) that he must not doubt the benevolent views of the French government toward the inhabitants of Saint-Domingue, and that…
In the Books that will make up the second volume, we shall relate the siege of Jacmel, the end of the civil war, the embarkation of Rigaud, the absolute triumph…
The captain-general, freed from the anxieties that Toussaint's resistance had caused him, turned his thoughts to reorganizing the general administration of the colony, and above all to ridding himself of…
The former governor went to the Béranger plantation, from which he was to proceed directly to the Gonaïves. But on the George plantation, adjoining that of Pougaudin, he met General…
On the day of his arrest the French battalion commander Pesquidou, who commanded at Ennery, allowed his apartments to be pillaged. Madame Louverture, Isaac and Placide Louverture, and the commandants…
By a decree of the captain-general of 2 Messidor, Year 10 (21 June 1802), the French part of Saint-Domingue was divided into three departments, the North, the West and the…
The Americans, who since the establishment of the new government had lost all the commercial advantages they had enjoyed under Toussaint Louverture, watched with despair the continuance of peace in…
The Americans, who since the establishment of the new government had lost all the commercial advantages they had enjoyed under Toussaint Louverture, watched with despair the continuance of peace in…
On 24 Fructidor (11 September) the harbor of the Cap had received a convoy of fourteen ships out of Livorno, carrying 6,000 troops. A few days later the frigate l'Égyptienne,…
On 12 September (25 Fructidor) General Dugua, chief of the general staff, published this letter of Dessalines in the order of the day. Leclerc made Captain Gauthier, Dessalines's aide-de-camp, whom…
It was then, in the first days of October, that General Charles Bélair was landed at the Cap. Six hours after his arrival he was brought before the commission that…
In the night of 20 Vendémiaire (12 October 1802) the halls of the palace at the Cap were illuminated; the strains of harmonious music resounded through apartments resplendent with luxury.…
In the night of 20 Vendémiaire (12 October 1802) the halls of the palace at the Cap were illuminated; the strains of harmonious music resounded through apartments resplendent with luxury.…
On 22 Vendémiaire (14 October), in the night, the sky was brilliant with stars and a soft breeze stirred the leaves of the palms that covered the plateau of the…
In the course of 22 Vendémiaire (14 October), Pétion abandoned the Morne Rouge and went with the 10th and 13th to the Héricourt plantation, intending to make his way toward…
Clervaux, followed by a few horsemen, pursued him vigorously; d'Henin turned about in fury, and single combat began between these two warriors, who had embraced each other at the ball…
Clervaux, followed by a few horsemen, pursued him vigorously; d'Henin turned about in fury, and single combat began between these two warriors, who had embraced each other at the ball…
At the same time Generals Clervaux, Christophe and Pétion, who had withdrawn to Morne-Rouge, learning that the captain-general was gravely ill and that Le Cap was in consternation, resolved to…
At the same time Generals Clervaux, Christophe and Pétion, who had withdrawn to Morne-Rouge, learning that the captain-general was gravely ill and that Le Cap was in consternation, resolved to…
Meanwhile Capoix, master of Port-de-Paix since Brunet's evacuation of the town, had completely reorganized the 9th, formerly colonial. He sent one of his lieutenants at the head of one of…
The captain-general named Colonel Neterwood, a Swede in the service of France, commander of his guard of honor. Chef de brigade Sabès replaced General Claparède in command of the place…
Although Larose was subject to the authority of Lamour Dérance, his troops showed Dessalines every kind of sympathy. Several times they loudly demanded to be placed under his orders. To…
Rochambeau ordered General Clausel to take command of an expedition directed against Fort-Liberté. A battalion of the 86th demi-brigade of the line, commanded by Colonel Lenormand, was embarked on the…
On the Bédette plantation in the plain there was a corps of observation 200 horsemen strong. A battalion of the European 86th, 500 men, and a squadron of gendarmes of…
In the West, Lamour Dérance, who had taken the title of general in chief of the departments of the West and the South, commanded all the insurgents: Larose at the…
Lamour Dérance had left Pétion making his way toward Léogane through the gorges of the Rivière Froide. He had moved to Darbonne, where he had his headquarters, in the plain…
In the North, Rochambeau was making useless efforts to occupy the villages of the coast. The insurgents withdrew into the interior as soon as the French landed. The French built…
On the Bédette plantation in the plain there was a corps of observation 200 horsemen strong. A battalion of the European 86th, 500 men, and a squadron of gendarmes of…
When Fort Ça-Ira was taken, the French who had escaped the massacre had thrown themselves into the barges in the roadstead, had reached Port-Républicain and had announced there that Pétion…
When Fort Ça-Ira was taken, the French who had escaped the massacre had thrown themselves into the barges in the roadstead, had reached Port-Républicain and had announced there that Pétion…
Lamour Dérance had left Pétion making his way toward Léogane through the gorges of the Rivière Froide. He had moved to Darbonne, where he had his headquarters, in the plain…
Gérin, learning that Geffrard, his former colonel in the civil war, was in the plain of Léogane, left Léveillé in the heights of Petit-Goâve and came to join him with…
The squadron of the Leclerc expedition reached the Lamentin on the evening of 3 February 1802. On the 5th, at 10 o'clock in the morning, the French army, under the…
On 3 February 1802, the squadron of the Leclerc expedition arrived before the town. Joy was painted on all faces. People were weary of the despotism of Toussaint. A single…
In January 1802 the French squadron carrying the division of General Hardy, of the Leclerc expedition, presented itself before the Cap. Christophe, who was in command there for Toussaint, had…
On 4 February 1802, the Rochambeau division of the Leclerc expedition reached the shore of the bay of Mancenille, at the head of which lies that of Fort-Liberté. Rochambeau stormed…
In January 1802, on arriving before the roadstead of the Cap, General Leclerc summoned Christophe to hand over to him Forts Picolet and Bélair. Christophe refused. On 4 February Fort…
On 5 February 1802, on the arrival of the Leclerc expedition, the division of General Boudet landed at Lamentin, where the present lighthouse of the bay of Port-au-Prince stands, seized…
On 5 February 1802, at the landing of the French army at the Lamentin, General Boudet sent the cavalry colonel d'Hénin to the fort of Léogane (Lerebours) with the mission…
The French squadron, moored along the reefs that separate the two roadsteads, after having reduced Fort Sainte-Claire to silence, directed its fire on the fort of Léogane (Lerebours); the projectiles…
At the landing of the French army at the Lamentin, on 5 February 1802, Fort National fired three cannon shots of alarm. At this signal, all the whites who had…
The squadron of the Leclerc expedition reached the Lamentin on the evening of 3 February 1802. On the 5th, at 10 o'clock in the morning, the French army, under the…
On 5 February 1802, at the landing of the French army at the Lamentin, after taking from Lamatinière the fort of Léogane (Lerebours), the column of General Boudet entered the…
The French army landed at the Lamentin on 5 February. Fort Bizoton submitted. Fort Léogane (Lerebours) offered it a lively resistance. After two repeated assaults, it was carried. General Boudet…
On 5 February 1802, when the French army landed at the Lamentin, the garrison of the fort had been won over by the citizens. The 3rd Colonial had fired on…
On 5 February 1802, at the landing of the French army at Lamentin, the national fort fired the alarm cannon; at this signal all the whites who had been arrested…
At the landing of the French army at the Lamentin, on 5 February 1802, fort Ste. Claire fired on the squadron, which had moored along the reefs that separate the…
After the occupation of Port-Républicain by the troops of the Leclerc expedition, General Boudet learned, on 9 February 1802, of the appearance of Dessalines in the plain of the Cul-de-Sac.…
In February 1802, the sons of Toussaint, Isaac and Placide, having arrived at the Cap with the Leclerc expedition, came to visit their father at Ennery, accompanied by M. Coisnon,…
Two parlementaires, the citizens Breton and Bistaret, landed in a boat beside General Maurepas and summoned him to surrender the place to Captain-General Leclerc, failing which it would be buried…
The banana trees of the district were cut down during the night: a rampart was made of them in the middle of the mountain road. On 11 February, these works…
On the arrival of the Leclerc expedition, General Hardy assailed Christophe at Dondon: it was 18 February 1802. Christophe withdrew in disorder to the Marmelade, leaving a part of his…
On 18 February 1802 General Desfourneaux, dispatched by Captain General Leclerc from le Cap against Toussaint Louverture at the Gonaives, came to establish himself near Plaisance. The commander of this…
Rochambeau marched from Fort-Liberté against the indigènes in revolt at St.Raphael, and caught up with them on 18 February 1802, dispersed them and seized St.Raphael. Rouzier tells this under the…
On 19 February 1802, General Hardy, of the Leclerc expedition, marching from the Cap against Toussaint at the Gonaïves, seized the Morne Bois-pin, an almost impregnable position, and entered la…
On 19 February 1802, General Hardy, after seizing the Crête-à-Pins, entered the Marmelade at the double with bayonets forward, overthrowing before him the troops that Christophe had left there. Rouzier…
MARRE A LA ROCHE. Position near St. Michel de l'Atalaye. On 19 February 1802 Rochambeau took St. Michel; his right column scaled the Marre à la Roche without firing a…
On 18 February 1802 General Desfourneaux, dispatched by Captain General Leclerc from le Cap against Toussaint Louverture at the Gonaives, came to establish himself near Plaisance. The commander of this…
Humbert marched on Port-de-Paix. Maurepas then abandoned Fort Pageot, from which he had time to remove the munitions. Port-de-Paix was the only place where the French were not massacred at…
On 19 February 1802, Rochambeau seized Saint Michel from Christophe without striking a blow. Rouzier tells this under the entry ST. MICHEL du NORD ou de l'ATALAYE.
On 20 February 1802, a column of General Debelle that was going to fight Maurepas, entrenched at the Trois-Pavillons, passing by the road from the Cap, halted on the glacis…
On 20 February 1802, a column of General Debelle, going to fight Maurepas at the Trois-Pavillons by the road from the Cap, entered the mountain by the habitation Chapron and…
On 20 February 1802 a column of General Debelle passed through Delaunay on its way to attack Maurepas, who was encamped at the Trois-Pavillons. It had spent the whole day…
On 20 February 1802, a column of General Debelle's division left Port-de-Paix to attack Maurepas at the Trois-Pavillons. It followed the road to the Cap as far as the Laveaux…
On the evening of 20 February 1802 a column of General Debelle, marching against Maurepas at the Trois Pavillons by the Gros-Morne road, reached the habitation Payette Petite Place. Rouzier…
In 1802 it was occupied by Bodin, a homme de couleur, colonel of the 9th colonial. On 20 February the second column of General Debelle of the Leclerc expedition, marching…
Humbert marched on Port-de-Paix. Maurepas then abandoned Fort Pageot, from which he had time to remove the munitions. Port-de-Paix was the only place where the French were not massacred at…
The indigènes lost only 150 men in these 2 actions. Humbert's failures astonished the French army. Leclerc sent General Debelle to lend him a strong hand with fifteen hundred men…
On 21 February 1802, Nicolas Louis pursued, from the habitation Payette Petite Place to the Aubert-Trois-Rivières pass, a column of 500 men of the French General Debelle that had lost…
On 21 February 1802, a column of 500 men under the French General Debelle, marching against Maurepas at Trois-Pavillons by the road from Gros-Morne, was beaten there by Nicolas Louis,…
On 21 February, Christophe was assailed at Ennery by General Hardy, who took the bourg at the point of the bayonet. Christophe yielded the ground foot by foot, falling back…
On 22 February 1802 Rochambeau, marching from Saint-Michel against the Ravine à Couleuvres, halted at Barade, at the entrance of the defile, on the mountain side. Toussaint-Louverture marched to meet…
After being driven from Ennery by General Hardy on 21 February 1802, Christophe established himself there, and thus covered the right of the position that Toussaint-Louverture had his army take…
In February 1802, being at the Gonaïves, Toussaint had the Coupe à Pintade occupied by his army to halt Leclerc's march on Gonaïves. Christophe was guarding the position of the…
On 23 February 1802, after laying ambushes for the French army at the Coupe-à-Pintade, the Black officer Marinier withdrew in good order to the entrance of the Gonaïves, at the…
LACROIX. Plain extending at the entrance of the Ravine à Couleuvres, near the Gonaives, rural section of Desdunes. It is also called Savane Désolée. It is crossed by a stream…
After being driven back from this defile by Rochambeau on 23 February 1802, Toussaint Louverture rallied his troops on the Périsse habitation. He told his soldiers that the battle he…
POTEAUX (les). Quartier of the Arrondissement of the Gonaïves, a small village situated in the rural section of the same name, between Gonaives and Plaisance, commune of the Gonaives. Rural…
The defile of the Ravine à Couleuvres leaves the Coupe à l'Inde on the left and the Bayonnais on the right. Rochambeau set out from St. Michel, crossed Platana and…
On 24 February 1802, Generals Christophe and Vernet, evacuating the Gonaïves at the approach of Leclerc, took the road to the Pont de l'Estère, and sent on to the Cahos…
In February 1802, at the moment when Leclerc was marching against Toussaint from the Cap to the Gonaïves, the latter sent his wife, Isaac his son, his sisters, and the…
On the approach of the Leclerc expedition, the town was burned by Vernet, on the order of Toussaint-Louverture (24 February 1802). Rouzier tells this under the entry Gonaïves (les).
On 24 February 1802, the garrison of this town, when the moment came to evacuate it at the approach of the French, gained the morne Grammont, where General Vernet met…
Saint Marc was burned on 24 February 1802 by Dessalines, on the arrival of the French (Boudet's division). That general had part of its ruins carried off to build Marchand,…
On the approach of the French, on 24 February 1802, Charles Bélair reduced the bourg to ashes. On 9 March the Boudet division, coming out of Mirebalais, assembled at Verrettes.…
Vernet, whom Toussaint-Louverture had left at the Gonaïves, evacuated that town in 1802, after reducing it to ashes, at the approach of Leclerc. Toussaint abandoned his camp of Perisse to…
Lubin Golard, an implacable enemy of Maurepas, marched from Jean-Rabel against that general at Trois-Pavillons: on arriving on 26 February at the habitation Lacorne Guédon, he learned of Maurepas's submission…
After the evacuation of the Gonaives by Vernet and the occupation of the place by Leclerc, Maurepas, seeing himself on the point of being surrounded, made his submission to General…
After the evacuation of the Gonaives by Vernet and the occupation of the place by Leclerc, Maurepas, seeing himself on the point of being surrounded, made his submission to General…
On 2 March 1802, General Rochambeau, camped at the bridge of the Estère and heading toward the Cahos in pursuit of Toussaint-Louverture, followed along the river of Cabeuil; he gathered…
On 24 February 1802, Generals Christophe and Vernet, evacuating the Gonaïves at the approach of Leclerc, took the road to the Pont de l'Estère, and sent on to the Cahos…
On 3 March Adjutant General d'Hénin reached the post of Trianon, turned the heights of the position, and entered the gorges of Trianon. Rouzier tells this under the entry PENSEZ-Y-BIEN…
On 3 March 1802, the advance guard of the Boudet division, which was going from Port Républicain to Mirebalais, reached the post of Trianon, which was held by a hundred…
When the vanguard of the Boudet division entered the Mirebalais, on 4 March 1802, 300 corpses of white colonists were found on this habitation, who had been massacred by the…
From dawn the sentinels redoubled their attention. Suddenly, on 4 March, the echoes of the mountain repeated the noise of musketry: a French column had just crossed the Artibonite after…
On 4 March 1802, General d'Henin, who commanded the vanguard of the Boudet division, after taking the Trianon, entered Mirebalais, which he found in ashes. Three hundred corpses of white…
On 3 March 1802, the advance guard of the Boudet division, which was going from Port Républicain to Mirebalais, reached the post of Trianon, which was held by a hundred…
On the approach of the French, on 24 February 1802, Charles Bélair reduced the bourg to ashes. On 9 March the Boudet division, coming out of Mirebalais, assembled at Verrettes.…
Meanwhile all the French divisions had set themselves in motion to reach the Crête-à-Pierrot. Dugua came from Port-Républicain to Saint-Marc and took command of the Debelle division. General Boudet had…
Thunderstruck by the artillery, the French were thrown back, and disorder came into their ranks. The indigènes then came out of the fort and pursued them with the bayonet at…
Boudet had lost 600 men, and General Dugua, wounded by two bullets, had just left 300 on the field of battle. Cotereau, a black captain, took a great number of…
On 11 March 1802, Monpoint, a Black man, commanding the 2nd squadron of Toussaint-Louverture's honor guard, dashed from the Dame Cité range where he was quartered, charged with fury the…
On 11 March 1802 Monpoint, commanding the 2nd squadron of the honour guard of Toussaint-Louverture, charged with fury the remnants of the Dugua division, which had just been annihilated by…
On 11 March 1802, Morisset, at the head of the indigenous cavalry, charged the fugitives of the Dugua division before the Crête-à-Pierrot and pursued them as far as the Fond…
On 11 March 1802, the division of General Boudet passed through it. It was halted there for a moment by the lively fire of a great number of cultivators, whom…
On 11 March 1802, a hundred or so armed cultivators having barred the passage on the banks of the Artibonite to the Boudet division, which was marching from the Verrettes…
LAFORTUNE. Savanna near the Plassac habitation, on the banks of the Petite-Rivière de l'Artibonite. On 11 March 1802 the division of General Boudet, on leaving the Verrettes, went to the…
On 11 March 1802 Pétion, after having brought the whole Boudet division across the Artibonite river, opposite the Labadie habitation, arrived at Plassac. There was a powder depot there. From…
They left Verrettes and tried to cross the Artibonite, where they were attacked by armed cultivators. On 11 March General Boudet ordered Adjutant General Pétion to cross the river. The…
From the 22nd to the 24th of March the great and the small fort were cannonaded and bombarded with vigor. Colonel Jean-Baptiste Louverture was killed by a blast of grapeshot.…
On 22 March 1802 the division of General Rochambeau established itself there to besiege the Crête-à-Pierrot. Rouzier tells this under the entry RAQUE A VACHES (la).
TRANQUILLITÉ. Morne south of the Crête à Pierrot on the right bank of the Artibonite. It belongs to the Cahos. On 22 March 1802, the division of General Rochambeau came…
On 24 March 1802, Toussaint Louverture came to establish himself there behind the division of General Boudet, to the northeast of the Petite Rivière de l'Artibonite, on the road of…
On 25 March 1802, after the memorable retreat from the Crête-à-Pierrot, Dessalines, Lamartinière and Magny joined one another at the morne du Calvaire and went to Marchand with the remnants…
Dessalines, Lamartinière and Magny gathered on this habitation after the memorable battle of the Crête-à-Pierrot, on 25 March 1802, with the remnants of the garrison of the fort, before proceeding…
Toussaint replied sharply: "You misjudge the nobility of my soul, citizen; I love my country too much to sacrifice its happiness to my ambition. General Leclerc presented himself in the…
On 22 April 1802, Christophe there asked General Leclerc for guarantees for himself and for the inhabitants of the colony before making his submission to him. Rouzier tells this under…
On 25 April 1802, Christophe left the Cardinaux, where he had established his headquarters, to go to the Haut-du-Cap, where General Leclerc wished to have an interview with him. Rouzier…
On 26 April 1802 at 11 o'clock in the morning, Christophe had at the Haut du Cap an interview with General Leclerc, to whom he made his submission. Leclerc gave…
In 1797 Toussaint-Louverture brought the French colony to a perfect state of prosperity. In July 1801 he had a constitution promulgated for the government of the colony. The first consul…
This habitation belonged to Toussaint-Louverture. He had withdrawn there. It was there that, on 10 June 1802, the former governor of Saint-Domingue was arrested, on the order of General Brunet,…
General Brunet, charged by Leclerc with arresting the former governor, invited him to attend a banquet at the Gonaïves. Toussaint betook himself to the Béranger habitation in order to go…
On 12 June 1802, the former governor was embarked at the Gonaïves on the ship the Créole. When he arrived on the shore, he refused to embark, saying that he…
On 2 August 1802, la Branle, Pilate, l'Escalier, le Mapou, and the heights of the Borgne and of the Limbé raised the standard of revolt against the French. Commandant Sylla…
On 2 August 1802, it rose in insurrection against the French with Pilate and Labranle. Rouzier tells this under the entry Escalier (l').
At the arrival of the French in 1802, Romain fought in the mornes of Limbé for Toussaint with rare intrepidity. On 2 August the heights of Limbé and of the…
In 1840 there were in this rural section 60 coffee habitations well kept and 33 in decline. Total 93. On 2 August 1802, the famous band leader Sans-Souci was camped…
In 1793, the work gangs of Pilate, misled by the royalist colonists, took up arms at the proclamation of the general freedom of the enslaved of the North. They assailed…
On 29 August 1802, Petit Noel took up arms at St.Raphae against the French. Rouzier tells this under the entry SAINT RAPHAEL.
On 11 September 1802 a revolt broke out there against the French. Rochambeau sent against the rebels Colonel Lamartinière at the head of the 3rd Colonial. The latter dispersed them.…
General Charles Bélair, who had been arrested on the order of Leclerc, was shot at the Cap and his wife hanged on 5 October 1802. Rouzier tells this under the…
On 7 October 1802 Capoix, at the head of 1,000 cultivators whom he had raised against the French, took Port-de-Paix from the battalion chief Eschenaux. The whole white population capable…
There was a fort on the habitation Bréda, defended by a 4-pounder. When, on 14 October 1802, Pétion took up arms against the French at the Haut-du-Cap, he seized this…
On 14 October 1802 Pétion, after taking up arms at the Haut-du Cap against the French, went to the Morne Rouge, and from there reached the habitation of Héricourt, intending…
On 14 October 1802 Pétion, after taking up arms against the French at the Haut du Cap, went with the 10th half-brigade and the 13th to the Morne Rouge. When…
On 14 October 1802, when Pétion (Alexandre) took up arms against the French at the Haut du Cap, he seized a howitzer set up at the Pont Welche, which twenty-five…
On 18 October 1802 the insurgent bands of Petit Noël Prière, assisted by those of Pétion and of Clerveaux, came to camp around the Cap. Christophe came to join them.…
The prisoners were stripped and sent on to the Cap. The same day Pétion left the Morne Rouge and went to the habitation d'Héricourt. Paul Louverture rallied to the independents…
On 23 October 1802, Dessalines raised the standard of revolt against the French in the Artibonite, seized the Petite Rivière, and rallied to Pétion, to Christophe and to Clerveaux. Rouzier…
On 23 October 1802, Dessalines, after seizing the Petite-Rivière de l'Artibonite and raising the standard of revolt against the French in the Artibonite, rallied Pétion, Christophe and Clervaux at the…
On the following 28 October the Cap was again assailed by the insurgent indigènes. General Leclerc, on his deathbed, sent the order to General Clausel to occupy only the enclosure…
In the night of 14 to 15 October 1802, Pétion took up arms against the French at the Haut-du-Cap with the 10th and 13th colonial regiments to cooperate in the…
On the following 28 October the Cap was again assailed by the insurgent indigènes. General Leclerc, on his deathbed, sent the order to General Clausel to occupy only the enclosure…
Dommage, former commandant of the arrondissement of the Grande-Anse, at Jérémie, suspected of treason toward the mother country, was shot at the Cap, at the Fossette, on the very day…
In 1802, Larose having been appointed at the Crochus chief of the insurgents of the mornes of the Arcahaie, in place of Destrade, who had withdrawn into the mountains of…
Larose is victorious over the French at Cortard, in the Matheux, on 2 November 1802; Lamartinière, the heroic defender of the fate of the Crête-à-Pierrot, now in the service of…
Dessalines resolved to besiege Saint-Marc. He had the Pivert gate and the Dusallier gate and all the posts that the French had established outside the town occupied. He attacked the…
General Rochambeau was at that moment at Port-Républicain. The new captain general left his command to General Watrin, and arrived at the Cap on 17 November on the frigate the…
On 9 November 1802, when Christophe raised the siege of the Cap, he withdrew to the Morne Pelé. Rural school and chapel. Rouzier tells this under the entry MORNE PELE.
General Rochambeau was at that moment at Port-Républicain. The new captain general left his command to General Watrin, and arrived at the Cap on 17 November on the frigate the…
At the time of the general insurrection of the cultivators of the North against the French, in 1802, Capoix, their leader, ordered those of the Mole to attack the town;…
On 1 December of the same year, at two o'clock in the afternoon, the ship's Captain Guillemet moored broadside before the town and bombarded it. At the same time General…
On 1 December 1802, Larose, chief of the insurgents of the Arcahaie, came to attack Fort Robert, which he took from the French. Colonel Gilbert Néraud, who commanded at the…
In December 1802 Pétion, at the head of the independents, came to establish himself there in order to march against the French at the Croix des Bouquets. On the 9th…
After the deportation of Toussaint Louverture, in December of the same year, the indigènes, having at their head Lamour Dérance, rose in insurrection, as throughout the colony, in the mornes…
In December 1802, Battalion Chief Laucoste, who commanded for the French at Léogane, had established at Bineau a post commanded by the Black Captain Barthélemy. On 14 December, the indigènes…
On 14 December of the same year, Mimi Bode took Fort Ça-Ira, which Captain Banglo, commanding for the French, handed over to him. Pétion had it occupied by Geffrard with…
The first to give Léogane the signal for the insurrection against the French, in March 1803, was Beauséjour, a homme de couleur. In December, Cangé, a former officer of Rigaud,…
On 14 December 1802, Toussaint Brave, one of the leaders of the rebels of the North against the French, had established a post at the mouth of the Massacre. Ship-of-the-line…
In December Pétion seized Mirebalais, which David Troy evacuated. The church was full of sick and wounded men, who were stripped. Pétion bivouacked in the Savanne-la-Roue. Adjutant General Luthier set…
At the end of 1802, Germain Frère and Caradeux, Blacks in insurrection against the French, had established a camp on the habitation Frère. They stood there at the head of…
On 16 December, General Fressinet, at the head of 1,500 men, took the camp of la Coupe. He seized another camp established higher up at the Tête de l'Eau. Rouzier…
The French came in good order on 21 December 1802 to land at Léogane. During their landing, most of the women of Léogane had fled that town and had withdrawn…
On 22 December, at daybreak, the frigate Franchise, the brig Lodi and the schooners Tricolore and Nanine, loaded with European troops commanded by the ship's Captain Jurrieu, moored broadside before…
In December 1802, Gérin occupied this post for the indépendants, in order to prevent the French from carrying out a landing there. On the 22nd, Lieutenant Laucoste, who had remained…
PETIT. Habitation in the plain of Léogane. In December 1802 the independents of Léogane had established there an entrenched camp that Pétion had fortified. On the 22nd the French came…
Two frigates carrying Kerverseau's brigade were detached against Santo-Domingo, and the admiral put the fleet to sea again.
Pilots from Monte-Christ told the admiral on 31 January that Toussaint Louverture was at Santo-Domingo.
The fleet stood off Cap-Français on 1 February but could not enter because of the contrary wind.
Christophe went to Fort Picolet, fired on a light vessel that came near, and sent the harbor captain Sangos to tell the flagship that the fleet could not enter before…
A deputation from Le Cap went aboard the flagship, and Leclerc and Christophe exchanged letters dated 14 pluviôse year X (3 February).
On the afternoon of 3 February the squadron of Admiral Latouche Tréville appeared before Port-au-Prince.
On the evening of 4 February a ship that came near Fort Picolet received the discharge of its artillery.
From the Vertu, seeing the flames of the night of 4 February, Pétion said that they would no longer go to Madagascar.
At Port-au-Prince on 4 February Agé wished to send back Sabès and Gémont, but Magny, Monpoint and Lamartinière made him keep them as hostages and refuse the squadron entry.
On the morning of 5 February Christophe and his troops left Le Cap for the Haut-du-Cap.
Toussaint Louverture reached the heights above Le Cap on 5 February and saw the town burning.
On 5 February 1802 Borgella, on Agé's staff at Port-au-Prince, protected a number of colonists, among them Moreau.
At D'Héricourt on 6 February Toussaint received Rochambeau's letter announcing the seizure of Fort-Liberté.
Toussaint left D'Héricourt for the Gonaïves on 8 February.
Toussaint wrote from the Gonaïves to Dessalines on 8 February (19 pluviôse year X).
In the night of 8 February inhabitants of Santo-Domingo, urged on by Bishop Mauvielle, seized Fort San-Gilles; Paul Louverture retook it the next morning.
Toussaint Louverture reached Ennery at two in the morning of 10 February, having left Saint-Marc the day before.
On 10 February Toussaint Louverture went to the Gonaïves and sent Granville to Ennery to fetch his sons; they arrived in the night of 11 to 12 February.
On 10 February a ship of the line, two frigates and transports appeared before Port-de-Paix, where Maurepas had received Toussaint's letter of 8 February.
A detachment takes possession of Léogane; the town is burned by Pierre-Louis Diane.
Humbert took possession of the ruins of Port-de-Paix on 12 February and attacked Trois-Pavillons.
On 13 February Gabart repulsed with cannon the French vessels Boudet had sent to land troops at Saint-Marc, while Toussaint waited at the Gonaïves for Leclerc's reply.
On 14 February Placide and Isaac brought Leclerc's answer to their father, who was offered four days to submit; Isaac declared he would never bear arms against France, and Placide,…
On 14 February the ship of the line Jean-Bart brought 400 men to Humbert at Port-de-Paix.
On 15 February Maurepas marched again on Port-de-Paix, was beaten and pursued, and re-entered the town after losing several hundred men.
Admiral Villaret-Joyeuse wrote on 15 February to Sir J. Duckworth about Toussaint's outlawry; Duckworth replied from the Leviathan on 19 February.
On 16 February Toussaint Louverture sent word to Leclerc that he had no answer to make and was taking the field.
Proclamation of Leclerc outlawing Toussaint and Christophe.
Leclerc issued his proclamation of 28 pluviôse year X (17 February) placing Toussaint Louverture and Christophe outside the law.
Debelle arrived at Port-de-Paix on 17 February and marched against Maurepas in two columns, while Maurepas was still fighting.
Paul Louverture summons Kerverseau to Santo-Domingo.
Persuaded by Kerverseau, Paul Louverture issued a proclamation of 20 February expressing sentiments favorable to France.
Toussaint Louverture met Rochambeau at the Ravine-à-Couleuvre and fought from six in the morning until noon on 23 February.
Leclerc went to the Gonaïves on 24 February with the Desfourneaux and Hardy divisions, after Vernet had burned the town.
Debelle attacked the Crête-à-Pierrot on 4 March and was repulsed with the loss of four hundred men; he and General Devaux were gravely wounded.
Bishop Mauvielle came to Le Cap on 6 March and went on to Leclerc at Saint-Marc to offer 7,000 indigenous people of the East against Toussaint.
Leclerc reported to the minister of the navy on 9 March that Laplume had sent him the letter Toussaint addressed to him.
Boudet arrived at the Verrettes on 9 March.
Boudet attacked the Crête-à-Pierrot at dawn on 11 March and was wounded in the heel; Leclerc, who had come with the Dugua division, was himself wounded.
In the night of 23 March an old black officer and an old woman slipped past the besiegers into the fort and showed Dessalines's ring to its two chiefs.
On the evening of 24 March the garrison left the Crête-à-Pierrot in silence, leaving its wounded and some white gunners.
On 29 March the second squadron from Brest and that from Le Havre arrived at Le Cap.
On 31 March Leclerc issued an order on commerce on the representations of the French merchants.
On 3 April the squadron from Flushing anchored at Le Cap; the new squadrons brought more than 5,000 fresh troops.
On 10 April Admiral Villaret-Joyeuse left Le Cap for Brest with eight ships.
On 19 April Leclerc wrote Christophe a short letter to inspire confidence.
On 20 April Christophe replied to Vilton, explaining that he had acted from fear that the expedition came to restore slavery, and Vilton wrote him again the same day.
On 25 April (5 floréal year X) Leclerc proclaimed a provisional organization of the colony on the basis of liberty and equality without distinction of color, with notables chosen to…
On 30 April Leclerc permitted the young squadron commander Chancy to go to Les Cayes to settle some interests, where Laplume had him ordered out.
Order of Leclerc rescinding that of 17 February; he writes to Toussaint, who submits and withdraws to the Sancey plantation, at Les Gonaïves.
Rochambeau is sent to Port-au-Prince, replacing Boudet; Rigaud arrives at Port-au-Prince; soon afterwards he is re-embarked for France.
By an order of 11 floréal year X (1 May) Leclerc withdrew the provisions of the order of 28 pluviôse that placed Toussaint Louverture outside the law.
On 3 May Leclerc answered Toussaint Louverture's letter, declaring null all the promotions he had made since 6 February.
Toussaint Louverture made his submission at Le Cap on 6 May, attested by a letter from Benezech of the 7th.
General Villatte died suddenly at Le Cap the day after Toussaint came to make his submission, and Ardouin records the rumor that he was poisoned.
On 8 May (18 floréal) Leclerc wrote to the minister that Christophe's submission had dismayed Toussaint, and Toussaint received an order to send his foot and mounted guard to Le…
On 17 May the consular government had its law on the French colonies proposed to the legislative body, maintaining the trade in blacks and slavery in the colonies restored by…
Leclerc went to La Tortue to rest on 17 May, after ordering the disarmament of the cultivators.
The law of 30 floréal, year 10, maintained slavery in the colonies returned to France and set no limit for the others.
The law of 20 May 1802 re-established slavery, and Ardouin judges its influence on the officers at Saint-Domingue.
The two warships carrying Rigaud arrived at Brest on 2 prairial (22 May).
Toussaint Louverture wrote to Leclerc on 7 prairial year X (27 May).
On 28 May the minister replied to Rigaud that the First Consul ordered him to Poitiers with his family and domestics only.
Leclerc wrote Toussaint Louverture from Le Cap on 16 prairial year X (5 June) a letter meant to inspire him with confidence.
The commissioner of justice Desperoux died on 5 June.
Leclerc issued his proclamation of 22 prairial year X (11 June) on the arrest of Toussaint Louverture, and wrote the same day to the minister of the navy.
Benezech died of yellow fever on 12 June, soon after the colonial council was convoked.
On 13 June Leclerc ordered the sequestration of Toussaint Louverture's property.
By an arrêté of 20 June Leclerc, holding the colony in a state of siege, conferred most civil attributions on the military authority.
Colonel Lacuée reported to the minister on 29 June that Rigaud spoke of Toussaint Louverture with great moderation.
On 1 July Leclerc issued an arrêté maintaining, with little change, Toussaint Louverture's regulations on cultivation.
By an order of 2 July the French government forbade blacks and mulâtres to enter France.
On 6 July Leclerc wrote the minister another letter on the Toussaint affair.
Toussaint Louverture wrote to the First Consul from the Héros on 1 thermidor year X (20 July), saying he was ready to avow his faults.
On 21 July Leclerc issued a regulation on the notariat.
On 23 July Placide was stripped of his rank of second lieutenant, before being taken to Belle-Île-en-Mer.
On 29 July Leclerc published a regulation classifying offenses and penalties and forbidding any name other than the one in a person's act of birth.
Placide wrote his farewell letter from the roads of Brest on 24 thermidor (12 August).
On 13 August at five in the morning an officer of gendarmerie and four gendarmes took Toussaint Louverture from Landerneau.
Augustin Rigaud reached Brest on 22 August 1802.
General Richepanse died of yellow fever on 3 September.
A consular decree of 6 September 1802 favored the restoration of the colons to their property, granting a stay of five years against proceedings for their debts.
Dessalines wrote Leclerc on 23 fructidor year X (10 September) that he had proof Charles Bélair led the last insurrection; the letter was then published.
Villaret-Joyeuse, named captain-general of Martinique in the same year, arrived there on 13 September.
Brunet wrote on 20 September the letter that shows Leclerc's duplicity toward Dessalines.
General Cafarelli reported on 2 vendémiaire year XI (24 September) on his mission to Toussaint Louverture at Joux.
Leclerc sent Boudet off to France on 27 September, and Christophe entrusted his son Ferdinand to him.
Daure received his appointment as colonial prefect from the consular government on 27 September.
Toussaint Louverture wrote his last letter to the First Consul from the dungeon of Joux on 7 vendémiaire year XI (29 September).
A consular decree of 19 vendémiaire year XI (11 October) prescribed sending most of the blacks and mulâtres designated as brigands to the convict prisons of Corsica and Elba.
Clauzel was at the Haut-du-Cap on the night of 13 to 14 October, and Leclerc went there the next morning to order defensive dispositions.
On 15 October Clervaux, Pétion and their troops, with Petit-Noël and his bands, marched again on the Haut-du-Cap, and fighting lasted through 15 and 16 October.
General Dugua, chief of staff of the French army, died of yellow fever on 17 October.
Leclerc issued a proclamation dated 28 vendémiaire (20 October) at Le Cap, and was on that day on the point of being struck by yellow fever.
On 30 vendémiaire year XI (22 October) Leclerc felt a violent headache and fever, the first signs of the illness that killed him.
A consular decree of 30 vendémiaire year XI (22 October) declared the colony in rebellion and fixed the status of its officers.
The Arcahaie fell to Larose on 25 October, and Robes was killed there.
Death of Leclerc at Le Cap; Rochambeau succeeds him.
On 2 November Admiral Ganteaume asked that Chancy, before being sent to Ajaccio, not be placed among the convicts.
Daure, with Clauzel and Latouche Tréville, published a proclamation on 2 November announcing Leclerc's death and the interim authority.
On 2 November Brunet reached Le Cap with 1,600 men from the garrisons of Port-de-Paix and Le Borgne.
It was learned at Le Cap only on 4 November that Dessalines had raised the standard of insurrection.
On 4 November Clervaux, Christophe, Pétion and Paul Louverture attacked the outposts of Le Cap and drove Clauzel back.
General Watrin left Le Cap for Port-au-Prince on 5 November.
On 5 November Daure ordered the creation of free companies of blacks and mulâtres of Le Cap to help defend the town.
In the night of 7 to 8 November the indigenous troops tried to take Le Cap, held by 4,200 men, and were repulsed.
Pétion, Clervaux and Christophe abandoned the Haut-du-Cap on 8 November, their munitions exhausted.
The Swiftshure left Le Cap on 10 November with Leclerc's embalmed body, Madame Leclerc and his aides-de-camp.
Rochambeau reached Le Cap on 17 November, ending the hope of the indigenous soldiers held aboard the warships.
Fresh troops arrived at Le Cap from France on 19 November.
On 1 December the French flotilla entered the bay of Fort-Liberté.
Battalion chief Gazagnaire reported to the minister on 5 December on Toussaint Louverture's state at Joux.
As captain-general, Rochambeau declared by an order of 28 December that he could not observe the consular order of 2 July, since he would have a crowd of mulâtres and…
In December 1802 the indigenous General Capois, commanding at Port-de-Paix, conceived the plan of burning the French establishments on the Tortue. Determined to burn the hospital, he ordered Commandant Vincent…
After the deportation of Toussaint Louverture, in December of the same year, the indigènes, having at their head Lamour Dérance, rose in insurrection, as throughout the colony, in the mornes…
After the embarkation of L'Ouverture, General Leclerc proceeded to the reestablishment of the old regime: military government was decreed. This system placed the whole colony under the dependence of the…
This event, which was to be expected, caused a general consternation nonetheless; besides, beginning to run short of munitions, Christophe ordered, on the 18th (9 November), the raising of the…
Rigaud, Villatte, Léveillé, Pétion, Birot, Mars Belley and their other companions were therefore landed at the Cap, where they remained in inaction. But on 27 pluviôse (16 February), Pétion, Birot,…
Rigaud, Villatte, Léveillé, Pétion, Birot, Mars Belley and their other companions were therefore landed at the Cap, where they remained in inaction. But on 27 pluviôse (16 February), Pétion, Birot,…
While the divisions of Hardy, Rochambeau and Debelle were moving toward the Cahos, the first by the Coupe-à-l'Inde, the second by the left bank of the Coboëuil, the third by…
One of General Leclerc's first cares was to create for himself, after the example of Toussaint, an honor guard drawn from the elite of the Boudet division; then, understanding what…
Boudet, meanwhile, continues in the night of 19 to 20 ventôse (10 to 11 March) his march against the Crête-à-Pierrot. Pétion, with the 13th, formed the head of the division,…
Meanwhile Lamartinière, unable any longer to answer the fire of Rochambeau, abandons his redoubt in the night of 2 to 3 germinal (23 to 24 March), and in spite of…
The order of deportation, dated 7 germinal (28 March), was grounded on a letter which Rigaud had addressed to Laplume on 20 ventôse (11 March) (1), a few days before…
This odious treason took place on 6 floréal (6 April). The First of the Blacks was at La Marmelade: he was dismayed; the guard of honor and the militiamen who…
Happy the chief who in such cruel circumstances can find friends so devoted! But, reflecting on the defection of Clervaux, a *mulâtre*, who owed him everything; of Laplume, who had…
Be that as it may, the bill for the reestablishment of slavery, drawn up with marvelous skill, was laid before the Tribunate, over which M. Chabot presided. It was M.…
Delgresse, encamped at d'Anglemont, was resolved to sell his life dearly. Surrounded and attacked on 8 prairial (28 May) by two columns, seeing no possibility of cutting a way through…
The transportation of Toussaint-L'Ouverture was therefore decided. The canton he inhabited was filled with troops. These troops committed damage; he complained of it. He was urged to go to the…
The Héros, on board which Madame L'Ouverture and her children were also conducted, entered Brest on 23 messidor (12 July). There Toussaint was violently separated from his family and plunged…
The chief of brigade Pétion, leaving his house to the hospitality of Captain Boyer, his deputy when he was adjutant general, set out from Port-Républicain with his regiment, crossed the…
The insurrection became powerful in the quarters of the Arcahaye, and also in the North. Sans-Souci takes up arms at the Dondon on 8 fructidor (26 August), Petit-Noël at Saint-Raphaël…
Happy to be in a position to glut the hatred he had conceived against Charles Belair, from the moment he had believed that Toussaint destined his political succession to him;…
The French army was composed, on 1 vendémiaire, according to the table which General Boudet carried, a table already cited, of 17,103 men, distributed among the different divisions of the…
At last it became necessary to think of evacuating the post. On 10 vendémiaire, Year XI (2 October) (4), Pétion had Jean-Louis François cross the river of Dondon, with orders…
Brigade commander Pétion, quartered at Haut-du-Cap, on that very Breda plantation where the First of the Blacks had seen the light, observed the march of events with the habitual impassiveness…
On both sides they prepared for combat. In the night of 24 vendémiaire (16 October) the Independents entered the town of Haut-du-Cap, which the French abandoned to them without striking…
When Pétion had appeared at the gates of the Cap, a universal cry of terror had been heard in the town. This cry had resounded even on board the vessels…
Christophe, who had remained a willing spectator of the combat, "fearing no doubt," says the *Gazette officielle* already cited, "the punishment he had deserved," but more probably yielding to some…
“Headquarters at Cap, 28 vendémiaire, Year XI (20 October 1802). “The commander-in-chief, captain-general, to the residents of Saint-Domingue. “An unheard-of act of treachery has been committed: cowards loaded with the…
Such were the events accomplished, or on the point of being accomplished, in the North, when Dessalines, who had just been fighting the insurrection in the mountains of Port-de-Paix, and…
While the Independents were drawing their lines tighter around the town of Cap, General Leclerc came to die on 11 brumaire (2 November) of yellow fever. “A short time before…
On the morning of the day when Dessalines was driven back before Saint-Marc, Larose was winning at Arcahaye a signal victory over the French; this very triumph cost the country…
After passing through Plaisance and Gonaïves, Pétion entered Petite-Rivière, about 24 brumaire (15 November) (3). His arrival was an event. Dessalines came to inspect the 13th. He embraced Pétion with…
Rochambeau, of whom the cannon of Leipsig, too honorably for him, has rid humanity, coming from Port-au-Prince, had landed at Cap as early as 26 brumaire (17 November), to gather…
Pétion, having left Petite-Rivière on 26 brumaire (17 November), passed through Plassac, Belbéde, Rédillon and the Coupe-Mardi-Gras; arrived on the 29th (20 November), at seven in the evening, in the…
Pétion, in spite of Benjamin's reverse, occupied on the following day, 10 frimaire (1 December) (2), the Pierroux plantation. He had Daut enter the main house and ordered him to…
Marion, the soul of this defection, was named adjutant-general (1), and Borde chief of brigade. They concert with Cangé an attempt against the town; they take the direction of the…
1803: Denmark officially implemented its ban on the transatlantic slave trade, becoming one of the first European powers to do so. Despite this restriction, ships continued to carry captives under…
1803: General Louis Ferrand establishes a section of the French army in Santo Domingo following the defeat in the West. This French presence in the East lasted until 1809 and…
1803: War of Independence Intensifies : Under Jean-Jacques Dessalines, revolutionary forces united and defeated French troops. Yellow fever and sustained guerrilla warfare devastated the expeditionary army. Significance: Shifted the conflict…
1803: General Geffrard, the future president's father, was born in L'Anse-a-Veau in the South of Haiti. He was a member of the elite griffe class and maintained many of the…
1803: Governor George Nugent of Jamaica opens negotiations with Dessalines seeking a commercial agreement. This dialogue recognized the practical necessity of trade between the independent black state and its neighbors.
1803-Jan: Governor George Nugent of Jamaica reported to British officials that the French proclamations in Saint Domingue proved their extreme military and economic distress. He hoped that the collapse of…
1803-Jan.-01: R.C. Dallas published his History of the Maroons, which provided a detailed account of the 1795 Maroon War in Jamaica and its connection to the broader unrest in the…
1803-Apr.-07: Toussaint Louverture dies of pneumonia and exposure in his prison cell at Fort de Joux. His passing marked the end of a remarkable life dedicated to the liberation of…
1803-May-15: HMS Cumberland reported that the indigenous army was displaying a flag divided vertically between blue and white. This early military observation documented the transition from French colonial symbols to…
1803-Jun-23: Jean-Jacques Dessalines wrote to Lieutenant Governor George Nugent of Jamaica inviting British merchants to establish open trade in Haitian ports. He promised that British ships would find security and…
1803-Jun.: Jean-Jacques Dessalines wrote a letter to President Thomas Jefferson advising him that American ships would find safety and profit in the island's ports. Jefferson never responded to the invitation,…
1803-Aug.-18: Lieutenant-Governor George Nugent of Jamaica responded to Dessalines's commercial invitation by sending two emissaries to treat for a commercial intercourse. He expressed a desire to improve the "good understanding"…
1803-Aug.-27: Emissaries Walker and Cathcart reported that Dessalines rejected their demand for the British to occupy military bases at Tiburon and Môle Saint Nicolas. Dessalines argued that granting foreign military…
1803-Nov-16: A French captain noted that the "brigands" were displaying a white flag on one occasion and blue and white flags on another. These varied reports illustrated the fluid and…
1803-Nov.-18: A decisive victory over the French is achieved at the Battle of Vertières. This final military engagement forced the remains of the French army to abandon the colony forever.
1803-Nov-19: Dessalines signed a formal proclamation with the French adjutant commander to coordinate the final evacuation of French troops from Cap Français. This agreement guaranteed the safety of white inhabitants…
1803-Nov.-19: Jean-Jacques Dessalines and Donatien Rochambeau signed a formal agreement coordinating the final evacuation of the French army from Cap Français. Dessalines simultaneously issued a proclamation promising loyalty and security…
1803-Nov.: The remains of the French army evacuate the colony following total military defeat. This withdrawal ended over a century of French colonial presence on the western third of the…
1803-Nov-29: Dessalines, Christophe, and Clerveaux signed a proclamation stating that the independence of Saint Domingue was officially declared. This document served as the functional precursor to the formal declaration of…
1803-Nov-29: Jean-Jacques Dessalines, Henry Christophe, and Augustin Clervaux signed a preliminary proclamation officially declaring the independence of Saint Domingue. This document articulated the resolve of the revolutionary generals to protect…
1803-April-30: The United States and France signed the Louisiana Purchase Treaty, an event inextricably linked to the military failure of the Leclerc expedition in Saint-Domingue. Napoleon Bonaparte’s decision to sell…
1803-June-01: Following the death of Leclerc and the continued disintegration of French authority, General Jean-Jacques Dessalines emerged as the undisputed leader of the indigenous army. Dessalines initiated a diplomatic campaign…
1803-July-15: French chargé d'affaires Pichon reported a tense meeting with James Madison regarding a formal letter sent by Dessalines to President Jefferson. Madison initially denied knowledge of the document, but…
1803-October-01: As the French forces under General Rochambeau were backed into their final strongholds, the United States faced increasing pressure from France to stop the flow of arms to the…
1803-November-19: The French army officially capitulated at Cap Français, marking the total defeat of Napoleon's attempt to reconstruct a Caribbean empire. General Rochambeau was forced to surrender to a British…
1803-December-01: Secretary of State James Madison engaged in a theoretical discussion with French chargé Pichon regarding the future status of Saint-Domingue following a total French withdrawal. Madison posited three possibilities:…
1803, March–May: (The War of Extermination and the Unification of Haiti): Rochambeau intensified the conflict through horrific atrocities, such as using Cuban bloodhounds to track and eat Black prisoners and…
1803, May 14–18: (The Congress of Arcahaie and the Creation of the Haitian Flag): Recognizing the need for formal unification among the congo chiefs and generals, Jean-Jacques Dessalines convened a…
1803, June – October: (The Siege and Fall of the Coastal Cities): By June 1803, the noose began to close around the remaining French garrisons as Dessalines's battalions, singing Creole…
1803, November 18: (The Battle of Vertières and the Final Defeat of the French): Dessalines led 16,000 men to Cap Français, deciding to take the city by storm and forgo a…
1803, November 29 – December 4: (The End of the Saint-Domingue Colony): On November 29, 1803, the Haitian victors entered the Cap in triumph, and three days later, Dessalines ordered…
1803, December – 1804, January 1: (The Cradle of Liberty and the Act of Independence): Following the defeat of French forces, the Haitian generals assembled at Gonaïves in December 1803…
1803–1821: (American Commerce, the Jefferson Embargo, and Diplomatic Stagnation): As early as 1803, American merchants had supported Dessalines, and during the first six months of 1804 alone some forty ships…
1803–1830s: (The Abolition Chronology: Denmark 1803, Britain 1807, the United States 1808, Holland 1814, France 1817, the Congress of Vienna 1815, and Most European States by the Mid-1830s,…
1803-05-14: (The Arcahaye Congress Begins, the Four-Day Meeting at Which Black and Mulatto Leaders Coordinate the Final Phase of the Revolution, Select Dessalines as Commander in Chief, and Commission the…
1803-05-18: (Catherine Flon Sews the First Haitian Flag, Blue and Red Stripes Taken From the French Tricolor With the White Band Ripped Away, the Symbolic Erasure of Whiteness From the…
1803-11-18: (The Battle of Vertières, the Final Major Engagement of the Haitian Revolution, in Which Dessalines's Forces Defeat the Remnants of Napoleon's Army South of Cap-Haïtien, Making Haitian Independence Inevitable):…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cayenne in 1803, the people aboard the Eliza rose against the crew. They had been taken at Senegal. The record gives the numbers…
Both Leclerc and Rochambeau had invested heavily in Tortuga because its climate was healthy and the war had not touched it, and convalescents lived in private lodgings there. The defences…
During a naval engagement off Arcahaie in May 1803 a rebel barge went down with its commander, a mixed race captain named Laporte. He refused to hand over its flag…
Meanwhile General Capoix was taking from the French Port-de-Paix, to which Rochambeau attached a high importance because of his hold on the island of La Tortue lying opposite, where he…
Capoix, resolved to burn the hospital of La Tortue, ordered Commandant Vincent Louis to prepare a landing there. The ruin of this establishment would deprive the French of immense resources.…
At almost the same time, Rochambeau was having Port-de-Paix taken from Capoix. On 18 Nivôse, Year 11 (8 January), the ship of the line Duquesne, commanded by Quérangal, the frigate…
Americans and Englishmen, out of Charleston and Jamaica, came to tack about in the gulf of La Gonâve. The Indigenous barges, laden with coffee, cotton and cacao, came alongside them…
In the meantime the French were winning successes at Laxavon and at Ouanaminthe, and driving the independents far back into the interior. On the night of 14 to 15 January,…
In the meantime the French were winning successes at Laxavon and at Ouanaminthe, and driving the independents far back into the interior. On the night of 14 to 15 January,…
We left Colonel Geffrard setting out from Léogane after parting from Pétion and making his way toward the department of the South at the head of the 13th, to raise…
As soon as it was learned at Les Cayes that Lafrédinière had revolted, Colonel Berger left the town at the head of 300 men of the National Guard of Torbeck,…
General Romain, encamped at Le Limbé, had received from Capoix, as we have seen, several thousand pounds of powder. He had under his orders the 1st demi-brigade and 1,000 organized…
Romain withdrew to Vaudreuil, where he entrenched himself during the night after rallying all his troops. This check had not discouraged him. He made ready to throw himself upon the…
Goman and Giles Bénèche were in command there. General Darbois, although the whole quarter was in insurrection, resolved to drive them out. At Les Irois, four leagues from Tiburon, the…
Goman and Giles Bénèche were in command there. General Darbois, although the whole quarter was in insurrection, resolved to drive them out. At Les Irois, four leagues from Tiburon, the…
The Indigenous of Capoix's division, who had crossed the channel of La Tortue on rafts, still held the interior of that small island. We have seen that they had burned…
After the arrival of Christophe and Clervaux at Le Limbé, General Romain set out from that town at the head of his troops. When he reached the Jeantot plantation at…
The heights around the Cap bristled with fortresses from the Bréda plantation to the Barrière-Bouteille, along a line of nearly two leagues. Setting out from Le Limbé toward the southwest…
At daybreak General Clausel, who until then had kept to the defensive, went to examine the enemy's position and made ready to drive him from the points he held. He…
The Indigenous column that had remained watching at the Haut-du-Cap under the orders of Christophe and Clervaux was attacked in its turn by the cavalry of the Guard of Honor…
Meanwhile Cangé learned that Geffrard, who had withdrawn into the mountains of Petit-Goâve after the defeat he had suffered at Anse-à-Veau, was in extreme distress, without munitions, abandoned by a…
The independents, emboldened by the success they had won on the 6th, unaware of the citizens' disposition in their favor and counting only on their own valor, approached the town…
Rochambeau, having learned of the progress of the insurrection in the South, resolved to send reinforcements to Les Cayes. He ordered General Sarrasin, who had just arrived at the Cap…
Rochambeau, having learned of the progress of the insurrection in the South, resolved to send reinforcements to Les Cayes. He ordered General Sarrasin, who had just arrived at the Cap…
Rochambeau, having learned of the progress of the insurrection in the South, resolved to send reinforcements to Les Cayes. He ordered General Sarrasin, who had just arrived at the Cap…
Rochambeau, having learned of the progress of the insurrection in the South, resolved to send reinforcements to Les Cayes. He ordered General Sarrasin, who had just arrived at the Cap…
On 13 March General Sarrasin reached the Grande-Crête of Port-Salut, whose summit was held by about a thousand independents under the orders of Bazile. The Indigenous were in a formidable…
It was at this time that the French made their way for the first time to the summit of the high mountains of the Maniel. General Kerverseau, commandant of the…
Captain-General Rochambeau, who had announced as early as February his departure for the department of the West, embarked in the middle of March for Port-Républicain. He was full of fury…
The following night the gallows was torn down and thrown into the sea. This took place a few days after Geffrard's defeat at Anse-à-Veau, at the time of his first…
On 29 March the Indigenous of the Grande-Ravine came to warn Lamarre that they had sighted several sails on the waves heading west. The young captain did not doubt that…
On 29 March the Indigenous of the Grande-Ravine came to warn Lamarre that they had sighted several sails on the waves heading west. The young captain did not doubt that…
Meanwhile Toussaint Brave, in the North, was closely investing Fort-Liberté. He kept up secret contacts with the Indigenous who made up the militia of that town under the orders of…
Meanwhile Toussaint Brave, in the North, was closely investing Fort-Liberté. He kept up secret contacts with the Indigenous who made up the militia of that town under the orders of…
Captain-General Rochambeau, having learned of the heavy losses General Sarrasin had suffered on his march from Tiburon to Les Cayes, was compelled to embark for the South 2,000 fresh troops,…
Meanwhile General Capoix was taking from the French Port-de-Paix, to which Rochambeau attached a high importance because of his hold on the island of La Tortue lying opposite, where he…
The countryside of the parish of the Arcahaie was admirably cultivated. The Arcahaie lies twelve leagues from Port-Républicain by land and four leagues by sea. General Fressinet, who held the…
At the same time General Rochambeau was having Port-Républicain supplied from every quarter, for its garrison had grown considerably since he had moved his headquarters there. He ordered Colonel Lux,…
At the same time General Rochambeau was having Port-Républicain supplied from every quarter, for its garrison had grown considerably since he had moved his headquarters there. He ordered Colonel Lux,…
While Rochambeau was abandoning himself in the West to every kind of horror, General Clausel in the North was protecting the environs of Le Cap against the attacks of the…
These reverses suffered by the French made General Rochambeau darker and more suspicious. His distrust turned upon the Black officers and officers of color who until then had given the…
The news arriving from the mother country announced an impending rupture between France and England; commerce was sending few ships to the colony; General Rochambeau was forced to open the…
The captain-general, foreseeing that war would not be long in breaking out between France and England, and that communications with the mother country would soon be cut, ordered on 8…
The Indigenous of the mornes of Jérémie fought the French with the utmost fury. They attacked Camp Ivonet, which European troops occupied, with impetuosity, and made themselves masters of it.…
A few days after Rochambeau reached Le Cap, an English squadron of four ships of the line and several frigates came on 4 July to take station before that town.…
General Geffrard, immediately after the opening of the market of which we have just spoken, had ordered General Férou to go and seize Jérémie at the head of his division.…
Meanwhile the frigate Infatigable, out of Brest, came to anchor at Port-Républicain. She had made a crossing of 31 days. She brought Rochambeau the First Consul's order to transfer the…
General Geffrard, immediately after the opening of the market of which we have just spoken, had ordered General Férou to go and seize Jérémie at the head of his division.…
General Geffrard, immediately after the opening of the market of which we have just spoken, had ordered General Férou to go and seize Jérémie at the head of his division.…
Rochambeau resolved to attack General Romain, who, established on the mornes Pelé and Lecurieux, was ravaging the surroundings of Le Cap, although he was ceaselessly harassed by the Congos. General…
On 25 July, in the afternoon, a great number of French officers strolling on the beach at Le Cap saw an English frigate bring up to the ship carrying the…
Rochambeau resolved to attack General Romain, who, established on the mornes Pelé and Lecurieux, was ravaging the surroundings of Le Cap, although he was ceaselessly harassed by the Congos. General…
General Geffrard, immediately after the opening of the market of which we have just spoken, had ordered General Férou to go and seize Jérémie at the head of his division.…
Rochambeau, master of the surroundings of Le Cap, could turn his serious attention to the market he had established at La Petite-Anse under the arrangement concluded with the Congos in…
Rochambeau, master of the surroundings of Le Cap, could turn his serious attention to the market he had established at La Petite-Anse under the arrangement concluded with the Congos in…
Dessalines, before his tour in the North, had announced by dispatches to Captain James Walker, commanding the English frigate the Vanguard, cruising within sight of the Môle Saint-Nicolas, his intention…
Meanwhile the town of Fort-Liberté was closely blockaded by both the English and the Indigenous. The French garrison was suffering the most dreadful famine. General Dumont, who commanded the place,…
Meanwhile the town of Fort-Liberté was closely blockaded by both the English and the Indigenous. The French garrison was suffering the most dreadful famine. General Dumont, who commanded the place,…
At ten o'clock on the evening of the same day, Cangé and Magloire Ambroise, at the head of their army 6,000 strong, entered Jacmel. These almost naked bands, given over…
While the independents were taking possession of Saint-Marc, the emissaries whom General Pétion kept in Port-Républicain advised the boldest of the citizens of that city to send Dessalines an address…
From there Lux made for the Drouillard plantation, believing it still in the power of the French, through the ranks of the 4th, 8th, 11th and 20th. Dessalines, admiring the…
On the fifth complementary day Adjudant-General Marion, of the division of Léogane and Jacmel, came to the town of the Croix-des-Bouquets. He announced to the general-in-chief that Cangé was encamped…
Dessalines for his part had all the blockhouses of the plain occupied. On the sixth complementary day his troops moved forward. Reinforced by Cangé's division, they amounted to 15,000 men.…
Dessalines for his part had all the blockhouses of the plain occupied. On the sixth complementary day his troops moved forward. Reinforced by Cangé's division, they amounted to 15,000 men.…
On the fifth complementary day Adjudant-General Marion, of the division of Léogane and Jacmel, came to the town of the Croix-des-Bouquets. He announced to the general-in-chief that Cangé was encamped…
Fort Bizoton was still held by the French; but they could not communicate with the city by land. On 8 Vendémiaire two lighters laden with provisions were towed across the…
The next day, 17 Vendémiaire, at seven in the morning, the independent army, marching in three columns, made its triumphal entry into Port-au-Prince by the Portail Saint-Joseph and the gates…
The next day (11 October) Dessalines, after receiving the congratulations of every class of citizens, assembled on the Place du Gouvernement the population of the three colors able to bear…
Meanwhile Dessalines did not let the ardor of his troops slacken. After granting them eleven days of rest at Port-au-Prince, he announced to them his plan to go and attack…
Meanwhile Rochambeau, indignant that anyone should have dared resist his will, and wishing by Fédon's death to terrify those he called Anglomen, ordered the execution hastened. Fédon had always spoken…
Meanwhile Dessalines did not let the ardor of his troops slacken. After granting them eleven days of rest at Port-au-Prince, he announced to them his plan to go and attack…
Meanwhile Dessalines did not let the ardor of his troops slacken. After granting them eleven days of rest at Port-au-Prince, he announced to them his plan to go and attack…
On 14 brumaire (6 November) Dessalines, accompanied by three squadrons, arrived at the Carrefour du Limbé. The weather was frightful; for several weeks the rains had not ceased to fall…
This maneuver, which Capoix would in part carry out, was to bring about the capitulation of Le Cap. General Clervaux had a battery set up two hundred toises from Bréda,…
Dessalines, as he withdrew to the headquarters at Vaudreuil, ordered Clervaux to attack the enemy again the next day at daybreak. He felt so certain of success that he further…
The soldiers stood face to face for a moment, each side seeming to fear the other. At last the French continued their march unmolested. Dessalines had sent the order to…
While Capoix was performing prodigies of valor at the foot of Fort Vertières, surrounded by corpses, General Gabart, musket in hand, and General Jean-Philippe Daut, each followed by a battalion…
Dessalines had moved his headquarters to the village of the Haut-du-Cap. At five in the afternoon (19 November) he saw adjutant-general Duveyrier arrive in the camp, bearing Rochambeau's powers to…
The letter read as follows: Bellerophon, Cap Français, 19 November 1803. Sir, In consequence of the communication made to me by General Boyé and Captain Barré of your wish to…
Adjutant-general Bazelais, following the instructions he had received, asked Rochambeau whether, by virtue of the treaty just concluded, the French would not be bound to evacuate the city of Santo…
In the afternoon of the same day the French had not yet set sail. Christophe served notice on Rochambeau to weigh anchor on pain of being cannonaded with red-hot shot.…
The Indigenous took possession of Le Cap on 7 frimaire, Year 12. During the day there were great festivities, and perfect order reigned. Soldiers, women and children went through the…
CAPITULATION for the evacuation of the Cap, between John Bligh, captain of His Majesty's ship the Theseus, invested with the powers of John Loring, Esquire, captain of His Majesty's ship…
In the meantime Colonel Pourcely, at the head of a battalion of the 9th and of numerous bands of cultivators from Jean-Rabel and Bombarde, was closely investing the town of…
Carré-Rouge. Habitation situated in the commune of Saint-Louis du Nord, and landing place of that habitation. It was from there that, on the order of Capoix, Commandant Vincent Louis set…
LAVEAUX. Fort located at Port-de-Paix, which the French took with the bayonet from the independents on 8 January 1803. Rouzier tells this under the entry LAVEAUX.
On 8 January 1803, when the French took Port-de-Paix from Capoix, he betook himself to the Laveaux Lapointe habitation, where on the following day several vessels came to cannonade. Capoix…
On 8 January 1803 Adjutant General Ramel attacked Fort Pageot under the liveliest fire of the indigènes. He had an arm shattered by a bullet and was driven back. General…
On 8 January 1803 Capoix repelled an attack directed by the French against the Petit Port. The French squadron directed all its fire on the Petit Port. Capoix had his…
On 8 January 1803 General Rochambeau had Port-de-Paix taken from Capoix: the ship Duquesne, commanded by Querangal, the frigate Sybile, commanded by Magendie, the corvette Sandwich, the brig Aiguille and…
The battalion chief Daulion thought he could take the fortification by storm; he marched against it, but his grenadiers were crushed at the foot of the ramparts. Night came: the…
On 8 January 1803, when the French took Port-de-Paix from Capoix, he betook himself to the Laveaux Lapointe habitation, where on the following day several vessels came to cannonade. Capoix…
Then Capoix left Petit Fort without firing a shot, pierced the enemy line and reached the countryside without being disturbed. He went to the Laveaux-Lapointe habitation, situated on the seashore…
On 16 January 1803, Geffrard took Anse-à-Veau from the French: the French garrison was put to the sword almost to a man. Adjutant General Bernard, who commanded there, escaped to…
In January 1803 the French obtained successes at Ouanaminthe and drove the independent indigènes far back into the interior. On 16 January, after his successes at Laxavon, General Lacroix scaled…
On 19 January 1803, Pétion proclaimed Dessalines, at Verrettes, general in chief of the indigène army. Rouzier tells this under the entry VERRETTES [les].
In the night of 4 to 5 February 1803, the indigène General Romain seized from the French a post that they had established there. At daybreak, the French marched from…
On 6 February 1803, the indigène General Romain, beaten by the French at Bousmat and at Métayer, withdrew to the habitation Vaudreuil with his troops. The next day General Claparède…
On 6 February 1803, the indigène General Romain, beaten by the French at Bousmat and at Métayer, withdrew to the habitation Vaudreuil with his troops. The next day General Claparède…
The soldiers blew up Fort Ça-Ira. The entire population went to Cabaret-Quart. The French colonel d'Hevenin entered the town on 11 February 1803. Rouzier tells this under the entry LEOGANE.
On 15 February 1803, a new attack, as fruitless as the preceding one. Magloire Ambroise was obliged to fall back because of the discord among the indigène chiefs. Rouzier tells…
On 19 February 1803 General Romain took the fort Belair from the French by surprise: the European troops who were guarding it were put to the sword. The French General…
On 19 February 1803 General Romain took the Cap from the French by surprise and drove them out of it by seizing the fort Belair. But a formidable battery, established…
LORY. Morne near the Cap-Haïtien, on whose summit the indigènes, beaten on the Espagne habitation by the French on 19 February 1803, withdrew. Rouzier tells this under the entry LORY.
On 19 February 1803 the French defeated the independents there, under the orders of the indigenous General Romain. In 1865, during Salnave's insurrection at the Cap, the rebels occupied a…
On 1 March 1803 there was a deadly engagement between General Sarrazin, at the head of the 14th European light infantry, who was going from Tiburon to the Cayes by…
RAYNAUD. River of the Cayes that throws its waters into the Ravine du Sud. On 8 March 1803, when the independents attacked the Cayes. See: Renaud. Vancol, at the head…
TROUSSE-COTE. Post in the commune of the Cayes. On 8 March 1803, at the attack on the Cayes by the independents, Férou attacked it. Rouzier tells this under the entry…
BERGEAUD. On 8 March 1803 Geffrard, attacking the French at the Cayes, camped on the habitation Bergeaud. Rouzier tells this under the entry BERGEAUD.
On 11 March 1803 there was a fierce combat at the gates of the Anglais between the French General Sarrazin, at the head of the 14th, going from Tiburon to…
WELCHE TAVERNY. Habitation between the Anglais and the Cayes, near Torbeck, where General Laplume waited in vain, on 12 March 1803, for General Sarrazin, who was marching to the relief…
In October 1802, a few days after the taking up of arms by Auguste at Saint-Louis du Sud, a revolt, led by a black indigène named Samedi, broke out in…
On 13 March General Sarrazin arrived at Welche Taverny, having cut his way by the force of bayonets through the ambushes of the indigènes. These pursued the French as far…
At the time of the general insurrection of the indigènes against the French, in December 1802, Cangé and Gilles Bambara commanded their bands in the heights of Petit-Goâve under the…
At the time of the general insurrection of the indigènes against the French, in December 1802, Cangé and Gilles Bambara commanded their bands in the heights of Petit-Goâve under the…
At the time of the general insurrection of the indigènes against the French, in December 1802, Cangé and Gilles Bambara commanded their bands in the heights of Petit-Goâve under the…
Capoix seized Port-de-Paix again on 11 April 1803. In December he had the town fortified; at the same time he compelled all the cultivators and a part of his troops…
On 26 April 1803 Colonel Lux, commandant of the Croix-des-Bouquets, entrusted a detachment to the battalion chief Viet to make an excursion there against the independents. Viet, a Creole of…
ROBILLARD. Habitation at the Pays Pourri, commune of the Croix-des-Bouquets. On 26 April 1803 battalion chief Viet, a Creole of the Grands Bois, took the post that the independents were…
On 18 May 1803, Captain Laporte, commanding a barge of the Haitian flotilla, pursued in the gulf of the Gonâve by a French cruiser, stove in his boat rather than…
It is affirmed that the ceremony of the adoption of the Haitian flag took place on Monday 18 May 1803, under a fig tree on this habitation. The fig tree…
LAFOND. Habitation in Mirebalais. On 29 May 1803 Pétion defeated the French General Kerverseau there. Rouzier tells this under the entry LAFOND.
On 29 May 1803, at Lafond, an habitation situated on the plain of Mirebalais, Pétion and Charlotin Marcadieu took possession of it from the French troops. Rouzier tells this under…
Mimi Bode, wounded at Jumécourt on 2 June 1803, went to die at Frère. In the same year Dessalines established his headquarters there against the French. Rouzier tells this under…
There was a combat, on 2 June 1803, between the independents and the French: Mimi Bode, gravely wounded, was about to expire at Camp-Frère. Rouzier tells this under the entry…
On 4 June 1803 Dessalines, to force all the inhabitants to take up arms against the French, ordered the general burning of the plain of the Cul-de-Sac. In less than…
On 4 June 1803, Dessalines debouches at the Grands-Bois to fall upon the French in the plain of the Cul-de-Sac. Rouzier tells this under the entry Grands-Bois (les).
On 4 June 1803, Pétion took it from the Marquis de Lavalette. There was a French block-house there. Dessalines ordered his soldiers to wage a war of extermination on the…
IVONET. Habitation and camp situated in the rural section of the Haute Guinaudée, commune of Jérémie. The insurgents of Jérémie had seized it in 1803. The commandant of the town,…
In 1803, at the time of the general insurrection against the French, the insurgents of Jérémie seized the Ivonet camp. The commandant of the town, Colonel Berger, made a sortie…
The famous leader of the bands of captives, Lamour Dérance, arrested on 26 June 1803 by Guerrier on the order of Dessalines, died in irons at Dessalines, no one knows…
Lamour Dérance was arrested there by Guerrier, by order of Dessalines, on 26 June 1803; bound, taken to Marchand and thrown into a dungeon, he died of hunger, no one…
In July 1803, Férou, abandoning the camp Gérard to go and take Jérémie from the French, met there on 5 July Colonel Bazile at the head of the vanguard. They…
On 6 July 1803, Dessalines being at the Gérard camp, Geffrard was named general of division. In the presence of the brigadier generals Jean-Louis François, Moreau, Gérin and Férou, Dessalines…
In 1803 General Romain established himself there against the French of the Cap. On 24 July General Clausel attacked him, seconded by Generals Noailles and Claparède. The French took the…
During the Galbaud affair at le Cap, Jn. François attacked the fort of the Tannerie, which he took after a slight engagement. In 1803 General Romain occupied with the indigènes…
On 4 August 1803 Férou, at the head of the independents, entered Jérémie. Rouzier tells this under the entry JÉRÉMIE.
On 8 September 1803, Lacroix takes Jacmel from the French. Rouzier tells this under the entry JACMEL.
SICARD. Habitation in the commune of Fort Liberté. In 1803 General Daut Brave set out from Sicard against the French and came to camp on the habitation Jaquinville, 3,000 in…
On 8 September 1803 the French General Dumont obtained a meeting, on the habitation Sicard, with the indigène General Daut Brave, who was investing the town of Fort Liberté. He…
On 8 September 1803 the French General Dumont obtained a meeting, on the habitation Sicard, with the indigène General Daut Brave, who was investing the town of Fort Liberté. He…
On 18 September 1803, the indigenous army took the blockhouse of Drouillard from the French. Rouzier tells this under the entry Drouillard.
On 19 September 1803 Dessalines took possession of the Croix-des-Bouquets. Rouzier tells this under the entry Croix-des-Bouquets (la).
Port-au-Prince was besieged by Dessalines on 23 September 1803; he established his headquarters at Turgeau. Rouzier tells this under the entry PORT-AU PRINCE [le].
On 25 September 1803, at the siege of Port-au-Prince, Dessalines established his headquarters there. The French General Lavalette opened negotiations with Dessalines to evacuate the town; he sent General Andrieux…
On 3 October 1803, Cangé entered Fort Bizoton, evacuated the day before by the French. Rouzier tells this under the entry Bizoton.
On 10 October the French were obliged to embark. The generals Lavalette and Lux reach the roads. Rouzier tells this under the entry PORT-AU PRINCE [le].
On 16 October, the French General Lavalette capitulated and embarked. During the siege of Port-au-Prince by Christophe in 1807 there were several combats. Rouzier tells this under the entry TURGEAU.
On 17 October 1803, the French were expelled from the Cayes. General Brunet surrendered to Commodore Cumberland, and Geffrard took possession of the city the next day. Rouzier tells this…
The two illustrious men of St Marc are: Pierre Pinchinat: put in Ste. Pélagie on 26 October 1803, at the request of Rochambeau, he died in the infirmary of the…
On 2 November 1803, the French evacuate la Bombarde. Rouzier tells this under the entry Bombardopolis ou Bombarde.
On 15 November 1803 Dessalines established his headquarters there, at the moment of going to attack the French at the Cap Haïtien. His soldiers numbered 27,000 men. Rouzier tells this…
On 17 November 1803 Dessalines, ready to attack Rochambeau at le Cap, had the morne of la Vigie taken by Christophe and Romain. These generals came down from the Vigie…
Soon the Cap was again surrounded by the independents, in a formidable manner. On 18 November 1803, at the attack on the Cap by the independents, Rochambeau, admiring the intrepidity…
VERTIÈRES. Habitation and fortress in the rural section of the Haut du Cap, commune of Cap-haitien, at the entrance to the road, on a small morne. The State owns 1…
BREDA. On 20 November 1803, during the investment of the town of the Cap by the indigènes, at the moment when Rochambeau was capitulating, the French garrison, made up of…
Soon the Cap was again surrounded by the independents, in a formidable manner. On 18 November 1803, at the attack on the Cap by the independents, Rochambeau, admiring the intrepidity…
Soon the Cap was again surrounded by the independents, in a formidable manner. On 18 November 1803, at the attack on the Cap by the independents, Rochambeau, admiring the intrepidity…
The French, perceiving the small number of the indigènes, raked them with grapeshot from the forts and forced them to retreat. The independents camped around the Mole, at a lieue,…
On the morning of 22 December 1803, the French troops landed at the Acul to fight the independents. Rouzier tells this under the entry Acul (l').
Dessalines left the Artibonite around 2 January 1803 and went to Port-de-Paix, where Capois and his troops acclaimed him.
On 13 nivôse year XI (3 January 1803) the First Consul sanctioned Rochambeau's succession, learning of Leclerc's designation.
On 16 January, the day Geffrard took Anse-à-Veau, Tiburon fell into the power of indigenous insurgents who had already risen.
Rochambeau received on 27 January the news of Geffrard's capture of Anse-à-Veau.
Noailles signed at Havana on 6 February 1803 the contract with the breeders of the dogs, costing 927,000 francs.
Rochambeau had returned to Le Cap as early as 9 February.
The colons of the Abricots wrote Borgella a letter of gratitude for his administration, dated 14 February 1803.
Gilles Bénech and his companions were driven out of Tiburon on 16 February after carrying off its munitions.
On the evening of 18 February (29 pluviôse) 150 picked men of the 9th under Captain Gardel mounted rafts towed to La Tortue; the island's blacks were severely punished, and…
In the night of 18 to 19 February, as the rafts made for La Tortue, Romain attacked Le Cap again.
The order confirming Rochambeau reached Le Cap on 5 ventôse year XI (24 February 1803).
Rochambeau received his confirmation as captain-general on 24 February.
On 26 February about 1,500 thousand francs were received from Rochefort with troops, and were used to pay part of a considerable arrear.
After fighting at Aquin, Geffrard and Cangé reached the plain of Les Cayes on 5 March.
After the failed attack on Les Cayes Geffrard retired to the Gérard plantation, in the upper part of the plain, and fixed his headquarters there.
On 9 March 1803 Pinchinat was thrown anew into the prison of Sainte-Pélagie.
In the Council of State on 21 ventôse, year 11, the First Consul answered Truguet on the liberty of the blacks.
On 27 March the frigate la Poursuivante reached Léogane with a few hundred men, retook the fort and drove Cangé back into the plain.
Admiral Bedout arrived at Port-au-Prince on 29 March with more than 2,000 men.
On 31 March Rochambeau wrote to the minister of the navy on the facts in the plain of Les Cayes.
Rochambeau sent Brunet off on 6 April to command Les Cayes and direct the war in the South.
The day after Port-de-Paix fell to Capois, Vincent Louis and Beauvoir forced the French to evacuate La Tortue.
Toussaint Louverture died on 7 floréal year XI (27 April 1803) at the fort de Joux, aged nearly sixty.
On 16 May the rupture of the peace of Amiens was an established fact.
Latouche Tréville drew up a procès-verbal on 29 floréal year XI (19 May) in the roadstead of Port-au-Prince on an indigenous barge captured as it left the Arcahaie.
The prefect Daure left for France on 30 June.
On 5 July Rochambeau exempted from all duties the food supplies from abroad.
On 9 July Rochambeau issued a proclamation announcing the war between France and Great Britain.
The commissary general Briot wrote from Porto-Ferrajo on 10 thermidor year XI (29 July 1803) in favor of Annecy, a former member of the Council of Elders.
On 5 August Romain reappeared near Le Cap after ravaging the gardens at L'Acul, and killed the adjutant general Maillard in the melee.
Latouche Tréville left Le Cap on 12 August.
From 13 August the exchanges with the Congos took place at the Petite-Anse.
Kerverseau went to Santo-Domingo on 6 September, where his presence suppressed the factious.
Clauzel and Thouvenot could leave only on 13 September, for Havana and then the United States.
Dessalines left the Petite-Rivière on 28 fructidor year XI (15 September) with the 4th and 20th half-brigades and four battalions of the 3rd and 8th.
Dessalines left the Arcahaie on 17 September, and that night the indigenous army cut the communications of the Croix-des-Bouquets.
From 19 to 21 September Dessalines was at the Croix-des-Bouquets; the campaign journal says he sent 400 French prisoners to the Arcahaie, and Ardouin records, after Madiou, that he ordered…
On 20 September Lux's 5th light was thrown into disorder at Drouillard, and the blockhouse garrisons of Damiens (100 men) and Santo (80 men) surrendered at discretion.
On 1 October Lavalette sent two warships to escort boats of provisions to Bizoton, which bombarded Cangé's entrenchments for five hours.
On the morning of 9 October all the ships left the roadstead of Port-au-Prince, most to be captured by the English squadron, and Dessalines took possession of the town.
Expulsion of the French from Port-au-Prince.
On 21 October Dessalines ordered the troops of the West and the South held ready to join him at the Artibonite or the Carrefour du Limbé.
On 7 November 1803 Geffrard appointed Borgella to the command of Aquin at the request of Jean-Louis François.
On 18 Brumaire, year XII (10 November 1803), Gérin, commanding the South in Geffrard's absence, issued a proclamation of general instructions for the military service, the navy and the civil…
The army of Dessalines reached the Haut-du-Cap on 17 November, opposite the fortified positions of Vertières, Breda, Champain and Pierre-Michel.
On 20 November (28 brumaire) the adjutant-commander Devaux presented himself as a hostage at the indigenous headquarters, with a letter from Rochambeau.
Ardouin cites a letter of 20 November 1803 that Dessalines had written to Gérin.
General Lapoype wrote Dessalines on 27 November a last recommendation for the French left in the town.
On 6 frimaire (28 November) Lapoype wrote that he would hand over the town and forts of Le Cap the next day.
The indigenous army took possession of Le Cap on 29 November.
Barely three days after the French ships left, Dessalines had the wounded and sick left at Le Cap embarked at night and sacrificed in the channel between La Tortue and…
Christophe's son Ferdinand was placed in the hospice des Orphelins in Paris on 23 December 1803.
On 31 December 1803 Charéron read his draft of the act of independence to Dessalines before the generals and other officers, and Dessalines formally disapproved of it.
The army, victorious, pushed on as far as Las-Cahobas, which it burned. Pétion returned to invest the fort of Le Mirebalais. On 12 prairial (1 June) some women come out…
He halted only at the Dubourg plantation, and on 26 nivôse (16 January) he found himself at Les Vérettes (1). Considering then all the difficulties which the mutual claims of…
Geffrard then serves on the town a summons to surrender within twenty-four hours. This term having expired without reply, he has his army advance. On 17 ventôse (8 March), at…
On 26 ventôse, Year XI (17 March 1803), at five o'clock in the afternoon, the garrison, as was its custom, stood drawn up in battle order in the Grande-Rue, opposite…
On 7 floréal, Year XI (27 April 1803), Toussaint was found stretched out dead on the foul straw that covered his pallet. He was buried without ceremony in the cemetery…
Dessalines had fixed the seat of a congress at Arcahaye; he invited there Cangé and the principal officers of the West, whom Pétion had prepared, during his stay at Léogane,…
It resolved to remove from the flags of the insurrection the legend R. F. (République française) and to substitute for it, in letters of gold, this one: Liberty or Death.…
On 28 floréal (18 May) the congress broke up. Cangé and his lieutenants reembarked. In the passage from Arcahaye to Léogane the flotilla was discovered by a French cruiser squadron.…
Port-au-Prince, 3 prairial, Year XI (23 May 1803). “General Fressinet to General d'Hénin, commandant at Saint-Marc, “The general chief of staff charges me, citizen general, to warn you on behalf…
Dessalines sets out at last from La Petite-Rivière with the 4th, 7th, 10th and 12th demi-brigades, while Pétion leaves Arcahaye with the 3rd and 8th. The first, forming the left…
The cunning Desrance had taken good care not to go to Frère at the invitation made to him. But some of his people having been ill-treated by soldiers of the…
On 16 messidor (5 July) (3), he made his entry into Camp-Gérard, Geffrard's headquarters. The next day he assembled all the senior officers. He needed to assure himself of the…
During his absence, Pétion had concerted with Cangé a new attempt against Léogane. He had had two battalions of each of the 3rd, 4th and 8th brought from Camp-Frère. Dolosié,…
Scarcely back, Dessalines leaves the banks of the Artibonite on 28 fructidor (15 September), with 4 battalions of the 3rd and 8th, and the 4th and 20th demi-brigades, makes his…
Dessalines went at once to take possession of this town, so famous as the seat of the confederates' operations in 1791. The next day he dispatched to Arcahaye the 400…
Dessalines sent Cangé the order to cease fire. On 13 vendémiaire (6 October), Lavalette sent to Turgeau, as a hostage for his good faith, adjutant-commandant Andrieu, who, on {{1 brumaire…
The next day, very early, Pétion left his house, rue de la Révolution, and went to join the commander-in-chief at the Palace. The call to arms assembled all the citizens…
Such courage and devotion were to have their reward. An act of capitulation was signed at the Haut-du-Cap, on 27 brumaire (19 November), between adjutant-commandant Duveyrier and Dessalines: Rochambeau pledged…
In place of those interesting victims, your dismayed eye perceives only their murderers, only the tigers still dripping with their blood, whose dreadful presence reproaches you with your insensibility and…
It was under the auspices of so many and such fair promises that Rochambeau embarked, on 7 frimaire (29 November), leaving more than 800 sick in the hospitals, and that…
At last the Môle-Saint-Nicolas, the final point that remained in the power of the French, was evacuated on 12 frimaire (4 December) by general Noailles (1). That same evening the…
1804-1807: American traders experienced a brief resurgence in business after South Carolina rescinded its internal prohibition on the arrival of new captives. By 1806, roughly one-quarter of the captives…
1804: The revolutionary struggle in Saint-Domingue culminated in the successful liberation of the enslaved population and the establishment of the second independent nation of the Americas. This achievement was the…
1804-Jan.-01: Dessalines declares independence at Gonaïves and restores the aboriginal name "Haïti." Significance: This act created the world's first sovereign Black republic and permanently ended slavery on the island. Fick…
1804-Jan.-01: Jean-Jacques Dessalines formally declared the independence of Haiti, making it what the world would call the first independent black republic. Julius S. Scott views this event as the ultimate…
1804-Jan.-02: Jean-Jacques Dessalines issued an Arrêté canceling all existing plantation leases to bring agricultural production under state control. The government aimed to lease these properties to military officers and…
1804-Jan.-03: Governor Nugent sent Edward Corbet to Haiti to serve as the British agent for affairs and propose a formal 14-article treaty. Corbet arrived to find the new nation had…
1804-Jan.-14: President Dessalines issued a decree offering a financial reward to American ship captains for every Haitian repatriated from the United States. This measure sought to bring back free people…
1804-Jan.-15: Edward Corbet met with Dessalines and his generals to negotiate the proposed treaty, which included British regulation of Haitian maritime movement. Corbet noted that while Dessalines appeared to defer…
1804-Jan.-20: Dessalines published an ordinance requiring all agricultural laborers to obtain special licenses to become market vendors in towns. This measure was designed to prevent creole women from leaving plantations…
1804-Jan.-25: Maria Nugent recorded in her diary that her husband met with admirals and navy men to discuss the failed commercial negotiations with the "black Emperor." She noted that Dessalines…
1804-Jan-25: Edward Corbet reported to the governor of Jamaica that the flag currently in use by the Haitians was dark blue and red. He noted that the use of the…
1804-Jan-25: The British emissary Edward Corbet reported to the governor of Jamaica that the flag of the new Haitian state was divided between dark blue and red. He noted that…
1804-Feb.-10: Edward Corbet arrived in Jérémie for a second round of negotiations, bringing presents for Dessalines valued at several hundred pounds. He questioned Dessalines's rejection of the initial proposal, arguing…
1804-Feb.-22: Dessalines issued a proclamation ordering the collection of individuals known to have participated in the brutal campaigns of Leclerc and Rochambeau. This decree signaled the start of a series…
1804-Mar.-08: Governor Nugent informed Dessalines that he would not send Corbet back to the island because the proposed alterations to the treaty were "inadmissible." He chose to wait for a…
1804-Mar.-09: W.L. Whitfield wrote from Jamaica to British ministers in London questioning if it was consistent with policy to enter a treaty with "ferocious banditte." He warned that trading with…
1804-Mar.-17: Captain John Perkins of HMS Tartar reported that several bodies were entangled in his ship's anchor after a massacre in Jérémie. He described scenes of cruelty and devastation that…
1804-Apr: Jean-Jacques Dessalines issued a proclamation expressing his desire to break the fetters of the enslaved people in Martinique. He lamented that an insurmountable barrier prevented him from providing direct…
1804-May-13: Dessalines wrote to the Lieutenant-Governor of Jamaica, George Nugent, asserting his unique authority to treat for his citizens as an independent leader. He explicitly rejected the precedent of treating…
1804-Jun-05: The captain-general of Guadeloupe published a proclamation that officially prohibited all maritime trade with the "brigands" of Saint Domingue. The decree stated that any ships caught engaging in such…
1804-Jun.-10: Governor Nugent notified the colonial office that the indiscriminate massacre of white inhabitants would prevent him from maintaining further correspondence with Dessalines. He had not written to the Haitian…
1804-Jun.-13: Robert Deverell argued in the British House of Commons that the situation in Haiti made the abolition of the slave trade a necessity for safety. He suggested that…
1804-Aug.-31: Secretary of State Lord Camden informed Jamaican authorities that Britain would not allow captives to be trafficked into any country not under British possession. This decision effectively barred Haiti…
1804-Aug.-31: Lord Camden proposed that Governor Nugent enter into a trade "convention" with Dessalines in place of a formal treaty with the King. This tactic allowed the British Crown to maintain…
1804-Sept.-26: The London Times published a proclamation by Dessalines regarding the defense of Haitian territory against foreign invaders. The document highlighted the resolve of the black population to choose death…
1804-Oct.: Dessalines issues two ordinances designed to prevent residents from leaving the country by ship. The emperor sought to maintain the nation's population and labor force to ensure its future…
1804-Oct.-08: Dessalines is crowned Emperor Jacques I. His coronation reflected the new state's desire for international prestige and internal military order. Significance: Demonstrates continuity between revolutionary military organization and post-independence…
1804-Jun.-10: Governor Nugent notified the colonial office that the indiscriminate massacre of white inhabitants would prevent him from maintaining further correspondence with Dessalines. He had not written to the Haitian…
1804-Jun.-13: Robert Deverell argued in the British House of Commons that the situation in Haiti made the abolition of the slave trade a necessity for safety. He suggested that…
1804-Aug.-31: Lord Camden proposed that Governor Nugent enter into a trade "convention" with Dessalines in place of a formal treaty with the King. This tactic allowed the British Crown to maintain…
1804-1807: South Carolina briefly rescinded its earlier ban and permitted the resumption of the legal slave trade to meet the labor needs of its expanding cotton and rice sectors. During…
1804-January-01: Jean-Jacques Dessalines formally proclaimed the independence of Haiti at Gonaïves, creating what the world would call the first independent black republic. The declaration was followed by the mass…
1804-February-01: A Haitian envoy named Joseph Bunel, who had previously served Toussaint, arrived in the United States to seek military supplies and official recognition for the new government. Bunel carried…
1804-March-09: French chargé Pichon sent a formal protest to James Madison after learning that Bunel was actively soliciting American merchants for arms and ammunition. He argued that the presence of…
1804-March-20: President Jefferson suggested during a private conversation that the United States might eventually act as a mediator to help France regain some form of commercial influence in Haiti. He…
1804-March-31: Secretary of State James Madison sent a lengthy and significant dispatch to Robert R. Livingston in Paris outlining a proposed convention to regulate trade with Haiti. Madison argued that…
1804-April-15: The Jefferson administration began explicitly linking the "Haitian question" to the American desire to acquire West and East Florida from Spain. Madison suggested to French diplomats that American concessions…
1804-June-27: Minister Livingston formally presented Madison’s proposed convention to French Foreign Minister Talleyrand, emphasizing the "absolute necessity" of American trade with the island. Livingston even requested that the United States…
1804-July-01: Despite the high-level diplomatic talk of conventions and restrictions, American merchants continued to arm their vessels heavily for the voyage to Haiti. These merchantmen often sailed in well-defended convoys…
1804-August-01: Reports of the massacres of white colonists in Haiti reached Washington, providing the Jefferson administration with a moral justification to distance itself from the Dessalines government. While the "horror…
1804-November-21: French chargé Pichon reported to Talleyrand with growing alarm that American newspapers were increasingly adopting the revolutionary name "Haity" in their reports. He warned that while Great Britain was…
1804–1820: (The Early Independence and the Reign of Christophe): Under the foundational mandate of "We Must Live Free or Die," this era follows the formal proclamation of independence in 1804.…
1804–1995: (The Long Path of Sovereign Governance): The bulk of the volume's chapters are dedicated to the 191 years of independence following the 1804 proclamation. This arc moves from the…
1804–1820: (Early Independence and the Mandate of Liberty): Following the final collapse of the colony, the book examines the first sixteen years of sovereign life under the theme "We Must…
1804–1995: (The Sociolinguistic Fortress of the Rural Majority): Post-independence Haiti is defined by a cultural dualism where 85 to 90 percent of the people maintain a "closed and withdrawn society"…
1804, January 1: (The Declaration of What the World Would Call the First Black Republic): On January 1, 1804, the Haitian people formally proclaimed their independence, transitioning from the "Death of…
1804–1995: (The Resilience of the Rural Lakou and Kreyòl): Following independence, the vast majority of the Haitian people, between 85 and 90 percent, sustained a "closed and withdrawn society" that intentionally…
1804–2001: (Economic Sabotage and the Price of Freedom): The underdevelopment of Haiti in the post-independence era is a direct consequence of the systemic extraction that began under the French colonial…
1804, January 1: (The Declaration of Independence and the Birth of Haiti): On the first day of 1804, at Gonaïves, the generals of the revolution gathered to formally proclaim the…
1804, February – April: (The Great Purge and the Consolidation of Power): Following the declaration of independence, Dessalines embarked on a nationwide tour to ensure the total elimination of the…
1804, October 8: (The Coronation of Jacques I): Observing the political developments in France, where Napoleon Bonaparte had been proclaimed Emperor, Dessalines followed suit to elevate the prestige of the…
1804, January – March: (The Provisional Government and the Outbreak of Slaughter): After the independence ceremony, the generals swore an oath of personal fealty to Dessalines, who assumed the title…
1804, February – March 15: (The Extermination at Les Cayes and Jérémie): In February 1804, Dessalines issued the formal order for the extermination of the French while stationed at Les…
1804, March 16 – April 22: (The Blood-Red Spot on the Globe): Following the 1804 Declaration of Independence, Jean-Jacques Dessalines undertook a nationwide campaign to eliminate the remaining French presence…
1804, April: (The Massacre and the Acts of Mercy at Les Cayes and Jérémie): The soldiers initially recoiled from the order to begin the slaughter of the remaining French, as…
1804, April: (The Compassion of Claire-Heureuse and the Final Treachery): Pétion saved many French in the West, including Mme Campan, a Frenchwoman who had shared his household, demonstrating that not…
1804, April–October: (Dessalines Reigns and the Strategic Blunder of the Massacre): The massacre was judged by the authors as worse than a crime: it was a strategic blunder, for…
1804: (The Geopolitical Isolation and the Dual Purpose of Governance): The Haitians could not know with certainty that the French would never return, but they were acutely aware that a…
1804: (The Administrative Apparatus and Dessalines's Demographic Ambitions): The imperial cabinet consisted of just two Ministers: Vernet, who could neither read nor write, for Finance; and Balthasar Inginac, described as…
1804: (The Physical Portrait and Vanity of the Emperor): Writing in 1819, the French author Charles Malo described Dessalines as small but powerfully built, active, and of a courage proven…
1804, August–October 8: (The Imperial Coronation of Jacques I): When Dessalines learned in August 1804 that Napoleon had been proclaimed Emperor, he determined to follow suit and elevate the prestige…
1804, October 8: (The Pageantry and Politics of the Coronation Ceremony): Following the anointing, the royal party repaired from the Champ de Mars to a convent chapel in purple coronation…
1804–1820: (Haiti and the Outer World: The Diplomatic Cordon Sanitaire): Except to jockey for commercial advantage between the contending regimes, the outer world gave little attention to Haiti's internal struggle…
1804–1847: (Rum and Schism: The Church in Ruins and the Rise of the Evangelical Zoo): The Catholic Church's low estate in Haiti was one of dilapidation that could not be…
1804–1830s: (The Collapse of Oyo and the Onset of the Yoruba Wars: The Fulani Jihad of 1804 Threatens the Empire, the 1817 Provincial Revolt in Ilorin Precipitates Collapse, the Old…
1804-01-01: (Dessalines Proclaims Haitian Independence at Gonaïves, the Birth of What the World Would Call the First Black Republic and the Second Independent Nation in the Western Hemisphere, a Moment the…
1804-01-00: (Dessalines Orders the Killing of Remaining Whites in Haiti, a Campaign of Retributive Violence Against the Former Enslaving Class That His Wife Marie-Claire Heureuse Félicité Attempted to Moderate): In…
1804-10-06: (Dessalines Crowned Emperor Jacques I in Cap-Haïtien, Establishing the Pattern of Post-Independence Strongman Rule That Would Define Haitian Governance for Two Centuries): On October 6, 1804, Dessalines was crowned…
1804–1946: (The Revolution as Rhetorical Weapon: Sanders Johnson Asking Why the Assemblyman Invokes "the Revolution" in the 1946 Suffrage Debate and Whether He Refers to the 1946 Student Revolution…
1804–1946: (Women's Bodies as Territories of Colonial Conquest: LFAS Women Declaring Themselves the Symbol of Haitian Patriotism Imprisoned Shot Drowned Hanged Martyred Next to Their Brothers for the Ideal…
1804–present: (Naming and Terminology: The Particularities of Blackness in Haiti Since the 1805 Constitution Proclaimed Haytians Shall Be Known Only by the Generic Appellation of Blacks, the Chronological Shift…
He was born two months after independence, the youngest child of Henry Christophe and Marie-Louise Coidavid. When his father was proclaimed King of Haiti on 28 March 1811, both older…
Three months after independence, Governor-General Jean-Jacques Dessalines spoke to the people on 28 April 1804 and swore that never would any European set foot on this territory with the title…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Suriname in 1804, the Roehampton had its boats attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Gabon. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage in 1804, the people aboard the Sally rose against the crew. They had been taken at Bight of Benin. The record gives the numbers as: 153…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Kingston in 1804, the Elizabeth had its boats attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Bight of Biafra and…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Montevideo in 1804, the people aboard the Neptune rose against the crew. They had been taken at Bonny. The record gives the numbers…
Dessalines fixed 1 January 1804 for the solemn declaration of the Independence of Haiti, which he had already proclaimed, as had Pétion, from the moment he took up arms against…
On the evening of 1 January 1804 the generals gathered at the Government Palace discussed the general massacre of the whites, which the proclamation read on the altar of the…
The governor published an act in which he exhorted the Black people and men of color of Haiti who had taken refuge in the United States of America to return…
Dessalines came out of the palace and crossed the crowd gathered on the square before the government house. It greeted him with loud acclamations. He went off to ride through…
Dessalines came out of the palace and crossed the crowd gathered on the square before the government house. It greeted him with loud acclamations. He went off to ride through…
The governor-general left Port-au-Prince, leaving the command of the arrondissement to Colonel Germain Frère. He passed through the Arcahaie and Saint-Marc and halted at Marchand. In all these places the…
Crossing the mornes of the Dondon, Dessalines received the submission of Petit Noël Prière and of l'Africain, former chiefs of Congos, of those traitors who had for the most part…
Haitians of both colors, Black and mixed-race, were seen demanding in great numbers the extermination of the whites, and giving themselves up to lively rejoicing while the whites were being…
"Given at headquarters at Le Cap, 4 May 1804, Year 1 of Independence. The general of division, councilor of State, Vernet. I order that the present mode of organization be…
Meanwhile, in August, the governor-general learned that Bonaparte, who in 1802 had been named consul for life by the Senate, had had himself proclaimed emperor at Saint-Cloud by the senators,…
Until then the governor-general gave his entire confidence to General Christophe, who, by a strict and intelligent administration, increased the resources of the State in the department of the North…
"Liberty or Death. Jérémie, 5 August 1804, Year 1 of the Independence of Haiti. Nicolas GEFFRARD, general of division commanding the department of the South, to the Governor-General. Citizen Governor,…
On 2 September 1804 he announced to the officers of his staff that he would not wait for the ceremony of 8 October and would have himself acclaimed by the…
"Aboard His Majesty's ship Shark, Port Royal, 2 September 1804. Admiral Duckworth to His Excellency Captain-General Dessalines. Sir, I have had several communications with Your Excellency in which we as…
On 4 September Dessalines was at Les Gonaïves; he had gone there to confer with an envoy of the United States, who had arrived on the frigate Connecticut and was…
He then went to Le Cap with his whole staff. On 8 October, the day fixed for the ceremony of his accession to the Empire, Father Corneille Brelle, parish priest…
Everything was tending toward a true material prosperity. Commerce was flourishing; our great ports were thronged with English, Danish and American ships. The foreign captains, contrary to the laws of…
It was forbidden, on pain of death, for any Indigenous to leave the empire. Haiti, threatened with a foreign invasion, needed all her children to defend her. The emperor declared…
On 25 October he ordered that vagrants be arrested and compelled to work on the plantations of the State. By the same ordinance, block commissioners, a kind of police commissioner,…
History. On 1 January 1804, the commander in chief of the army of the indigènes, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, proclaimed at the Gonaïves the independence of Haiti on the Place d'Armes, around…
The act of national independence of Haiti of 1 January 1804 was signed and drawn up on the Vernet property, at the Gonaïves, which today belongs to the Legros family.…
The great prosperity of the city of Santo-Domingo, the principal settlement of this colony, was the reason it came gradually to be called Saint-Domingue, until the time when its political…
On 1 January 1804 the Haitians of the French part proclaimed their independence on the Place d'Armes of the Gonaïves, at the foot of the tree of Liberty, and upon…
On 1 January 1804 the hour of independence struck for Haiti. It was not French authority alone that went under at that time; through an unfortunate confusion of powers, religious…
The Fossette was the principal theater, at the Cap, of the slaughter of the whites in 1804. It is known that, from 1 February to 22 April 1804, Dessalines had…
The two illustrious men of St Marc are: Pierre Pinchinat: put in Ste. Pélagie on 26 October 1803, at the request of Rochambeau, he died in the infirmary of the…
A white pharmacist, Saladin, living on the Place Vallière, assailed in his dwelling on 16 March 1804 by soldiers of Dessalines who had come to cut his throat, was vigorously…
On 16 March 1804 Dessalines ordered the massacre of the French at 10 o'clock in the evening. The next day, Dessalines named Germain Frère commander of the arrondissement, and Benoit…
On 17 March 1804 the whites of Port-au-Prince who had not been killed during the night were, on the order of Dessalines, led to the Croix-des-Martyrs and sacrificed in broad…
On 17 March 1804, at the massacre of the whites ordered at Port-au-Prince by Dessalines, a white colonist named Garnier, a rich merchant, had his throat cut in the very…
BONNE-FOI. On the day after the massacre of the French at Port au Prince, [17 March 1804, Dessalines went through the town, whose galleries and public squares were stained with…
General Dessalines was at Marchand on 2 September 1804, when he was hailed with the title of emperor of Haïti by his staff and by the 4th demi-brigade. The act…
The Spaniards of this town, fearing the vengeance of the indigènes, sent a deputation to Dessalines to offer him their submission to his authority. Dessalines received it favorably and promised…
General Dessalines was at Marchand on 2 September 1804, when he was hailed with the title of emperor of Haïti by his staff and by the 4th demi-brigade. The act…
On 8 October 1804 Christophe held a sumptuous ceremony at the Cap for the coronation of Dessalines, first emperor of Haiti. Rouzier tells this under the entry Cap-haïtien (le).
The ceremony of the declaration of independence was set for 1 January 1804, so as to begin the new era with the new year.
On 1 January 1804 the generals and chiefs of the armies at Gonaïves proclaimed Dessalines Governor General for life of Haiti, with the right to make peace, to make war…
On 2 January 1804 the governor general issued his first administrative order, regulating the costume of the generals, adjutants general and aides-de-camp, and another the same day canceling all farm…
The costume with a laced hat topped with a red plume for generals was decreed on 2 January 1804.
On 31 January 1804 Nugent sent Corbet back to Dessalines with a letter regretting that he did not approve the draft arrangement and announcing that Admiral Duckworth would say what…
On 7 February 1804 at Les Cayes the governor general issued a regulation on military service and administration, whose first article declared Gérin's proclamation null.
On 17 February 1804 at Les Cayes the governor general ordered Rémarais the father, Chalviré the father and Claude Boisrond to assemble and work on a form of constitution and…
On 22 February 1804 Dessalines issued a decree ordering the generals commanding the divisions to arrest all whites convicted or suspected of taking part in the massacres and assassinations ordered…
On 16 March 1804 Dessalines was back at Port-au-Prince from his journey in the South and issued letters of naturality to the Frenchmen he had excepted from vengeance.
On 21 March 1804 at Port-au-Prince a letter of naturality was issued to Dr. Mirambeau, a Frenchman whom Ardouin knew, from whose copy Ardouin reproduces the act.
On 1 April 1804 the governor general sent the generals a letter enclosing the address of the colonists of Saint-Domingue to those of Paris, who were asking them to solicit…
On 12 April 1804 Vernet gave some instructions to the agents of the finance service.
On 8 May 1804 Dessalines published a proclamation, drafted by Juste Chanlatte, to the inhabitants of the Spanish part, giving them fifteen days to declare their intentions and rally under…
On 31 May, at Le Cap, Dessalines wrote a new letter to Nugent, testifying to his wish to maintain good relations between Haiti and Great Britain although no treaty had…
On 8 August 1804 Dessalines wrote from general headquarters at Laville to Pétion that Bonaparte had had himself named Emperor of the French and that the work on the fortifications…
On 14 August 1804 Dessalines sent Pétion by an aide-de-camp a document requesting his signature, to be signed by the generals and corps commanders of his division, and ordered it…
On 6 September 1804 General Pétion published at Port-au-Prince the program of the coronation of the Emperor, to be carried out at the Champ de Mars.
The coronation of the Emperor of Haiti was fixed for 8 October, sooner than that of the Emperor of the French announced for December.
On 25 October 1804 an ordinance prescribed the census of the inhabitants of the towns, in order to send back to cultivation the cultivators who had taken refuge there.
On 7 December 1804 an ordinance prescribed the issue of a safety card to all persons authorized to remain in the towns or bourgs.
On 22 December 1804 an ordinance was published on the leasing of the state properties for five years, with the price paid in kind and a quarter of subvention of…
Dessalines grows impatient at not seeing the order of the general slaughter carried out more spontaneously. The repugnance of his lieutenants accused his barbarity. He takes the field. He arrives…
The generals agreed to give back to the country its aboriginal name of Haiti (1), for which colonization had substituted that of Saint-Domingue (2). They named Dessalines by acclamation governor-general…
Citizens, officers and soldiers all raised their hands, accepting the formula with the cry, repeated a thousand times, of Long live liberty. “And you, continued Boisrond, people too long unfortunate,…
The order was dispatched from on high, pure and simple, to massacre everyone. The first victim of this order was, at Les Cayes, Gatereau, a young man devoted to our…
Dessalines grows impatient at not seeing the order of the general slaughter carried out more spontaneously. The repugnance of his lieutenants accused his barbarity. He takes the field. He arrives…
This decree, which would have established, in favor of the unfortunate French who remained on the island, a semblance of legal and protective forms, is evidently apocryphal: on 22 February…
Dessalines was, on 16 March, back at Port-au-Prince. The order was given to all the whites to assemble on the place du Gouvernement. Pétion, trembling at the thought of seeing…
Here is what Dessalines wrote from Marchand to Pétion on 14 April, concerning the subject that occupies us: “I dispatch to you, my dear general, one of my aides-de-camp, bearer…
“Crimes hitherto unheard of,” cries Chanlatte in the proclamation which Dessalines published at the Cap on 28 April, “crimes hitherto unheard of made nature shudder; the measure was full to…
But when it was learned, in the month of August, that the first consul had been proclaimed Emperor on 28 floréal (18 May), men thought themselves authorized to confer the…
One sees, from this letter, that Dessalines was in haste to possess the sonorous and pompous title which Boisrond, Chanlatte and his other officers made resound in his ears and…
The new Emperor betook himself to Cap; there he had the ceremony of his accession to the throne celebrated on 8 October; Corneille Bresse, a Capuchin father, officiated pontifically; the…
Afterward he lived in isolation, and was not even allowed to take part in the expedition of General Leclerc. He was under surveillance at Bayonne when, on 6 nivôse (28…
1805: Jean-Jacques Dessalines led an army of 20,000 soldiers on a military campaign to capture the city of Santo Domingo from French forces. The expedition was eventually forced to retreat…
1805: Dessalines invades the eastern part of the island to fulfill his resolve to destroy the last vestiges of European idols. He aimed to unify the island under one government to…
1805: Colonial officials in Brazil issued a prohibition against black members of the Rio de Janeiro militia displaying portraits of the Haitian leader Jean-Jacques Dessalines. This ban reflected the global…
1805 May: The 1805 Constitution declared all citizens “Black,” abolished racial hierarchy in law, prohibited white landownership (with limited exceptions), and centralized authority under Dessalines. Significance: Formally institutionalized anti-colonial sovereignty…
1805-May-30: The Gazette Politique et Commerciale d'Haïti reported that the city of Santo Domingo was being occupied by the French general Louis Ferrand. This presence in the East was viewed…
1805-mid: Chief commander James Richard Dacres asked for instructions on whether to continue sending armed Haitian vessels encountered at sea to Jamaica. British naval policy sought to physically contain the…
1805-Sept-25: General Ferrand wrote a dismissive letter to the agent Lartigue in St. Thomas, claiming that he had been of no use to the French cause. This critique may have…
1805-Oct-29: Governor Balthazar Frederik Mühlenfels of St. Thomas bowed to intense French pressure and officially outlawed trade between Danish merchants and Saint Domingue. The French agent Lartigue initially rejoiced at…
1805-Dec-20: The Colonial Council of Trinidad convened an emergency session to investigate a rumored plot of the enslaved that utilized Haitian revolutionary symbols. The investigators alleged that the plotters had organized…
1805-Dec.-20: Senator James Jackson of Georgia argued that a single "brigand" from Haiti introduced into the Southern States was more dangerous than a hundred importations from Africa. He maintained that…
1805-January-10: The diplomatic situation reached a crisis point due to "daily" naval combats in the West Indies between French privateers and heavily armed American merchant vessels. British Minister Anthony Merry…
1805-May-01: In the wake of the Essex case and increased British naval predations, the United States faced a complex choice between asserting neutral rights and appeasing the great powers. The…
1805, May 20: (The Imperial Constitution): To codify the new regime, Dessalines promulgated the Constitution of 1805, which declared all Haitians to be "Black," regardless of their skin tone, to…
1805, February: (The Invasion of Santo Domingo and the Problem of the Eastern Garrison): The problems confronting Dessalines in 1805 closely resembled those that had confronted Toussaint in 1800: Ferrand…
1805, February 25: (The Fall of Santiago and the Horrors of the Eastern Campaign): Santiago fell to Christophe on February 25, 1805, after which, in the words of Sumner…
1805, March 7–28: (The Siege and Retreat from Ciudad Santo Domingo): On March 7, 1805, the Haitian columns converged on Ciudad Santo Domingo, where the resolute Ferrand had prepared French…
1805: (The Legacy of Conquest and the Foundation of Enmity on the Island): The differences between Toussaint's campaign of 1801 and that of Dessalines in 1805 illustrate the fundamental differences between…
1805, May 20: (The Devil Himself Has Burst His Chains: Haiti's First Constitution): Even while the Haitian army invested Santo Domingo, Boisrond and Chanlatte were drafting a constitution, and by…
1805: (The Color Question and the Seeds of Civil War): The national colors were changed from the French Tricolor remnant to red and black, and significantly, no gradation of race…
1805–1806: (The Unraveling of the Imperial Court and the Rising Discontent): Dessalines proffered his daughter Célimène to Pétion as a political marriage, but Pétion's dilemma was compounded by the hidden…
1805-05-20: (Dessalines Promulgates Haiti's First Constitution, Declaring Haiti a Black Nation, Forbidding White Land Ownership, and Establishing the Legal Architecture of a Republic Born From the Ashes of the World's…
1805: (Women Tucked into Citizenship: The 1805 Haitian Constitution Explicitly Addressing or Referentially Hailing Women Only Three Times: Article 10 on Fathers and Mothers Not Disinheriting Children, Article 13…
Victoria Montou died on 12 June 1805. She was called Toya, or Grann Toya, and she came out of Dahomey into bondage in the north of Saint-Domingue. She was enslaved…
On a slaving voyage that ended at New Orleans in 1805, the Alexander had its boats attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Congo River. The…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Havana in 1805, the people aboard the Oneida rose against the crew. They had been taken at Mozambique. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage in 1805, the people aboard the Jane rose against the crew. They had been taken at Congo River. The record gives the numbers as: 310 people…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Kingston in 1805, the people aboard the Bedford rose against the crew. They had been taken at West Central Africa and St. Helena.…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Pernambuco in 1805, the Maria Leonor had its boats attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Gabon. The record…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Senegambia and offshore Atlantic in 1805, the Fly was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Senegal. The record…
Meanwhile a table was being laid in a vast and richly decorated room. The emperor reappeared in the reception hall and invited all the officials to follow him. He led…
Meanwhile there arrived in every town of the State of Haiti the order for all the high civil and military officials to repair to Marchand to attend the second anniversary…
About ten days after the generals' departure, Dessalines received at Marchand an infamous act of General Ferrand, dated at Santo Domingo, 6 January 1805. This document decided him to undertake…
"That the Black people and people of color who were not to be exported would be considered the property of their captors, and could be sold by them, only if…
Dessalines then had his generals visit the forts he had raised at Marchand. There were seven of them, set on the southern slope of the mountain that overlooks the town…
Dessalines left Marchand on the thirteenth of January and arrived at Port-au-Prince on the 15th of the same month. The troops he reviewed knelt before him. From then on this…
On 16 February 1805, at Petite-Rivière de l'Artibonite, the emperor reviewed Gabart's division, 5,400 strong, composed of the first two battalions of the 4th, 8th and 14th, the second battalion…
Pétion, who had left Port-au-Prince with his division of 7,800 men, arrived at Le Mirebalais on 21 February. This division was composed of the 11th, 12th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd and…
On 18 February, at ten in the evening, the 1st, 2nd, 27th, 28th and 29th and two squadrons of dragoons had left Le Cap in a violent storm and had…
On 18 February, at ten in the evening, the 1st, 2nd, 27th, 28th and 29th and two squadrons of dragoons had left Le Cap in a violent storm and had…
Pétion, who had left Port-au-Prince with his division of 7,800 men, arrived at Le Mirebalais on 21 February. This division was composed of the 11th, 12th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd and…
On 18 February, at ten in the evening, the 1st, 2nd, 27th, 28th and 29th and two squadrons of dragoons had left Le Cap in a violent storm and had…
Pétion, who had left Port-au-Prince with his division of 7,800 men, arrived at Le Mirebalais on 21 February. This division was composed of the 11th, 12th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd and…
It was at Fort-Liberté that the troops of the North received their uniforms. General Clervaux, delayed by the flooding of the rivers, had not yet joined them. On the 21st…
On the 22nd they crossed the savanna of Tête and that of Hargue, and in the middle of the night arrived in that of Guayabine. On the 23rd, at nine…
Pétion, who had left Port-au-Prince with his division of 7,800 men, arrived at Le Mirebalais on 21 February. This division was composed of the 11th, 12th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd and…
On the 22nd they crossed the savanna of Tête and that of Hargue, and in the middle of the night arrived in that of Guayabine. On the 23rd, at nine…
On the 22nd they crossed the savanna of Tête and that of Hargue, and in the middle of the night arrived in that of Guayabine. On the 23rd, at nine…
On the morning of the 23rd a deputation of the inhabitants of Lamatte came out to meet the Emperor, who entered that town at noon. After taking a little rest…
While Christophe was making his dispositions for the attack, the greatest order reigned in the enemy's ranks. He sent to the opposite bank an officer of the battalion of Santiago,…
On the 22nd they crossed the savanna of Tête and that of Hargue, and in the middle of the night arrived in that of Guayabine. On the 23rd, at nine…
On the morning of the 23rd a deputation of the inhabitants of Lamatte came out to meet the Emperor, who entered that town at noon. After taking a little rest…
On the morning of the 23rd a deputation of the inhabitants of Lamatte came out to meet the Emperor, who entered that town at noon. After taking a little rest…
The Haitian troops, having left Santiago, halted on the 27th at eight in the evening on the banks of the river Pugnalé. On the 28th they followed the road to…
The Haitian troops, having left Santiago, halted on the 27th at eight in the evening on the banks of the river Pugnalé. On the 28th they followed the road to…
On the morning of the 23rd a deputation of the inhabitants of Lamatte came out to meet the Emperor, who entered that town at noon. After taking a little rest…
A former aide-de-camp of Dessalines under Leclerc, named Daut, now in the service of the French, evacuated a post he commanded between Neiba and Azua and fell back on that…
The Haitian troops, having left Santiago, halted on the 27th at eight in the evening on the banks of the river Pugnalé. On the 28th they followed the road to…
The Haitian troops, having left Santiago, halted on the 27th at eight in the evening on the banks of the river Pugnalé. On the 28th they followed the road to…
The emperor entered Azua on the morning of 1 March and entrusted the command of the place to a Spanish officer, Juan Ximenès, who had gone over to the Haitians.…
On 4 March, at three in the afternoon, he entered Baní, which he found abandoned. The army entered a sandy plain and followed the seashore, and at daybreak on the…
On 4 March, at three in the afternoon, he entered Baní, which he found abandoned. The army entered a sandy plain and followed the seashore, and at daybreak on the…
On 4 March, at three in the afternoon, he entered Baní, which he found abandoned. The army entered a sandy plain and followed the seashore, and at daybreak on the…
Dessalines at once ordered him to take up position on the left bank of the Ozama. The army of the North went up along the river, found a ford at…
Suddenly the cannon of the place fell silent, and General Ferrand, at the head of a column of 1,000 men, made a sortie and advanced resolutely on the position General…
By 23 March the divisions on the right bank had come within pistol shot of the northern bastions of the place. The gabions set up opposite the bastion of Santa…
On 28 March at two in the afternoon the Haitian cavalry spread through the country around Santo Domingo, gathered in bands all the Spanish natives it could reach and set…
When the Haitians entered the valley of Baní, skirting a rocky and wholly exposed beach, they were met by the sharpest fire from a French brig that had moored broadside…
For their part, Christophe and Clervaux had abandoned the positions they held on the left bank of the Ozama on the 28th at seven in the evening. Clervaux's division formed…
For their part, Christophe and Clervaux had abandoned the positions they held on the left bank of the Ozama on the 28th at seven in the evening. Clervaux's division formed…
18. The following islands are integral parts of the Empire: Samaná, La Tortue, La Gonâve, Les Cayemites, Île-à-Vache, La Saône, and other adjacent islands. OF THE GOVERNMENT. 19. The government…
On 16 June, from daybreak, the troops of the garrison of the capital, the Polish battalion and the German battalion as well, were drawn up on the parade ground around…
The defeat of the day before had so beaten down the courage of the besieged that they dared not attempt a new sortie, although the fresh troops loudly demanded to…
The same day (15 July) the town of Le Cap celebrated Christophe's feast day with the greatest pomp. The civil and military authorities went to his residence and presented their…
The minister of finance and of the interior, "Wishing to put an end to the abuses that have occurred in every part of the empire, by taking measures to assure…
In the afternoon of the same day the forts of the town of Le Cap each announced with a salvo the emperor's feast, which was to be celebrated the next…
FIRST DIVISION OF THE NORTH. 1st Arrondissement. The Môle, Jean-Rabel, Port-de-Paix (chief town of the arrondissement, commanded by a general of brigade), Saint-Louis, Le Borgne, La Tortue. (Six parishes.) Second…
FIRST DIVISION OF THE SOUTH. 1st Arrondissement. Aquin (chief town of the arrondissement, commanded by a general of brigade), Saint-Louis, Cavaillon. (3 parishes.) Second Arrondissement. Les Cayes (chief town of…
FIRST DIVISION OF THE WEST. 1st Arrondissement. Le Gros-Morne, Terre-Neuve, Plaisance, Ennery, Saint-Michel, Hinche, Les Gonaïves (chief town of the arrondissement, commanded by a general of brigade). (7 parishes.) Second…
SECOND DIVISION OF THE NORTH. 1st Arrondissement. Le Cap (chief town of the division), La Petite-Anse, Quartier-Morin, Sainte-Suzanne, La Plaine du Nord, Grande-Rivière (chief town of the arrondissement, commanded by…
SECOND DIVISION OF THE SOUTH. 1st Arrondissement. Saint-Michel, L'Anse-à-Veau (chief town of the division and of the arrondissement, commanded by a general of brigade), Le Petit-Trou. (3 parishes.) Second Arrondissement.…
SECOND DIVISION OF THE WEST. 1st Arrondissement. La Croix-des-Bouquets, Port-au-Prince (chief town of the division and of the arrondissement), Léogane (chief town of an arrondissement, commanded by a general of…
Second Arrondissement of the North. Port-Margot, Le Limbé (chief town of the division), L'Acul, La Marmelade (chief town of the arrondissement, commanded by a general of brigade), Saint-Raphaël, Le Dondon.…
Second Arrondissement. Les Cayes (chief town of the division and of the arrondissement, commanded by a general of brigade), Torbeck, Port-Salut, Les Côteaux, Cape Tiburon. (5 parishes.) SECOND DIVISION OF…
Second Arrondissement. Dessalines (chief town of the empire), Les Verrettes, Saint-Marc (chief town of the division), L'Arcahaie, Mirebalais (chief town of the arrondissement, commanded by a general of brigade), Lescahobes,…
Second Arrondissement. Vallière, Le Terrier-Rouge, Le Trou, Bayaha (chief town of the arrondissement, commanded by a general of brigade), Ouanaminthe, Limonade, Laxavon, Monte Cristi, Les Isabelliques, Puerto Plata, Samaná, La…
Second Arrondissement. Le Corail, Jérémie (chief town of the arrondissement, commanded by a general of brigade), Les Abricots, Cape Dame-Marie. (4 parishes.) Done in our imperial palace at Le Cap,…
Second Arrondissement. Baynet, Jacmel (chief town of the arrondissement, commanded by a general of brigade), Les Cayes-de-Jacmel, Neiba. (4 parishes.) FIRST DIVISION OF THE SOUTH. 1st Arrondissement. Aquin (chief town…
It was at this time that General Gabart died at Saint-Marc, on 30 October 1805. The emperor was deeply grieved by this loss. Gabart and Clervaux, both men of color,…
On 16 February 1805 the emperor set out from Dessalines at the head of 25,000 men for the siege of Santo-Domingo. Rouzier tells this under the entry Dessalines ou Marchand.
On 16 February 1805 Dessalines marched on Santo Domingo, where he arrived on 8 March; he besieged the town. On 28 March he raised the siege of the town, on…
On 19 February 1805 General Christophe, marching on Santo Domingo at the head of the division of the North, unable to cross the torrent, which was overflowing, followed the left…
On 20 February 1805 the emperor Dessalines, about to invade the Eastern part, ordered the 3rd demi-brigade and his cavalry to go and establish themselves there. Rouzier tells this under…
Area undetermined. On 20 February 1805 the division of Christophe, marching on Santo Domingo, crossed this habitation at 6 o'clock in the evening. Rouzier tells this under the entry MÉRÉ.
On 20 February 1805 the Emperor Dessalines, about to invade the Eastern part, ordered the 3rd demi-brigade and its cavalry to go and take position on the habitation Desvarieux, situated…
On 22 February 1805, the division of the North of the Haitian army, marching against Santo-Domingo, arrived in the savanna. The next day it crossed the river at 9 o'clock…
TETE. Savanna situated between Fort-Liberté and Guayabine. The troops of the North, marching on Santo Domingo, crossed it on 22 February 1805. Rouzier tells this under the entry TETE.
On 22 February 1805, the division of the North of the Haitian army, marching against Santo-Domingo, arrived in the savanna. The next day it crossed the river at 9 o'clock…
Gaston ou Hilaire Gaston. Hatte situated in the valley of Santiago, near the bourg of l'Hôpital. On 24 February 1805, the division of the North of the Haitian army marching…
PICHASSE. Hatte situated in the valley of Santiago near the bourg of l'Hopital. On 24 February 1805 the Northern division of the Haitian army, marching on Santo-Domingo, spent the night…
AMINA. On 24 February 1805 the northern division of the Haitian army, marching against Santo-Domingo, entered the bourg of Amina. In April this division returned from the siege of Santo…
On 25 February 1805 the emperor Dessalines sent his army out from Las Matas against Santo Domingo. The troops crossed the valley of San Tome during the night. The next…
On 26 February 1805 the emperor Dessalines, marching against Santo Domingo, entered San Juan at 3 o'clock in the afternoon. His army entered it without obstacle. The whole population had…
On 27 February 1805, the troops of the emperor Dessalines, marching from San Juan against Santo Domingo, spent the night at a ford of the Yaque river and resumed their…
PUNALE. River and mountain of the province of the Véga. Former rural section of the commune of Santiago. In 1840 it produced tobacco, coffee, sugar cane and food crops. On…
Emperor Dessalines took possession on 27 February 1805, at nine o'clock in the morning, after giving battle to Sérapio, a Black officer, who wished to oppose the crossing of the…
Gua. Small village situated between the Vega and the river Yuna. On 28 February 1805, the Haitian army, marching against Santo-Domingo, after having crossed the Vega, halted at Gua at…
LOS PUERTOS. On 28 February 1805 there was a combat in which Commandant Nerette was captured. He had his head cut off. M. de P. Pierrot was duke of Los…
PUNALE. River and mountain of the province of the Véga. Former rural section of the commune of Santiago. In 1840 it produced tobacco, coffee, sugar cane and food crops. On…
On 28 February 1805 Dessalines, marching against Santo Domingo, after having crossed the Yaque river, received notice from Commandant Barthélemy Mirault of the vanguard that sentinels had been discovered behind…
On 28 February 1805 the Northern division of the Haitian army, marching against Sto.-Domingo, after crossing the river Pûnale, arrived at la Vega. It was seized with admiration at the…
The locomotive runs through the great valley of the Yuna: this life-giving artery is going to change the face of the Cibao. Iron is found in fairly considerable masses in…
On 1 March 1805 Dessalines, going to besiege Santo Domingo, entered Azua; he entrusted the command of this place to a Spanish officer, Juan Ximenès, who had gone over to…
On 2 March 1805 at 2 o'clock in the morning the Haitian army left Azua and halted at the Ocoa River. Dessalines, seeing the Spaniards flee on all sides at…
The locomotive runs through the great valley of the Yuna: this life-giving artery is going to change the face of the Cibao. Iron is found in fairly considerable masses in…
On 2 March 1805 the division of the North of the Haitian army, marching against Santo Domingo, after resting on the banks of the Yuna, entered Cotuy. The priest had…
NARANJO. Small river of the commune of Yamasa, province of Santo Domingo, on the banks of which gold was found on 7 March 1887. On 4 March 1805 the Northern…
PADAVES. On 4 March 1805 the division of the North of the Haitian army, marching against Santo-Domingo, crossed Mount Padaves on leaving Cotui. Rouzier tells this under the entry PADAVES.
PATIENCE. Savanna situated between Cotiny and Santo Domingo. On 4 March 1805 the Northern division of the Haitian army, marching against Santo Domingo after leaving Cotuy, crossed the Patience savanna.…
PUNALE. River and mountain of the province of the Véga. Former rural section of the commune of Santiago. In 1840 it produced tobacco, coffee, sugar cane and food crops. On…
SAN PEDRO. Small plain in front of Santo Domingo. On 4 March 1805 the division of the North of the Haitian army, marching against Santo Domingo, crossed this plain on…
On 4 March 1805, at 3 o'clock in the afternoon, the army of Dessalines, marching against Santo Domingo, entered Bani. The village was found deserted. On the return of the…
On 2 March 1805 the division of the North of the Haitian army, marching against Santo Domingo, after resting on the banks of the Yuna, entered Cotuy. The priest had…
On 5 March 1805 Dessalines, marching against General Ferrand at Santo-Domingo, halted there. He resumed his march on the 6th at daybreak. Rouzier tells this under the entry BLAS DE…
On 6 March 1805 the army of Emperor Dessalines, marching on Santo-Domingo, arrived there at noon. The emperor established his headquarters there. He summoned General Ferrand to surrender the place…
Galar. Habitation one lieue from Santo-Domingo, from which Emperor Dessalines wrote on 6 March 1805 to General Ferrand to summon him to surrender the place. Dessalines, having left the headquarters…
On 6 March 1805, at the approach of Dessalines, General Ferrand had San Carlos set on fire, being unable to defend it. General Magny took possession of it. On the…
BERMEJO [el]. On 6 March 1805 the northern division of the Haitian army, marching against Santo Domingo, crossed the Berméjo river on leaving Cotui. Rouzier tells this under the entry…
On 6 March 1805 the army of Emperor Dessalines, marching on Santo-Domingo, arrived there at noon. The emperor established his headquarters there. He summoned General Ferrand to surrender the place…
On 16 February 1805 Dessalines marched on Santo Domingo, where he arrived on 8 March; he besieged the town. On 28 March he raised the siege of the town, on…
On 8 March 1805, during the siege of Santo Domingo, Dessalines, amid the grapeshot that the guns of the ramparts vomited forth, went over all the positions occupied by his…
On 6 March 1805, at the approach of Dessalines, General Ferrand had San Carlos set on fire, being unable to defend it. General Magny took possession of it. On the…
On 6 March 1805 the army of Emperor Dessalines, marching on Santo-Domingo, arrived there at noon. The emperor established his headquarters there. He summoned General Ferrand to surrender the place…
Galar. Habitation one lieue from Santo-Domingo, from which Emperor Dessalines wrote on 6 March 1805 to General Ferrand to summon him to surrender the place. Dessalines, having left the headquarters…
On 16 February 1805 Dessalines marched on Santo Domingo, where he arrived on 8 March; he besieged the town. On 28 March he raised the siege of the town, on…
Emperor Dessalines took possession on 27 February 1805, at nine o'clock in the morning, after giving battle to Sérapio, a Black officer, who wished to oppose the crossing of the…
The imperial constitution of 20 May 1805, year II, is dated from the town of Dessalines. Rouzier tells this under the entry Dessalines ou Marchand.
Gabart, the friend of Dessalines, died there at 29, on 30 September 1805. He was born at Dondon. Rouzier tells this under the entry ST.-MARC.
On 28 October 1776, Gabart was born at Dondon. He died at Saint-Marc on 30 October 1805. An intrepid soldier, he earned all his ranks on the fields of battle.…
Its patron saint's feast is on 25 April, Saint Mark's day. The body of Gabart, who died at 29, was buried there on 30 October 1805 (See: Dondon), and his…
The day after the ceremony of 1 January 1805 the emperor had his guests visit the works and fortifications of Marchand, where a powder manufactory was beginning.
Ardouin says that on 16 February 1805, before the Haitian army arrived, a first naval engagement took place off Santo-Domingo in which the English captured three French ships and a…
The division of Christophe, held back by the swollen rivers, could not set out until 18 February 1805.
On 7 March 1805 Pétion and Gabart visited the surroundings to place their divisions, and the division of Christophe arrived.
On 8 March 1805 the emperor visited the troops and ordered Christophe and Clervaux to establish themselves on the left bank of the river to blockade the place on the…
On 12 March 1805 the division of Geffrard arrived and occupied the line reserved for it.
On 24 March 1805 General Gérin arrived with an American defector.
On 25 March 1805 the emperor enjoined the commanders of the towns on the road to gather all the inhabitants and constitute them prisoners, to drive them with the cattle…
The coast guard vessel Le Vengeur, bearing the adjutant general Papalier and the siege artillery, arrived at Santo-Domingo on 26 March 1805.
On the morning of 26 March 1805 Dessalines assembled the generals at his headquarters and told them he wished to storm Santo-Domingo, and during the day a war brig and…
At 3 o'clock on the afternoon of 27 March 1805 Pétion and Geffrard informed the emperor that a French squadron of 5 ships of the line, 3 frigates and other…
On the morning of 28 March 1805 the landing of the troops carried by the French squadron began and continued through the day.
On 12 April 1805 an address of the emperor to the people, drafted by Juste Chanlatte, was published on the campaign against the eastern part and Santo-Domingo, announcing that he…
On 26 May 1805 the military penal code appeared, based on the French code and applying the penalty of death in 28 cases.
On 30 May 1805 a law was published on the organization of the special military councils, one in each military division, of seven judges, a clerk and a military prosecutor.
On 1 June 1805 the law on divorce was published, allowing divorce on nine grounds, including mutual consent and alleged incompatibility of temper, and confirming divorces effected before the constitution.
On 3 June 1805 a law was published on the manner of establishing the civil status of citizens, modeled on the French laws since 1789.
On 7 June 1805 the law on judicial organization appeared, providing for arbitrators, justices of the peace, civil tribunals, commercial tribunals and a supreme tribunal of the emperor.
On 22 June 1805 Colonel Bazile wrote to the emperor to complain of suspicions of inhuman projects, did justice to Férou's sentiments, and begged to be withdrawn from the South.
The emperor arrived at Le Cap on 15 July 1805, from which he returned to Marchand in September.
On 24 July 1805 a decree of the emperor fixed the emoluments of civil and military officers of every rank, reserving to himself the time when payment would begin, which…
By a decree of 1 August 1805, issued after the American ship Louisiana left Port-au-Prince without paying export duties, every foreign captain arriving in an open port was bound to…
On 30 August 1805 a decree prescribed a tariff of fees for magistrates, civil registrars, parish priests, clerks, notaries, jailers, schoolmasters and printers, based on the tariff of the comte…
On 6 September 1805 the emperor, at Le Cap, published a decree regulating the order of consignments of foreign ships to commercial houses by a turn according to the number…
Ferdinand, Christophe's son, died in the Paris orphans' hospital on 5 October 1805.
Everything went on being organized: on 28 July the Emperor raised Christophe to the command in chief of his army; Paul Romain to the command of the 1st division of…
Ferrand, driven by a delirium as insensate as it was dreadful, issued, on 16 nivôse (6 January), an order whose principal provisions authorized the residents of the frontiers of the…
The Emperor took the field on 16 February. It was only in advance of Azua, and some leagues beyond it, at the post of los Puertos, that he began to…
The Emperor took the field on 16 February. It was only in advance of Azua, and some leagues beyond it, at the post of los Puertos, that he began to…
The army arrived, on 6 March, under the walls of Santo-Domingo. The Emperor established his headquarters on the Galard plantation, a league and a half from the place; he had…
The Emperor had ordered artillery to be embarked at Jacmel; but, in the meantime, it is with the bayonet of his soldiers, with the sword of his generals, that he…
No one even thought of giving this bastard work a certain date, or of feigning the place where it ought to have been drafted. It takes its age only from…
1806–1918: The formal prohibition of foreign ownership of land remains a consistent feature of Haitian law for over a century. This policy was frequently debated and viewed by nationalists as…
1806-Jan-04: The Trinidad Gazette reported on the execution of four enslaved people for organizing an uprising that allegedly featured songs with refrains from Saint Domingue. While the report highlighted the…
1806-Jan: A sharp jurisdictional conflict erupted in Curaçao between Governor Changuion and the unrecognized French agent Jean-Pierre Gouges over a captured ship. The governor insisted on following Dutch legal protocol…
1806-Feb.: The United States government places an embargo on commerce with Haiti under diplomatic pressure from France. This move forced the Haitian government to seek alternative trading partners in order…
1806-Feb-14: French agent Jean-Pierre Gouges made a final appeal to the governor of Curaçao to condemn a Danish schooner for engaging in illegal commerce with Haiti. The governor and the…
1806-Feb.-28: President Thomas Jefferson signed a bill prohibiting all commercial intercourse between any person resident in the United States and any part of "St. Domingo" not under French control. This…
1806-Mar: French agent Lartigue reported a rumor that Dessalines had published prints declaring himself the emperor of Haiti, Cuba, and Puerto Rico. He cited this as evidence of the Haitian…
1806-Jul.-08: The British Privy Council assigned a committee to draft an order allowing British subjects to trade with parts of Haiti not in the possession of France or Spain. This…
1806-Jul.-21: King George III issued an Order in Council granting licenses to British ships to trade with Haitian ports not under the immediate dominion of France. This document acknowledged that…
1806-Sept: The British government began to explicitly allow and regulate merchant trade with Haiti, effectively extending a form of economic recognition. This policy distinguished Britain from other Atlantic powers who…
1806-Sept.-02: The imperial government imposes a 10-percent tax on imports alongside a new tax on coffee exports. These measures were intended to raise revenue but increased the hostility of the…
1806-Oct.: A British convoy of seventeen ships arrived in the Caribbean following the Orders in Council, demonstrating the empire's intention to form an exclusive trade relationship. The French agent in…
1806-Oct.-08: An insurrection in the South against the emperor's agent leads to the arrest of General Moreau. This rebellion was fueled by the class of free property owners who feared…
1806-Oct.-17: Emperor Dessalines is ambushed and assassinatedat Pont Rouge outside of Port-au-Prince by his own generals. Significance: His death ended the imperial regime and led to the political division of…
1806-Dec.: A constitutional convention in Port-au-Prince limited the powers of the president and established an elected senate to avoid the "excesses" of the Dessalines era. This structure allowed a small,…
1806-Dec.: A constitutional convention meets in Port-au-Prince to establish a new government with limited executive power. The delegates aimed to separate powers to prevent the return of the despotism they…
1806-Dec.: Alexandre Pétion wrote to British abolitionists asserting that there existed a tacit alliance among all Haitians against the enemies of their liberty. He claimed that despite the internal civil…
1806-February-14: President Jefferson wrote to John Armstrong, the American Minister to France, explicitly stating that the law prohibiting intercourse with Saint-Domingue was a powerful diplomatic tool. He listed the trade…
1806-March-13: A "Western Virginian" sent a solemn warning to James Madison, describing Saint-Domingue as a "solemn lesson to the most partial advocate of slavery." This sentiment reflected the deep-seated fear…
1806-February-12: The filibustering expedition of Francisco de Miranda arrived at the Haitian port of Jacmel as its first port of call before proceeding to attempt the liberation of Venezuela. Although…
1806-September-30: Official trade statistics for the fiscal year ending on this date revealed that American exports to the French West Indies, of which Haiti was the primary destination, totaled over…
1806-1810: Spanish Minister Marquis Casa de Yrujo frequently protested American trade with Haiti, which he viewed as a violation of international norms. Yrujo was particularly alarmed by reports of Haitian…
1806, October 17: (The Assassination at Pont-Rouge): The reign of Jacques I came to a violent end just two years after it began due to a conspiracy involving his closest…
1806, May–September: (The Gathering Storm and the Emperor's Final Warnings): The inner circle of the imperial secretariat (the noir intriguer Mentor Laurent, the extremist doctrinaires Boisrond and Chanlatte, and…
1806, October 8–16: (The Southern Explosion and the Betrayal of Pétion): Within less than a month, Dessalines was proven right: on October 8, 1806, the South exploded as one Mécerou,…
1806, October 17: (The Assassination at Pont-Rouge): Word of the southern risings reached Dessalines at Marchand on October 13, and within forty-eight hours he was marching south with two battalions…
1806, October 17: (The Death of the Emperor and the Madwoman Défilée): Not until the Emperor was a few yards away did Colonel Léger, a mulâtre, recognize that the troops…
1806, October–November: (Haiti Divided and the Constitutional Trap): By all appearances, Henry Christophe seemed the logical successor to Dessalines, and on the day before the Emperor's murder Pétion had already…
1806, December 28 – 1807, January 8: (Christophe's March on Port-au-Prince and the Battle of Sibert): When Juste Hugonin, one of Christophe's men at the convention, read the final constitutional…
1806–1816: (Haiti as the Arsenal of Liberation: Miranda, Bolívar, and the Debt Unpaid): Organizing his first and ultimately unsuccessful attempt to liberate Venezuela, Francisco de Miranda visited Jacmel in 1806,…
1806-10-17: (Dessalines Assassinated on the Outskirts of Port-au-Prince, Haiti Splitting Into a Black-Dominated North Under Christophe and a Mulatto-Dominated South Under Pétion, the Colonial Caste System Reproducing Itself Within the…
Thomas-Alexandre Dumas died at Villers-Cotterêts in France on 26 February 1806, aged 43. He was born in 1762 at La Guinaudée near Jérémie, in Saint-Domingue, to Marie-Cessette Dumas, an enslaved…
Fabre Nicolas Geffrard was born in September 1806 at Anse-à-Veau. He led the rising at Gonaïves in December 1858 that proclaimed the Republic and brought down Faustin Soulouque's empire, then…
On a slaving voyage in 1806, the people aboard the Bolton rose against the crew. They had been taken at Bonny. The record gives the numbers as: 120 people were…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Bahamas in 1806, the people aboard the Eleanor rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gorée. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Demerara in 1806, the Frederick was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Cape Coast Castle. The record gives…
Christophe had known from the first days of October that a revolt was to break out against Dessalines in the arrondissement of Les Cayes; he had resolved to have assassinated,…
Christophe had known from the first days of October that a revolt was to break out against Dessalines in the arrondissement of Les Cayes; he had resolved to have assassinated,…
In the last days of December 1805, most of the generals of the empire and many colonels and battalion commanders had gathered at Marchand to attend the feast of Independence…
Liberty or Death. IMPERIAL DECREE. JACQUES, first Emperor of Haiti and Supreme Chief of the army, by the grace of God and the constitutional law of the State, Wishing to…
Such was the state of things at the end of May 1806. Almost all the junior and senior officers, Black and mixed-race, of the province of the South had been…
The emperor, well aware that his authority was shaken in the South, resolved to go there to thwart his enemies and strike them to the heart. He left Marchand and…
JACQUES I, Emperor of Haiti and supreme head of the army, by the grace of God and the constitutional law of the State; Considering that the courts have until this…
The Emperor, being due to leave the next day for Port-au-Prince, invited to dinner at the palace General Moreau, Papalier, Bauregard, Bourdet, colonel of the 13th, and Inginac. Papalier had…
A few days before the rising in arms she sent for Inginac at ten o'clock at night. He went to her at once and found her seated on a sofa,…
Meanwhile those resident proprietors who had been dispossessed at last resolved to take up arms against the government. At Mécerou's invitation they met on his plantation in the heights of…
Meanwhile those resident proprietors who had been dispossessed at last resolved to take up arms against the government. At Mécerou's invitation they met on his plantation in the heights of…
After this address he went to inspect the arsenal and the forts of the town. As soon as he had gone, many officers murmured against him; others, on the contrary,…
At ten in the evening nearly all the troops of the garrison had been won over, artillery, cavalry and infantry. Inginac's head was demanded, and the absurd rumor was spread…
Wagnac charged Captain Rousseau of the 17th and the citizen Glaisil to go to Aquin, to Colonel Vancol, and hasten his adherence to the revolution. Vancol had left Aquin with…
At this news Papalier became convinced that Wagnac had been won over. He sprang onto his horse and went round all the posts of the town, striving to rouse feeling…
The same day, at one o'clock in the afternoon, Colonel Francisque, coming from Les Cayes, entered L'Anse-à-Veau. At once he turned every mind the other way. He gathered at his…
The next day, 10 October, Wagnac and the insurgents of Port-Salut on the one side, and Papalier, Bourdet and the principal inhabitants of Les Cayes on the other, met at…
On the 10th, in the morning, Lafleur overtook the 17th, which had already been won over against the Emperor. He sharply blamed Battalion Commander Fossé for not having hastened his…
During the interview at the Quatre-Chemins, one of the battalion commanders of the 13th, Perou, came to Inginac's house and ordered him to follow, so that he might put him…
Wagnac charged Captain Rousseau of the 17th and the citizen Glaisil to go to Aquin, to Colonel Vancol, and hasten his adherence to the revolution. Vancol had left Aquin with…
While the authorities were directing the insurrection with prodigious activity, a picket of dragoons sent by Wagnac arrived at the Quatre-Chemins, the suburb of Les Cayes on the side of…
On 10 October all the circumstances of the insurrection at Les Cayes were known at L'Anse-à-Veau. General Gérin, minister of war, who had withdrawn to the Laval plantation to convalesce,…
Meanwhile the troops of the garrison of Les Cayes were growing impatient to be paid. The pay sheets were not yet drawn up. But on Sunday the 12th the quartermasters…
At the imperial palace of Dessalines, 13 October 1806, the 3rd year of the Independence of Haiti and of our reign the 3rd. JACQUES, Emperor the First of Haiti and…
He established himself at the Bridge of Miragoâne, which crosses the lake of that name, the boundary, on the north side of the peninsula, between the provinces of the West…
Your express messenger, general, arrives this moment, at eleven o'clock; I send him back at once. You will take the necessary number of troops from your division and go without…
The rain, falling in torrents, had turned the streets into streams. The town had become almost impassable, and on the morning of the 13th David Troy and Faubert, coming from…
He established himself at the Bridge of Miragoâne, which crosses the lake of that name, the boundary, on the north side of the peninsula, between the provinces of the West…
Pétion had left Port-au-Prince with the eleventh and twelfth demi-brigades, marching against the department of the South. Germain Frère, carried away by his zeal, had abandoned his post as commander…
Dessalines was at Marchand when he had learned, from the letters of Papalier, Lafleur, Gérin, Lamarre, Yayou and Pétion, the news of the revolt of Mécerou at Garata. He had…
He established himself at the Bridge of Miragoâne, which crosses the lake of that name, the boundary, on the north side of the peninsula, between the provinces of the West…
Meanwhile several assassinations were being committed at Les Cayes. The authorities met on the 16th to deliberate on the fate of Generals Moreau and Lafleur, who were held prisoner. Borgella,…
Dessalines was at Marchand when he had learned, from the letters of Papalier, Lafleur, Gérin, Lamarre, Yayou and Pétion, the news of the revolt of Mécerou at Garata. He had…
Pétion had left Port-au-Prince with the eleventh and twelfth demi-brigades, marching against the department of the South. Germain Frère, carried away by his zeal, had abandoned his post as commander…
At the same moment a deputation of the cultivators of the plain of the Cul-de-Sac entered Port-au-Prince and demanded of General Pétion the death of Dessalines and of Germain Frère.…
Racolier had reached Camp Gérard with his squadron. General Moreau was at breakfast when he heard the sound of the trumpet. He asked those around him what the noise was.…
Dessalines sees that he is betrayed; he is in the midst of the 15th and 16th demi-brigades of the South. He hears the command to make ready, and the cries…
On 17 October, at five in the morning, the Emperor left L'Arcahaie with his staff alone, for the 4th, which might have accompanied him, had received the order to fall…
Most of the officers of the Emperor's staff had fled when he fell. Dessalines dead, no weapon had been turned against them. Mentor, one of his favorites, cried out: "The…
On 21 October he wrote to Vernet, whom he called his dear comrade, "that he had received the details he had sent him of the unhappy attempt that had been…
Two days later, on the 21st, the troops of the West and the South were reviewed and paid; each soldier received five gourdes. They showed themselves very joyful, for they…
"Headquarters, Port-au-Prince, 21 October 1806." The minister of war and of the navy, É. Gérin; the general commanding the 2nd division of the West, Pétion; Yayou and Vaval, brigadier generals;…
Two days after sending this letter to Madame Dessalines, Christophe adhered to the revolution that had taken place and called the Emperor a devouring Hydra. Colonel Pierre Toussaint, commandant of…
Amid so many internal difficulties, Christophe did not lose sight of our foreign relations. As provisional head of the government he addressed to the neutral powers, on 24 November 1806,…
"Our ports are Le Cap, Fort-Dauphin, Port-de-Paix, Les Gonaïves, Saint-Marc, Port-au-Prince, Les Cayes, Jérémie and Jacmel. You may send your cargoes there. "The exactness with which the government of Haiti…
On 18 December the deputies met in the parish church. The verification of credentials was carried out under the chairmanship of César Télémaque, the eldest member, deputy of Le Cap.…
As early as 24 December Christophe was fully informed of all the provisions of the Constitution, though at that date it had not been voted. He had been indignant to…
Pétion answered Christophe's letter of 19 December as follows: Port-au-Prince, 24 December 1806. No. 18. General of Division PÉTION, commanding the 2nd division of the West and member of the…
Christophe left Le Cap and sent orders to the 4th, in garrison at La Ferrière, to make its way to Milot and wait for him there. When he reached that…
That same evening, after the sitting had been closed, there was great rejoicing at Port-au-Prince. While the population gave itself up to outbursts of enthusiasm, with cries of *Long live…
30. The territory of the Republic is divided into 4 departments, namely: the departments of the South, the West, the Artibonite and the North. The other departments shall be designated…
29. The Island of Haiti (formerly called Saint-Domingue), with the adjacent islands that depend on it, forms the territory of the Republic of Haiti. 30. The territory of the Republic…
Christophe went to Marchand, where he had several officers of doubtful loyalty arrested, among others a former aide-de-camp of Dessalines named Manuel. He also had Generals Dartiguenave and Cangé arrested;…
Christophe had been encamped since the day before at Boucassin, nine leagues from Port-au-Prince. He had ordered the 4th and the 7th, which formed his vanguard, and the main body…
The citizens of Port-au-Prince were deeply stirred by this news. Many frightened families left for the South, some by land and some by sea. Pétion meanwhile remained inactive, not believing…
The State owns 8 carreaux of land there, occupied by tenant farmers. On 16 February 1806, Dessalines sent out from the Petite-Rivière, to march on Santo Domingo, the Gabart division,…
The State owns 8 carreaux of land there, occupied by tenant farmers. On 16 February 1806, Dessalines sent out from the Petite-Rivière, to march on Santo Domingo, the Gabart division,…
In 1805 Germain Picot, a former officer of the 18th half-brigade, rose against Dessalines and seized the citadel of the Platons with a few cultivators whom he had drawn into…
Bois (les). Fort located in the arrondissement of Nippes, commune of Anse-à-Veau. General Jean-Louis François, who died at Anse-à-Veau on 10 March 1806, at the age of 37, was buried…
The journal of Emperor Dessalines's campaign in Santo-Domingo is dated from the imperial headquarters at Laville, 12 April 1806. Dessalines, Governor General after the expulsion of the French, had at…
In 1804 the Haitians built on the heights of the Platons, after the plan of the engineer Morancy, a man of color, a citadel whose works Nicolas Geffrard directed. This…
On 31 May 1806, seized with violent colic, he breathed his last at the Cayes. The rumor ran at once that he had been poisoned at the instigation of Jacques…
Nicolas Geffrard, the father of the president of that name, was born there on the habitation Périgny in 1761. He died at the Cayes on 31 May 1806. His body…
General Fabre Geffrard, who was president of Haiti, was born at Anse-à-Veau on 23 September 1806, as were Pierre Monplaisir Pierre, Sénèque Pierre, the two Piquant brothers and Hugon Lechaud,…
To the east of this town lies the Karata, a position admirably defended in 1803 by the indigènes against the French troops, and where, on 8 October 1806, Messeroux gave…
Garata ou Karata. Habitation situated in the commune of the Coteaux, to the east of that town, where, on 8 October 1806, Messeroux, justice of the peace of Port-Salut, came…
It was at Port-Salut that the insurrection against Dessalines began, on 8 October 1806, with the arrest of General Moreau carried out by some thirty inhabitants, at whose head had…
On 8 October 1806 General Moreau, arrested at the Karatas, during the uprising provoked by the justice of the peace Messeroux, was interned on the habitation Taverne. The insurrection spread…
It was on the habitation Garata that Messeroux, justice of the peace, was the first to make camp against Dessalines, on 8 October 1806. Rouzier tells this under the entry…
On 13 March General Sarrazin arrived at Welche Taverny, having cut his way by the force of bayonets through the ambushes of the indigènes. These pursued the French as far…
The Minister of War, General Gérin, had leased this property from the State domain; he was there under medical treatment when he learned, on 10 October 1806, of the arrest…
On 12 October 1806, Gérin accepts at Anse-à-Veau the command in chief of the insurrectionary movement against Dessalines, whose minister of war he was. Rouzier tells this under the entry…
DELPECHE. Delpêche was a commandant and aide-de-camp of the Emperor Dessalines. On 15 October 1806 the Emperor, having learned of the taking up of arms in the South, dispatched him…
On 17 October 1806, year III of Independence, the emperor presented himself before the Pont Rouge and was killed in an ambush. General Etienne Elie Gérin, the emperor's minister of…
On 19 October 1806 Christophe summoned Capois from Fort Liberté to the Cap and made him fall into an ambush in the ditches of Limonade. Thus perished the hero of…
In January 1803, the commander in chief, marching from the Petite Rivière de l'Artibonite against Dondon, which had risen against his authority under Petit Noël Prière after the assassination of…
Papalier was left in charge of the finances of the South until 1 January 1806, when he obtained from Dessalines leave to occupy himself only with his military functions.
Geffrard arrived at Marchand in the afternoon of 1 January 1806, bearing the news of the revolt of the Platons and its suppression.
About midnight on 1 January 1806, after the ball closing the festival of independence, Dessalines summoned Christophe, Romain and Colonel Pierre Toussaint to his chamber and declared that Geffrard and…
The conspiracy against Dessalines was conceived and resolved upon at Marchand.
General Romain, on Christophe's behalf, enlightened Geffrard and Pétion at Marchand about the plan of conspiracy.
At the gathering of generals in the capital for the second anniversary of independence, Dessalines conceived the thought of sacrificing Pétion and Geffrard, suspecting them of favoring Rigaud's return, and…
On 6 January 1806 Geffrard brought on an explanation with Dessalines before the generals and officers at the palace of Marchand, and Pétion recalled their conversations when they resolved to…
On 10 January 1806 a decree regulated the loading of ships for export, compelling every merchant and ship captain to load equal quantities of coffee, sugar and cotton.
On 20 January Pétion wrote to Jacob Lewis deploring his refusals of payment and offering him the coffee crop from his own plantation in the arrondissement of Jacmel.
On 1 February 1806 Dessalines issued a decree on the organization of the military navy, the merchant marine and coasting trade, fishing and salt-works, on the report of the minister…
The cargo of Jacob Lewis's ship l'Empereur was sold on 21 February 1806 and delivered to Brocard at Saint-Marc, in a business in which Ardouin says the emperor was interested.
The emperor arrived at Les Cayes on 1 August 1806, where General Moreau told him Geffrard had been conspiring with Christophe and handed over Geffrard's sealed papers.
Dessalines issued a decree requiring the courts, which held the right of homologation and insinuation, to communicate to the administrator every request concerning property titles.
On 8 September 1806, the day he left Les Cayes, Dessalines wrote two letters to Inginac, one on sending Geffrard's papers to Marchand and one ordering him to verify property…
Dessalines wrote to Inginac giving him alone the right to examine the titles of proprietors and to grant possession or unite properties to the state domains.
G. Roux wrote to Inginac a letter, cited in Madiou's Histoire d'Haïti, on the verification of titles and the new verification Dessalines ordered at Port-au-Prince.
General Moreau left Les Cayes for Tiburon with his guides and a few officers, and the same day entered the bourg of Port-Salut.
On 8 October 1806, General Moreau, arrested at the Karatas, was passing under escort at the Touya crossroads. Well, he said, are we not suitably placed here? He was led…
At 3 o'clock in the afternoon Beauchamp brought news of Moreau's arrest to Les Cayes, and Papalier had the troops assembled at 5 o'clock and sent Colonel Wagnac with a…
Colonel Etienne Mentor was hacked with saber blows at 8 o'clock in the evening by Wagnac's dragoons, according to the report of his secretary.
Poutu wrote to Boyer at 10 o'clock in the evening that he was to fight a duel the next morning, and commended his wife and child to Boyer.
At daybreak Papalier sent Brunet to find Wagnac, wrote to General Guillaume Lafleur at Aquin, to Gérin near Anse-à-Veau and to the emperor, and a Franco-Haitian white man reported that…
Wagnac drew near Les Cayes with the insurgents and halted at the Dutruche plantation, and Bourdet went to confer with him.
At the Taverne plantation Messeroux compelled Moreau to write an order to the commander of the citadel of the Platons to deliver munitions, which the commander refused.
Papalier and G. Lafleur wrote to the emperor announcing Moreau's arrest of the day before.
The emperor made an address to the superior council, followed by the council's judgment, according to the list of imperial acts.
Wagnac entered Les Cayes, assembled the troops, declared Christophe chief in place of Dessalines and ordered pay rolls drawn up.
Gérin received Papalier's letter at Anse-à-Veau, dictated to Brouard a letter to Dessalines that he would march against the rebels, and had Vaval assemble the 15th and the 16th.
The quartermasters at Les Cayes drew up the pay rolls so imperfectly that they were ordered redone, which took place on 12 October.
Castaing arrived at Anse-à-Veau from Les Cayes with a letter from Wagnac telling Gérin that he was recognized as chief of the army and department of the South and that…
Gérin sent the brothers Calix and Nicolas Brouard to Petit-Goave to persuade Lamarre, who showed himself contrary and took measures of defense.
Gérin sent Colonel Faubert and squadron chief David-Troy to Les Cayes with orders for Wagnac to march the troops to the Pont-de-Miragoane and to judge Generals Moreau and Guillaume Lafleur.
A heavy rain began at noon and lasted until Wednesday at about the same hour.
General Yayou, informed of the events of the South, reached Petit-Goave with the 21st half-brigade.
Squadron chief Borgella reached Les Cayes with fresh orders from Gérin; Bourdet then marched for the Pont-de-Miragoane and Vancol for Jérémie.
The troops from Petit-Goave reached Grand-Goave and Léogane at sunset; Germain Frère was arrested during the night.
Captain Augustin returned to Camp Gérard and ordered Pilié and another officer to go to Les Cayes to take leave of Moreau.
The troops of the South and of the West entered Port-au-Prince at four o'clock in the afternoon, Germain was imprisoned, Yayou was given provisional command of the arrondissement and Dieudonné…
A council of the authorities of Les Cayes decided the death of Moreau and Guillaume Lafleur, over the objections of Borgella, David-Troy and Faubert.
Faubert, David-Troy, Borgella and most of the chiefs of Les Cayes set out to join the army of the South, and Papalier took Inginac with him.
In the evening Aoua, chief of the naval division, was taken from prison by the State's mariners and killed at the ditches of Les Cayes.
At l'Arcahaie in the afternoon Dessalines sent Thomas Jean and Gédéon with the elite companies of the 3rd demi-brigade ahead to Port-au-Prince, with orders to wait at the Pont-Rouge.
The act Resistance to Oppression was drawn up at Port-au-Prince and signed by Gérin, Pétion, Yayou, Vaval, Bonnet, Marion, Véret, Francisque, Lamarre, Sanglaou and others, proclaiming Henry Christophe provisional chief…
Dessalines fell, seven days after the duel, struck by the bullets of the troops of the South.
The corpse of Dessalines was stabbed, stripped of its clothes and rings, and carried into Port-au-Prince to the place d'armes, where it was abused by the crowd.
Étienne Mentor cried out "The tyrant is down! Long live Liberty!" as soon as Dessalines fell.
Adjutant General Bonnet rode through Port-au-Prince at the head of the cavalry crying that the tyrant was no more, and Germain Frère was killed in prison a few moments after…
A Te Deum was sung at Port-au-Prince to celebrate the day of the 17th, according to the Account of the Campaign.
Gérin wrote from Port-au-Prince to Christophe, as chief of the government, reporting the death of Dessalines at the Pont-Rouge and enclosing the acts of the insurrection.
Pétion wrote from Port-au-Prince to Christophe praying him to take the reins of the government.
Pétion wrote to Madame Dessalines, assuring her that her goods were under the safeguard of her fellow citizens.
Christophe was informed of Dessalines's death by letters from Colonel Pierre Toussaint at Saint-Marc and from General Vernet at Marchand.
Christophe wrote to General Romain at Port-de-Paix, and summoned Dartiguenave, to come to him at Le Cap, and wrote to Pétion that he was anxious about his fate.
The senior officers of Les Cayes, with Borgella, David-Troy and Faubert, arrived at Port-au-Prince and found Dessalines's aides-de-camp at liberty.
Christophe wrote to Madame Dessalines, calling her commère, before learning that he had been named provisional head of the government.
General Férou wrote to Battalion Chief Pierre Henry of the 18th, telling him to take command of that corps at Jérémie.
Christophe replied from Milot to Gérin and to Pétion, accepting the office of head of the government and promising an assembly to draw up a constitution.
Christophe's aide-de-camp Saint-George and Bertrand Lemoine carried the Le Cap act of adhesion and Christophe's replies to Gérin and Pétion to Port-au-Prince.
Christophe sent Adjutant General Blanchet the younger with dispatches inviting Gérin and Pétion to send the troops back to their garrisons and to send him Dessalines's staff officers.
Christophe issued from Le Cap a proclamation to the people and the army urging obedience, order and discipline.
Christophe addressed a circular to Romain, Toussaint Brave, Vernet, Pétion, Gérin and Férou calling for parish elections on the 20th and a constituent assembly to meet on the 30th at…
Christophe wrote to General Yayou suggesting fears of the men of the West and the South, who he said did not like the people of the North; Yayou sent the…
Christophe published a proclamation to foreigners abolishing exclusive consignments and opening Le Cap, Fort-Dauphin, Port-de-Paix, the Gonaïves, Saint-Marc, Port-au-Prince, Jacmel, Les Cayes and Jérémie to foreign commerce.
Christophe wrote to Pétion that General Dartiguenave carried his orders for a mission to the South, and invited Pétion to assist him with his counsels.
Pétion wrote to Christophe from Port-au-Prince that Dartiguenave's mission would harm the South and that Dartiguenave agreed to await Christophe's orders at Port-au-Prince.
Christophe published a proclamation accusing secret agents of ambitious men of rousing the troops against lawful authority, citing the musicians of the 4th and the 3rd battalion of the 20th.
Christophe replied to Pétion from Fort Henry, expressing astonishment at the 3rd battalion of the 20th being kept at Port-au-Prince and at Pétion's objections to Dartiguenave's mission.
J. Hugonin wrote to Christophe that under the constitution being prepared he would have no more power than a corporal.
Pétion replied to Christophe from Port-au-Prince, justifying his conduct and saying that the people struck down the tyrant on 17 October to establish their sovereignty.
Christophe published a proclamation naming Pétion, Bonnet, Boyer, the two Blanchets, Daumec, Lys and Caneaux in open revolt, ordering the army to march and abandoning to it the pillage of…
Twenty-five deputies of the North and the Artibonite signed a protest against the constituent assembly and the constitution, while 72 signatures were affixed to the constitution.
Christophe's army of twelve thousand men entered the Arcahaie, where arrests took place.
General Bazelais rode from the Arcahaie to Pétion at Port-au-Prince to warn him of Christophe's march, and Pétion then sent Trichet and Daumec to Gérin and ordered Yayou and the…
Yayou entered Port-au-Prince in the afternoon and Pétion marched out with him against Christophe, leaving the artillery, the 12th and two battalions of the 24th.
The Senate constituted itself at Port-au-Prince, electing César Thélémaque president, took its oath, and declared itself in permanent session.
At 10 in the evening Pétion's army of at most 3 thousand men reached the Sibert plantation, and took position there and at Montléard at 11 o'clock after meeting soldiers…
Christophe set out from the Boucassin with all his forces, the 4th at their head, hoping to surprise Port-au-Prince.
Port-au-Prince, 20 December (1) 1806. General of Division Pétion, commanding the second division of the West, and member of the Constituent Assembly, to General in Chief Henry Christophe, provisional chief…
But Geffrard happened to die on 13 May 1806: “Hun! hun (1)!” cried Dessalines, “death has been quicker than I (2)!”
Eight days had passed at Jérémie, eight days of balls, of amorous lusts and of spoliation. On 21 August (1), the emperor was at Les Cayes, after having continued to…
But it was to the city of Les Cayes that the glory was reserved of dealing the oppressor the first blow: Moreau, rich with the spoils of Geffrard, was making…
But when the Emperor had returned to Marchand from his last journey in the South, Christophe and Cappois were living in a discord more flagrant than ever; remarks that always…
“At Les Cayes, 13 October 1806. “The chiefs of the army of the South to the general in chief. “They are known, then, these secrets full of horror (1). “Brigadier…
Pétion, after hearing Yayou, said to him: “My mind cannot be in doubt: I also enter the insurrection; do as I do. Does the Emperor not govern us as a…
On 16 October squadron leader Racolier, charged with both executions, notifies Lafleur to follow him to Camp-Gérard, where Moreau had been transferred. A halt is made at the crossroads of…
Pétion, Gérin, Yayou and Vaval entered Port-au-Prince on the 16th, at four in the afternoon, with the 11th, 12th, 15th, 16th, 21st and 24th demi-brigades and three squadrons of dragoons.…
But, a mutilation as odious as it was useless! the corpse of the emperor was hacked with saber blows; it is said that Yayou dealt it three dagger thrusts, that…
At headquarters at Port-au-Prince, 16 October 1806 (1). General of division Pétion, commander in chief of the 2nd division of the West, to His Excellency the general in chief of…
Such was the conduct of Boisrond and Mentor when, on the 21st, Pétion assembled at the seat of government all the officers of the army of the South and of…
At headquarters at Milot, 23 October 1806, Year III of independence. Henry Christophe, general in chief of the army of Haiti, to General Pétion, commanding the second division of the…
This deputation was of the highest importance. It landed at Cap on 26 October. Welcomed with enthusiasm by the population, it made its way to Milot, from where Bonnet headed…
Despite this last particular, true or false, on 3 November Christophe convoked the Constituent Assembly, whose basis was to be universal suffrage, and to which everyone was eligible, wherever his…
Meanwhile the Constituent Assembly, composed of seventy-four deputies, had opened its sittings, on 18 December, in the church of Port-au-Prince. Among the deputies of the North one noticed Juste Hugonin,…
Warned by some deputies of the North, and particularly by Juste Hugonin (1), of the design of the constituent members to leave the executive power only a derisory latitude, by…
It was only on 27 December, however, after having signed the constitutional act, that the twenty-four dissenters signed among themselves, and surreptitiously, an act of protest, in which the eleven…
The Assembly, in its session of 28 December, accordingly named Christophe President of Haiti; let us set down here this act of the national will: “From the session of the…
The Assembly had scarcely completed these two acts when it learned that Christophe was on the march from Saint-Marc toward the Arcahaye. Some members proposed at first to send a…
On 31 December the Senate installed itself under the presidency of César-Télémaque. Never did a deliberative assembly make a worthier choice: Télémaque possessed in the highest degree the calm of…
1807: Britain ended its 130-year dominance of the slave trade with the passage of its abolition law. This revolutionary move was followed by decades of naval interventions to suppress the…
1807: The Gazette officielle de l'état de Hayti commemorated the British abolition of the slave trade by publishing a serialized account of the entire struggle. The Haitian newspaper highlighted the…
1807-Mar.-25: The British Parliament passed the Act for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, marking a monumental shift in the history of the Atlantic world. This legislation made it illegal…
1807-1808: Great Britain and the United States officially outlawed the transatlantic slave trade, signaling a major transformation in global moral and political perception. This revolutionary move was spearheaded by a…
1807–1818: During the administration of President Pétion, more than 150,000 hectares of land were distributed or sold to approximately 10,000 individuals. This massive reallocation of property aimed to build a…
1807-1867: Approximately 3 million Africans were shipped to the Americas after the initial abolition of the trade by major powers. This final phase of the trade persisted despite the militant…
1807: Governor W.C.C. Claiborne of the Louisiana Territory mandated that all free people of color arriving from the island of Haiti provide legal certificates proving their status. Those unable to produce…
1807: Article 41 of the northern constitution explicitly guarantees the security of property for all foreign merchants operating in the country. This provision was designed to attract international trade and…
1807: British forces took control of Curaçao and St. Thomas as a result of the ongoing Napoleonic Wars in Europe. This shift in military control brought these important trading hubs…
1807-Jan-14: Henry Christophe issued a formal proclamation to the people and the army asserting his authority from the North. This act finalized the split between the northern and southern provinces…
1807-Jan.-14: Henry Christophe issued a formal proclamation to the people of Haiti from his stronghold in the North. He asserted his leadership following the assassination of Dessalines and initiated the…
1807-Feb.-11: A new Order in Council allowed ships that had previously cleared out for Buenos Aires to proceed directly to Haiti to dispose of their cargoes. This order expanded the…
1807-Feb.-24: The U.S. Congress passed an act renewing the prohibition on trade with Haiti for another year. Merchants in Nantucket and other ports seized the opportunity to clear for Haiti…
1807-Mar.: Alexandre Pétion was elected president of the Republic of the South under a constitution that reaffirmed the total abolition of slavery. The republic sought to create a less authoritarian…
1807-Mar.: Alexandre Pétion is elected president of the southern republic under the new liberal constitution. His election reflected the triumph of the mulatto elite in the South and West over…
1807-Mar.-31: A law is passed in the northern state providing for the sale of state land to the general population. Due to the pressures of the civil war, the actual…
1807-Apr.-05: Christophe's secretary of state, Rouanez jeune, wrote to Jean-Gabriel Peltier accepting his offer to mediate between the Haitian government and British ministers. Peltier, a French royalist émigré, became a…
1807-May-14: The Gazette officielle de l'état de Hayti published its first issues under the administration of Henry Christophe, marking the formal establishment of a state press in independent Haiti. The…
1807-Jun.-08: Jean-Gabriel Peltier wrote to Viscount Castlereagh in London to highlight the "immense trade relations" that existed between England and the State of Haiti. He argued that President Christophe was…
1807-Aug.-13: Henry Christophe published a proclamation in the Gazette Officielle denouncing merchant Jacob Lewis as a "fraudulent and broke adventurer." He accused Lewis of collaborating with the southern "revolted" forces…
1807-Nov.-11: The British government instituted a 14-shilling duty on each quintal of foreign coffee, a move that Peltier argued would ruin the commercial relationship with Haiti. He warned that the…
1807: Théodat Trichet is sent on a mission to England to improve relations and secure diplomatic recognition. This effort highlighted the young republic's struggle to find legitimacy among the major…
1807, January 8 – March 9: (The Failure at Port-au-Prince and the Two Haitis): By the time the army of the North was again in hand outside Port-au-Prince, Yayou had…
1807–1811: (Pétion's Republic: Betrayal, Dissension, and the Cromwellian Turn): The main problems confronting Pétion were to administer the republic under arrangements he knew better than anyone were unworkable and to…
1807–1810: (The Guerre du Môle and the Death of Lamarre): Behind the Artibonite, backed in the mountains by the old Cordon de l'Ouest, Christophe enjoyed a defensible frontier with St.…
1807–1818: (The Royal Dahomets and the King's Iron Discipline): To enforce his regime (and Henry, unlike Pétion, Boyer, or many another Haitian ruler, never set rules he could not…
1807–1812: (Goman in the Grand'Anse: The Thirteen-Year Guerrilla Insurgency): Among much business left unfinished by Pétion was the Grand'Anse insurgency, dating back ten years to 1807, where in what was…
1807-00-00: (Great Britain Abolishes the Atlantic Slave Trade, a Decision Shaped in Part by the Haitian Revolution's Demonstration That the Slave System Could Produce Catastrophic Resistance as Well as Wealth):…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Kingston in 1807, the people aboard the Bedford rose against the crew. They had been taken at Cape Coast Castle. The record gives…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Charleston in 1807, the people aboard the Washington rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage in 1807, the people aboard the Independence rose against the crew. They had been taken at Loango. The record gives the numbers as: 240 people were…
On a slaving voyage in 1807, the Duchess of York was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Windward Coast (Nunez to Assini). The record gives…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Tortola in 1807, the Nancy had its boats attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Senegal. The record gives…
On 18 August 1807 a woman called Louise dite Letort came into a notary's office in Santo Domingo city carrying a manumission act from the year 1739. The clerk recorded…
As soon as the firing at Sibert had been heard at Port-au-Prince, General Magloire Ambroise, provisional commander of the division, had assembled the 12th demi-brigade at the Arsenal and issued…
General Guillaume, who likewise put Christophe's orders rigorously into practice, commanded the arrondissement of Port-de-Paix. The troops, whom he often ill-treated, had come to execrate him. On the thirteenth of…
Toward four in the afternoon a courier coming from Bizoton presented himself at the gate and handed Yayou a note from Bédouet, written in pencil, in which Bédouet told him…
While Yayou was winning this success, another enemy column, led by Colonel Apollon, was marching against Fort National, the highest point of the town and the most important, which was…
But during this interval Colonel Larose, at the head of the 8th and of the first two battalions of the 20th, was resolutely attacking the 21st of Léogane, commanded by…
Christophe, despairing of taking the town and fearing insurrections in the North and the Artibonite at his rear, raised the siege two days later. On 8 January, after burning part…
The citizens of Port-au-Prince were deeply stirred by this news. Many frightened families left for the South, some by land and some by sea. Pétion meanwhile remained inactive, not believing…
Pétion had been warned in time, for as soon as it was light, on the first of January, Christophe, halting at the bridge of the salt pond of Bouc-en-Bouc, came…
A moment later, cries of *Long live Pétion rang out on every side. He had just re-entered Port-au-Prince. The crowd surrounded him and escorted him to the Dalton house, his…
As powder was lacking at the arsenal, Caneaux and Lys sent for some to Fort Jacques, four leagues inland, and bought a large quantity from a foreign seaman who had…
Toward two in the afternoon, while Yayou was impatiently awaiting the enemy, word came that Pétion had landed at Mariani, four leagues from Port-au-Prince. The adjudant-general Blanchet came at the…
Christophe had been encamped since the day before at Boucassin, nine leagues from Port-au-Prince. He had ordered the 4th and the 7th, which formed his vanguard, and the main body…
On 6 January, at three in the morning, Christophe delivered a general assault on the town. At Fort Saint-Joseph, on the north, the enemy was vigorously repulsed by Colonel Lamarre.…
As soon as Bergerac Trichet and the 18th had left Jérémie on the march to Port-au-Prince, Thomas Durocher went through the countryside, came to an understanding with Jason Domingo, an…
Christophe, despairing of taking the town and fearing insurrections in the North and the Artibonite at his rear, raised the siege two days later. On 8 January, after burning part…
Meanwhile the Senate, assembled in Port-au-Prince, was organizing the government of the Republic. On 18 January, using the provisions of article 42 of the constitution, by which it could make…
While Lamarre was carrying the war into the North, the revolt of the Grand'Anse was gaining strength. We have seen that Lieutenant-Colonel Goman, of the 19th demi-brigade, had become its…
The Council of State, continuing its labors, passed a law on 25 February by which it was ordered that the President's seal should be affixed to the laws until the…
The second arrondissement: L'Acul, La Marmelade, Plaisance, Le Limbé, Port-Margot, Le Borgne, Saint-Louis, La Tortue, Port-de-Paix, Jean-Rabel, the Môle and Bombarde. The first arrondissement of the province of the West…
During this interval the Republicans were busy with the election of a president of Haiti. The people of the West designated General Pétion, and that of the South General Gérin.…
Senators Thélémaque and Auguste Daumec were sent as a deputation to the President of Haiti to announce his nomination to him. Pétion received their congratulations, as well as those of…
On 15 March the Council of State passed a law on the administration of finance. In each province there were to be established an intendant of finance, a controller, a…
Continuing to organize the Republic, the Senate decreed on 19 March that the President of Haiti was authorized, for the promotion of superior officers, to present three candidates to the…
On 31 March a law, which was never seriously carried out under Christophe, either in the North or in the Artibonite, ordered the sale of the plantations and other property…
On 21 March a law determined the manner of collecting the tax laid on the rum distilleries, and the same day a decree conferred on the President of Haiti the…
The Council of State, meeting again at Le Cap after Christophe's return, voted on the sixth of May a law regulating guardianship and emancipation; and the same day another law…
While Alain strove to restore a little order in the place, the soldiers of the two first battalions of the 9th, who had withdrawn to the Trois-Pavillons with Rébecca at…
The parish of Port-de-Paix suffered especially from this order of things; its inhabitants, proud and brave, whom he made to expiate their attachment to Capoix, loved liberty and complained aloud.…
After this letter had been read, in the presence of Colonel Jacques Louis, one of Christophe's intimate favorites, Pourcely said to the messenger: "Go and let Rébecca know that he…
Meanwhile the soldiers had broken ranks and scattered through the town, some to plunder, others to see their kinsfolk. A moment later Captain Jules Derré, whom Pourcely had sent to…
Captain Alain, who had not followed the officers, had gone back to his house. His wife, who had heard the soldiers repeating everywhere that they did not wish to kill…
After this letter had been read, in the presence of Colonel Jacques Louis, one of Christophe's intimate favorites, Pourcely said to the messenger: "Go and let Rébecca know that he…
Christophe, coming out of the Gros-Morne road, had just entered a Port-de-Paix almost deserted. He had those he could reach bayoneted, men, women and children; and as the town was…
Meanwhile the deputation that Rébecca had sent to Port-au-Prince to announce his rising had arrived there. The news had set off the liveliest joy throughout the Republic. Everyone already believed…
"If, however, you should be unable to make yourself master of Saint-Marc, you will steer for Port-de-Paix without losing time, in order to relieve the courageous Haitians who are in…
Meanwhile the advance guard of the army of the Republic, commanded by Yayou with General Wagnac under his orders, had reached the Boucassin on the afternoon of the 25th of…
In the first days of June, Nicolas Louis, learning that Fort Pageot at Port-de-Paix was without a garrison, came out of Les Moustiques with a company of sixty grenadiers and…
Meanwhile the advance guard of the army of the Republic, commanded by Yayou with General Wagnac under his orders, had reached the Boucassin on the afternoon of the 25th of…
When Bazelais came abreast of Saint-Marc, he resolved not to attempt a landing there, having learned from coasting boatmen that the town stood in a formidable posture. He made sail…
Meanwhile the advance guard of the army of the Republic, commanded by Yayou with General Wagnac under his orders, had reached the Boucassin on the afternoon of the 25th of…
On the 30th the republican chasseurs came to announce to Pétion the approach of a battalion of the 4th that had come out of Saint-Marc. He sent the 3rd demi-brigade…
The next day, the 1st of June, Pétion continued his march on Saint-Marc, crossed the district of the Boucassin, and on the 2nd halted at Poix-la-Ravine. It was there that…
The next day, the 1st of June, Pétion continued his march on Saint-Marc, crossed the district of the Boucassin, and on the 2nd halted at Poix-la-Ravine. It was there that…
A few days later he showed, toward a large number of shipwrecked men, a conduct that at the time excited the admiration of the English. A French privateer, the *Bernadotte,…
But meanwhile the generalissimo Christophe, having learned from Magny of the occupation of Les Gonaïves by Bazelais, had suspended his operations against Port-de-Paix and sent Colonel Jason toward that town…
Christophe, who had set out for Les Gonaïves, had arrived there a few days after the expulsion of the republicans. On the 20th of June he had returned to Le…
In the meantime Nicolas Louis and Bauvoir still held Port-de-Paix and Saint-Louis du Nord in the name of the Republic. Nicolas, learning that a strong enemy detachment was camped in…
On the evening of his landing he set out, guided by Commandant Jean Martin, to join Colonel Nicolas Louis. He crossed the Bonseigneur plantation and, after three days' march, reached…
General Lamarre entrusted Adjutant-General Delva with the command of the outposts, which stretched as far as Saint-Louis du Nord, and had all the forts of Port-de-Paix occupied. The troops of…
On 1 January 1807 the army of Christophe, 10,000 men strong, met that of Pétion in the plains of Sibert, situated in the plain of the Cul-de-Sac, 3 lieues from…
In the cemetery, where burials no longer take place, are the marble mausoleum of the count d'Ennery, who died Governor General in 1776; the tomb of Coutilien Coutard, who died…
CEMETERIES. In the interior cemetery, situated opposite the place Ste. Anne or Marché Debout, where no one is buried any longer, is found the mausoleum of the count d'Ennery, who…
The 4th and 7th half-brigades, forming Christophe's vanguard, were advancing. Although he could muster only 3,000 men, Pétion left Port-au-Prince on 1 January 1807, at ten o'clock in the morning,…
By a movement of rare magnanimity, a young officer, Coutilien Coutard, captain of a company of grenadiers of the 3rd, took off the hat on which all the blows were…
On the news of these disasters, General Magloire Ambroise left Port-au-Prince with the 12th half-brigade to fly to the aid of Pétion. “ The enemy is upon us ”, the…
On 1 January 1807 Christophe, marching against Port-au-Prince, halted at the bridge of the Saline and sighted the habitation Sibert. When the first musket shot was fired, Christophe launched against…
BOUZY. An officer of this name accompanied Pétion in his flight after the battle of Sibert, on 1 January 1807, and reached the shore of the habitation Truitier. Rouzier tells…
DUVIVIER. On 1 January 1807, during the battle of Sibert, Christophe was leaning against the wall of the Duvivier habitation, on the plain of the Cul de Sac, when squadron…
On 6 January Christophe delivered a general assault. His columns were repulsed at every point. Fearing to see insurrections break out in his rear, in the North and in the…
On 7 January 1807, Port-au-Prince was blockaded by land by General Christophe, whose troops were repulsed. Rouzier tells this under the entry PORT-AU PRINCE [le].
On 6 January Christophe delivered a general assault. His columns were repulsed at every point. Fearing to see insurrections break out in his rear, in the North and in the…
On 18 January 1807 Pétion was named general in chief of the department of the West. Rouzier tells this under the entry OUEST ( l' ).
On 18 January 1807 General Etienne Elie Gérin was named general in chief of the South. Rouzier tells this under the entry SUD.
BLANCHET. Two brothers of this name distinguished themselves in the history of Haiti. The elder, Bruno Blanchet, was a member of the Constituent Assembly of 1806 and was rapporteur of…
BLANCHET. Two brothers of this name distinguished themselves in the history of Haiti. The elder, Bruno Blanchet, was a member of the Constituent Assembly of 1806 and was rapporteur of…
FIOLLE. Habitation in the commune of Dame Marie. It was there that Goman, Lieutenant Colonel of the 19th half-brigade, put himself at the head of the insurgents of the Grande…
On 17 February 1807, proclamation of the State of the North: Christophe is elected president for life. He has himself named king under the name of Henri I. On 8…
The island of Grosse-Caye is situated opposite the bay of Aquin, and the point of Morne-Rouge lies to the south. The port was opened to foreign commerce by the law…
The law of 21 April 1807 sanctions the opening of the port of the Cayes to foreign commerce. This port is situated at 18° 11′ 10″ north latitude and 76°…
The port, one of the finest of Haiti, has been open to foreign commerce since 21 April 1807, and receives on average per year 50 sailing ships that take on…
The port of Port au Prince was opened to foreign commerce on 21 April 1807. Rouzier tells this under the entry PORT-AU PRINCE [le].
On 17 May 1807 Port-de-Paix rose against the general in chief Christophe, with Sergeant Jean Louis Rebecca as leader of the insurrection. The Borgne, Jean Rabel and Gros Morne followed…
On 26 May 1807, President Pétion left Port-au-Prince at 3 o'clock in the morning and arrived at the habitation Prince at 10 o'clock. He reproached General Yayou for having had…
On 27 May 1807 Pétion, Yayou and Wagnac, with 2,000 men, took the outposts of Christophe, whose army had penetrated to le Boucassin. Rouzier tells this under the entry Boucassin…
On 28 May 1807, Lamarre, with 2,000 men of President Pétion, made a landing at the Gonaïves, repulsed Magny, who commanded there for Christophe, and held his ground there. But…
In February 1798 the English of the Arcahaie had established an entrenched camp there, which Lapointe commanded for them. On 2 June 1807 President Pétion, marching against Christophe, arrived at…
On 28 May 1807, Lamarre, with 2,000 men of President Pétion, made a landing at the Gonaïves, repulsed Magny, who commanded there for Christophe, and held his ground there. But…
On 2 July 1807 President Pétion made an expedition into the Northwest against Christophe. Port-de-Paix had declared in his favor. He sent General Lamarre to the Môle Saint Nicolas to…
On 2 July 1807 General Lamarre landed at Port-à Piment, going to bring aid to Nicolas Louis, in insurrection at Port de Paix against Christophe in favor of President Pétion.…
During his expedition into the Northwest to bring help to Nicolas Louis, who was in insurrection against Christophe in favour of Pétion, General Lamarre crossed this habitation on his way…
On 5 July 1807, Lamarre, coming to the aid of the insurrection of the Northwest against Christophe in favor of Pétion, met Nicolas Louis on the Foison habitation. From there…
On 2 July 1807 President Pétion made an expedition into the Northwest against Christophe. Port-de-Paix had declared in his favor. He sent General Lamarre to the Môle Saint Nicolas to…
General Dant Brave, sent by Christophe, met Nicolas Louis there, who was encamped there with 400 men. He gave him battle, was beaten, and took refuge at Port de Paix…
On 23 July 1807, conspiracy of General Yayou: abandoned by his accomplices, he made for Léogane to try to draw that arrondissement along: He failed. Rouzier tells this under the…
Chervain, J. C. Cadet, Sanglaou, Romain, Jourdain and Madame Germain had followed him. When the 21st learned of Yayou's designs to bear arms against President Pétion, it abandoned him. Yayou…
Desmahaut. Fortified position situated near Port-de-Paix, to which Lamarre advanced on 9 August 1807 in order to resume the offensive against Christophe. Lamarre's troops at Desmahaut drove back and routed…
Desmahaut. Fortified position situated near Port-de-Paix, to which Lamarre advanced on 9 August 1807 in order to resume the offensive against Christophe. Lamarre's troops at Desmahaut drove back and routed…
Desmahaut. Fortified position situated near Port-de-Paix, to which Lamarre advanced on 9 August 1807 in order to resume the offensive against Christophe. Lamarre's troops at Desmahaut drove back and routed…
Foison. Habitation in the rural section of the Moustiques, commune of Port-de-Paix, where Lamarre withdrew on 8 September 1807 after the bombardment of Demahaut by Christophe. Rouzier tells this under…
Magloire Ambroise, commandant of the arrondissement, convicted of conspiracy against President Pétion, was arrested by Bonnet and David Troy and poisoned himself on 7 December 1807 in prison rather than…
Christophe, far from accepting the presidency, begins the civil war with the battle of Sibert, 3 leagues from Port-au-Prince, where Coutilien Coustard dies.
During the rout Coutilien Coustard took Pétion's laced hat and put it on his own, to draw the pursuing cavalry upon himself.
Coutilien Coustard, aged 28, was killed with saber blows by the pursuing dragoons at the bridge of the Blanchard plantation.
Yayou rallied the fugitives at Port-au-Prince, placed them along the Bel-Air line and at Fort Saint-Joseph with Lys, Caneaux, Bonnet and Blanchet the younger, and the families of the town…
Believing Pétion dead or a prisoner, about ten civil senators resolved to transfer the Senate to Léogane under article 69 of the constitution, and Magloire Ambroise passed the order to…
Troops of the North assaulted the Bel-Air line and Fort Saint-Joseph and were repulsed; Lamarre broke out of prison, was restored to the head of the 24th and sallied as…
Pétion reached Port-au-Prince at full gallop after Bédouet's note had announced his arrival, and was received with cries of Long live General Pétion, and he sent Bédouet to hurry the…
Christophe issued a proclamation dated the 14th, which led the Senate to put him outside the law.
Férou died, according to Ardouin, who corrects Madiou's statement that he died in December.
Ardouin cites a document published by Pétion on 17 January 1807, saying that Christophe was one of the first to inform the generals of the army and urge measures against…
Pétion published a document that charged Christophe with being the instrument of the death of General Capois.
Pétion published a statement justifying his conduct, recounting that he told Christophe's envoy he would oppose any attempt to give Christophe the authority Dessalines had held.
The Senate named Pétion commander of the department of the West and Gérin commander of the South, and ordered Pétion to take possession of the limits of the West.
The Senate ordered the generals commanding the departments to maintain order in the towns and countryside, and set aside one thousand gourdes for the deputies of the North who had…
Christophe published a proclamation to the landholders and cultivators urging them to devote themselves to agricultural labor.
Gérin presented to the Senate a report on his mission in the South since the death of Dessalines and the officers he had provisionally promoted.
The Senate published an address to the people and the army explaining the cause of the civil war and blaming Christophe.
The Senate styled Bergerac Trichet battalion chief in raising him to the rank of colonel.
The Senate confirmed Gérin's promotions, named Blanchet the younger, Francisque and Wagnac generals of brigade and Borgella colonel of the 15th demi-brigade, and charged the generals commanding departments with purchases…
The Senate, after receiving Christophe's proclamation of the 14th, placed him outside the law, dismissed him from all functions, and offered amnesty to all who joined the Republic.
The republican army, in two columns under Yayou and Gérin, marched into the West against Christophe's territory, reached Boucassin and Labarre, and advanced as far as the Déluge plantation before…
The Senate decreed that dispossessed proprietors could recover their property through an inquiry before the justice of the peace and a ruling of the Secretary of State, that false claimants…
Pétion wrote from Port-au-Prince to the Senate asking for a levy of two thousand young men, and the Senate the same day decreed a levy of 4000 men in the…
Francisque left Port-au-Prince by land for the Grande-Anse, while the 15th half-brigade under Borgella went by sea and landed at Corail.
Pétion, then a senator and general of division, wrote to the Senate of the Republic asking modifications to the military penal code of Dessalines.
Pétion wrote to the Senate proposing a military penal code in which penalties would be proportioned to offenses.
The Senate issued a decree authorizing itself to repress the frauds of administrators.
Christophe issued a proclamation putting Pétion, Gérin and their accomplices outside the law and offering amnesty to those who rallied to him.
The Senate made a law fixing the costume of its members and decreed that the deputies of the North and the Artibonite who had stayed at Port-au-Prince be called to…
Pétion sent the Senate a packet that the French general Ferrand had addressed to him from Santo-Domingo, saying its proposals deserved only contempt.
Christophe's law divided the territory of the whole island of Haiti and its small adjacent islands into five provinces in place of the six military divisions of 1805.
The Senate decreed a reform of the military penal code of 1805, reducing the capital cases from 28 to 8, abolishing the penalty of the rods and death by the…
Pétion sent the Senate a packet addressed to the chief of the island of Haiti, delivered the same day by the supercargo of a ship that had entered Port-au-Prince.
The presidency of the Republic was therefore vacant in fact: the Senate remedied this on 19 January by raising Bruno Blanchet to the office of Secretary of State, a dignity…
General Bonnet comes to review the troops as is customary. He then withdraws. The guard of the posts of the town is counted. But toward noon the conspirators learn of…
Yayou, impatient at all this talk, gave the signal for combat by a pistol shot (1). Métellus opened fire. This fire was so well directed that Christophe's advance guard was…
The horses unsaddled, their harness embarked, everyone on board, Pétion suddenly seizes the helm, and, heading for the little bay of Marliany (1), toward the Morne-à-Bateau, he is soon in…
Lys had arrived at Les Cayes. At the mere news of the dangers with which Port-au-Prince was threatened, the population had risen to its feet. The 13th and 17th demi-brigades…
Christophe, encamped at Drouillard, had until then contented himself with raining a hail of shells on Port-au-Prince. But, recovered from his sort of torpor at the sight of the reinforcements…
The cultivators of the Grand'Anse, disquieted as to their rights as free men by intriguers who wished to profit by the civil troubles to arrive at fortune and honors, rise…
At last, arrived at the Cap, Christophe published, on 14 January, a proclamation in defense of his conduct and full of gall against that of Pétion. “I have pointed out…
“At Port-au-Prince, 17 January 1807. (Signed:) PÉTION (1).” I have believed it my duty to set out at full length this page in which there shine forth so solemnly the…
In spite of this explicit opinion, the Senate, which on 18 January raised Pétion to the command of the department of the West, and Gérin to the command of that…
Thus the Senate, in this act, had rightly foretold that Christophe was to establish a monarchy upon heaps of corpses. There was no longer any restraint to observe; on the…
The Assembly promulgated, on 17 February, a constitution that sanctioned the despotism long exercised by Christophe. President for life and generalissimo of the land and sea forces of the State…
A law, passed on 4 March, had proclaimed a general amnesty for all faults and offenses committed in the departments of the Republic before the Constitution was put into effect.
Bonnet and Larose then took the floor in favor of the candidacy of Pétion. The assembly passed at once to the secret ballot, the counting of which gave thirteen votes…
And at that instant, extending his right hand over the original manuscript of the new Constitution, Pétion took the following oath: I swear to fulfill faithfully the office of President…
On 20 April the Senate established that no one may acquire less than ten carreaux of land. The cultivators contract with the proprietor or leaseholder, before the justice of the…
Rébecca perished on 21 May, protesting the sanctity of his enterprise; his very executioners were left astonished at his heroic assurance before the fatal block. Unhappily, I say it with…
They were therefore to march against the North. Pétion divided his army into two corps; a flotilla of seventeen sail (1), carrying 2,000 men drawn from the 11th, 12th, 17th,…
This general, having arrived before Saint-Marc, learned that considerable forces were concentrated there. He took the resolution to go to Port-de-Paix. But informed that the 14th demi-brigade was in arms…
The President crossed Boucassin and Mont-Rouis, and on 3 June he found himself before Saint-Marc, whose investment he began. Pierre Toussaint tried to dislodge the 22nd from the Lacombe plantation.…
The Senate, presided over by Théodat Trichet, before separating, conferred upon the President of Haiti, by its decree of 1 July, “the authority to make provisionally all the appointments and…
Lamarre landed at Grand-Port-à-Piment, between Les Gonaïves and the Môle, on 2 July. He set out at once to effect his junction with the battalion chief Nicolas Louis. This junction…
“In the night of the 22nd to the 23rd of this month, the tranquillity which we seemed to enjoy was suddenly broken by the sound of the general alarm beaten…
Yayou, indeed, after a short halt at Léogane to have his effects and munitions of war carried off, went to establish himself on the Dufort plantation with the 21st demi-brigade…
Magloire at first protested his innocence; but soon he confessed his criminal enterprise and abandoned himself to the most violent grief. The announcement of the approaching arrival of President Pétion…
1808-1843: Following the British withdrawal from the slave trade, the traffic at Old Calabar declined even more rapidly than at the neighboring port of Bonny. This period saw a significant…
1808–1864: In the final sixty years of the slave trade, the proportion of children among the captives nearly doubled compared to the previous century. This shift was observed across all…
1808: Following the official end of the British slave trade, Sierra Leone’s capital, Freetown, was transformed into a primary base for the suppression of the illegal Atlantic traffic. The British…
1808: Henry Christophe introduces a tax on imported sugar to protect and encourage national manufacturers. This early industrial policy aimed to reduce the northern state's dependence on foreign refined sugar.
1808: The British government unilaterally implemented articles of the 1804 treaty proposal that Jean-Jacques Dessalines had previously rejected. This move allowed the British to protect their merchant investments while physically…
1808-Feb.-11: Supreme Court Judge John Marshall delivered the opinion in the case of the General Pinkney, ruling that a ship could not be condemned under a law that had expired.…
1808-Apr.-01: The High Court of Admiralty heard the appeal for the ship Manilla, where lawyers argued that the 1806 Orders in Council gave Haitian ports a "distinct character." The judge…
1808-Apr.-26: The U.S. Congress allowed the bill prohibiting trade with Haiti to expire, reopening the trade to American merchants. This change in policy followed an increase in Federalist representation and…
1808-Dec.: A British Order in Council officially opens the ports of Haiti to trade with British merchant vessels. This development allowed the British to secure a dominant position in Haitian…
1808-Dec.-14: King George III issued an Order in Council declaring that Haitian ports not in French possession shall be considered "not being in a state of hostility." This eliminated the…
1808-1838: The traffic in captives from the port of Bonny declined dramatically following the official British abolition of the trade in 1807. Because the port was geographically susceptible to naval…
1808-1839: In the three decades following the initial abolition acts, over 80 percent of enslaved Africans liberated by naval patrols were captured while departing from West Africa. Sierra Leone and…
1808-1861: The departure of French, British, and Dutch merchants from the slave trade after 1807 initially triggered a sharp collapse in the volume of captives shipped from Malembo. However, the…
1808-1867: In the final decades of the trade, Luanda remained the leading embarkation center for captives from West Central Africa, even as international restrictions began to take effect. By 1835,…
1808–1867: Over the six decades following the British and U.S. bans, nearly 200,000 enslaved Africans were liberated from the holds of captured slave ships by international naval patrols. The British…
1808–1819, May: (The Pacification Campaigns and the Death of Goman): Only once, at Habitation Beaumont back of Corail in 1808, was Goman ever brought to battle against his intentions, where…
1808–1814: (French Designs on Haiti: Napoleon's Agents and the Bourbon Commissioners): In 1808, Bonaparte had turned his mind back to Saint-Domingue, but the year was not opportune as his army…
1808-00-00: (Spain Regains Control of the East of the Island From France, Napoleon's Continental Ambitions Undoing the Treaty of Basel and Restoring a Colonial Presence That Haiti Would Spend the Next Forty…
Pétion's western army, marching on Saint-Marc, met Christophe's northern troops on the Couyau plantation on 7 September 1808. Christophe's men were scattered. By then the split between North and West…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Charleston in 1808, the people aboard the Leander rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gambia. The record gives the numbers…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Demerara in 1808, the people aboard the Hibernia rose against the crew. They had been taken at Sierra Leone estuary. The record gives…
Pursued by the fleet of Christophe, Derenoncourt blew up in the roadstead of Jean-Rabel Pétion's warship the Constitution on 2 February 1808. Rouzier tells this under the entry JEAN RABEL.
VALLEE (la). A small port near Jean-Rabel. On 2 February 1808, Derenoncourt was going aboard the schooner "Constitution" to the relief of the "Présidente", held in the port of la…
In 1808 (July) a column of Christophe's appeared near Boucassin. President Pétion was in the South. General Bazelais advanced against the enemy, whom he drove off on the 23rd. He…
This arrondissement was created by President Pétion in 1808, during his tour of the South. The head of State had afterwards given notice of it to the Senate on 3…
This arrondissement was created by President Pétion in 1808, during his tour of the South. The head of State had afterwards given notice of it to the Senate on 3…
President Pétion conceived the idea of going to attack Christophe and of besieging St.Marc again, which he wished to take, in order to bring relief to the expeditionary army commanded…
On 7 September 1808 the army of President Pétion, going to besiege Saint-Marc, met the troops of Christophe on the habitation Couyau; these were dispersed. Rouzier tells this under the…
President Pétion conceived the idea of going to attack Christophe and of besieging St.Marc again, which he wished to take, in order to bring relief to the expeditionary army commanded…
SOURCE RONDE (la). Post situated a lieue and a half from the Môle, established by Lamarre in 1808 against the troops of Christophe. In an engagement of 29 September the…
On 24 October the positions were taken to form the siege of St.Marc. The next day the garrison began to cannonade the besiegers; it attacked the 23rd and 24th demi-brigades,…
The Dominicans, under the leadership of Don Juan Sanchez in revolt, won a victory there over the French on 7 November 1808. The French General Ferrand, who commanded there for…
The port from which the products of the commune of Santa Cruz del Seibo are shipped is formed by the Romana river and by an arm of the sea that…
On 24 October the positions were taken to form the siege of St.Marc. The next day the garrison began to cannonade the besiegers; it attacked the 23rd and 24th demi-brigades,…
On the 11th the garrison made a sortie against the division of General Bonnet; it was repulsed and placed itself under the protection of its vessels. Rouzier tells this under…
When President Pétion raised the siege of St Marc in 1808, he separated from his army at Lanzac and went by sea to the Arcahaie. On 21 November the Army…
The port, one of the finest of Haiti, has been open to foreign commerce since 21 April 1807, and receives on average per year 50 sailing ships that take on…
The law of 17 December 1808 consecrated the opening of the port of the Môle, one of the finest of the island, to foreign commerce; but soon afterward another law…
An Order in Council of the king of England permits relations between English subjects and Haiti.
On 1 January 1808 the Senate reopened its sessions under the presidency of the virtuous Manigat. The counting of the ballots gave Bonnet the titular presidency. Daumec and Pelage-Varein were…
“Boucassin, 11 January 1808, Year V. “Étienne-Élie Gérin, general of division, commanding the department of the South, to the Senate of the Republic. “Citizens Senators, “Having felt my slight vocation…
A war schooner, the *Constitution*, commanded by Derenoncourt, which the President of Haiti had sent to carry munitions to the army of the Môle, was, on 2 February, attacked by…
A decree of 4 May raised the Spanish gourde, whose value was 8 livres 5 sols, to 9 livres; the French six-franc écu, whose value was 9 livres, to the…
Blanchet the younger (Marc-Antoine), attached to the service of General Gérin, had just died in that town. Pétion therefore could not preside at his funeral, as M. Ardouin asserts, vol.…
On 26 May, Pétion set foot at Jérémie (1), which he was seeing again for the first time since 1797, when, commanding one of the columns of the army of…
“Jérémie, 27 May 1808, Year VI. “Alexandre Pétion, President of Haiti, to General of Division Gérin. “Citizen General, “I have just received your letter of this day. I regret infinitely…
The President made his entry into Les Cayes on 9 July (1). He was welcomed again with an enthusiasm still greater than at Jérémie. He refused the canopy that the…
Meanwhile the Senate, presided over by Daumec, burst forth with a message dated 28 July, shortly after Pétion's arrival at Port-au-Prince. Borrowing from the parliament of the old monarchy the…
It was in the midst of these grave dissensions between the two powers that Pétion announced to the Senate, on 3 August, that he had formed an arrondissement out of…
Lamarre called loudly for the grand army (2) which occupied the Boucassin. Pétion therefore left the Senate at its seat and went, on 3 September, to take command of that…
The President of Haiti was, however, capable of opening this communication by himself; he knew moreover that his enemies would not fail to exploit to the profit of their passions…
But for a moment the Senate seemed to wish to leave the dangerous path on which it had embarked, in order to occupy itself with the true general interests of…
Nevertheless, five days had not yet elapsed when, on 17 December, the Senate, impatient at not seeing Pétion yield to its invitation, recalled Gérin to the seat which he had…
1809: General Ferrand and his small band of French troops were finally driven from Santo Domingo by a combined Haitian, Spanish, and British military effort. Following this defeat, the eastern…
1809-Mar.-01: President Jefferson signed the Non-Intercourse Act, which replaced the general embargo but prohibited trade with French and British colonies. The ambiguity of the law led to court cases to…
1809-May-06: The Court of Appeal in Cases of Capture heard the case of the Danish ship Pelican, which had been seized off the coast of Haiti. The judges ruled that…
1809–1818: (Pétion's Great Mistake: The Land Distribution and the Death of the Plantation Economy): In the republic, Pétion's regime continued its effortless decline, and his crucial decision, in retrospect…
In 1809 New Orleans took in 9,059 people from Saint Domingue who had been living in Cuba: 2,731 whites, 3,102 free people of colour and 3,226 enslaved. Louisiana already held…
On 1 January 1809 Bergerac Trichet took the fort of the Sourde from the troops of Christophe, and threatened the Grande Rivière du Nord and the Cap. Faced with superior…
On 1 January 1809 Bergerac Trichet took the fort of the Sourde from the troops of Christophe, and threatened the Grande Rivière du Nord and the Cap. Faced with superior…
Haitians know little of Haiti: foreigners know it better than they do. A general of the army would be hard pressed to say, now that the memory of those events…
On 1 January 1809 Bergerac Trichet took the fort of the Sourde from the troops of Christophe, and threatened the Grande Rivière du Nord and the Cap. Faced with superior…
On 6 June 1809 the troops of President Pétion, going to fight Christophe, passed by the Morne à Cabrits. Rouzier tells this under the entry MORNE A CABRITS [le].
On 8 June 1809, the army of President Pétion, going to fight Christophe, moved from Mirebalais onto the Crête Brûlée, in spite of the high waters of the Artibonite and…
On 10 June 1809, General Bonnet, with Lacroix and Beauregard, entered Mirebalais. Gérin, having under his orders Vérret and Marion, crosses the Fer-à-Cheval to cross the Artibonite at the ford…
On 10 June 1809 President Pétion, going to attack Christophe in the North, after having attempted to cross the Artibonite with the bulk of his army, was obliged to give…
Haitians know little of Haiti: foreigners know it better than they do. A general of the army would be hard pressed to say, now that the memory of those events…
On the 12th, General Lys set out from the Crête Brûlée, made a thrust into the North, and appeared before the Sourde (Grande-Rivière du Nord). Rouzier tells this under the…
On 10 June 1809 President Pétion, going to attack Christophe in the North, after having attempted to cross the Artibonite with the bulk of his army, was obliged to give…
On 10 June 1809 President Pétion, going to attack Christophe in the North, after having attempted to cross the Artibonite with the bulk of his army, was obliged to give…
As soon as David Troy caught sight of the Emperor, he threw himself at his feet and embraced his knees. Dessalines pushed him away. "I am not the good God…
The French still remained masters of the Spanish part. In 1809 Christophe seized from them the territories of Saint-Michel, of Saint-Raphaël, of Lascahobas and of Hinche, and, on 11 July…
On 11 July 1809 the French were expelled from Santo Domingo. Christophe favored the insurrection. Rouzier tells this under the entry SANTO-DOMINGO.
On 1 January 1809 Bergerac-Trichet, an officer of proven bravery, whom we have seen in the South take up arms among the first against the French, carried by main force…
"Done at Port-au-Prince, 10 April 1809, Year VI. "PÉTION. "By the President, the Secretary-General, B. BLANCHET." Article 3 of the order of the day seemed to have General Gérin especially…
This army left the capital on 6 June by the road of le Morne-à-Cabris. It halted only at la Crête-Brûlée. On the 8th the Gérin division directed itself by the…
David-Troy, at the sound of the musketry, had felt his wholly martial soul vibrate; with that impetuosity for which he was known, he had ordered the 22nd to set itself…
It was on 30 December that he made his intelligent and wise New Year's gift to all those who, like himself, had watered with their blood the lands of Independence…
1810: Great Britain and Portugal signed an Anglo-Portuguese treaty that included a landmark anti-slave-trade clause, the first of many such international agreements. Under the terms of the treaty, the Portuguese…
1810-May: The Court of Common Pleas ruled in the case of the Ben Lomond that ports under the domination of Christophe were neutral. Judge James Mansfield argued that after the…
1810-Jun.-01: William Walton, Jr. published The Present State of the Spanish Colonies, providing a rare detailed report on the "Spanish part" of the island (Santo Domingo) during the revolutionary wars. Walton…
1810-mid: André Rigaud returns from France and leads the South into a brief period of independence from Pétion's republic. His return rekindled regional and color tensions that had been simmering…
1810: General Guy-Joseph Bonnet joins the southern secessionist movement led by André Rigaud. His defection from the central government reflected deep dissatisfaction with the republic's administrative and economic policies.
1810-Sept-21: Diplomatic correspondence suggested that President Pétion was privately considering a move toward some form of British sovereignty. These confidential discussions highlighted the extreme pressures the republic faced while struggling…
1810-Early: The designs of General Francisco de Miranda for South American emancipation were documented in J. M. Antepara's South American Emancipation. These records highlight the long-standing role of the Caribbean,…
1810–1811: (The Return of Rigaud and the Four-Way Fracture of Haiti): Six months before the Môle surrendered, on April 7, 1810, André Rigaud returned to Haiti after eight years of…
1810-00-00: (Christophe Initiates Construction of Sans-Souci, the Palace in Milot Designed to Rival Versailles, Built to Project the Potential Wealth and Civilization of a Black Nation to a World That…
Lamarre was a hero of the war of independence who had beaten the French general Neterwood at Leogane. After Dessalines was murdered he took the side of the republicans of…
On 7 April 1810 Andre Rigaud stepped off a ship from Bayonne at Les Cayes. He had lost the war against Toussaint Louverture in 1800 and had been in France…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Freetown in 1810, the people aboard the Zaragozano rose against the crew. They had been taken at Sherbro. The record gives the numbers…
The habitation Goureau was put up for sale by the law of 10 March 1810, in order to revive cultivation and increase the number of landowners. Rouzier tells this under…
Rigaud had returned to Haiti on 7 April 1810; Pétion showered him with favors, and on 19 May invested him with the command of the army of the South to…
Rigaud had returned to Haiti on 7 April 1810; Pétion showered him with favors, and on 19 May invested him with the command of the army of the South to…
In 1808 the senate declared that the expeditionary army of the republic under the orders of Senator Lamarre, brigadier general, had deserved well of the fatherland. The army, reduced to…
On 23 July 1810, Thibaud, pursued by the fleet of Christophe, ran the Vengeur aground at the western point of the Gonâve, and put the women ashore. Bocage blew up…
After the death of General Lamarre at the Môle St. Nicolas, King Christophe moved his headquarters to the Morne à Cabrits on 6 September 1810. Rouzier tells this under the…
Eveillard perished like Lamarre on the field of honor. He was replaced by Toussaint Bouffet and Jean Gournant, who, less fortunate than their predecessors, succumbed on 30 September before the…
General André Rigaud, on learning of the movement carried out at Aquin against the government of President Pétion, left his command of the Grande Anse and betook himself to the…
Gracette. Habitation in the commune of the Cayes, where, on 31 October 1810, Rigaud was surrounded by 3,000 cultivators, who begged him to uphold their rights and to separate from…
On 1 November 1810, General Rigaud, returned from France, entered the Cayes in triumph. On 9 January following, he proclaimed there the constitution of the departmental government of the South,…
The civil war between André Rigaud and Toussaint Louverture was fought out there in 1800. The latter conquered it in 15 months. The insurrection of Goman lasted 13 years there.…
On the announcement of the events that led to the secession of the South, President Pétion sent off Generals Delva and Géléon with 1,500 men for the South. Rigaud, on…
On 23 November 1810, the 16th regiment of Anse-à-Veau defected in favor of Rigaud for the secession of the South. General Bruny-Leblanc let himself be drawn along. Rouzier tells this…
On the announcement of the events that led to the secession of the South, President Pétion sent off Generals Delva and Géléon with 1,500 men for the South. Rigaud, on…
Colombel. Habitation located in the commune of Miragoâne, from which General Rigaud went to a meeting proposed by Pétion at the Pont on 2 December 1810. Rouzier tells this under…
On 2 December 1810, Pétion had an interview at the Bridge of Miragoâne with Rigaud, on the occasion of the secession of the South, in the presence of the armies…
Pétion, however, still wishes to try only the way of conciliation with regard to the citizens of the South. He asks Rigaud for a detailed report on the new events.…
One day he obtained leave to go and settle at Poitiers. Soon he asks to betake himself to Perpignan, where he thought, he said, to find almost the air of…
It was the 18th of January. Leblanc moves onto the parade ground with the rest of the 16th regiment. He has them form line of battle before the door of…
One day he obtained leave to go and settle at Poitiers. Soon he asks to betake himself to Perpignan, where he thought, he said, to find almost the air of…
Rigaud, despairing of crushing the insurgents by force of arms, arranged for himself an interview with Goman. This interview took place on 10 July (3). The republican general and the…
This disastrous event occurred on 16 July, at five o'clock in the afternoon. Honoré, his captain aide-de-camp, took up the body and had it carried to Fort Georges, then headquarters.…
“Jérémie, 4 September 1810. “I have received, General President, your letters of 25 and 27 August. “You write that you have convoked your council (1) to consult it on some…
Éveillard charged with his little cavalry and penetrated into the enemy ranks. But charged in his turn by colonel Lucas, he was beating a retreat when he received a mortal…
Toussaint assembled the officers who surrounded him; in spite of the counsels of commandant Valé, who wished to perish with arms in hand, it was resolved that submission would be…
But what above all dismayed Pétion was the defection of Lys: first lieutenant, in 1791, of the company of artillery organized by Pétion at the camp of Diègue, constantly honored…
All was therefore accomplished. The next day, 1 November, Rigaud made his entry into Les Cayes. Imitating the hypocrisy of Toussaint-L'Ouverture, he deplored the tumults of the preceding days. He…
Pétion arrived at the Pont-de-Miragoâne on 1 December. He asked Rigaud for an interview. The latter advanced with his army, which the lake alone separated from that of the Republic.…
1811: Henry Christophe is proclaimed King Henry I and transforms the northern state into a monarchy. He retained the black and red flag of the empire as a symbol of…
1811-Jan. 10: Between 200 and 500 enslaved rebels launched a massive uprising in Louisiana, marching on New Orleans and burning plantations along the Mississippi River. Authorities identified Charles…
1811-May 17: John Goff wrote to the British secretary of state on behalf of General Pétion, authorizing him to treat for a diplomatic alliance. Pétion was willing to have Haiti…
1811–1812: (The Death of Rigaud, the Rise of Borgella, and the Naval Battle off Miragoâne): The détente of Miragoâne did not rule out intrigue: before 1811 was very old, Pétion…
1811, March 26 – June 2: (Henry, by God's Grace: The Proclamation of the Kingdom): Until 1811, Henry Christophe had maintained very thinly the forms of republican government in the…
1811, June 2: (The Coronation Banquet and the Royal Cabinet): As the bells pealed and the cannon of the forts roared in salute, King Henry I rode in his state…
1811-06-02: (Christophe Crowns Himself King Henry I, Establishes a Nobility of Princes, Dukes, Counts, and Barons, and Renames Cap-Haïtien as Cap-Henry, an Attempt to Build a Black Monarchy Modeled on…
On 28 March 1811 the Council of State, sitting at Cap-Henry, adopted a royal constitution turning the northern state into a hereditary monarchy and naming Henry Christophe king. The act…
Christophe proclaimed the Kingdom of Haiti on 28 March 1811 and took the throne as Henry I. On 20 April 1811 he created the Royal and Military Order of Saint…
André Rigaud died on 18 September 1811. He was born at Les Cayes on 17 January 1761 and was the leading gens de couleur commander of the revolution. At his…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Freetown in 1811, the people aboard the Amelia (a) Agent rose against the crew. They had been taken at Cabinda. The record gives…
Soon after Henry Christophe was crowned in the north of Haiti in 1811, the free black carpenter Jose Antonio Aponte began a conspiracy in Havana and drew pictures of revolutionary…
When a deputy at the Cortes of Cadiz proposed in 1811 to end slavery in Spain's colonies, the proposal travelled to the Caribbean as a report of an accomplished fact.…
On 1 November 1810, General Rigaud, returned from France, entered the Cayes in triumph. On 9 January following, he proclaimed there the constitution of the departmental government of the South,…
Many other notable persons were also buried in this Cathedral, among others General Don Juan Sanchez, victor over the French, who died on 12 February 1811, and, shortly after the…
When the French had established the present town, in 1725, they likewise named it Bahiaha. It was in 1731 that it was given the name of Fort-Dauphin, for which that…
On 27 June 1811, the 1st battalion of the 17th regiment, quartered at the Fond Bleu, rose in favour of Pétion, passed the batteries of the Cayes and seized the…
On 27 June 1811, the 1st battalion of the 17th regiment, quartered at the Fond Bleu, rose in favour of Pétion, passed the batteries of the Cayes and seized the…
The State owns lands there on the habitation Rossignol. Rural school. There is also the habitation Perrier. In 1811 a battalion of the 17th, commanded by Lafredinière, mutinied there against…
On 15 March 1812, Léveillé and Wagnac declared in favor of President Pétion and took General Bonnet prisoner. General Rigaud had just died on 18 September 1811, and General Borgella…
General André Rigaud, head of the departmental government of the South, had just gathered the bitter fruits of popular inconstancy in the streets of the Cayes; sad and dejected, he…
The departmental assembly of the South publishes an order of provisional constitution for this department.
A. Pétion is re-elected President of Haiti for 4 years.
On 5 July 1811 independence from Spain was proclaimed in Venezuela.
This same departmental assembly, having returned to better political principles, at last repealed the decree of 3 November which entrusted the dictatorship to Rigaud, and proclaimed on 9 January a…
But let us set down here, in order to summarize everything that had happened up to that point in the South, the address to the people and the army which…
Pétion, unfortunately for his glory, to the great astonishment of the intelligent men of his time, convened the Senate on 17 February. This body, if one could go on giving…
At last, on 9 March, the five senators present, assembled under the presidency of Larose, re-elected Pétion unanimously to the office of the presidency of Haiti.
Rigaud was displeased, as might have been expected, with the new presidential election: on 25 March he proclaimed, in concert with the departmental assembly, against everything that had taken place…
On 26 March he had accepted a *barbaco* (1) at Fort-Liberté. Arrangements had been made so that the beans of the Kings' Cake should fall to his portion and to…
“Done at Port-au-Prince, 22 April 1811, Year VIII of Independence. “Bazelais, Lamothe-Aigron, Nicolas Louis, J. Marion, Malette, Boyer, Gédéon, Delva, J. Lacroix, Chauvet, Beauvoir, Ulysse, J. Simon, Néret, A. D.…
At last the king and the queen had themselves consecrated and crowned, on 2 June, by His Grace the archbishop of Haïti. The ceremony was imposing. Banquets, concerts, four days…
The 1st battalion of the 17th demi-brigade, cantoned at Fonds-Bleu, a few leagues from Jérémie, rises at last in insurrection against the departmental government in favor of that of the…
Rigaud leaves Les Cayes on 13 August. He goes to hide his grief on the Laborde plantation. How far he was from those fine days of triumph when his voice…
Absorbed by sorrow, he let himself die of hunger, on 18 September. His virtues, his faults, his prosperities and his misfortunes were as great the one as the other. A…
Borgella was called, on the 21st, to take the reins of the secessionist government, contrary to the hopes of Bonnet (1).
The conferences opened on 21 December. The commissioners of the South proposed the independence of the two departments from one another, and an offensive and defensive alliance. The commissioners of…
1812-Dec.-11: The Curaçao Gazette documented the arrival of a British schooner from Aux Cayes carrying a cargo of corn and rice. This record provided concrete evidence of the ongoing essential…
1812, March: (The Fall of Borgella and the Reunification of the South): The sea fight off Miragoâne was the most desperate, courageous, and well-fought action in the naval history of…
1812, June: (Papa Bon-Kè: The Last Siege and the Conspiracy at St. Marc): The last spasm of open war between Pétion and Christophe reached its climax in mid-1812, when amid…
1812-02-24: (Christophe Promulgates the Code Henry, a Comprehensive Legal System Based on the Code Napoléon, an Attempt to Impose European Legal Order on a Black Kingdom in the Caribbean): On…
Émile Nau was born in Port-au-Prince on 26 February 1812. He belonged to the School of 1836, the literary circle his brother Ignace founded, and co-edited its journals Le Républicain…
Haiti was cut in two. Henry Christophe held the North; Alexandre Petion held the West and the South from Port-au-Prince. On 16 May 1812 Petion ordered Colonel Tahet to raise…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Rio de Janeiro in 1812, the people aboard the Feliz Eugênia rose against the crew. They had been taken at Benguela. The record…
On 29 January 1812 Bellamin, leader of the revolt aboard the Arthémise or the Amethyste, a warship of Christophe, surrendered to the republic and went to take anchorage at Miragoâne.…
On 7 March 1812 Jérémie detached itself from the provincial government of the South and declared in favor of Pétion. Colonel Pierre Henry, at the head of the 18th, gave…
On 14 March 1812, Leblanc declares himself in favor of President Pétion. This defection brings about the reunion of the South with the fold of the republic. Rouzier tells this…
On 15 March 1812, Léveillé and Wagnac declared in favor of President Pétion and took General Bonnet prisoner. General Rigaud had just died on 18 September 1811, and General Borgella…
On 15 March 1812, Léveillé and Wagnac declared in favor of President Pétion and took General Bonnet prisoner. General Rigaud had just died on 18 September 1811, and General Borgella…
General André Rigaud, on learning of the movement carried out at Aquin against the government of President Pétion, left his command of the Grande Anse and betook himself to the…
The fallow habitations Volant, Cottes, and Truitier, located in the environs of Bizoton, were put up for sale by the law of the Senate of 16 March 1812 for the…
The fallow habitations Pernier and Courpon, O'Gorman, Jumécourt, Digneron, Pyrac and Lilavois, situated in the plain of the Cul-de-Sac, were put up for sale by the law of the Senate…
In the town of Grand-Goâve the State owns 134 building plots occupied by tenant farmers, and others unoccupied. It also owns 9 habitations, plus 9 carreaux of land whose annual…
The fallow habitations Lemaire, Buteau, l'Acul or Beauharnais, Dufort, Momance, Morel and Latourde, situated at Léogane, were put up for sale by the law of the Senate of 16 March…
MOMANCE. Sugar habitation in the commune of Léogane, between that town and Gressier. It was put up for sale by the law of the Senate of 16 March 1812 for…
It was from the habitation Olivier, near the Bridge of Miragoâne, that Pétion wrote to the Senate on 18 March 1812 to announce to it the submission of the department…
The civil war between André Rigaud and Toussaint Louverture was fought out there in 1800. The latter conquered it in 15 months. The insurrection of Goman lasted 13 years there.…
When Pétion learned of the secession of the South, in 1810, he sent off 1500 men of troops under the orders of General Delva, seconded by General Gédéon. Delva proceeded…
It was from the headquarters of Bon-Repos that General Boyer, commandant of the arrondissement of Port-au-Prince, wrote to the Senate on 24 March 1812 to announce to it that Christophe's…
In March 1812 Christophe came again to besiege Port-au-Prince and to devastate the plain of the Cul-de-Sac. The two armies met on Tuesday 24 March on the habitation Santo, at…
On 24 March 1812 at 1 o'clock in the afternoon, a vedette signalled the arrival in the plain of the Cul de Sac of Christophe's troops coming to besiege Port-au-Prince…
On 24 March 1812, the troops of the West were crushed and overwhelmed by the innumerable legions of King Christophe at the battle of Santo. Rouzier tells this under the…
On 25 March 1812, second siege of Port-au-Prince by Christophe with an army of 25,000 men and English engineers. General Magny, commanding the king's vanguard, defected with his troops in…
On 26 March 1812 Christophe's troops made their appearance at Lalue to invest Port-au-Prince. Pétion drove them back with cannon fire from the government fort (Riché). Rouzier tells this under…
On 30 March 1812, Christophe, besieging Port-au-Prince, had 100 wounded men taken prisoner at Sibert burned in the courtyard of the habitation Drouillard. Rouzier tells this under the entry Drouillard.
During the siege of Port au Prince in 1812, the fleet of Christophe and that of Pétion fought a battle off Mont Rouis on 1 June. Rouzier tells this under…
In March 1812 Christophe came again to besiege Port-au-Prince and to devastate the plain of the Cul-de-Sac. The two armies met on Tuesday 24 March on the habitation Santo, at…
On 25 March 1812, second siege of Port-au-Prince by Christophe with an army of 25,000 men and English engineers. General Magny, commanding the king's vanguard, defected with his troops in…
By the law of 4 November 1812 the Senate awarded to President Pétion, as a national gift, the sugar habitation Momance, together with the land known under the name of…
MOMANCE. Sugar habitation in the commune of Léogane, between that town and Gressier. It was put up for sale by the law of the Senate of 16 March 1812 for…
ROCHE BLANCHE. Sugar habitation in the plain of the Cul de Sac, rural section of Petit Bois, commune of the Croix des Bouquets, containing 110 carreaux of land, belonging to…
SAINT MENNIN. Habitation in the commune of Léogane; it formerly belonged to the habitation Momance, and was given by the Senate, by the law of 4 November 1812, to President…
The habitation Spéback, located in the Abricots and belonging to the State, was put up for sale by the law of 7 November 1812. Rouzier tells this under the entry…
The habitation Fodoas, situated at Aquin, was put up for sale by the law of the Senate of 7 November 1812 for the creation of a national currency. The coffee…
In the commune there are the habitations Delmas, Clouard, Bérard, Petit Delmas, Gobé, Aubin, Massé, Platel, Magesse, la Grande Place and an infinity of others. The habitations Delmas and Clouard…
Chalet. Habitation located in the commune of the Cayes; was put up for sale by the law of 7 November 1812 for the creation of a national currency. Rouzier tells…
The State owns 2 1/2 carreaux of land there, occupied by tenant farmers. This habitation was put up for sale by the law of 7 November 1812, in order to…
Charrier. Habitation located in the commune of the Cayes. It was put up for sale by the law of 7 November 1812 for the creation of a national currency. Rouzier…
Esmangart (petite place). Habitation located in the commune of the Coteaux; it was put up for sale by the law of 7 November 1812 for the creation of a national…
In the town of Grand-Goâve the State owns 134 building plots occupied by tenant farmers, and others unoccupied. It also owns 9 habitations, plus 9 carreaux of land whose annual…
JOURNU. Habitation located in the rural section of Lévy, commune of the Cayes. It was put up for sale by the law of 7 November 1812 in order to revive…
LAGANTRAYE. Habitation in the commune of the Cayes, was put up for sale by the law of 7 November 1812 to revive cultivation and increase the number of proprietors. Rouzier…
The State owns 17 building plots there, on Saint Jérome and Bruno streets and the parade ground, occupied by tenant farmers. The Lafosse habitation was put up for sale by…
SÇOVEAUX. Habitation situated in the commune of the Cayes. It was put up for sale by the law of 7 November 1812 for the establishment of a national currency. Rouzier…
SPEBACK. Habitation in the commune of the Abricots, belonging to the State. It was put up for sale by the law of 7 November 1812 for the creation of a…
On 23 March 1812, at the 2nd siege of Port-au-Prince by Christophe, General Métellus, arrived in all haste from Léogane, took command of the fort of Sibert with the 11th…
Battle of Santo, 2 1/2 leagues from Port-au-Prince: General Boyer, with a handful of brave men, halts the army of Christophe.
Christophe's troops, 25,000 men in number, invested Port-au-Prince on the 25th. They did not hold on there any longer this time than in 1807. General Magny having gone over to…
On 23 March 1812, at the 2nd siege of Port-au-Prince by Christophe, General Métellus, arrived in all haste from Léogane, took command of the fort of Sibert with the 11th…
Christophe's troops, 25,000 men in number, invested Port-au-Prince on the 25th. They did not hold on there any longer this time than in 1807. General Magny having gone over to…
Lifting of the siege of Port-au-Prince, through the defection of part of the troops of Christophe, who submit to A. Pétion.
On 26 July 1812 Miranda was forced to capitulate after a battle fought at Vittoria, and was sent as a prisoner of war to Porto-Rico and then to the dungeons…
1813-Nov.: The United States appointed official commercial agents to Cap Haïtien and Port-au-Prince to oversee the growing trade between the two nations. This move occurred despite the fact that the…
1813-Jan 1: The official completion and inauguration of the Sans-Souci Palace and the Royal Church of Milot occurred on this day. This date was deeply symbolic, as it coincided with…
1813-00-00: (Pétion Introduces the Gourde as the Official Haitian Currency, Derived From the Spanish Gordo Meaning "Fat" or "Heavy," a Coin That Would Remain the Nation's Currency Through Two Centuries…
On a slaving voyage in 1813, the people aboard the Águia do Douro rose against the crew. They had been taken at St. Paul de Loanda. The record gives the…
General Jean Jacques Wagnac, who commanded the arrondissement of the Cayes in 1813, is a son of Torbeck. He was born in 1759 and died at the Cayes on 22…
One used to see fine country houses there, which have been falling into ruins for some time. The village was founded on 1 May 1813 by decree of President Pétion.…
Plan of the Bourg of Carrefour Truitier. Founded on 1 May 1813 by President Pétion on the habitations Côte, Volant-le-Tort and Truitier. Drawn by Louis Rigaud, Surveyor General, from documents…
The village of Carrefour was established on the land of Tort on 1 May 1813. Rouzier tells this under the entry TORRE ou TORT, ou Volant le Tort.
The generals André Rigaud, Wagnac, Borgella, Marion, Fabre, Domingue, Chevallier, etc., commanded the arrondissement of the Cayes. Wagnac died in his command on 22 September 1813. General Geffrard commanded at…
General André Vernet, who was minister of finance and of the interior under Emperor Dessalines, commanded at the Gonaïves in 1803, after the expulsion of the French. He was created…
The body of André Vernet, one of the signatories of the act of independence, prince of the Gonaïves, and minister of finance and of the interior of the emperor Dessalines…
1814: The Dutch government formally abolished the transatlantic slave trade, joining the growing international coalition committed to ending the traffic. This legislative move followed the restoration of Dutch independence after…
1814: Thomas Madiou was born in Port-au-Prince and was later sent to France at the age of ten for his education. He returned to Haiti in 1835 and became a…
1814: French agent Dauxion Lavaysse is received by Pétion in Port-au-Prince for reconciliation talks. His proposal for a return to French sovereignty was firmly rejected as a threat to national…
1814: The French agent Medina is arrested and condemned for spying after entering the northern kingdom via Santo Domingo. His papers revealed the French intention to restore the colonial regime…
1814-Jul-25: President Pétion writes to General Marion asserting that Haiti is fully capable of defending its sovereignty. He expressed his belief that any attempt by France to re-colonize the island…
1814-Sept-10: The French agent Dauxion Lavaysse reported that Pétion had spoken of Haiti potentially becoming a "free French colony" under certain conditions. This report reflected the complex and often deceptive…
1814-1815: Britain and France signed a secret agreement during the Congress of Vienna to continue trade with Haiti while denying the nation military assistance. This diplomatic arrangement illustrated how the…
1814, October–November: (The Medina Affair and Henry's Fury): The commissioners had mixed fortunes: in Jamaica, Dravermann was felled by a stroke and returned to France, while Lavaysse and Franco de…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Rio Pongo in 1814, the people aboard the Isabela rose against the crew. They had been taken at Rio Pongo. The record gives…
Brigadier General Pierre Henry, who commanded the arrondissement of la Grand'Anse under President Pétion, and the 18th half-brigade of Jérémie, was also born at Saint Louis du Sud, on 4…
The habitation Fodoas, situated at Aquin, was put up for sale by the law of the Senate of 7 November 1812 for the creation of a national currency. The coffee…
Argout (d'). Habitation in the Plaine du Cul-de-Sac, commune of the Croix-des-Bouquets. It bears the name of its former owner, the Count d'Argout, governor of Saint-Domingue in 1777. It was…
Aubry. Habitation in the commune of Léogane; it was put up for sale by the law of 10 March 1814 in order to revive cultivation and increase the number of…
This habitation formerly belonged to the arrondissement of the Cayes, when it was put up for sale by the law of 10 March 1814 in order to revive cultivation and…
Butel. Habitation located in the rural section of the Fond-des-Nègres, commune of Miragoâne. It was joined to that of Pémerle and put up for sale by the law of 10…
Cassagne. Habitation situated in the plain of Léogane. It was put up for sale by the law of 10 March 1814 in order to restore cultivation and increase the number…
In the commune there are the habitations Delmas, Clouard, Bérard, Petit Delmas, Gobé, Aubin, Massé, Platel, Magesse, la Grande Place and an infinity of others. The habitations Delmas and Clouard…
Courpon. Sugar habitation in the rural section of the Grande-Plaine, commune of the Croix-des-Bouquets, in the plain of the Cul-de-Sac. Was put up for sale by the law of 10…
The fallow habitations Pernier and Courpon, O'Gorman, Jumécourt, Digneron, Pyrac and Lilavois, situated in the plain of the Cul-de-Sac, were put up for sale by the law of the Senate…
Deronceray. Cotton habitation situated in the rural section of Fond des Nègres, commune of Miragoâne. It was put up for sale by the law of 10 March 1814 to revive…
Drouillard Grand'Raque. Habitation in the Grande Plaine of the Cul-de-Sac, rural section of Petit-Bois, commune of the Croix-des-Bouquets; it was put up for sale by the law of 10 March…
The coffee habitation Roseaux, situated in this commune, was put up for sale by the law of 10 March 1814 to encourage cultivation and to increase the number of proprietors.…
The State owns in this town 14 building plots occupied by fermiers in the rues de la Liberté, du Commerce, de l'Egalité, de la Fraternité, du Quai, du Triomphe, de…
LASSALE. Sugar habitation in the plain and the commune of Léogane (Gressier), bounded on the north by the sea and on the south by the Gauvin habitation. It was put…
The sugar habitations Lassale, grande place, Boniot, Mithon, Nolivos, Brache, Barbeau, Masson called Segrettier, Cassagne, Macombe, Aubry, Mariany and Mercery of this commune, and the coffee habitation Pères Brignol, were…
LOMOND or LAUMONT. Habitation in the rural section of the Fond des Nègres, commune of Miragoâne. This position commands the communications between the departments of the West and the South.…
MARIANI. Habitation and river in the commune of Port-au-Prince, in the rural section of the Morne-à-Bateau. It was put up for sale by the law of 10 March 1814 to…
MERCERY. Habitation located in the commune of Léogane. It was put up for sale by the law of 10 March 1814 to revive cultivation and increase the number of landowners.…
The coffee habitations Faure and Masson of this commune were put up for sale by the law of 10 March 1814 to revive cultivation and increase the number of landowners.…
NOLIVOS. Habitation located in the rural section of Dessources, commune of Léogane. It was put up for sale by the law of 10 March 1814 to restore cultivation and increase…
PERE BRIGNOLS. Coffee-growing habitation in the heights of Léogane. It was put up for sale by the law of the Senate of 10 March 1814 to revive cultivation and increase…
The State owns 13 building lots there, most of them built upon, all situated in the main street. The coffee habitation Rousseau in this commune was put up for sale…
Formerly there were several sugar works and indigo works. Today only coffee and foodstuffs are produced there. The sugar habitations Butel and Fémerle, combined into a single one, Laumont, abandoned,…
SOISSONS. Sugar habitation in the rural section of the Grande Rivière, commune of Port-au-Prince, in the plain of the Cul de Sac, opposite the habitation Greffin, on the boundary of…
THAUZIN or TOSIN. Habitation situated in the commune of Petit-Goâve on the road to Grand-Goâve. It was put up for sale by the law of 10 March 1814 to revive…
The coffee habitation Saint Félix and the abandoned provision ground Maraudue of this commune were put up for sale by the law of 10 March 1814 in order to revive…
PEMERLE. Sugar habitation located in the rural section of the Fond des Nègres, commune of Miragoâne, was united with that of Butel and put up for sale by the law…
NOAILLES. Habitation located in the rural section of Petit Bois, commune of the Croix des Bouquets, in the plain of the Cul de Sac. It was put up for sale…
KAVANACK. Sugar habitation located in the commune of Petit-Goâve, which Madame Widow Pélerin, mother of General Lamarre, the hero of the Môle, held on lease from the State. It was…
Mme. Pélerin, widow, mother of General Lamarre, the hero of the Môle St. Nicolas, held on lease from the State the sucrerie Kavanack, situated in the plain of Petit Goave.…
By the treaty of 30 May 1814 the powers recognized in the King of France the right to bring the population of the French part of Saint-Domingue back under his…
General Dauxion Lavaysse arrives at Port-au-Prince.
1815: Alexandre Pétion gives vital assistance to Simón Bolívar to relaunch the South American independence struggle. As payment, Pétion demanded that Bolívar declare slavery abolished in his liberated territories.
1815: Roberjot Lartigue published a formal report in France that retrospectively connected the various plots of the enslaved in St. Thomas and Trinidad to Haitian emissaries. His account highlighted the…
1815-Jan.-02: In an oration delivered at the Episcopal Asbury African Church in New York, William Hamilton described slave ships as "floating hells manned with fiends." He recounted a horrific incident…
1815-Jun.: Louis Etienne Lysius Félicité Salomon was born into a respectable black landowning family in the southern city of Les Cayes. He entered the army and became interested in politics…
1815–1888: (The Measure of Salomon: Haiti's Ablest Ruler Since Christophe): To measure Salomon, Heinl wrote, one must look back to Henry Christophe: no intervening ruler of Haiti could stand…
1815-12-00: (Pétion Welcomes Simón Bolívar to Port-au-Prince, Provides Him With Guns and Gunpowder on the Condition That He Abolish Slavery, the Haitian Contribution to South American Independence That Latin American…
Antoine Chanlatte died in Paris on 16 November 1815. Born in Port-au-Prince in 1753, he entered the Saint-Domingue militia as a fusilier in 1776. A free man of colour, he…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Saint John in 1815, the people aboard the Belle rose against the crew. They had been taken at Ambriz. The record gives the…
In 1815 King Christophe sent to Pétion at Port-au-Prince the Count du Trou and the Baron de Ferrier, hommes de couleur, and the Baron de Dessalines and the Chevalier d'Edouard…
On 28 December 1815, Bolivar, the liberator of Colombia and Venezuela, obtained from Pétion assistance in money, munitions of war and provisions, and set out again from the Cayes with…
Christophe sends deputies to Port-au-Prince to invite A. Pétion to submit to his authority.
3rd election of Pétion to the presidency of Haiti.
1816: Joseph Saint-Rémy was born in Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe, to free mulatto parents before his family moved to the South of Haiti. He claimed Haitian citizenship under the 1816 constitution and…
1816: Alexandre Pétion is proclaimed President for Life with the authority to nominate his own successor. This institutional change was part of a revised constitution that sought to stabilize the…
1816: King Henry Christophe publishes a French translation of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer. This religious publication was part of his broader effort to introduce English culture and values…
1816: Henry Christophe encourages English school teachers to settle in Haiti to help organize the educational system. He sought to implement the Lancastrian method of instruction and distance the nation…
1816-Nov-10: President Pétion wrote to the French agents Esmangart and Fontanges asserting that the people of Haiti had declared independence to the entire universe. He vowed that no power would…
1816-Nov.-18: Henry Christophe wrote to Thomas Clarkson, expressing consolation that a "common danger" had tacitly united all Haitians across the island. He vowed that his people were no more disposed…
1816-Nov.-20: George Pinckard’s Notes on the West Indies was republished, offering a retrospective look at the military and social chaos of the 1790s. Pinckard, a British medical officer, detailed the…
1816–1818: (Henry the Builder: La Ferrière, Sans Souci, and the Spread of Education): Amid so many enterprises, Henry had two overriding preoccupations: building palaces and monuments, and the spread of…
1816–1818, March 29: (The Decline and Death of Papa Bon-Kè): On revenues of 11 million gourdes in 1816, Pétion allowed the legislature to enact a mere 2-million gourde budget as…
1816, October–November: (The Fontanges Mission and Haiti's Defiant Stance): France's next demarche was conciliatory: in October 1816, two more commissioners — the Vicomte de Fontanges, a former planter of Gonaïves,…
c. 1816–1828: (Shaka and the Rise of the Zulu State: The Mfecane Reaching Its Height Between 1816 and 1819, Shaka Defeating the Ndwandwe and Scattering Refugees Across Southern-Central and…
The three largest British Caribbean revolts came after the Napoleonic war, in Barbados in 1816, Demerara in 1823 and Jamaica in 1831, and Geggus ties each to a stage in…
On 2 June 1816, the Constitution of the Republic of Haiti of 1806 was revised at Grand-Goâve: the Chamber of Communes was instituted. Rouzier tells this under the entry Grand-Goâve…
On 6 October 1816, Messrs. Fontange and Esmangard, commissioners of the king of France, arrived at Port-au-Prince to treat of the independence of Haiti. Rouzier tells this under the entry…
The commissioners Fontanges and Esmangart leave again for France.
1817: An Anglo-Spanish anti-slave-trade treaty was signed in which Spain committed to halting its slave trade by 1820, following a generous British financial compensation. As part of this and similar…
1817: Simón Bolívar outfitted a fleet of vessels at the Haitian port of Cayes, manned by crews of diverse nations and colors, to support his campaigns for Venezuelan independence. Haitian…
1817: Jamaican authorities accused Thomas Strafford, a resident of Haiti, of circulating "mischievous" printed materials in the streets of the British colony. The principal evidence against him was a pamphlet…
1817–1845: British-led efforts to suppress the international slave trade led to the creation of Courts of Mixed Commission at various Atlantic locations. These courts adjudicated the cases of vessels suspected…
1817–1862: To manage the complex legal issues surrounding the detention of slaving vessels, several maritime powers established "Courts of Mixed Commission" at key Atlantic locations. These joint adjudicative bodies, which…
1817-Mar.-12: Spanish naval commander of the brig Perignon submitted papers from the bay of Santo Domingo regarding the "continued revolutionary influence" emanating from the Republic of Haiti. He reported that…
1817-May-23: Antoine Louis Pellerin was examined by British authorities in Jamaica regarding his knowledge of a suspected plot involving Haitian emissaries and local dissidents. Pellerin testified that agents from the…
1817-Aug-01: J.S. Milscent began a series of articles in L'Abeille Haytienne arguing for the fundamental equality of all human beings. He maintained that different climates were populated by men who…
1817-January-01: Following the War of 1812 and the division of Haiti into two rival regimes, the United States dispatched Septimus Tyler as an executive agent to the northern kingdom ruled…
1817-June-01: After the failure of the mission to the North, American agent Septimus Tyler turned his attention to the southern Republic of Haiti led by President Alexandre Pétion. Unlike the…
1817-July-15: A specific diplomatic friction arose involving the American merchant vessel Orient, which had been boarded by Haitian forces at Les Cayes to release a Haitian sailor. The United States…
LEMAIRE. Habitation located in the commune of Léogane, put up for sale by the law of 16 March 1817 for the establishment of a national currency. Rouzier tells this under…
The law of 25 April 1817 and that of 20 November 1821 fix the legal distance from this commune to the capital at 43 lieues. Rouzier tells this under the…
The law of 25 April 1817 and that of 20 November 1820 fix the legal distance from this commune to the capital at 50 lieues. Rouzier tells this under the…
The law of 25 April 1817 and that of 20 November 1821 set the legal distance from this commune to the capital at 53 lieues. Rouzier tells this under the…
On 19 June 1817 a storm broke over Port-au-Prince; the lightning entered, it is believed, through the keyhole of the door of a large powder magazine that was situated in…
On 28 June 1817, Jean Marassa, over a dispute with Lubin Ducour, his superior and ally, blew up Fort Bizoton with 20,000 pounds of powder. Rouzier tells this under the…
At the foot of the citadel of the Ferrière, at Milot, lie the ruins of the splendid palace of Sans-Souci, the residence of the king. The citadel itself is falling…
Opening of the first session of the Chamber of the Communes.
1818-1819: Captain George Collier submitted a report on the West African coast detailing the merciless treatment of captives by those engaged in the illegal slave trade. He described the horror…
1818-1868: King Gezo ruled the Kingdom of Dahomey during a period when the Bight of Benin was recognized as the "Slave Coast" due to the intense volume of deportations. Ouidah…
1818: Jean-Pierre Boyer becomes president of the Republic following the death of Alexandre Pétion. He continued the policies of his predecessor and eventually presided over the reunification of the country.
1818: A man who had escaped slavery and returned to Jamaica testified to seeing "thirty to forty" other fugitives from the British island during his stay in Haiti. He reported that…
1818-Jun.: Two black Jamaican sailors stranded in London applied for aid to return home, explicitly stating their desire to reach Saint-Domingue to find work. They hoped to secure employment on…
1818-Jun.-05: Merchant Jacob Lewis reported to Secretary of State John Quincy Adams that the Haitian government showed clear favoritism toward British traders. He argued that the presence of British warships…
1818-Aug-05: Félix Darfour published his first major political analysis in the journal L'Eclaireur Haytien. He utilized the press to challenge what he viewed as the lingering injustices of the republic’s…
1818-Nov-01: Milscent concluded his series of reflections on Genesis by asserting that all men are equal before God and should be equal before the law. This intellectual defense of racial…
1818-Early: Following the unsuccessful missions of Septimus Tyler, the Republic of Haiti under President Alexandre Pétion agreed to accept Jacob Lewis as a formal American commercial agent. This acceptance marked…
1818, March–April: (The Succession of Boyer and the Maneuvers for Power): In his final decline, Pétion failed to nominate a successor, and his body was hardly cold before the start…
1818–1820: (They Do Not Know the People I Have to Govern: The Paradox of Henry's Rule): Like Macbeth, Henry Christophe had vaulting ambition as his spur, but it was ambition…
1818-03-29: (Pétion Dies in Office and Is Succeeded by Boyer, the End of a Presidency That Had Distributed Land to the Peasants, Armed Bolívar's Revolution, and Established the Pattern of…
Jean Baptiste Point du Sable died on 28 August 1818. He is generally held to have been born in Saint-Domingue before 1750. In the 1780s he settled at the mouth…
One sees on the rue du Centre the ruins of the Senate, and, on the rue de l'Enterrement, the palace of the chamber of deputies, which had been built on…
Election of General Jean-Pierre Boyer to the office of President of Haiti.
Oath taken by His Excellency J.-P. Boyer.
Christophe sends new deputies to Port-au-Prince.
1819: A French sea captain observes that various guilds in the republic require members to take an oath never to perform domestic work. This collective refusal reflected the deep cultural…
1819: Galinhas emerged as a major venue for the illegal slave trade due to its complex network of creeks and swamps, which provided effective cover for vessels avoiding abolitionist patrols.…
1819-Oct-07: A French naval report from Captain Montfert noted that all persons of color in the republic were intensely jealous of their hard-won liberty. He concluded that any attempt at…
1819-Nov.-20: Foreign Minister Julien Prévost wrote to British abolitionist Thomas Clarkson arguing that the volume of trade between their nations equaled tacit recognition. He maintained that it was time for…
1819–1844: Data from 1,557 liberated Africans in the Sierra Leone region shows that captives represented all major language groups across the entire territory. Most of these individuals had been enslaved…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cuba in 1819, the people aboard the Amitié rose against the crew. They had been taken at Rio Pongo. The record gives the…
Marie Laveau was born in New Orleans, probably in 1801, a free woman of colour and a Catholic. In 1819 she married Jacques Paris, a free man of colour born…
On 2, 3 and 6 October 1819, the government of President Boyer put the construction of the Bridge of Miragoâne out to tender. Rouzier tells this under the entry PONT…
The troops of the South take the field against the insurgents of La Grande-Anse.
Doctor Gregorio Funes of Buenos-Ayres writes to Grégoire on Las Casas.
1820s: The first significant wave of free black emigration from the United States to the Republic of Haiti began, as hundreds sought to escape North American racism. These emigrants were…
1820-Oct.-08: King Henry Christophe takes his own life by shooting himself with a silver bullet as his kingdom collapses. His death ended the northern monarchy and allowed President Boyer to…
1820–1842: (The Post-Christophe Era of Chaos and Contentment): Following the death of King Henry Christophe, this period covers twenty-two years characterized by a shift between internal disorder and periods of…
1820–1915: (Picturing the Republic’s Internal Strife): The middle period of Haitian independence is illustrated through portraits of various presidents, including Jean-Pierre Boyer and Fabre Geffrard. A notable inclusion is the…
1820, August 15 – October 6: (The Stroke at Limonade and the Fall of the Kingdom): In mid-August 1820, age sixty-two, Henry Christophe seemed in vigorous health, and in residence…
1820, October 6–8: (The Last Stand of Henry Christophe at Sans Souci): Lying paralyzed at Sans Souci, the King learned of the St. Marc rising on October 4 and early…
1820, October 8: (The Suicide of Henry Christophe and the Silver Bullet): Next morning, a Sunday, Henry again had the guard paraded under its trusted commander, Jean-Baptiste Riché,…
1820, October: (The Burial at La Ferrière and the Liquidation of the Royal Family): By the time Dupuy (faithful unto death), Marie-Louise, and an unwilling huddle of body-bearers…
1820–1823: (Boyer's First Actions and the Erasure of Henry's Legacy): President Boyer's first action was to dispose of the conspirators who had toppled Henry: Richard, accused of disaffection by the…
1820–1828: (The Mulâtre Consolidation and the Suppression of Noir Education): Although Sanders did not make the point in so many words, Boyer's regime, composed mainly of literate mulâtres from…
1820–1842: (The Long Sleep: Catastrophes, Calamities, and the Earthquake of 1842): The historian Lepelletier de Saint-Rémy characterized Boyer's government as "a long sleep," but it was a sleep intermittently interrupted…
1820s–1880s: (Muhammad Ali's Southward Expansion into Sudan: Overcoming the Funj Sultanate in the Early 1820s, Establishing Khartoum in 1824, Traders Reaching the Lacustrine Kingdoms by the 1860s to 1870s, and…
1820-10-08: (Christophe Shoots Himself in Sans-Souci Palace After a Stroke Leaves Him Unable to Maintain Control of His Kingdom, His Heir Killed Ten Days Later by Revolutionaries, the Northern Kingdom…
Jacques-Victor Henry, born 3 March 1804, was heir to the Kingdom of Haiti. His father Henry Christophe shot himself on 8 October 1820. The boy should have been proclaimed Henry…
On 26 October 1820 Jean-Pierre Boyer entered Le Cap at the head of a strong army, ending a division of the country that had lasted more than twenty years. Christophe…
On a slaving voyage in 1820, the people aboard the Cérès rose against the crew. They had been taken at Cap Lopez. The record gives the numbers as: 72 people…
On 18 February 1820, President Boyer pacified the Grand'Anse by definitively stifling the revolt of Goman (See: Anse-d'Hainault), which had lasted 14 years. The end of this revolt is owed…
Rigaud had returned to Haiti on 7 April 1810; Pétion showered him with favors, and on 19 May invested him with the command of the army of the South to…
It was in this church that Christophe was struck with apoplexy, on 15 August 1820, during divine service. Rouzier tells this under the entry LIMONADE.
EARTHQUAKES. FIRES. Almost immediately after its foundation it suffered an earthquake, in 1751. The idea was then conceived of building it only of wood. The earthquake of 3 June 1770,…
It was in the upper room of his pavilion, which he had made his bedchamber, that Henri I expired. On 15 August 1820 he was struck with apoplexy in the…
On 2 October he learned of the defection in favour of President Boyer of the 8th infantry regiment at Saint Marc; three days later, on the 5th, of the death…
On 2 October 1820, Verrettes hastened to respond to the movement of Saint Marc that ended the tyrannical government of Christophe: General Benjamin Noël set out immediately from Mirebalais and…
After the movement that began at Saint-Marc against Christophe in 1820, deputies came to Port-au-Prince to make the submission of the department of the Artibonite to President Boyer. The latter…
On 2 October he learned of the defection in favour of President Boyer of the 8th infantry regiment at Saint Marc; three days later, on the 5th, of the death…
Dessalines is the first town that responded, after Verrettes, to the movement inaugurated at Saint-Marc on 8 October 1820 to overthrow the tyranny of Christophe. Rouzier tells this under the…
LAMBERT. Habitation located near Cap-Haitien, where Dupuy and Prézeau led the family of Christophe, abandoned by all after the death of the King, on 8 October 1820. It belonged to…
On 8 October 1820, the king took his own life in his palace of San Souci, at the age of 53. He was buried through the care of his family…
On 17 February 1807, proclamation of the State of the North: Christophe is elected president for life. He has himself named king under the name of Henri I. On 8…
On 2 October he learned of the defection in favour of President Boyer of the 8th infantry regiment at Saint Marc; three days later, on the 5th, of the death…
In 1812, shortly after the siege of Port-au-Prince by Christophe, the Mirebalais rose in revolt against the king of the North. General Almanjor, commanding for the king, was assassinated. It…
In 1812, shortly after the siege of Port-au-Prince by Christophe, the Mirebalais rose in revolt against the king of the North. General Almanjor, commanding for the king, was assassinated. It…
General Benjamin Noel, having left Mirebalais immediately after the revolt of St. Marc against Christophe, entered the Petite Rivière on 15 October 1820. Rouzier tells this under the entry PETITE…
On Monday 2 October 1720 the garrison of St. Marc, then composed of the 8th demi-brigade, two squadrons and a company of artillery, shook off the tyrannical oppression of Christophe.…
On 20 October 1820 President Boyer was on this habitation after the death of Christophe, on his way to the North to proclaim there the constitution of the republic, when…
On 26 October 1820 President Boyer made his entry into the Cap and pacified the North after the death of King Christophe. The next day he appointed General Magny commandant…
The law of 25 April 1817 and that of 20 November 1820 fix the legal distance from this commune to the capital at 50 lieues. Rouzier tells this under the…
The insurrection is ended and La Grande Anse pacified.
Admiral Home Popham arrives at Port-au-Prince.
Boyer proposes to the legislative body the law of 4 July 1820 organizing the Lycée.
The President of Haiti arrives at Saint-Marc.
That very day arms were being taken up in the South against Dessalines; and fourteen years later, to the very day, on 8 October 1820, Christophe himself was reduced to…
1821: An English resident describes President Boyer's character with "disgusting features of weakness and cowardice." This critical appraisal reflected the growing dissatisfaction among some foreign observers with the president's leadership…
1821-Feb-05: Esmangart noted in a memorandum that Pétion had privately realized French suzerainty might be economically advantageous but was politically impossible to accept. This observation underscored the deep-rooted national sentiment…
1821-Jul.: President Boyer reportedly tells a Frenchman that he is privately willing to accept French suzerainty. However, he cautioned that the weight of public opinion would never permit such a…
1821-1891: Samuel Adjai Crowther, born in Yorubaland, was captured for the slave trade as a young man but was rescued by the British navy and freed in Freetown in 1821.…
1821, November 30 – 1822, January: (The Conquest of Santo Domingo: Boyer's Eastern Gambit): As seen by Boyer, two external obstacles still threatened the security of Haiti: a European flag…
In 1820 Haitian merchants complained in print that a foreigner settles in their country only for his own interest or his nation's, that this called for a response, and that…
The law of 17 October 1821 classed the village of the Plaine du Nord among the quartiers or parishes. Its church is isolated and placed 1800 toises from the place…
On Monday 2 October 1720 the garrison of St. Marc, then composed of the 8th demi-brigade, two squadrons and a company of artillery, shook off the tyrannical oppression of Christophe.…
Léogane served as a prison for General Paul Romain, who went there from the Cap on the order of President Boyer, with his whole family, aboard the State coast guard…
Ferrière (la). Formidable citadel built from 1804 by Christophe, from the plans of an engineer officer, a man of colour, named Henri Barré, in the commune of Milot, on the…
The inhabitants of Daxavon were the first, with those of Monte-Christ, to give, on 15 November 1821, the signal for the revolution that brought about the union of the Eastern…
The inhabitants of Monte-Christ were the first, with those of Dajabon, to give the signal, on 15 November 1821, for the revolution that united the eastern part to the Republic…
On 1 December 1821 the indigènes of the East drove out the Spaniards and proclaimed their independence; they joined their brothers of the West to form only one and the…
History. The eastern part of the island of Haiti, occupied by the Dominican Republic, was called, under Spanish rule, after Dominique Colomb, the father of Christopher Columbus, the Audience of…
Nunez de Caceres, who had published there on 1 December a manifesto of independence and a constitutional act announcing a political organization based on slavery, wrote to President Boyer to…
On 29 December 1821 the Haitian standard was raised with transports of joy on the walls of Sto Domingo, for the union of the Eastern part with the Republic of…
The law of 17 October 1821 defines the communes and bounds the arrondissements.
1822: Following Brazilian independence, the vast majority of vessels carrying enslaved people to Brazil continued to fly the Portuguese flag. This legal maneuver allowed traders to exploit existing treaties and…
1822: Denmark Vesey organized a massive conspiracy of enslaved people and free blacks in Charleston, using the example of Haiti to inspire his followers. Having lived in Saint-Domingue as…
1822–1837: Names and linguistic identifications of liberated Africans from vessels captured by British patrols have survived for several hundred individuals embarked in Cameroon. These records indicate a remarkable degree of…
1822-Feb.-09: President Boyer leads his troops into the eastern part of the island to unify the entire island. This period of unification brought the entire population under Haitian law for the…
1822-Jun.-16: Denmark Vesey, a free black man in Charleston, was arrested following the discovery of a sophisticated plan for a massive insurrection of the enslaved inspired by the Haitian Revolution.…
1822-Aug.: The black editor Félix Darfour is executed after addressing a seditious petition to the Haitian legislature. President Boyer used the occasion to silence critics who he accused of attempting…
1822-Sept-09: President Boyer issued a proclamation denouncing the editor Félix Darfour as a "brand of discord" who aimed to divide the nation. This official crackdown signaled the end of the…
1822-Early: The debate over the recognition of Haiti was fundamentally reshaped by the successful revolutions in the Spanish-American colonies and the subsequent U.S. recognition of those new states. While the…
1822-May-01: Denmark Vesey's plot for an insurrection of the enslaved was discovered in Charleston, South Carolina, sending a shockwave of fear through the American South and ending most serious talk of…
1822-June-01: Following President Jean-Pierre Boyer’s unification of the entire island, Southern American states grew increasingly alarmed at the prospect of Haitian expansion. A Southern newspaper warned that Boyer had…
1822, January–March: (The Occupation of Santo Domingo and the Keys to the Cathedral): Boyer's answer to Bonnet's warning was to mobilize the army in two columns, one commanded by…
1822–1840: (The Dominican Colony Sleeps a Sleep Almost of Death): The historian Sumner Welles wrote that the date of Boyer's occupation marked the beginning of a period of eighteen years…
1822–1825, July 11: (The French Indemnity and the Gunboat Diplomacy of Charles X): For eight more years negotiations dragged fruitlessly on (Pétion died in 1818, Henry in 1820),…
1822, 1873: (Anti-Slave-Trade Pressure on Zanzibar: The 1822 Moresby Treaty, British Indian Ocean Patrols, the 1873 Agreement Ending Legal Deportation, and Kabaka Mutesa's Strikingly Familiar Lament That the…
1822-02-09: (Boyer Invades the Dominican Republic and Unifies the Entire Island Under Haitian Control, a Twenty-Two-Year Occupation That Would Poison Relations Between the Two Nations for Centuries): On February 9,…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Freetown in 1822, the Heureuse Etoile (a) Dichosa Estrella was attacked from the shore. The people aboard had been taken at Grand Bassa.…
On 1 December 1821 the indigènes of the East drove out the Spaniards and proclaimed their independence; they joined their brothers of the West to form only one and the…
Nunez de Caceres, who had published there on 1 December a manifesto of independence and a constitutional act announcing a political organization based on slavery, wrote to President Boyer to…
The deputy Saint-Martin, who was expelled from the Chamber on 30 August 1822, at the time of the Darfour affair at Port-au-Prince, represented the commune of the Cap-haïtien. Rouzier tells…
The most illustrious figures of national history who were also born at the Cayes are: Geffrard, the father of the president of that name, Pierre Faubert, Jean-Louis François, Charles Hérard…
On Friday 30 August 1822, the citizen Darfour went to the Chamber of Communes and presented there a memorial tending to destroy the institutions and to overturn the State. This…
The communal council can administer itself only with the help of the State. The administrative officer was abolished on 11 December 1822, along with those of the other communes situated…
The justice of the peace court comes under the jurisdiction of the civil court of the Gonaïves. The administration officer comes under the financial administration of the Gonaïves; the post…
Its Administrative Deputy was abolished on 11 December 1822, together with those of the other inland communes. Rouzier tells this under the entry SANTIAGO de los CABALLEROS.
One column sets out from Port-au-Prince, under the orders of General Borgella, while another leaves Cap-Haïtien under the orders of General Bonnet, both heading for Santo-Domingo.
The President of Haiti leaves Port-au-Prince.
A decree of the President of Haiti gives San-Yago one Representative.
By an order of Boyer dated from La Vega the 3rd half-brigade, which had received the remainder of the Legion of the West, became the 1st infantry regiment of Haiti.
Return of the President of Haiti to Port-au-Prince.
1823-Mar.-31: An illustration from 1823 depicts a public auction of enslaved Africans in the West Indies, highlighting the dehumanizing commercial nature of the trade. The scene shows potential buyers inspecting…
1823-Jul.-06: Secretary General B. Inginac formally communicated the political situation of Haiti to the United States, requesting an act of recognition. He appealed to the shared revolutionary history of the…
1823-September-27: Niles' Register, a highly influential political journal, published a categorical rejection of the proposal to send and receive ministers from Haiti. The publication asked whether the "just fears" of…
1823-October-01: The demand for Haitian recognition became increasingly sectional, with support primarily concentrated in the Northern states and Pennsylvania marking the southernmost boundary of this movement. In the North, commercial…
1823-July-01: The internal American debate over Haitian recognition became a battle of local interests. While commercial centers like Baltimore and various cities in Pennsylvania supported recognition to protect their lucrative…
1823-December-02: President James Monroe delivered his famous message to Congress (the Monroe Doctrine), which outlined American opposition to further European colonization in the Americas. However, the message notably omitted any…
"Formerly, when the island of Haiti belonged to two metropolitan powers, there existed in the eastern part an archbishopric whose titular resided in the city of Santo-Domingo, seat of the…
A proclamation of the President of Haiti grants absent proprietors of the eastern part a new delay of four months to return and enjoy their properties.
1824-Jan.-01: President Boyer denounces the lack of international recognition as a result of absurd colour prejudice. He argued that the refusal of other nations to accept Haiti was an outrage…
1824-January-15: The Propagateur of Port-au-Prince published a digest of Monroe’s message, offering a critique that was both respectful and pointed. The editor praised the "generous" and "happily conceived" character of…
1824-February-01: In response to the persistent American refusal to recognize Haitian independence, Haitian intellectuals and media continued to challenge the U.S. definition of "civilization." The Propagateur questioned whether the United…
1824-March-01: The Baltimore Morning Chronicle published a prominent article, later reprinted in Charleston, challenging the American government's inconsistent application of the de facto principle of recognition. The author pointed out that…
On 24 July 1824 President Jean-Pierre Boyer promulgated a law transferring the holdings of the Catholic Church in Haiti to the Haitian state. It is read as retaliation against the…
Departure of the citizens Larose and Rouanez for France.
In 1824 President Boyer had some American immigrant cultivators of the Black race directed there. Rouzier tells this under the entry SAN PEDRO de MACORIS.
1825: Haiti is excluded from the Panama Congress despite the vital aid it provided to South American independence movements. This exclusion was widely attributed by Haitian leaders to the racial…
1825: The South American liberator Simón Bolívar introduces the institution of a life presidency into the new constitution of Bolivia. He explicitly cited the Haitian model as the successful inspiration…
1825-Apr.-17: A royal ordinance from France recognizes Haitian independence in exchange for a 150 million franc indemnity. This agreement initiated a long-term economic crisis as the government struggled to pay…
1825-late: M. Malter arrived in Port-au-Prince as the first official French consul-general following the signing of the indemnity ordinance. His arrival opened the door for other European powers to send…
1825-April-17: King Charles X of France issued a controversial royal ordinance grantng recognition to Haiti, but under conditions that severely compromised Haitian sovereignty. The ordinance required Haiti to pay a…
1825-July-03: A French fleet of fourteen warships carrying nearly 500 guns arrived in the harbor of Port-au-Prince to deliver the official notice of recognition. The menacing position of the fleet…
1825-July-08: Negotiations between the French envoy and the Haitian government were finalized, officially ending Haiti's status as a rebellious colony in the eyes of France. Despite this breakthrough, France…
1825-August-01: In the United States, the French recognition of Haiti triggered a new wave of debate regarding the "Monroe Doctrine" and European influence in the Caribbean. Proponents of recognition argued…
1825-September-01: Baron de Mareuil, the French minister to the United States, reported that the news of the French ordinance and the arrival of the fleet in Port-au-Prince created a "very…
1825-Late: Following the French recognition of Haitian independence, French polemicists such as M. Coustelin published tracts against the "recognition of the Haitian Republic." These writings reflected a persistent European faction…
1825–1838, May 28: (The Crushing Debt, the Final Treaty, and the Price of Sovereignty): Besides being a lien on Haiti's sovereignty, the indemnity was crushing: to pay even the first…
1825–1841: (The Broken Staff: The Decay of the Army and the Color Line Under Boyer): Some historians argue that from the moment of the French settlement in 1825, the army…
1825-07-11: (France Recognizes Haitian Independence in Exchange for an Indemnity of 150 Million Francs, the Ransom a Former Slave Colony Was Forced to Pay Its Former Enslaver for the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Freetown in 1825, the people aboard the Deux Soeurs rose against the crew. They had been taken at Rio Pongo. The record gives…
The Republic of Haiti signed with France, on 17 April 1825, a treaty that recognized its independence, and a treaty of commerce and friendship, in 1838; Rouzier tells this under…
On 24 April 1825 the secretary general, B. Inginac, issued a notice announcing that, the government having never conceded or alienated any land in the islands of the Gonâve and…
On 3 July 1825, the ship's captain, baron de Mackau, arrived at Port-au-Prince bearing the ordinance of King Charles X recognizing the political independence of Haiti. Rouzier tells this under…
Private individuals were cutting and selling on their own account, without authorization, mahogany timber that stood on State lands. The Secretary of State I. C. Imbert wrote to the justice…
Departure of the citizens Daumec, Frémont and Rouanez for France.
1826: Charles Mackenzie arrived as the first British consul in Haiti with instructions to record data on the status of free labor and agricultural production. While his presence signaled implicit…
1826: The Rural Code is enacted to attach agricultural laborers to specific plantations and prevent what it called vagrancy. This labor law was an attempt by the landowning oligarchs to…
1826: The British consul Charles Mackenzie oobserves that very few large estates in Haiti are owned by black citizens, with the notable exception of the northern region. This disparity in…
1826-Mar-27: George Canning issued specific instructions to Consul Charles Mackenzie to procure detailed information on the enforcement of agricultural labor in Haiti. The British government sought to understand how the…
1826-Apr-26: The French diplomat Ragueneau reported on the social and political imbalances he observed within the republic. He noted that the mulatto elite dominated nearly all high-ranking positions despite the…
1826-Sept-09: Consul Mackenzie estimated that the national guard of the republic consisted of approximately 40,000 men in addition to the regular army. This high level of militarization was seen as…
1826-1830: The newly independent nation of Brazil signed its first anti-slave-trade treaty with Great Britain in 1826, which contained an undertaking to abolish the traffic within four years. The treaty…
1826-March-01: The appointment of Charles MacKenzie as British consul general to Haiti signaled a more aggressive British attempt to stabilize the island's affairs and secure commercial advantages. The United States,…
1826-June-01: In the wake of the French recognition, the United States faced a diplomatic dilemma regarding the 50% customs reduction granted exclusively to French ships. Under the treaty of 1778…
1826, May 1: (The Code Rural and the Irrelevance of Restoration): By 1825, Boyer, his bureaucrats, and the oligarchs recognized that something had to be done to rescue Haiti…
1826-05-01: (Boyer Promulgates the Code Rural, a System of Forced Agricultural Labor Designed to Fund the French Indemnity, Which Peasants Who Had Fought a Revolution to End Slavery Refused to…
1826-00-00: (Boyer Contracts Foreign Loans From French Banks to Begin Indemnity Payments, Initiating a Cycle of Debt Servicing That Would Consume Over Half of All Government Revenue for the Next…
1826-00-00: (Boyer Encourages the Immigration of Freed Black Americans to Haiti, the First Group Arriving From Philadelphia and Settling on the Samaná Peninsula, an Experiment in Pan-African Solidarity That Would…
In 1817 the Anse d'Hainault was already ranked among the communes. This village is situated on the bay that bore the name of a colonist whose habitation lay in the…
The island of Grosse-Caye is situated opposite the bay of Aquin, and the point of Morne-Rouge lies to the south. The port was opened to foreign commerce by the law…
The port, one of the finest of Haiti, has been open to foreign commerce since 21 April 1807, and receives on average per year 50 sailing ships that take on…
Proclamation of the President of Haiti explaining in what sense the Haitian government accepted the ordinance of 17 April.
PERRIER. Habitation in the commune of Corail, belonging to private owners, now broken up. 208 carreaux of land that belonged to François Linstant de Pradine, according to a survey made…
Since so many fires, some owners have had their buildings rebuilt in masonry; these constructions are very fine. The arsenal blew up 3 times: on 2 February 1827, on 12…
An explosion of powder destroys the State Magazine, the artifice room and the Arsenal of Port-au-Prince.
On 24 June 1828 four French and Kreyòl speaking Haitian women began their novitiate in Baltimore. Elizabeth Lange, born in Saint Domingue about 1784, had fled with her parents to…
Barthélemy Richiez, last survivor of the commissioners sent with the suisses, wrote at Seybo his note on their fate.
1829: The Reverend Robert Walsh provided a graphic eyewitness account of boarding the Brazilian slaving schooner Veloz (or Feloz) while it was bound for Bahia with over 500 captives. He…
James Theodore Augustus Holly was born in Washington, D.C. on 3 October 1829. He argued that Black Americans should build a nation of their own, and in 1861 he led…
DESCHAPELLES. On 24 November 1829, in the office of Maître H. Tran, notary, President Boyer made the acquisition of this habitation of the Arcahaie, belonging to the State. It had…
1830: Charles Mackenzie published Notes on Haiti, detailing his observations of the republic's social and political condition. This work provided a valuable foreign perspective on the mid-Boyer era and the…
1830-January-15: A major security scare emerged when a confidential Mexican agent named Basadre arrived in Baltimore, reportedly on a mission to Haiti. Rumors circulated that Mexico was seeking Haitian assistance…
1830-March-01: The United States officially requested that Great Britain be apprised of the "danger" posed by the alleged Mexican-Haitian plot against Cuba. This request again demonstrated the U.S. strategy of…
1830s–1893: (The Violence of Yorubaland: Demographic Upheaval, Urban Expansion, the Escalating Deportation of Captives, the Spread of Islam, a Military Revolution in Firearms, and British Intervention Justified…
1830s–1856: (Sultan Seyyid Said and the Building of the Zanzibar Commercial Empire: Moving the Capital to Zanzibar in the 1830s, Organizing Merchant Immigrants for Interior Penetration, Caravans Reaching the…
1830s–1860s: (Arab Merchant Penetration of the East African Interior: Permanent Entrepôts at Tabora, Ujiji, and the Buganda Capital, Tippu Tip's Vast Trading-and-Raiding Sphere in Tanzania and Congo from the…
Mid-1830s–1840s: (The Great Trek: Several Thousand Boer Families Moving North in a Process Later Mythologized as a Unified Exodus, Settlement in Areas Vacated by the Mfecane, the Joint Boer-Rolong…
1830–1881: (The French Conquest of Algeria and the Seizure of Tunisia: Piracy as Pretext for Invasion in 1830, Abd al-Qadir's Qadiriyya Resistance Through the 1830s Drawing the French South,…
1830s–1840s: (Muhammad Ali Brought to Heel: Expansion into the Levant Causing Anxiety in Istanbul, British and European Allies Forcing Withdrawal, the Army Reduced from 200,000 to 18,000, Monopolies Ended,…
Constant Mathurin Hillion was born at Vannes, in Brittany, on 21 August 1830. After the Concordat of 1860 reopened relations between Haiti and Rome, he became the first bishop of…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Freetown in 1830, the people aboard the Manzanares rose against the crew. They had been taken at Gallinhas. The record gives the numbers…
The jurisdiction of its civil court extends over the 8 arrondissements of the department of the North. This court delivered, in 1887, 199 judgments, of which 26 were civil, 162…
The commercial tribunal was founded by the law of 9 October 1830. The tribunal of the peace, northern section, rendered 844 judgments; that of the southern section 657. Rouzier tells…
Arrival of Don Felipe Fernandez de Castro, extraordinary ambassador of the king of Spain, to ask for the handing over of the territory of the departments of the East.
Don Felipe Fernandez de Castro leaves again for Cuba, having failed in his mission.
1831: Demesvar Delorme was born at Cap Haïtien and grew up to be a significant black politician and novelist. He initially supported Salnave but later became a leader of the…
1831–1851: Following Brazil's formal abolition of the transatlantic slave trade in 1830, illegal voyages continued but became increasingly dangerous. These clandestine trips were often as long or longer than previous…
1831–1851: The illegal slave trade to Brazil in the mid-nineteenth century shifted its focus toward the southeastern portion of the country to bypass major ports like Rio de Janeiro. Traders…
1831–1864: The fastest transatlantic crossings to the Caribbean occurred during the final decades of the slave trade, driven by the use of yacht-type vessels and a few steamships. These faster…
1831–1864: By 1831, Cuba remained the only major slave market operating in the Caribbean, receiving the vast majority of new arrivals. Captives recorded in the British Caribbean during these…
1831-00-00: (Pétionville Established in the Hills Above Port-au-Prince, Named for the Revolutionary Leader Who Had Armed Bolívar and Distributed Land to the Peasants, a Tribute That Would Become Bitterly Ironic…
On 23 September 1831 a law founded Pétion-Ville, on the slope of the mountains of La Coupe above Port-au-Prince, under the presidency of Jean-Pierre Boyer. It was dedicated to Alexandre…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Freetown in 1831, the people aboard the Virginie rose against the crew. They had been taken at Sherbro. The record gives the numbers…
The climate is humid and mild, the air fairly healthy, except in marshy places. Exposed to the winds of the North and of the South, this department is often visited,…
The port, one of the finest of Haiti, has been open to foreign commerce since 21 April 1807, and receives on average per year 50 sailing ships that take on…
Exposed by day to the action of the west and east winds, it is cooled at night by breezes that bring there all the coolness of the surrounding mountains. Humidity…
Apart from the fountain of the market, other small fountains once gave water to the hospital, to the arsenal and to the vessels in the roadstead; they no longer exist.…
On 20 November 1831, General Marion, commander of the arrondissement, died there. He was one of the best military administrators of the republic. Rouzier tells this under the entry Cayes…
Louis Moreau-Lislet was born at Dondon in Saint-Domingue on 7 October 1766. The revolution drove him out and he ended up in Louisiana. He served as attorney general of the…
Pierre Theoma Boisrond-Canal was born on 12 June 1832 at Les Cayes. He served as an officer under Fabre Geffrard from 1858 to 1867, then quit the army to farm.…
In 1832 Archibald Stirling, a trustee of the Office of the Poor in Baltimore, asked for four Oblate sisters to care for cholera patients at the almshouse. They went. Stirling…
EARTHQUAKES. FIRES. Almost immediately after its foundation it suffered an earthquake, in 1751. The idea was then conceived of building it only of wood. The earthquake of 3 June 1770,…
1833: French artist François Auguste Biard painted "The Slave Trade," a graphic portrayal of the inhumanity and routine horrors found at the sale of captives on the African coast. The scene…
1833–1843, January 27: (The Praslin Manifesto and the Fall of Boyer): Boyer faced two kinds of opposition: noir discontent especially in the North with his mulâtre rule, and the dissatisfaction…
Citizen David Saint-Preux, a vehement orator, one of those who were expelled from the Chamber of Communes on 14 August 1833, represented the town of Aquin, where he was born.…
The most illustrious figures of national history who were also born at the Cayes are: Geffrard, the father of the president of that name, Pierre Faubert, Jean-Louis François, Charles Hérard…
Hérard Dumesle, a famous tribune, was also born there on 16 June 1784. He was expelled from the Chamber on 14 August 1833. He represented the commune of the Cayes.…
Véret, a brigadier general under Boyer, died at Les Cayes on 13 May 1833.
1834: A vagrancy bill is introduced in the Jamaican legislature but is subsequently disallowed by the British government. This legal effort sought to replicate aspects of the Haitian labor codes…
Mid-17th Century–1834: (Cape Colony: The Dutch East India Company's Provisioning Station Becomes a Settler Society, Boer Identity Forged on the Frontier, Khoisan Dispossession Through Right of Conquest, Racial Hierarchy…
1834-00-00: (Great Britain Decrees the End of Slavery Throughout Its Empire, a Decision Whose Moral Logic the Haitian Revolution Had Demonstrated Three Decades Earlier at a Cost Britain Was Never Required…
On 12 May 1834, General Verret died there: a Frenchman, he was one of the small number of those who renounced France; he won all his ranks in the wars…
1835: Zachary Macaulay published a scholarly account of the abolition of slavery in Haiti to support the global abolitionist cause. The work utilized the Haitian experience to argue that former…
1835: Spain and Great Britain signed a new treaty that introduced an "equipment clause," allowing naval cruisers to detain slaving vessels based on the presence of trafficking equipment. This legal…
1835-Jan: S.W. Hanna visited several parts of Haiti and recorded extensive notes on the country's social conditions and religious practices. His observations provided a valuable foreign perspective on the mid-Boyer…
The governments of Haiti have always sought to lease so fine a domain. A notice of 10 January 1835, issued by the secretary of state J. C. Imbert, invited companies…
Such is this Eustache, this enslaved man who honored the title of man. The French Academy awarded him the first prize for virtue, of 5,000 francs, in its public session…
1836: An Anglo-Spanish treaty was enacted that made it increasingly difficult for traders to utilize the Spanish flag for slaving purposes. In response, many Spanish slave traders continued their operations…
1836-Jun: The Revue des Colonies published an analysis of Haiti that emphasized the nation's unique role as a beacon of black sovereignty. The publication argued that the republic’s survival was…
1836–1867: Portugal was the final nation in the Atlantic world to formally abolish the slave trade in 1836, yet illegal trafficking persisted for another thirty years. The suppression of the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Freetown in 1836, the people aboard the Veloz rose against the crew. They had been taken at Lagos, Onim. The record gives the…
The port, one of the finest of Haiti, has been open to foreign commerce since 21 April 1807, and receives on average per year 50 sailing ships that take on…
1837-Oct.-08: Edmond Paul was born in Port-au-Prince as the son of General Jean Paul, a key contender for the presidency. He became one of Haiti's most significant political thinkers and…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Freetown in 1837, the people aboard the Temerário rose against the crew. They had been taken at Bonny. The record gives the numbers…
On Saturday 27 January 1837, at 10 o'clock in the evening, Colonel Isidor Gabriel, of the mounted carabineers, at the head of a part of the corps he commanded, seized…
After fleeing from the Cap, whose arsenal he had surprised in the night of Saturday 27 January 1837, Colonel Isidore Gabriel, of the mounted carabiniers, escaped with his stepson Armoric…
On Saturday 27 January 1837, at 10 o'clock in the evening, Colonel Isidor Gabriel, of the mounted carabineers, at the head of a part of the corps he commanded, seized…
1838: The French government removed the restrictive qualifications on its recognition of Haiti and formally acknowledged the nation's full sovereignty. This diplomatic breakthrough allowed Haiti to negotiate new treaties of…
1838–1850: British diplomatic and naval strategies against the slave trade became increasingly aggressive, including the pursuit of treaties with African powers like the Sultan of Zanzibar. These treaties often secured…
1838-December-01: Lord Palmerston officially moved toward formal British recognition of Haiti by instructing Captain George William Conway Courtenay to propose a treaty for the abolition of the slave trade. This…
1838–1841: (What Disorder, What General Ruin: The Domestic Legacy of Boyer): Boyer's great diplomatic success, the fruit of two decades of patient diplomacy pursued from weakness, won scant…
The same Pierre André was a senator in 1838: accused of having addressed anonymous letters to the President of Haiti, he was expelled from the senate on 4 June 1838;…
The same Pierre André was a senator in 1838: accused of having addressed anonymous letters to the President of Haiti, he was expelled from the senate on 4 June 1838;…
1839: A banquet was held in support of Hérard Dumesle where toasts were drunk in memory of the mulatto martyrs Ogé and Chavannes. Notably, no mention was made of black…
1839-Jul.: The celebrated mutiny on the ship Amistad occurred as the vessel was engaged in the intra-American traffic in captives. Led by a captive named Cinque, the Africans successfully overpowered the…
1839-Dec.-09: Noel Viallet signed a treaty with the British consul to incorporate Haiti into the international coalition for the suppression of the slave trade. This agreement represented the first formal…
1839-December-23: The signing of the formal convention between Great Britain and Haiti for the suppression of the slave trade solidified Haiti’s entry into the European diplomatic family. The language of…
Marie Angelique Virginie Sampeur was born in Port-au-Prince on 28 March 1839. She trained as a teacher, read in several languages, and was writing verse by seventeen. At twenty-three, in…
1840: Cuba officially surpassed the former French colony of Saint Domingue as the world's leading producer of sugar. This economic shift occurred as Cuban planters capitalized on the collapse of…
1840: Joseph Mallord William Turner exhibited his iconic painting "Slave Ship (Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying, Typhoon Coming On)" in London to promote the cause of abolition. The…
1840-1867: During the final decades of the trade, the regional origins of liberated Africans became more representative of the overall traffic as suppression efforts were applied across the entire Atlantic…
1840s–1870s: (Arab Intervention in Nyamwezi Politics: Firearms and Commercial Advantage Used to Back One Chief Against Another, the Civil War in Unyanyembe in the Early 1860s, and Tabora Transformed…
c. 1840–1884: (Mirambo: The Nyamwezi State-Builder Born Around 1840, Former Caravan Porter Who Built a Ruga Ruga Army Inspired by the Ngoni, Created a Unified State at Urambo Dominating…
1840s–1868: (Tewodros: The Provincial Renegade from Qwara Who Ended the Age of the Princes in 1855, Attempted to Modernize Ethiopia Through Land Reform, Church Reform, and European-Style Artillery, Perceived…
1840s–1880s: (Islam in the Central East African Interior: Mutesa's Insincere Attachment in Buganda, Yao Traders Adopting the Faith, Swahili Spreading as a Lingua Franca Across a Broad Arc from…
1840s–1890s: (Egyptian Encirclement of Christian Ethiopia: The Administrative Province of Takrur and the Fortified Outpost at Keren Threatening the Highlands, Egyptian Control of Massawa, Britain Arranging Withdrawal Only for…
1840: (Article 201 of the 1840 Civil Code: In the Nineteenth Century Women's Long-Standing Central Role in the Strength of Their Financial Management Being Acknowledged and Written into Law,…
Charles Alexis Oswald Durand was born at Cap-Haïtien on 17 September 1840, son of Louis Dolcé Durand and Aricie de Vastey. The earthquake of 1842 killed his mother before he…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cuba in 1840, the people aboard the Jesús María rose against the crew. They had been taken at Sherbro. The record gives the…
1841: S. Linstant published a major analysis of color prejudice in Haiti that traced its origins to the class structure of France. He insisted on the fundamental unity of the…
1841–1860: (By Schisms Rent Asunder: The Church, the Concordat, and the Long Road to Rome): In Rome during March 1841, Pope Gregory XVI told Bishop Rosati, dispatched on his nearly…
James McCune Smith, a leading New York abolitionist who had taken his medical degree in Scotland because American schools would not have him, delivered a lecture on Toussaint Louverture at…
1842: A powerful earthquake strikes the north, precipitating the physical ruin of the Sans Souci palace. The structure was never rebuilt, leaving its walls as a permanent monument to King…
1842-Sept-01: The Society for the Rights of Man and of the Citizen issued a formal manifesto in the city of Les Cayes. This document provided the ideological framework for the…
1842-05-07: (A Devastating Earthquake Strikes Cap-Haïtien, Killing Over Ten Thousand People, Destroying Sans-Souci Palace, and Creating the Economic Crisis That Would Bring Down Boyer's Twenty-Five-Year Presidency): On May 7, 1842,…
Jacmel was the birthplace of Pilié, who had been administrator of the financial arrondissement before being named, on 20 February 1842, provisional secretary of state in place of J. C.…
On 7 May 1842 an earthquake that overthrew the town of the Cap from top to bottom; more than half of the population was buried under the debris. The Haitian…
Earthquakes are fairly frequent there. This redoubtable phenomenon caused the city of the Conception de la Vega to disappear in 1564, and made itself felt most particularly at Port-au-Prince, which…
It is called VILLE-BONHEUR because of the apparition of a virgin under Emperor Faustin I. It is also called SAUT-D'EAU because on 7 May 1842, at the time of the…
1843: The French naval commandant Alphonse de Moges attempted to persuade his government that Haiti could be "retaken" peacefully through missionary priests. This strategy aimed to restore French influence through…
1843-Mar.: The Praslin Revolution overthrows Jean-Pierre Boyer, ending the longest presidency in Haitian history. The fall of Boyer initiated a long period of military coups.
1843-Mar-13: Commander Sharpe reported that the southern part of the rural population had risen en masse against the mulatto elite. He documented how peasant bands were seeking vengeance for decades…
1843-Jun-03: Admiral de Moges wrote to the French foreign ministry suggesting that Haiti could be peacefully recovered through the work of missionary priests. This proposal reflected a shift in French…
1843-Jul-02: The black generals Guerrier, Lazare, and Gardel wrote a secret letter to the French foreign minister Guizot requesting a protectorate. They argued that the dominance of a small mulatto…
1843-Jul.-02: A group of black generals wrote a secret letter to the French foreign minister Guizot requesting a protectorate to counter mulatto dominance. They argued that French protection would be…
1843-Jul-17: Salomon jeune and other southern leaders published an "Exposé aux délégués" to defend the interests of black landowners. This document articulated the grievances that would eventually fuel the rise…
1843-Dec-07: The journal La Sentinelle de la Liberté denounced the Guerrier letter to France as a malicious forgery. The editor asserted that the union of blacks and mulattoes was permanent…
1843–1858: (The Descent into Darkness and Political Instability): This fifteen-year span is described as a period where "Darkness Descends" upon the nation, marked by heightened political strife and social regression.…
1843: (The Literary Significance of the Haitian Island): The book opens with a poignant quote from Alexandre Dumas's 1843 work Georges, reflecting on the transformative nature of the island. The…
1843: (Haiti in 1843: The Epitaph of the First Forty Years): By 1843, when Boyer departed, Haiti had found its level: the fire had gone out, the country was…
1843, February–April: (Rivière-Hérard and the Downfall of the Mulâtres): Boyer was gone, and so were Bonnet and Inginac (the one dead of old age at St. Marc, the other…
1843, April–September: (The Salomon Affair and the Noir-Mulâtre Collision): Arrests were not confined to the East, as the Salomon family, influential noirs of the South, was at daggers…
1843, September–1844, January: (The Constitution of 1843 and the Guns at the Chamber Door): Over heated protest from Honoré Féry, a principled young mulâtre who objected that it just didn't…
1843–1915: (Haiti Is a Public Nuisance: The Ledger of Ruin and the Hour of the Marines): Robert Rotberg correctly wrote that the decision to intervene was no sudden, capricious response…
1843–1870s: (Balances of Power: Britain Annexes Natal in 1843, Recognizes the Transvaal and Orange Free State by the Mid-1850s, Xhosa Settled in Reserves, African Peasant Farmers as Tenants on…
1843-02-13: (Boyer Overthrown After Twenty-Five Years in Power, the Longest Presidency in Haitian History, Toppled by Charles Rivière-Hérard in the Wake of Economic Collapse, Peasant Discontent, and a Devastating Earthquake):…
Marie-Madeleine Lachenais died in exile in Jamaica on 22 July 1843. She was the companion and political confidante of Alexandre Pétion, and then of Jean-Pierre Boyer, and was long understood…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cape of Good Hope in 1843, the people aboard the Progresso rose against the crew. They had been taken at Quilimane. The record…
"The manifesto, that declaration of war to the death upon despotism, that appeal to patriots, is the work of my inspiration; I was the first to conceive its idea and…
Meanwhile Rivière, full of his intention to have done with the Constituent Assembly, wished to publish a proclamation, dated 26 February, in which he recalled the taking up of arms…
"When I learned that a rising in arms had been made at Praslin, and that the enemy was going to attempt, on the night of 27 January, to seize the…
Meanwhile these military movements, though made in silence, had roused the authorities, and general Rivière Hérard, without raising any alarm, had gone toward the Intendance accompanied only by his aides-de-camp…
On the night of 9 September, he went to the various quarters of the troops of the Artibonite in garrison at Port-au-Prince, and, claiming to bear an order from the…
We recall that on the evening of 9 September general Dalzon had taken up arms against the government, had seized the Fort National without striking a blow, and had been…
From that moment the whole town was on its feet; the national guard took up arms in a body; the cavalry, more than four hundred men strong, assembled in the…
Meanwhile the members of the Constituent Assembly named by the nation had gathered in the Capital; they represented the Departments of the South, the West, the Artibonite, the North, the…
At the sitting of 21 September, deputy Simonise proposed a decree that the number of members of the Constituent Assembly, which stood at 124, be increased, so that various districts…
At the sitting of 25 September, David St-Preux, named deputy by the towns of St-Yago de los Caballeros and Santo-Domingo, declared that he chose Santo-Domingo. Immediately afterward the citizen Honoré…
At the sitting of 26 September, on the proposal of deputy Déjuste Thézard, of the Arrondissement of the Grand'Anse, the question of an indemnity to be granted to the members…
"This is not the constituent congress of the United States of America. There the example of the greatest and purest patriotism showed itself in its full light. "This is not…
This remarkable speech of citizen Honoré Féry made little impression on the Assembly, the majority of which wished an indemnity to be voted. The deputy Nelson fils obtained the floor…
The ex-president Boyer, who, as we have related, had withdrawn to Kingston (Jamaica), had left for France. He arrived in Paris on 29 September; His Majesty the King of the…
On the 29th it debated the terms of the message to the Provisional Government and those of two decrees, one of which related to the indemnity of one hundred gourdes…
"The undersigned, Consul-General of France, has the honor to announce to the Provisional Government of the Haitian Republic that yesterday, the third of October, he received from His Excellency the…
"The undersigned, Consul-General of France, has the honor to announce to the Provisional Government of the Haitian Republic that yesterday, the third of October, he received from His Excellency the…
Doctor Fresnel, one of the deputies of the Eastern part, spoke thus: Gentlemen, "A grave, serious, important question occupies you today. You have to decide upon the powers of the…
At the sitting of 11 October, in accordance with the order of the day, discussion opened on the motion of the deputy Vollel, of Jacmel, the object of which was…
"Modern times present us with numerous and sublime examples of the creation of institutions suited to the needs of present civilization and to the ideas of progress that distinguish our…
The citizens held to be accomplices of Dalzon and imprisoned had appeared on 23 October before the special council of the jurisdiction of Port-Républicain, presided over by colonel Février; the…
"Art. II. The case of the accused J.-P. Mercure, Dorval Mercure the son, Milfort Montalet and Joseph Mathurin is called up and brought before the special council of Croix-des-Bouquets, by…
"Decreed at the National House of Port-Républicain, 3 November 1843, year 40 of the Independence of Haiti and year 1 of the Regeneration. "Signed: J. C. Imbert, Guerrier, N. Ségrétier,…
"So J.-J. Dessalines understood it in proclaiming national independence; I call to witness his immortal proclamation, in which he laments that he cannot fly to the aid of the unhappy…
Title I concerned the territory of the Republic, which was divided into six departments, namely: the departments of the South, the West, the Artibonite, the North, Cibao or North-East, and…
No white man could acquire the status of Haitian, nor the right to own any real property in Haiti. Under the same Title II, section II comprised civil and political…
The new council met on Saturday 18 November, at eight o'clock in the morning, at the fort of Croix-des-Bouquets, where the trial began. The military prosecutor was the artillery lieutenant…
For some time it had been announced that Mr. A. Barrot was to arrive at Port-au-Prince, sent by the French government to treat of the respite requested by Haiti in…
On the 30th, M. Barrot, having at his side M. Levasseur, consul general of France, and the staff officers of the French ships in the roadstead, were received in public…
"The Senate is composed of thirty-six representatives of the people, whose number shall be fixed in proportion to the population; and, until that number is settled, there shall be for…
In fact, on 15 December, Rivière Hérard would not withdraw to his hearth. His letter only increased the number of his enemies among the revolutionaries of Jérémie and of Port-au-Prince,…
"But what am I saying, costly? I have faith enough in your patriotism, honorable Constituents, to hope that you will know how to make without effort the sacrifice our country…
He resumed: "I say more: I say that to prolong the present state of things is impolitic and imprudent; the speed with which the Revolution has raised some to high…
At the opening of the sitting of the 23rd, it was proposed to found two Colleges under the name of University, one at Santo-Domingo, thus restoring the old University of…
General Charles Hérard the elder was proclaimed President of the Haitian Republic. His election by so considerable a majority was received with the liveliest acclamations of the Assembly, of the…
EARTHQUAKES. FIRES. Almost immediately after its foundation it suffered an earthquake, in 1751. The idea was then conceived of building it only of wood. The earthquake of 3 June 1770,…
General Bonnet died at Saint-Marc on 9 January 1843. He was born at Léogâne. Guerrier died there on 15 April 1845, and Nissage Saget in 1879. Rouzier tells this under…
PRASLIN. Habitation situated in the commune of Torbeck, 3 lieues from the Cayes; it belonged to the squadron commander Charles Hérard the elder, who took up arms there against President…
PRASLIN. Habitation situated in the commune of Torbeck, 3 lieues from the Cayes; it belonged to the squadron commander Charles Hérard the elder, who took up arms there against President…
On 1 February 1843 General Lazarre, who commanded the arrondissement, raises there the standard of the revolution, and joins the revolutionaries who had set out from Praslin. At the head…
It was at Bonbon that Numa Paret and Rochemont Rocher, delegated by the revolution of Jérémie to the chief executive Rivière Hérard, met him on 4 February 1843, and informed…
It was by the road of Plymouth that there passed, on 5 February 1843, the deputation of the town of Jérémie, on its way to the Cayes to announce to…
The deputies sent by the town of Jérémie on 5 February 1843 to General Borgella at the Cayes, to announce to him the reasons for the revolution, spent the night…
On 1 February 1843 General Lazarre, who commanded the arrondissement, raises there the standard of the revolution, and joins the revolutionaries who had set out from Praslin. At the head…
On 7 February 1843 Colonel Cazeau of the Cayes, seeing himself abandoned by his soldiers, who were passing into the ranks of the revolution, withdrew into the fort of the…
MORNE CARCASSE. Morne located at Tiburon. On 12 February 1843 the popular army gained an advantage over that of the government, from which it took 56 horses, 100 rifles, 200…
There was a famous combat between the troops of President Boyer and those of the revolution, on 21 February 1843, in which the former were defeated. Colonel Lamarre, of Boyer's…
On 24 February 1843, the citizens of the Abricots, warned of the march of the government army commanded by General Solage, were raising a rampart to bar his passage. At…
The popular army coming from Jérémie made its entry into Anse-à-Veau on 25 February 1843, the very day of the battle of Numéro 2. Rouzier tells this under the entry…
On 25 February 1843, General Lazarre seized it, and thus succeeded in cutting off the retreat of the government army commanded by General Solages at the battle of Numéro Deux.…
On 25 February 1843, while on this habitation, General Gardel, on his way from Jacmel to fight the insurrection of the South, suffered an attack of apoplexy. His regiment went…
On 25 February 1843 the popular army, commanded by General Lazarre, met there that of President Boyer, commanded by General Solage. Lazarre succeeded in cutting off the enemy's retreat by…
During the revolution of 1843, an armed schooner loaded with provisions, which had come from the Cayes, dropped anchor in the roadstead of Jérémie on 25 February, believing that this…
On 8 March 1843 the popular army, risen against President Boyer and having at its head the chief of execution Rivière Hérard, entered the Quatre Chemins. Rouzier tells this under…
On 9 March 1843, the popular army made its entry there under the orders of Charles Hérard the elder. General Toureau refused to surrender, and blew up the arsenal, at…
On 13 March 1843, women of Léogane, learning that President Boyer was about to come and attack the town, harnessed themselves to two large-caliber cannon that they had taken at…
This combat opened the gates of the capital to the revolution. President Boyer embarked with his whole family at Port au Prince on the English war corvette the Sylla for…
On 21 March 1843, the popular army of the South made its entry into Port-au-Prince. Rouzier tells this under the entry PORT-AU PRINCE [le].
CASTEL PÈRE. On 31 July 1843 an armed uprising broke out on this habitation against the provisional government, paid for by Salomon père Etienne. The conspirators said that it was…
CASTEL PÈRE. On 31 July 1843 an armed uprising broke out on this habitation against the provisional government, paid for by Salomon père Etienne. The conspirators said that it was…
On 9 September 1843, Dalzon conspiracy. He presented himself during the night at the fort of the government (Riché) in the name of the commander of the place, had the…
This habitation belongs more particularly to the commune of Caracol. It was the property of General Jacques Simon, commandant of the arrondissement of Porte-Pilate, under President Boyer: he had received…
Inginac wrote a letter describing his conduct under Dessalines's government.
1844: Great Britain and the Republic of Haiti signed their first commercial treaty, ensuring reciprocal freedom of trade between the two nations. This agreement allowed British subjects to reside and…
1844-Feb.-27: The eastern side of the island declares independence, establishing the Dominican Republic. This separation ended the period of Haitian rule over the entire island.
1844-May-04: The insurgent leader Acaau wrote to Commodore Sharpe to explain that the southern rising was a defense of the rights of the black majority. He maintained that the…
1844-May-10: Louis Jean-Jacques Acaau issued a formal "Adresse" to the citizens of the South, vowing to fight until the rights of the poor were recognized. He became the symbolic head…
1844, February 27 – March 19: (The Dominican Independence and the Fourth Invasion): As cathedral bells tolled Compline on the night of February 27, 1844, Juan Pablo Duarte, at the…
1844, April: (The Piquet Revolt of Acaau and the Armée Souffrante): While Hérard marked time in Azua, disaffection burst forth at home. Despite the grand promises of the Praslinites,…
1844, May 3: (The Fall of Hérard and the Rise of Guerrier from the Barrel of a Gun): In the flush of victory, Acaau had no way of knowing that…
1844, May–August: (The Aftermath of Hérard: Exile, Acaau's Legacy, and Three Old Men): Neither cousin saw Haiti again after being packed off aboard H.M.S. Spartan: Rivière-Hérard, like many another successor,…
1844–1845, April 15: (Guerrier: The First of the Three Old Men): Philippe Guerrier, an affranchi of the olden times born at Grande Rivière du Nord, had led one of the…
1844–1880s: (Buganda's Encounter with Arab Traders and the Limits of Ganda Power: Arabs Confined to the Royal Capital and Supervised by Ganda Authorities, Kabakas Suna and Mutesa Trafficking…
1844-02-27: (The Dominican Republic Declares Independence From Haiti, Ending Twenty-Two Years of Haitian Occupation and Creating a Border Conflict That Would Define Relations Between the Two Nations Sharing the Island for…
1844-04-00: (The Piquets Revolt Erupts in Southern Haiti, Armed Black Peasants Rising Against Mulatto Rule and Demanding a Black President, the Colonial Caste System Reasserting Itself Within the Structures of…
1844-05-03: (Rivière-Hérard Relinquishes the Presidency and Flees Into Exile, His Government Destroyed by Military Failure in the Dominican Republic and Peasant Insurrection at Home): On May 3, 1844, Charles Rivière-Hérard…
On 30 March 1844 a Haitian army under General Jean-Louis Pierrot advanced on Santiago de los Caballeros in two columns of roughly 2,000 men each. The Dominican commander José María…
General Jérôme-Maximilien Borgella died on 30 March 1844, the same day a Haitian army was being destroyed at Santiago. He was born in Port-au-Prince in 1773 and fought through the…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cabo Frio in 1844, the people aboard the Kentucky rose against the crew. They had been taken at Sofala. The record gives the…
Enumerators began taking a new census of Dominica in the first days of June 1844. Field workers freed six years earlier believed that the writing down of names was preparation…
Puello brought Déchapte, at the customs house, twelve men to reinforce him. Then he got into the ferry, accompanied by Henri Duartes, went over to Pajarito on the other side…
We had reached the 41st year of the foundation of the State of Haiti. The procession of the members of the Provisional Government, made up of the civil and military…
Calm was nevertheless restored, and the procession went to the Cathedral Church, where a Te Deum was sung to the sound of cannon. (1) The President of the Republic made…
Since 15 December, some citizens of Jacmel had conceived the idea of sending a medal to Dumai Lespinasse, editor of the journal Le Manifeste and member of the Constituent Assembly.…
« Such was the sad state of this Part when, on 27 January of last year, the town of Les Cayes, in the south of the island, raised the cry…
On 29 February, at eight o'clock in the morning, Desgrottes, (*) in accordance with the capitulation, handed over to the Junta the Arsenal and the Force, in short the whole…
When these judged that everything had been sufficiently well prepared for the scission to be proclaimed, they resolved to draw up the Manifesto of the eastern part of the Island…
« If it is considered with respect to the Constitution of Haiti of 1816, it will be seen that, besides the singularity of giving a bastard Constitution to a foreign…
"Given at Rome, at the Palace of the said Sacred Congregation, 31 January 1844. Gratis, without any fee, on any account. "Signed: J. Ph. Cardinal Fransonius, prefect; Jean Brunalli, secretary."…
In 1843 there had arrived at Port-au-Prince a young priest named Tisserant, of the family of general Bauvais, who was one of the heroes of our wars of liberty in…
Yet there were always some traitors among them, for before Gravino Puello reached Azua, it was already known there that he was on the road, bearing the manifesto. Buenaventura Baez,…
As soon as the conspirators were certain that the order to bring in the African battalion had left the office of the place, Joaquim Puello dispatched Eusebio to Polito Paredes,…
The leaders of the party called constitutional sent emissaries everywhere charged with raising difficulties for the President of the Republic. On every side men worked to foment insurrections, in the…
They march swiftly on the Porte del Conde and occupy it without striking a blow, for the guard had been won over. Joaquim Puello at once detaches a troop to…
Then they formed the governing Junta. Its most notable members were Don Félix Mercenario, Don Manuel Maria Valverde, Manuel Jimenes and Don Mariano Echevarria. They expressed the wish to see…
They fired the alarm with three cannon shots, and Francisco Sanchez, mounting the ramparts, harangued his companions. But they could not hoist the standard of separation, having none; one of…
Eusebio Puello and Espinosa go there; the rowers, the ship's boys and their coxswain have scarcely scented them before they put out the light, fire several shots and escape through…
Up comes one of the insurgents, Leandro Espinosa, who leads him to the customs house without hindrance. The sergeant of the post had been won over. He calls his captain,…
« Art. VII. The arms of the troops composing the garrison of Santo-Domingo shall be deposited in the hands of the Consul of France, who shall return them to the…
For the rest, general tranquillity was maintained, although there was talk everywhere of a vast Riviériste conspiracy brewing; and on this occasion, to brand the acts of the administration of…
« Art. VIII. The Force and the Arsenal shall be evacuated by the Haitian troops immediately after the signing of the present capitulation. « Art. IX. The treasury and the…
The same day, 29 February, while the Manifesto was being published, Don J. Bobadilla and Jimenès returned to Santo-Domingo and announced that the militia of the Llanos had not arrived,…
On reaching Lascahobas, Rivière Hérard issued a proclamation dated 12 March, in which, after recalling that under Boyer the hearts of the inhabitants of the East had been exasperated by…
For his part, general Rivière Hérard appeared before Azua on 19 March; his troops were composed of the infantry and cavalry of the former guard of Boyer, which had become…
The losses of the Dominicans were insignificant. Judging that he could not withstand the numerical superiority of the Haitians, who were well armed and equipped, Santana evacuated the town of…
To sustain the courage of our troops, who had before them a campaign of the most arduous and deadly kind, they were told that the town of Bany and the…
Hérard Dumesle had a guard placed at the door of the former Senate house, where the Assembly sat. At last the coup d'état was consummated; the town of Port-au-Prince looked…
Things were in this state when, on 25 March, it became known that many senior officers had signed a protest addressed to the Council of the Secretaries of State, in…
"The next day a new publication ordered all the members of the Constituent to present themselves within twenty-four hours at the office of the Place, to go and join the…
The insurgents established their headquarters at Camp Perrin, after gathering nearly two thousand cultivators armed with pikes, machetes and muskets. They set out on 3 April, dragging in their midst…
The secretaries of state J. S. Hippolyte, Féry and Laudun, having been unable to prevent Hérard Dumesle, secretary of state for War and president of the Council, from publishing at…
He took possession of the Quatre Chemins, at the entrance of the town, the same day, 4 April, at three o'clock in the afternoon. Then he moved to Fort Boyer,…
Acaau had taken precedence over Dugué Zamor and Jean Claude, and was acknowledged by the bands as general-in-chief of the people's demands. In the same night of the 3rd he…
He detached one column which, under the command of Dugué Zamor, seized Fort l'Îlet without striking a blow, and another which, under Jean Claude, occupied the causeway. By ten o'clock…
Three Black men, cultivators and former soldiers, Acaau, Dugué Zamor and Jean Claude, had met at Camp-Perrin and there proclaimed the revolution against Rivière Hérard, raising the plain and part…
Acaau resolved to join forces with them at the Bridge of Miragoâne; he sent Dugué Zamor at the head of a strong column, with instructions not to halt until Miragoâne:…
At four o'clock in the morning, on 10 April, Dugué Zamor, at the head of 1,500 men, vigorously assailed the gate of Aquin called the Saint-Louis gate. Both sides fought…
Before 3 May, and therefore before the deposition of Rivière, general Pierrot had proclaimed at Le Cap the secession of the North, firmly resolved not to go back on his…
"Our boundaries once secured, the general officers of the army, joined with the civil authorities and the Council of State, will send deputies to come to an understanding with the…
The resident national guard assembled on the place Pétion twice a week, on Thursday and Sunday. On 2 May, a Thursday, it came to take up its line of battle…
For several weeks Hérard Dumesle had given himself up so wholly to pleasures in his mansion on the rue Pavée, keeping a seraglio in its very spacious courtyard, planted with…
On 3 May generals Bellanton and Paul Cupidon, commanders of the arrondissement and of the place of Port-au-Prince, had all the posts of the northern line of the fortifications occupied…
The first measure taken by the new government was to send a deputation to Azua to notify Rivière Hérard of his deposition and of the nomination of Guerrier to the…
Since the revolution of 3 May, general Acaau felt his aspirations to the absolute command of the Department of the South sorely thwarted. General Guerrier was indeed his ideal in…
At daybreak the conspirators went to the palace, and in the course of the morning they presented themselves to general Guerrier as envoys of the whole town, come to offer…
The conspirators, accompanied by general Bellanton and colonel Paul Cupidon, went there and mounted the altar of the Fatherland. Citizen Beaubrun Ardouin drew the revolutionary manifesto out of the barrel…
A few days after the combat fought at Aquin against the bands of Dugué Zamor, news of the revolution of 3 May reached generals Riché and Geffrard, who received at…
The defender took the floor and said: "The Council and the audience cannot forget the signal service that Acaau rendered to the Republic in being the first to proclaim the…
We have related that on 7 May general Riché had evacuated Aquin and that Augustin Cyprien had taken possession of it the next day. On 9 May the latter had…
Guerrier, seeing himself proclaimed head of State by the departments of the West, the North, the Artibonite and the South, save for certain reservations on the part of Acaau, resolved…
To General of Brigade Jacques Acaau, Chief of the Demands of his Fellow Citizens. General Jean Claude Pierre, commanding the suffering army, on the march, My General, "With all haste…
The government at Port-au-Prince had received a report from the delegation it had sent into the Grand'Anse, to Tiburon and to Les Cayes. By a proclamation of 16 May, Guerrier…
The government had resolved to endeavor to bring the inhabitants of the eastern part back into the bosom of the Republic; it hoped that, Rivière Hérard having been overthrown, it…
The government had resolved to endeavor to bring the inhabitants of the eastern part back into the bosom of the Republic; it hoped that, Rivière Hérard having been overthrown, it…
This decree reached the abbé Tisserant in April 1844; but he did not present it to the Haitian Government until 29 July of the same year, not having found the…
The charges against general Acaau were overwhelming; the Council was therefore agreed, unanimously, to have him handed over to a special military council. But the citizen Honoré Féry was of…
On 27 July the Council of the Secretaries of State met in session and took cognizance of the decree of the Sacred Congregation of the Propaganda and of the requests…
The charges against general Acaau were overwhelming; the Council was therefore agreed, unanimously, to have him handed over to a special military council. But the citizen Honoré Féry was of…
The reservations of the Haitian government made a painful impression on Tisserant. His duty was to answer them and to make, on his side, reservations of his own to be…
On 27 August 1844 there had been a brawl on the Wharf between the French sailors of the war brig Le Génie and the Haitian laborers. On the complaint of…
Nevertheless, the government made every effort to reorganize the arrondissement councils as well as the communal councils, whose members were chosen by the head of state. On 16 September the…
Nevertheless, the government made every effort to reorganize the arrondissement councils as well as the communal councils, whose members were chosen by the head of state. On 16 September the…
Meanwhile General Balthazar Inginac, formerly secretary-general under President Boyer and one of the most illustrious citizens of the Republic, arrived in the roadstead of Port-au-Prince on 14 November 1844, coming…
The President thought and felt that the burden of the dictatorship was far too heavy for him alone; he conceived the idea of having it shared with him by a…
"The President of the Haitian Republic, considering that, since in consequence of the insurrection of the Eastern Part and of the events that have occurred since, the Constitution of 1843…
"Having seen the order rendered on 8 November last by the chamber of council of this jurisdiction, which sends the persons named Petit Louis and Dorival before the correctional tribunal…
Citizen Honoré Féry, learned and capable, gave particular care to public instruction. On 24 December he delivered a fine speech at the solemn prize-giving of the Lycée National, directed by…
On 4 April 1844 an act of conciliation was signed between the commissioners sent to the Cayes by the government and those of the uprising at Camp Perrin. The rebels…
Discontented with the government of Charles Hérard the elder (Rivière), the North secedes anew and proclaims Pierrot its general in chief on 24 April 1844. This appointment having been accepted…
In 1844 President Charles Hérard (Rivière), in his campaign against the Eastern part, halted at Azua, awaiting means of attack to continue his march. While he was in this city,…
On 17 June 1844, a column formed of the regiment and the national guard of the Marmelade took Hinche from the Dominicans, who had seized it for a time. Rouzier…
1845: Nord Alexis begins his military career as an aide-de-camp to President Pierrot in the northern province. His early exposure to black nationalist politics shaped his long trajectory as a…
1845: Lieutenant Francis Meynell, a British naval officer on suppression patrol in West Africa, documented the conditions of captives through a series of evocative watercolors. His painting of the captured…
1845-Oct-17: J.H. Fresnel wrote to the French consul Levasseur advocating for a formal French protectorate over the republic. He predicted that without European intervention, the "civilized" elements of Haitian society…
1845-Nov-04: President Pierrot issued a proclamation declaring his firm intention to reconquer the eastern province and reunify the island. This goal remained a primary pillar of his short-lived administration's nationalist…
1845–1854: Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua was captured in the interior of the Bight of Benin and deported to Pernambuco, Brazil, where he was initially sold to a baker. After being resold…
1845, May–September: (Pierrot's Vagaries, the Dominican Border War, and the Léogâne Massacre): How bizarre the choice of Pierrot had been soon became clear: within ten days after being summoned from…
1845-04-15: (Guerrier Dies in Office After Less Than a Year as President, Succeeded by Jean-Louis Pierrot, Whose Wife Cécile Fatiman Had Participated in the Vodou Ceremony at Bois Caïman That…
The government, knowing all the ramifications of the Riviériste conspiracy from the first days of March 1845, took every measure necessary to make it miscarry. The secretary of state for…
"At that time, when security existed for no citizen, the Departments of the North and of the Artibonite believed that they too must pronounce their separation from those of the…
"Rendered at the Palace of Justice, in the sitting of 28 September 1845, and so forth." The advocates of the condemned sent to the commandant of the arrondissement, A. Souffrant,…
As there was still talk among the public of an impending landing by Rivière Hérard at some point of Haiti, in the Department of the South particularly, the citizens of…
Passing to counsels addressed to the President of Haiti, the signers of the Act exhort him "to prevent the evil rather than be reduced to repressing it." They add that…
"Nevertheless, since these proposals lie solely within the competence of the Government, and since it is to be hoped that the Government will not insist upon maintaining them, the Sacred…
He addressed to him the following letter, sending him for his information an almost complete copy of the one he had received from Rome, dated 15 January 1845: To the…
Rome, at the Palace of the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, 15 January 1845. Your wholly devoted, Signed: J. P. Cardinal Fransonius, prefect. Signed: Jean Brunelli, secretary.…
Citizen Féry proposed to his colleagues the re-establishment of the Tribunals of Commerce; and, striving always to spread public instruction, he induced the Government to found, by an order of…
Guerrier, whom his private secretary J.-B. Dupuy strove to keep informed of all things, issued from Saint-Marc the following proclamation concerning the political exiles who had taken refuge in Jamaica.…
On the evening following the taking of the oath, the sixteen councillors of State took passage aboard the State schooner Dieu protège, and arrived at Port-au-Prince in the night of…
The abbé Tisserant, who had left for France in the first days of the month of August 1844, had arrived at Jacmel on 1 March, accompanied by two priests, the…
The government, knowing all the ramifications of the Riviériste conspiracy from the first days of March 1845, took every measure necessary to make it miscarry. The secretary of state for…
"I have the honor to inform you that the President of the Republic, to whom I had sent the report you presented to me under date of the 10th of…
"In passing through Miragoâne, you will have the shore armed with the cannon you find there, and will entrust this important point to a hundred men of your choice, artillerymen…
"We are writing at the same time to L'Anse-d'Hainault, Jacmel, L'Anse-à-Veau, Petit-Goâve and Grand-Goâve, that they rise at the same time and march with all possible speed on Léogane, the…
The Abbé Tisserant had already embarked on the Malabar, a vessel lying in the roadstead of Port-au-Prince and bound for Europe. He had been accompanied as far as the quay…
"I shall answer, in the third place, that the translation of the dispatch of the Prefect of Propaganda, at the place where it speaks of the jurisdiction I have over…
For the rest, general tranquillity was maintained, although there was talk everywhere of a vast Riviériste conspiracy brewing; and on this occasion, to brand the acts of the administration of…
Meanwhile it was learned at Port-au-Prince that Rivière Hérard had left for Kingston (Jamaica) on 29 March, with the aim of attempting a landing on the coast of Haiti. Many…
A few days later, by an order of Guerrier dated 12 April and countersigned by the minister of War, the whole territory of the Republic was placed in a state…
Most of the citizens of Port-au-Prince attended, on 11 April, the funeral of general Amitié, who had died the day before. He was highly esteemed and had fulfilled, with much…
A few days later, by an order of Guerrier dated 12 April and countersigned by the minister of War, the whole territory of the Republic was placed in a state…
President Guerrier's illness had grown so much worse that the minister of the Interior had gone to Saint-Marc, accompanied by Doctor Smith, to attend him; but all the resources of…
"Article one. The Council of State, in accord with the wish of the Nation, and rendering homage to the patriotic virtues and to the merit of general of division Louis…
As soon as the news of the death of Guerrier, grievous to the whole country, reached Port-au-Prince, the secretary of state for the Interior officially informed the Council of State,…
Here is the decree naming general of division Louis Pierrot to the office of President of the Republic: The Council of State "Upon the communication made to it by the…
The troops and the generals then went to the church, where a De profundis was sung for the late President, and a Te Deum for President Pierrot. On 25 April…
The decree naming general Louis Pierrot to the Presidency had been dispatched throughout the Republic. General of division Frémont, who commanded the Department of the South, assembled at Les Cayes…
On 25 April two aides-de-camp arrived at Le Cap bearing to the Council of State dispatches from President Pierrot, announcing that he accepted the first magistracy of the State and…
On 25 April two aides-de-camp arrived at Le Cap bearing to the Council of State dispatches from President Pierrot, announcing that he accepted the first magistracy of the State and…
"Given at the National Palace of Saint-Marc, 1 May 1845, year 42 of Independence. Louis Pierrot. This act, wholly paternal in form, seemed to announce an order of things calm,…
The forts of the town began to fire the mourning gun every ten minutes. In a chamber hung with black and lit with candles, the body lay in state upon…
The heart and the remains of Guerrier had been interred on 2 May at Fort Lasource, built at the foot of the mornes that close off part of the small…
On 3 May the four Secretaries of State, Hyppolite, J. Paul, Détré and Beaubrun Ardouin, and the Councillors of State Hector, Joseph François, Lacruz, Céligny Ardouin, D. Labonté, Serres, Hilaire…
President Pierrot said: "I swear to maintain with all my power the integrity of the Independence of Haiti, to respect and cause to be respected the rights of my fellow…
President Pierrot left Saint-Marc on 6 May in the morning and halted at Mont-Rouis. On the 7th he set out from there at eight o'clock in the morning; he was…
President Pierrot left Saint-Marc on 6 May in the morning and halted at Mont-Rouis. On the 7th he set out from there at eight o'clock in the morning; he was…
President Pierrot left Saint-Marc on 6 May in the morning and halted at Mont-Rouis. On the 7th he set out from there at eight o'clock in the morning; he was…
When he had returned to the National Palace, he received the congratulations of the civil and military officials and of Rameau, vice-president of the Council of State. The next day…
"Inhabitants of the plains of Azua, of Neyba, of Saint-Jean, of Las Matas, of Banica, of Laxavon, remember that at all times your produce has had its natural outlet on…
"The government of the Republic could not suffer such a regime to take root upon the sacred soil of the Haitian Fatherland; in February 1822 it fulfilled what the liberator…
"In declaring its independence, the majority of the Haitian people made its decision for all the inhabitants of the island of Haiti, henceforth raised into a sovereign power, because it…
"Liberty was then restored to thousands of our brothers who groaned in a shameful slavery; civil and political equality was restored to a still greater number whom the prejudices of…
"Inhabitants of the fields of Saint-Yague, of La Véga, of Cotuy, of Moca, of the town of Puerto-Plata, do not forget that commerce has established between us necessary and advantageous…
The next day, at nine in the morning, President Pierrot went out of the Palace alone; the population saw him take the Grand'rue and make his way toward the Portail…
Although the country was in the greatest tranquillity, President Pierrot was always expecting some rising in arms; he was persuaded that men were conspiring against his government; yet he had…
The President of Haiti orders that the above decree of the Council of State, which bears the issue of treasury notes of four gourdes, be invested with the seal of…
Given at the National Palace of Cap-Haïtien, 2 June 1845, year 42 of Independence. Louis Pierrot. By the President: The Secretary of State for Finance and Commerce, Détré. At Port-au-Prince…
The Haitians, in very small numbers, occupied three posts beyond Las-Cahobas, of which the two most important were the Cachiman and l'Etoile. The frontier line was under the orders of…
On 19 June 1845, with the aim of introducing some modifications into the subdivisions of the territory of the Republic, it decreed that the quarters of Sainte-Suzanne and of Vallière,…
On 19 June 1845, with the aim of introducing some modifications into the subdivisions of the territory of the Republic, it decreed that the quarters of Sainte-Suzanne and of Vallière,…
The superior authority had caused a mass to be celebrated on 15 July in memory of Philippe Guerrier, for the last day of the mourning that had been ordered for…
The next day the 11th and the 22nd, as well as the other regiments which had not been engaged, asked to storm the post Cachiman. Generals Morisset and Victor Poil,…
Councillor Marion aîné replied to Councillor C. Ardouin, and ended as follows: "If you would now consider the question from political points of view, how many reasons would not offer…
The next day the 11th and the 22nd, as well as the other regiments which had not been engaged, asked to storm the post Cachiman. Generals Morisset and Victor Poil,…
We have related that the special council of Port-au-Prince had on 24 July condemned Bélus Ledoux to the penalty of death and Pierre-Paul, Bedouet, Thomas Presse, Modé, Napoléon Barjon and…
"Rendered at the Palais de Justice, in open session of the military Council of Port-au-Prince, on 24 July 1845. By us, etc. ...." Immediately after this judgment was pronounced, the…
"Given at the National Palace of Cap-Haïtien, this 4 August 1845, year 42. Louis Pierrot. This decree was countersigned by Hyppolite, B. Ardouin, Détré and S. Paul. As the Government…
"Considering that the existence of the conspiracy tending to facilitate the return to Haiti of Charles Hérard the elder, called Rivière, to stir up civil war in the country and…
3rd regiment, 10th regiment, 11th regiment, 12th regiment: coat of dark-blue cloth for all, and the 1st, 3rd, 10th, 11th and 12th regiments collar and cuffs rose, collar and cuffs…
By an order of President Pierrot, dated at Cap-Haïtien 18 August 1845, the uniform of the troops of the line was fixed for the Department of the West as follows:…
For several months, with a view to a campaign that Pierrot proposed to undertake against the Dominican Republic, the military authority had been actively recruiting the young men, almost without…
"Given at the National Palace of Cap-Haïtien, 9 September 1845, the 42nd year of Independence. Louis Pierrot. By the President: The Secretary of State for the Departments of War, the…
At nightfall many of the agents of the plot, men of obscure condition, ran through the town crying: "Shut the doors! shut the doors!" The keenest alarm spread on every…
The conspirators above all had it spread about that Pierrot intended to exterminate the men of color or, at the least, to relegate them to the lowest social and political…
In the course of the same day the Department of the West was placed in a state of siege by the following act: ORDER. THE COUNCIL OF THE SECRETARIES OF…
General Pierre-Paul, named chief of execution by the insurgents, Montès, Bélus Ledoux, Bédouet the son (*) and Dudray Ducoudray make for the office of the place, which colonel Thame commanded,…
When the insurgents, by then about a hundred in number, reached Gressier, they found battalion commander Barolet, commandant of that post, at the head of only some twenty men. Barolet,…
General Terlonge, on reaching Gressier at the head of the 3rd regiment, found that hamlet reoccupied by the partisans of the government under the command of captain Durosier, who had…
When the army of the government, seven hundred men, reached the Chatulet plantation, the two columns took opposite directions so as to place the enemy between two fires. It was…
General Pierre-Paul, the chief of execution, was taken on the Cotin plantation; a soldier cut him down with a stroke of the saber; his head, severed, was brought to Léogane…
"In sending you to the frontier, my orders were that after the taking of Las-Cahobas and of the line of the Cachiman you should remain fixed at that place: but…
The Riviériste revolt having been completely stifled, President Pierrot pursued, with an ardor beyond his years, his project of conquering the Eastern Part. On his proposal the Council of State…
General J. Paul, charged ad interim with the portfolio of War, announced by an order of the day of 28 September the return from Léogâne to Port-au-Prince of General Lazarre…
"In sending you to the frontier, my orders were that after the taking of Las-Cahobas and of the line of the Cachiman you should remain fixed at that place: but…
The Riviériste seditions and revolts that had broken out in the Department of the West determined President Pierrot to withdraw for good from Port-au-Prince, which he considered an essentially hostile…
"Everywhere our enemies have struggled and still struggle to prevent the complete emancipation of the Black people and their descendants. See how they struggled to oppose generous England when she…
The higher authority had it published that all the documents and packets addressed to each of the ministerial departments would be dispatched to Cap-Haïtien. A few days before, in the…
On 25 November, M. Levasseur, consul-general of France, wrote from Port-au-Prince to the secretary of state for Foreign Relations, general Hyppolite, to demand of him, on behalf of Dubrac, forty…
Consulate-General of France in Haiti. To the Government of the Republic of Haiti. Notification of the withdrawal of the consul-general of France aboard the frigate of His Majesty the King…
M. Levasseur rejected with the deepest displeasure the conclusions of the Council of the Secretaries of State and of the Council of State, and on 30 December gave notice of…
COMENDADOR. On 24 March 1845 the Haitian Colonel Auguste Brouard was killed before Comendador, which was occupied by the Dominicans. At 9 o'clock in the evening a Dominican sentinel heard…
General Bonnet died at Saint-Marc on 9 January 1843. He was born at Léogâne. Guerrier died there on 15 April 1845, and Nissage Saget in 1879. Rouzier tells this under…
After the separation of the Dominicans from Haiti, on 10 June 1845 they came in superior forces and, supported by field artillery, attacked the Cachiman post, which the Haitians, after…
The garrison of the commune is made up of a company of gendarmerie, an administrative police, and the national guard on foot and on horseback. It was the national guard…
The 6th line regiment distinguished itself in the retaking of Hinche from the Dominicans on 17 June 1845. Rouzier tells this under the entry ST. MICHEL du NORD ou de…
The Dominicans attacked it on 19 June 1845. The Haitians, commanded by General Victor Poil, after slight resistance, abandoned it by falling back on Lascahobas. General Norbert Gateau, at the…
After the separation of the Dominicans from Haiti, on 10 June 1845 they came in superior forces and, supported by field artillery, attacked the Cachiman post, which the Haitians, after…
On 24 July 1845 General Morisset, seconded by Samedi Thélémaque, attacked las Matas, where he penetrated and stopped the fire lit by the Dominicans at the moment of abandoning the…
On 17 September 1845, a massacre of the Riviériste insurgents took place at Gressier, after their defeat at Léogane, where their chief, Colonel Pierre Paul, had been. Rouzier tells this…
On 17 September 1845, conspiracy of the riviéristes. The conspirators gather at Port-au-Prince during the night at the Croix-des-Martyrs, and from there make for Léogane, where the head of the…
Volant le Tort. Letort. Corail Torre. On 17 September 1845 there was at the bridge of Tort a massacre of the Riviériste insurgents after their defeat at Léogane, where their…
ESTRELLA [la]. Village near Las Matas. On 17 September 1845 the Dominicans retook Las Matas from the Haitians, who withdrew to Strella. Rouzier tells this under the entry ESTRELLA [la].
EARTHQUAKES. FIRES. Almost immediately after its foundation it suffered an earthquake, in 1751. The idea was then conceived of building it only of wood. The earthquake of 3 June 1770,…
1846-Jan.-16: An unidentified newspaper published a letter from a British officer serving on the "African Station" who criticized the naval blockade as a "complete humbug." The officer argued that as…
1846-May-08: Captain Lartigue reported to the French government on the extreme instability of the Haitian administrative system. He noted that the frequent revolutions were preventing any meaningful economic development or…
1846-August-10: As American interest in maritime expansion grew, the U.S. Congress passed legislation providing the first funds for a naval academy, reflecting a broader effort to professionalize the Navy for…
1846, March 1 – 1847, February 27: (Riché: The Last of the Three Old Men and the Death by Aphrodisiac): Eleven months of Pierrot's senile vagaries proved enough: by…
1846: (Saints and Guyons: Vodou Surfaces as Haiti's True Faith): By the mid-1840s, during the presidency of old Pierrot, a pair of hitherto secret sects had surfaced openly and were…
1846-03-00: (Pierrot Overthrown by the Mulatto Elite and Replaced by Jean Baptiste Riché, the Third Black Figurehead President in Two Years, a Pattern of Racial Manipulation That Would Continue Until…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Bahia in 1846, the people aboard the Andonovi rose against the crew. They had been taken at Whydah. The record gives the numbers…
The same day general Acaau delivered a speech at L'Anse-à-Veau on the occasion of the feast of Independence. He reminded the Haitians, whom he addressed as only our heads of…
Discontent reached its height when, on 1 January 1846, Pierrot mounted the altar of the Fatherland and announced to the population and to the troops of the garrison of Le…
They formed a commission, called the central commission of the department of the Artibonite, to direct operations against the former government. The commission, composed of citizens Jh Constantin, Paul, Lsse…
Lastly the commission hastened to authorize the administrator of finances to make the purchases needed by the army. At the same time it was sending to Port-au-Prince a deputation charged…
Lazarre showed himself devoted to Pierrot only because he himself aspired to the presidency, which general Riché disputed with him. The latter, passing before Lazarre's house, called to him and…
The conspirators of Saint-Marc took advantage of the assembling of the troops who were to set out, to carry them into revolt; and on 27 February the people, the 3rd…
Many voices cried: down with the speaker! There followed a very great tumult. The most ardent men of the different parties eyed one another, even seized each other by the…
At ten o'clock precisely the National Palace was crowded. Among those present one noticed the generals of division Lazarre, chief of the department of the West, A. Souffrant, commandant of…
Lastly the commission hastened to authorize the administrator of finances to make the purchases needed by the army. At the same time it was sending to Port-au-Prince a deputation charged…
General Jacques Louis, inspector of reviews, who at Saint-Marc had been among the most ardent in bringing about Pierrot's deposition, had gone before it. Riché, after giving audience to the…
The Mirebalais adhered to the revolution. On the same day, 2 March, so did the commune of Grand-Goâve, commanded by the battalion chief Zami Bernard; and the arrondissement of Jacmel,…
The Mirebalais adhered to the revolution. On the same day, 2 March, so did the commune of Grand-Goâve, commanded by the battalion chief Zami Bernard; and the arrondissement of Jacmel,…
On 4 March General Marc fils, commandant of the arrondissement of La Marmelade, made his adhesion. On 6 March the officers and soldiers of the national guard of Saint-Louis du…
On 6 March the officers and soldiers of the national guard of Saint-Louis du Nord adhered to the nomination of Riché, but declared that they would no longer have at…
At the same time General Samedi Thélémaque (Jean-Charles) was advancing rapidly upon L'Anse-à-Veau at the head of an army dispatched from Port-au-Prince and reinforced in the arrondissement of Léogâne. On…
On 11 March the 19th regiment, commanded by Colonel Caudio and cantoned at L'Anse-d'Hainault, adhered to the revolution, as did General Antoine Pierre, who commanded the arrondissement of Tiburon. Finally…
On 11 March General Dugué Zamor, commandant of the arrondissement of Les Cayes, General Jean Claude Pierre, inspector of cultivation, the councillor of state S. S. Rameau, General Jean-Denis Augustin,…
Finally Jérémie made its adhesion on 15 March. President Riché was meanwhile bending all his attention upon Acaau, and was directing against him fairly numerous troops, which he had placed…
"I regret that imperious circumstances laid upon me the obligation of entering upon the exercise of the office of President of Haiti, to which the will of the people raised…
Acao, commander of the arrondissement of Nippes, has the pretension of replacing Pierrot in power; an influential chief of the Piquets in the South, he raised them to scale the…
LAURENT. Fort located at the Anse-à-Veau. Acaau withdrew there with his confidants and cannonaded the troops of General Thélémaque. From there, on the night of 9 March 1846, he went…
LAURENT. Fort located at the Anse-à-Veau. Acaau withdrew there with his confidants and cannonaded the troops of General Thélémaque. From there, on the night of 9 March 1846, he went…
On 7 April 1846 a combat took place in which the Piquets, driven from Port-à-Piment, were dispersed. Rouzier tells this under the entry Camp Perrin (le).
On 7 April 1846, a fight in which the Piquets were dispersed. General Samedi Thélémaque, everywhere victorious over the Piquets, died suddenly in his camp at Corail on 24 June…
On 7 April 1846, a combat in which the Piquets were beaten. Rouzier tells this under the entry Coteaux (les).
On 7 April 1846, there was a combat at the Fond Bleu in which the Piquets were dispersed. Rouzier tells this under the entry Fond Bleu (le).
History. On 7 April 1846 the Piquets were beaten at Pestel. Rouzier tells this under the entry PESTEL.
On 7 April 1846 the Piquets were defeated and dispersed there. Rouzier tells this under the entry PLATONS (les).
History. On 7 April 1846, the Piquets who had seized this bourg were partly cut to pieces by Petit Jean and Paul François, their chief, who had only time to…
Battle of 8 April 1846, in which the Piquets were dispersed. Rouzier tells this under the entry PORS SALUT (le).
On 14 April 1846 a battle was fought at Déranton (see that entry) in the vicinity of this town against the Piquets, who were defeated. Rouzier tells this under the…
President Riché entered the Cayes on 4 June 1846. Rouzier tells this under the entry Cayes (les).
On 12 June 1846 the Piquets of Plymouth made their submission to General Gara. Rouzier tells this under the entry PLYMOUTH.
On 7 April 1846, a fight in which the Piquets were dispersed. General Samedi Thélémaque, everywhere victorious over the Piquets, died suddenly in his camp at Corail on 24 June…
1847: Thomas Madiou published the first part of his landmark Histoire d'Haïti, followed quickly by subsequent volumes. His work recognized the importance of the "color question" and was often critical…
1847–1848: The international naval campaign against the slave trade reached its absolute peak, with approximately 10 percent of the Royal Navy's total strength stationed off the African coast. During these…
1847–1859: Emperor Soulouque relied heavily on a circle of mulatto ministers, including Duc de Tiburon and Thomas Madiou, for his imperial administration. These appointments demonstrated his practical need for elite…
1847: Faustin Soulouque is elected president by the mulatto elite who intended to use him as a puppet. They believed his lack of strong political connections would make him easy…
1847-Mar.-01: General Faustin Soulouque is elected president of Haiti as a compromise candidate for the mulatto elite. The ruling class intended for him to be a puppet leader, but he…
1847-January-15: The U.S. Navy ordered Lieutenant William E. Hunt to visit Haiti to observe the civil disturbances and political stability of the island following the death of President Jean-Baptiste Riché.…
1847-January-15: Lieutenant William E. Hunt was ordered to visit the "Island of Hayti" to observe internal disturbances and determine if American warships were necessary to protect the lives and property…
1847-February-01: During his mission, Lieutenant Hunt was provided with a specific Haitian decree that ordered the banishment of any foreigner found engaged in commerce with the newly formed Dominican Republic.…
1847, March 1: (The Tranquility of the Tomb: The Selection of Faustin Soulouque): Based on their experience in manipulating Guerrier, Pierrot, and even Riché, the establishment mulâtres, mostly residuary…
1847, March–July: (Soulouque Awakens: The "Stupid Nègre" and the Architecture of Noir Power): The mulâtre elite who installed Faustin Soulouque as president had fundamentally misread the man they presumed to…
1847, July–1848, April 9: (The Rehearsal and the Purge: Soulouque Breaks the Mulâtre Establishment): The first tremors were felt in July 1847 when Soulouque resolved to go to the Cap…
1847-03-01: (Faustin Soulouque Elected President by the Mulatto-Dominated Senate, Who Believed They Were Installing Another Controllable Black Figurehead and Discovered Instead That They Had Unleashed a Strongman Who Would Purge…
Haiti has been a member of the International Postal Union since 1 January 1881 (See the Tariff of postage stamps). The letter carriers do not wear the uniform adopted elsewhere.…
1848: Soulouque organizes the 'zinglins', a loyal paramilitary force designed to neutralize the power of the regular army. This group became the emperor's primary tool for enforcing social control and…
1848: Friedrich Engels expressed a benevolent view of colonial expansion in Algeria, describing it as progress for civilization. He maintained that the conquest was an important and fortunate fact for…
1848: The Soulouque government successfully suppresses the piquet rebellion in the South and executes their leader, Pierre Noir. This decisive military action crushed one of the most significant peasant challenges…
1848: Abbé Moussa, a Senegalese priest, became a prominent figure in the future imperial court of Soulouque. His presence reflected the emperor's interest in developing an indigenous clergy that reflected…
1848: Finance Minister Salomon attempts to establish a state monopoly on coffee exports and the handling of all imported goods. This ambitious economic plan was intended to reclaim revenue from…
1848-Apr.: Soulouque asserts his independent authority by initiating a vigorous purge of his mulatto political opponents. This action signaled the end of the politique de doublure where mulattoes ruled behind…
1848, April 16: (The Massacre of the Mulâtres at the Palais National): One week after the cabinet purge, at three in the afternoon on the next Sunday, the signal gun…
1848, April 23 – August 15: (The Southern Terror and the Consolidation of Absolute Power): While revolt broke out among the jaunes in the South (ironically, the very reports…
1848, November – 1849, April 16: (The Elimination of All Rivals and the Architecture of Tyranny): Having neutralized the mulâtre elite, Soulouque turned his attention closer to home, for it…
1848: (King Gezo of Dahomey Tells a British Official He Cannot Possibly Give Up the Slave Trade: The Army Must Be Kept Active and Altering the Sentiments of a…
Frederic Marcelin was born in Port-au-Prince on this day. He wrote novels, essays and journalism, and he ran the treasury: he was Secretary of State for Finance and Commerce, including…
Geggus ends with the only two cases where he thinks rebellion by the enslaved demonstrably changed the emancipation timetable. In May 1848 a mass entry into the town of Saint…
On 16 April 1848, Port-au-Prince was the scene of a coup d'État. At the news of the conspiracy of Louis Jacques at Aquin, the alarm cannon was fired: the Zinglins…
On 16 April 1848 Doctor Merlet, the first Haitian physician to hold a diploma from the Faculty of Medicine of Paris, hunted through the streets by the soldiers of Soulouque,…
1849: Céligny Ardouin, a prominent mulatto politician and brother of the historian Beaubrun, was shot by order of Emperor Soulouque. His execution led his brother to resign as ambassador to…
1849-Aug.-26: President Soulouque is formally proclaimed Emperor Faustin I, establishing the Second Empire of Haiti. His coronation was intended to restore the prestige and autocratic military order seen under earlier…
1849-1850: Benjamin Green was sent on a special mission to the Dominican Republic and Haiti. His instructions were to observe the state of the conflict between the two nations and…
1849, March 9 – May 6: (Soulouque Invades Santo Domingo: The Debacle at the River Ocoa): The incubus of insecurity that had possessed Toussaint, Dessalines, Boyer, Rivière-Hérard, and Pierrot now…
1849, July–September: (The Cardboard Crown and the Empire of Faustin I): In July 1849, teledjòl spread a mysterious word that the Holy Virgin (or was it Mètrès Ezili?)…
1849–1855: (Cimmerian Darkness: The Great Powers, the Blockade, and the Fiscal Pillage): Anticipating that Soulouque would not abandon his determination to reunify the island, Dominican President Buenaventura Báez launched a series…
1849-08-00: (Soulouque Proclaims Himself Emperor Faustin I, Issues a New Constitution, and Creates a Haitian Nobility of Princes, Dukes, Counts, and Barons, Reprising the Imperial Pageantry of Christophe and Dessalines):…
On 16 July 1849 a villager named Fortune Morose said he saw the Virgin Mary in a palm tree above the waterfalls at Saut-d'Eau, in the Central Plateau. It was…
CAJUL. Habitation one lieue before las Matas. On 18 March 1849 the army of President Soulouque, marching against Santo Domingo, emerged onto the plateau of Cajul. It put to flight…
Soulouque, president, made his entry into Azua on 6 April 1849 and halted there, complaining of the intrigues of the French in favor of the Dominicans. On 5 April 1849…
On 16 April 1848, Port-au-Prince was the scene of a coup d'État. At the news of the conspiracy of Louis Jacques at Aquin, the alarm cannon was fired: the Zinglins…
The duchess of the Marmelade was lady of the palace to Her Majesty the Empress, by ordinance of 25 September 1849. Rouzier tells this under the entry MARMELADE.
The duchess of the Môle was lady of the palace of Her Majesty the empress, by ordinance of 25 September 1849. Rouzier tells this under the entry MOLE SAINT-NICOLAS.
The port, one of the finest of Haiti, has been open to foreign commerce since 21 April 1807, and receives on average per year 50 sailing ships that take on…
EARTHQUAKES. FIRES. Almost immediately after its foundation it suffered an earthquake, in 1751. The idea was then conceived of building it only of wood. The earthquake of 3 June 1770,…
On 3 December 1849, Dominican privateers landed at Dame-Marie, plundered and burned the village. On the 5th, the Haitian fleet put them to flight near the Cayes, where it met…
On 5 December 1849, naval battle between the Haitian and Dominican flotillas near the Cayes: the latter took flight. Rouzier tells this under the entry Cayes (les).
On 3 December 1849, Dominican privateers landed at Dame-Marie, plundered and burned the village. On the 5th, the Haitian fleet put them to flight near the Cayes, where it met…
1850: Joseph Saint-Rémy published his biography of Toussaint Louverture, which presented a mixed assessment of the black general. While admiring his leadership, he criticized Toussaint's supposed prejudice against mulattoes and…
1850-May-13: British diplomat Henry Bulwer reported on the arrest of an American commercial agent in Haiti, noting that Secretary of State John M. Clayton refused to make the incident a…
1850-May-31: The New York Herald reported that the brig Kate Boyd, which had been loading gunpowder and munitions of war for Port-au-Prince, was detained under orders from the federal government…
1850-August-09: Lord Palmerston expressed skepticism regarding the likelihood of the United States annexing Haiti, even if the island's government sought to join the Union. He argued that the U.S. would…
1850-April-24: The American agent, Green, arrived in Port-au-Prince aboard the Vixen, followed two days later by the warships Albany and Germantown. This significant naval demonstration was likely intended to overawe…
1850-May-08: In a separate diplomatic note, Green refused to join his British and French colleagues in a joint protest against the renewal of hostilities between Haiti and the Dominican Republic.…
1850-May-26: The Haitian government responded to Green by asserting that the conflict with the Dominican Republic was a matter of "internal polity". While the Haitian constitution consecrated the unity of…
1850-June-01: As part of his negotiations, Green presented a claim for $500,000 as a "compromise" for various sums owed to American citizens. The Haitian authorities requested a fifteen-day delay to…
1850-June-15: The Haitian government acceded to Green's demand, officially recognizing the American commercial agents as consuls. Following this agreement, the American flag was displayed at the consulates, marking a significant…
1850-December-02: In his annual message to Congress, President Millard Fillmore addressed the "delicate questions" involving the interests of humanity and commerce in the conflict between Haiti and the Dominican Republic.…
1850-1856: The publication of the Works of John Adams (edited by Charles Francis Adams) provided historians like Logan with the primary evidence of the "quasi-war" period. These documents reveal that…
1850s–1880s: (The Ngoni Invasion of Tanzania: Refugees from the Zulu Revolution Far to the South Bringing Destruction and a Transformation of Warfare, Absorbing and Being Imitated by Local Communities,…
1850-11-27: (Anténor Firmin Born in Cap-Haïtien, the Anthropologist Whose 1885 Treatise The Equality of the Human Races Rebutted European Scientific Racism a Generation Before the Noirisme Movement He Intellectually Fathered):…
Joseph Auguste Anténor Firmin was born at Cap-Haïtien on 18 October 1850. In 1885 he published De l'égalité des races humaines, a direct answer to Gobineau's racial theories, and became…
Jean-Pierre Boyer died in Paris on 9 July 1850, aged seventy-four. He was president of Haiti from 1818 to 1843 and reunited the whole island in 1821 after the deaths…
On a slaving voyage that ended at São Sebastião in 1850, the people aboard the S Cruz rose against the crew. They had been taken at a port the record…
On a slaving voyage that ended at St. Helena in 1850, the people aboard the Aventureiro rose against the crew. They had been taken at Nova Redonda. The record gives…
Dahomey had no writing system in ordinary use and kept its history in the mouths of paid professionals called ahanjito. At the annual customs of 1850 the British official Frederick…
Several conventions were signed between this country and Denmark, Holland (20 November 1857), Italy (1855-1889), Germany (26 June 1886, June 1859) and England (12 September 1850). Rouzier tells this under…
1851-January-18: Secretary of State Daniel Webster appointed Robert Walsh of Virginia as a special agent to the Dominican Republic. He was not made a formal chargé d’affaires. Walsh was instructed to…
1851-May-05: British Consul Thomas Ussher reported with alarm from Port-au-Prince that Robert Walsh’s private language suggested a hidden American agenda. According to Ussher, Walsh spoke of "parties in the U.S.…
1851-July-02: British Minister Henry Bulwer communicated his strengthened suspicions of the American government to Lord Palmerston, noting the presence of an American naval force cruising off the coast of Haiti.…
1851-July-07: The tension between the tripartite mediators was further complicated by the activities of individuals like B.E. Green and the former American agent Simonise, who was acting as an intermediary…
1851-May-15: Following the abrupt departure of special agent Robert Walsh, British consul Thomas Ussher noted that Walsh had "overreached himself" by threatening the Haitian government with the arrival of an…
1851-June-01: Despite Walsh’s personal failures, he had successfully communicated the American government's opposition to any plan that would force the Dominican Republic to pay a share of the heavy 150-million-franc…
1851, 1861: (The British Bombardment of Lagos 1851 and Annexation 1861: a Persistent City-State Trafficking Captives on the Yoruba Coast Where Gunboats Created Favorable Commercial Conditions but Also an…
1851, 1864: (Dahomey's Failed Assaults on Abeokuta and the Missionary Lobby: Dahomean Forces Repulsed Twice While Missionaries at Abeokuta Secured British Moral and Material Support for the Egba, Yet…
He died at Port-au-Prince on 28 January 1851. Military honors were rendered to him. Rouzier tells this under the entry JACMEL.
Under Emperor Faustin I, General Hippolyte, the father of the president of Haiti of that name, was Duke of the Bande du Nord by ordinance of 23 February 1851, Minister…
Fires of the Cap: 1691. 1695. 1723, the church burns from firecrackers on the day of the Fête-Dieu; 20 September 1734; 10 May 1773; 9 January 1774; 27 November 1851.…
1852-August-01: A private letter from President Millard Fillmore to Daniel Webster highlighted the ongoing internal debate over the official status of American agents in Haiti. Fillmore questioned whether the U.S.…
1852-December-01: Upon succeeding Webster as Secretary of State, Edward Everett maintained the established policy of non-recognition. Everett, known for his conservative and cautious approach to foreign affairs, found "abundant reasons"…
1852, April 18: (The Golden Crown and the Vodou State): Faustin's investiture by acclamation and the cardboard crown would hardly do except for the moment, and a sumptuous coronation was…
Fire at the Gonaïves on 22 April 1852, on 7 April 1864 and in August 1879. Rouzier tells this under the entry Gonaïves (les).
1853–1860: Beaubrun Ardouin published his massive eleven-volume Etudes sur l'histoire d'Haïti in Paris. This work became the definitive statement of the mulatto elite version of the Haitian past.
1853–1857: Joseph Saint-Rémy published his five-volume history Pétion et Haiti in Paris. He argued that mulattoes like Pétion were the true pioneers of national independence and democratic government.
1853-March-04: The inauguration of Franklin Pierce and the appointment of William L. Marcy as Secretary of State signaled a shift toward a more aggressive, expansionist foreign policy. Marcy, a New…
1853-November-17: Secretary of State William L. Marcy replied to B. C. Clark, a prominent advocate for the recognition of Haiti, acknowledging receipt of a memorial signed by numerous supporters of…
Pierre Toussaint died in New York on 30 June 1853, aged eighty-seven. He was born into bondage on the Berard plantation near Saint-Marc on 27 June 1766 and was carried…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cabanas in 1853, the people aboard an unnamed Spanish or Uruguayan ship rose against the crew. They had been taken at Mozambique. The…
1854: Emile Nau published Histoire des caciques d'Haïti, highlighting the extermination of the island's indigenous population by the Spanish. He drew parallels between the suffering of the Indians and the…
1854-Apr-29: The views of Abbé Moussa, a high-ranking African priest, were featured in the Feuille de Commerce. He was a key figure in Emperor Soulouque's efforts to create a Catholic…
1854-Early: The agitation surrounding the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the proposed annexation of Cuba began to dominate American political discourse, pushing the "Haitian question" further into the background. John Bigelow, after…
In the 1850s despair at the Fugitive Slave Law and at tightening restrictions across the northern states pushed black leaders to reopen a question many had closed. Boyd quotes Frederick…
1855: Louis Joseph Janvier was born to a Protestant tailor and went on to become the leading ideologist of the "ultranational" black faction. He spent much of his adult life…
1855-December-28: Secretary of State William H. Seward instructed Charles Francis Adams, the American minister in London, to seek assurances from the British government regarding their intentions in Haiti. Seward, determined…
1855, November – 1859, January 15: (The End of Empire: Defeat, Collapse, and the Fall of Faustin): Faustin's last attempt to subjugate Santo Domingo began in November 1855 as the…
Art. 109. As soon as the president of the Senate is informed of the death of a senator, he informs the competent authority, so that funeral honors may be rendered…
The Dominican Republic having been recognized by the court of Madrid in 1833 and on 18 February 1855, this convention was interrupted in 1861 by the annexation of the country…
On 7 July 1855 this habitation, which belonged to Mr. Antoine Audain, was burned. Rouzier tells this under the entry Borgella.
On 22 December 1855 the Haitian army, commanded by the emperor Faustin I, arrived in the plain of San Tome, a little in front of San Juan. It suddenly retreated…
On 23 December 1855, General Castor, in his conspiracy against Emperor Faustin I, drew into it the division placed under his orders. Rouzier tells this under the entry LAS MATAS…
The Americans, relying on a law passed on 18 August 1856 by the Congress of the United States, which authorized the federal government to consider as its property any island…
1857: James Theodore Holly published his milestone work, A Vindication of the Capacity of the Negro Race for Self-Government. This text utilized the historical events of the Haitian Revolution to…
1857-00-00: (The United States Claims the Island of Navassa Under the Guano Islands Act, Seizing Haitian Territory Without Consultation or Compensation, a Minor Theft That Demonstrated the Larger Pattern of…
Jean-Louis Pierrot died at Acul-du-Nord on this day, in the same place he was born on 19 December 1761. He fought through the revolution, and Henry Christophe made him Prince…
The tomb of the ex-president of Haiti, General Pierrot (Jean Louis), prince of the Empire, grand marshal of the Empire, Grand Cross of the Imperial and Military Order of Saint…
EARTHQUAKES. FIRES. Almost immediately after its foundation it suffered an earthquake, in 1751. The idea was then conceived of building it only of wood. The earthquake of 3 June 1770,…
It was Peter Duncan who declared to the Secretary of State that on 1 July 1857 he had discovered a deposit of guano at Navase, an unoccupied island of which…
Several conventions were signed between this country and Denmark, Holland (20 November 1857), Italy (1855-1889), Germany (26 June 1886, June 1859) and England (12 September 1850). Rouzier tells this under…
1858-Jan-23: Dorvelas Dorval delivered a significant allocution on the history of public education in Haiti. He maintained that the development of a national school system was the only way to…
1858-October-21: Jonathan Elliot, an American agent in the Dominican Republic, reported to the State Department on the clandestine efforts of Maxime Raybaud, the former French Consul General in Haiti. Raybaud…
1858-December-02: Assistant Secretary of State John Appleton responded to Elliot’s reports, noting that the account of Raybaud’s "effort" to unify the island had been "read with interest." Despite Elliot’s urgent…
Emeric Bergeaud died on the island of Saint Thomas on 23 February 1858. He was born at Les Cayes around 1818 and served as secretary to General Jérôme-Maximilien Borgella. He…
On 22 December 1858 a rebellion broke out at Gonaïves under General Fabre Geffrard and proclaimed the Republic against Faustin Soulouque's empire. Faustin marched on Gonaïves himself with some three…
In her last year Claire Heureuse was taken in by Madame Chancy, the widow of a grandson of Dessalines, who travelled from Gonaives to Saint-Marc to fetch her and share…
LAW of 13 July 1858, amended by the laws of 20 July 1859 and 1 July 1871, on the administration and direction of the customs of the Republic of Haiti.…
1859-Dec.: Haiti mourned the execution of American abolitionist John Brown by flying flags at half-mast in Port-au-Prince. The presidential family attended a solemn requiem mass to show solidarity with the…
1859: President Geffrard orders a special requiem mass to be held upon the death of abolitionist John Brown. This gesture underscored Haiti's continued symbolic commitment to the global struggle for…
1859-April-01: President James Buchanan appointed William L. Cazneau as a special agent to the Dominican Republic, tasking him with reporting on the general situation and determining if a commercial treaty…
1859-June-19: Special agent William L. Cazneau reported to Secretary of State Lewis Cass on the strategic importance of the Bay of Mancenille on the northern coast of the Dominican Republic.…
1859–1870: (Consolidating the Identity of the Black Republic): Focused on a critical eleven-year window, this era examines the formalization of Haiti’s identity as a "Black Republic" on the global stage.…
1859, January 23: (Geffrard Takes Power: The Griffe President and the Hope of Reform): Fabre-Nicolas Geffrard took his oath of office on January 23, 1859, having become president by acclamation…
1859–1867: (Geffrard's Reforms: Education, Infrastructure, and the Limits of the Oligarchs' Modernization): Geffrard improved roads, reintroduced the long-dormant colonial corvée on October 10, 1863, requiring that roads be built and…
1859, September 3–12: (The Prophète Conspiracy and the Murder of Mme Blanfort): Conspiracy was not slow to appear after Geffrard took office, for as Marcelin astutely observed, "political intrigue is…
1859–1864: (Geffrard's Diplomacy: Santo Domingo, Spain, and the American Recognition): Having learned firsthand on the battlefield the fruitlessness of any Haitian policy of trying to subjugate Santo Domingo, Geffrard wasted…
1859-01-15: (Soulouque Abdicates After Fabre Geffrard's Revolution, the Emperor Who Had Terrified the Mulatto Elite Brought Down by a Black General He Had Elevated to the Nobility as the Duke…
1859-01-00: (Geffrard Assumes the Presidency, Restores the 1816 Constitution, and Attempts to Govern Through Negotiation, a Departure From the Brute Force of Every President Since Boyer): Upon taking power in…
Faustin Soulouque had made himself emperor in 1849. On 23 December 1858 the Committee of Gonaives abolished the imperial regime and proclaimed the Republic restored, putting the Constitution of 1846…
Michel Oreste was born at Jacmel on 8 April 1859. He was a lawyer and a professor, and when the National Assembly elected him president on 4 May 1913 he…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Cardenas in 1859, the people aboard an unnamed American ship rose against the crew. They had been taken at Mozambique. The record gives…
When Geffrard took up arms at the Gonaives, Faustin I marched against him and arrived at Mont Rouis on 2 January 1859. Rouzier tells this under the entry MONT-ROUIS.
Emperor Soulouque went to wait at Camp Mary for Geffrard's troops, without success, from the 3rd to the 8th of January 1859. From that day, the revolutionary army took the…
On 3 January 1859, the emperor Soulouque went to Mont-Rouis at the head of his troops to fight Geffrard, leader of the revolution that had started from the Gonaïves. The…
On 3 January 1859, the emperor Soulouque went to Mont-Rouis at the head of his troops to fight Geffrard, leader of the revolution that had started from the Gonaïves. The…
Emperor Soulouque went to wait at Camp Mary for Geffrard's troops, without success, from the 3rd to the 8th of January 1859. From that day, the revolutionary army took the…
St. Marc was bombarded without success by the imperial flotilla on 8 January 1859 Rouzier tells this under the entry ST.-MARC.
On 10 January 1859, Geffrard took possession of the Arcahaie without resistance, with the troops of the revolution begun at the Gonaïves against Soulouque (Faustin Ier). Rouzier tells this under…
On 11 January 1859 the troops of President Geffrard made their entry there without resistance. Rouzier tells this under the entry Croix-des-Bouquets (la).
On 12 February 1859 Jean Riboul, the proprietor, having just arrived from Port-au-Prince and preparing to receive his family the next day, was murdered at Sarthe by men of the…
LAW of 13 July 1858, amended by the laws of 20 July 1859 and 1 July 1871, on the administration and direction of the customs of the Republic of Haiti.…
LAW of 20 July 1859, amending the law of 13 July 1858 on the administration and direction of the customs of the Republic of Haiti. Rouzier tells this under the…
On 20 December 1859, General Geffrard (Fabre) embarked at Port-au-Prince, toward evening, in a frail canoe, with his son Clodomir, Ernest Roumain, Jean Bart and one of his guides, to…
On 20 December 1859, General Geffrard (Fabre) embarked at Port-au-Prince, toward evening, in a frail canoe, with his son Clodomir, Ernest Roumain, Jean Bart and one of his guides, to…
On 20 December 1859, General Geffrard (Fabre) embarked at Port-au-Prince, toward evening, in a frail canoe, with his son Clodomir, Ernest Roumain, Jean Bart and one of his guides, to…
1860: The Clotilde arrived in Mobile, Alabama, marking the last known instance of a slave ship introducing captives into the United States directly from Africa. This arrival occurred more than…
1860: An anonymous tract titled De la gérontocratie en Haïti was published in Paris by authors likely to be long-term French residents of Haiti. It argued that mulattoes were the…
1860: Geffrard reached an agreement with the Vatican to sign a Concordat that formalized the status of the Catholic Church. The president intended to use the church to remove what…
1860-Aug-11: E. Heurtelou published a series of articles in Le Progrès calling for the modernization of the Haitian state. He argued that the nation must move beyond its revolutionary origins…
Early 19th Century–1860s: (Dahomey as Slave-State Par Excellence: Slavery Central to Economy, Politics, and Ritual, Manhunts Among the Yoruba After Oyo's Collapse, Brazilian Buyers of Captives at the Coast,…
1860s–1870s: (Msiri's Garenganze, Nyungu-ya-Mawe Among the Kimbu, and the Inherent Instability of Military States Built on Youthful Rejection of Patriarchal Authority, Rooted as Much in Criminality as Political Creativity,…
1860s–1870s: (Tippu Tip in the Eastern Congo, Born in Zanzibar of Arab-African Parentage Around 1830, Based at Tabora in the 1860s Before Moving into the Ivory-Rich Tetela Region, Carving…
1860s–1890s: (Samori Ture: The Last Great Muslim Military Leader and State-Builder of the Nineteenth Century, Wangara Merchant Who Built a Personal Army Through Slave-Raiding, Attempted Islamization in the 1880s…
1860s–1890s: (Mission and Empire: Missionaries as the Moral Frontier of Imperial Expansion, Lobbying for Government Intervention at Lake Nyasa, Deceiving Lobengula Among the Ndebele, the Bible and the Flag…
1860-03-28: (Haiti Signs a Concordat With the Vatican, Restoring Relations With the Holy See Broken Since Dessalines Ordered the Killing of the White Population in 1804, a Diplomatic Achievement That…
FOUNTAINS. Fountains, fed by the springs of Turgeau, of Mme Leclerc and of Plaisance, supply water to all these squares, as well as to all the houses of the town,…
At last a Concordat, signed at Rome on 28 March 1860 between President Geffrard, represented by Mr. Pierre Faubert, and His Eminence Cardinal Antonelli, representing Pope Pius IX, put an…
VAUDREUIL. Habitation belonging to Monsieur Henri Etienne, a steam factory, situated in the rural section of the Haut du Cap not far from Vertières, and to which the wounded of…
In May 1860 Messrs. Eug. Nau, Panayoti and S. Toussaint were charged by the Government with going to visit the coal mine of Camp Perrin. Their report, dated 15 June,…
LAS GUANAS. Property of the Basquiat heirs at Hinche. Abundant coal, rich in bitumen, in the Savane à pierres. The river Canon, starting point of the guayamunco, principal tributary of…
GROS MORNE. In 1860, an Englishman, Mr. Richard Hill, who had traveled over the whole island of Haiti under President Boyer, in 1830-31, handed over to Mr. Ernest Roumain in…
1861: General Santana submits the eastern part of the island to the Spanish crown, ending independence. This brief restoration of colonial rule was a reaction to internal instability and fear…
1861: A fierce debate erupted in the journal L'Opinion Nationale over a proposal to erect a monument to Jean-Jacques Dessalines. While noiristes supported the project, the French consul protested against…
1861-Mar-02: L'Opinion Nationale recorded having 777 subscribers, illustrating the relatively wide reach of the oligarchs' press in the capital. This circulation data documented the existence of a robust, if…
1861–1865: In the final years of the transatlantic traffic, Cuba remained the only major market in the Americas for enslaved Africans, drawing its labor supply overwhelmingly from West Central Africa.…
1861-Early: Following the outbreak of the American Civil War and the Spanish re-annexation of the Dominican Republic, the Lincoln administration faced a radically altered Caribbean landscape. Secretary of State William…
1861-1862: Secretary of State William H. Seward shifted American policy toward the formal recognition of Haiti. While Seward initially sought British support in the Caribbean to bolster the Union's position…
1861–1866: (Sedition, Conspiracy, and Attentat: The Fifteen Coups Against Geffrard): Geffrard labored to restart Haitian agriculture, stimulating exports, fostering cotton to exploit the dislocation of world markets caused by the…
1861-01-00: (The Pelletier Affair Erupts, a Diplomatic Crisis Involving a French-Born Naturalized American Citizen That Tests the Limits of Haitian Sovereignty Against European and American Imperial Pressure): In January 1861,…
1861-03-00: (The Dominican Republic Voluntarily Reverts to Spanish Colonial Rule, Placing a European Colonial Power Back on the Island for the First Time Since 1822, a Development That Alarmed Geffrard and…
In 1901, L. Gentil Tippenhauer published at Gotha a study on the geographical region of Hinche. Le Moniteur of 2 March 1861, 16th year, No. 13, published a report of…
The Moniteur of 2 March 1861, 16th year, No. 13, published a report to the Secretary of State for the Interior and Agriculture, François Jean Joseph, by Mr. R. S.…
On 18 March 1861 the Dominican President Pedro Santana sold the country to Spain: the war flared up again. Rouzier tells this under the entry HAÏTI: the general article.
On 18 March 1861, under the presidency of General Pedro Santana, the country fell back under the power of Spain. On 16 August 1863 a formidable insurrection broke out against…
The famous American pirate Pelletier, who tried to commit acts of piracy on the coasts of Haiti, and who was for this tried and condemned by the Haitian courts, had…
On Saturday 6 July 1861, at noon, six Spanish warships came to anchor in the roadstead of Port-au-Prince. Commander Escalante came ashore with an ultimatum demanding of the government a…
The brave Guillaumette, who on 6 November 1861 had attempted to seize the arsenal of the Gonaives at 10 o'clock in the evening, was arrested at St. Michel du Nord,…
LAW of 10 December 1861, promulgated on 28 December 1861, amending the law of 20 July 1859. Rouzier tells this under the entry HAÏTI: Tariffs of the Republic of Haiti.
1862: President Abraham Lincoln extended official diplomatic recognition to Haiti during the American Civil War after the secession of southern states. This act ended decades of U.S. non-recognition and facilitated…
1862: Members of the Salomon family led an abortive coup attempt against the Geffrard administration in an effort to halt the growth of mulatto power. The failure of this rising…
1862-Jun.-05: The United States officially recognizes the independence of Haiti. This diplomatic breakthrough occurred during the US Civil War under the administration of Abraham Lincoln.
1862-Nov-08: Vice-Consul Byron reported that President Geffrard was secretly negotiating to lease the island of La Tortue to the French. This report fueled domestic opposition to the administration, which was…
1862-April-23: Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts delivered a landmark speech in the Senate advocating for the formal recognition of Haiti. Moving away from purely moral or abolitionist arguments, Sumner judiciously…
1862-April-24: The Senate debate over recognition revealed that old racial prejudices remained potent despite the absence of the Deep South. Senator Garret Davis, a Democrat from the border state of…
1862-May-01: Despite the remaining opposition, the Republican-controlled Congress passed the bill authorizing the President to appoint diplomatic representatives to Haiti and Liberia. President Lincoln signed the measure into law, finally…
1862-April-24: During the final Senate debates, Charles Sumner bolstered his case for recognition by having the secretary of the Senate read a letter from Benjamin Webb, the American commercial agent…
1862-June-05: Following the passage of the recognition act, President Lincoln appointed Benjamin Whidden of New Hampshire as the first formal Commissioner and Consul General of the United States to Haiti.…
1862-December-25: Commissioner Whidden reported to Secretary of State Seward on the troubling case of Antonio Pelletier, a naturalized American citizen who had been arrested by Haitian authorities on charges of…
1862-00-00: (The United States Finally Grants Haiti Diplomatic Recognition, Fifty-Eight Years After Independence, the Enslaving States Having Seceded and Removed the Political Obstacle That Had Blocked Recognition Since Jefferson): In…
1862-00-00: (Barbancourt Begins Producing Rum in Haiti, Establishing the Brand That Would Become the Most Internationally Recognized Haitian Commercial Product, a Symbol of Quality From a Nation the World Associated…
The fountain of the Belair, called that of Madame Colo, was erected on 15 January 1862. Rouzier tells this under the entry Belair.
A notice of 13 February 1862 from the administrator of the Domains put the exploitation of the Tortue up for auction. Offers would be received until 15 February, at 3…
LAGORE. Habitation near the Cap, from which some conspirators marched on 17 March 1862 on the arsenal of the Cap. General Nord Alexis, commander of the arrondissement, put them to…
On 26 March 1862, by a deed drawn up by Maître Valencourt Frédérique, notary at Port-au-Prince, published in the Moniteur of 8 April 1865, and signed by the Administrator General…
Camp Perrin is also famous for the occupation of it made by the insurgents of Cholette on 1 May 1862. These levied contributions on the population in money and in…
On 1 May 1862, at the time of Cholette's taking up of arms, General Cazeau entrenched himself there to resist the government troops. Gilles Azor, finding the position too weak,…
The insurgents of Cholette of 1 May 1862 occupied this position before going to camp at Carrefour Canon. Rouzier tells this under the entry Carrefour Formond.
Castel Père. Habitation situated in the plain of the Cayes, from which General Salomon the elder set out on 1 May 1862 with some of his followers to go and…
On 1 May 1862, General Salomon the elder, brother of the president of that name, then a political exile, with a few friends and relatives raised the standard of revolt…
At the time of the taking up of arms by General Salomon the elder, on 1 May 1862, that general left Castel père to go to the camp of Carrefour…
The Périgny habitation was the meeting point of a conspiracy that broke out on 1 May 1862 on the Chollais habitation. On that day, under the pretext of going to…
The insurgents of the Cayes, leaving their camp of Carrefour-Canon on 1 May 1862, came to take position at the Platons, where they were to have more means of resistance.…
MAILLARD or MAYARD. Habitation located in the plain of the Cayes. General Fabre, commandant of the arrondissement of the Cayes, went there on 2 May 1862, at the time of…
On 2 May 1862 General Syndic, commander of the commune of Torbeck, had the citizen Talma Salomon arrested there. Rouzier tells this under the entry TORBECK.
On 3 May 1862, at the time of Cholette's taking up of arms, General Fabre, commander of the arrondissement of the Cayes, went there, and from there to Camp Perrin,…
Returning from the Camp Perrin on 4 May 1862, General Fabre, commander of the arrondissement of the Cayes, after suppressing the insurrectionary movement that had started from Cholette, passed through…
On 10 June 1862, at 3 o'clock in the afternoon, 14 of the 26 persons condemned to death for the revolt of the preceding 1st of May at Cholette (See…
CHARRIER. Habitation in the rural section of the Haut du Cap. On 10 June 1862 President Geffrard visited it; it belonged to M. Dugué. Rouzier tells this under the entry…
On 9 September 1862, on the proposal of Mr Devèze, the government extended the term of the concession from 7 to 10 years, to begin on 24 March 1863. The…
The Company was a limited partnership with shares, constituted by notarial deed of 25 September 1862 for the duration of the concession, that is 10 years, with a capital of…
President Geffrard visited the Grande-Saline on 14 October 1862 on leaving the Gonaïves, in the course of a tour he undertook in the Artibonite, the North and the Northwest. Rouzier…
The chapel was blessed by Monsignor the archbishop of Port-au-Prince on 11 November 1862, and on 19 March 1873 received a statue of Saint Joseph. Rouzier tells this under the…
1863-Sept: The Dominicans once more declare independence following the brief period of Spanish restoration. This victory ended the final attempt by a European power to re-colonize any part of the…
1863-July-27: The Haitian government, through its representative Roumain, submitted a formal defense of its actions in the Pelletier case, including a detailed report by a Captain Hubbard. The evidence suggested…
1863-October-07: Spanish Minister Tassara sent a sharp protest to Secretary Seward, alleging that an American merchant vessel had landed arms and ammunition at Cap Haitien for Dominican rebels fighting against…
1863-October-16: Secretary of State Seward formally responded to Spanish Minister Tassara’s complaints regarding the alleged landing of arms for Dominican rebels at Cap Haitien. Seward provided a note from Secretary…
1863, December 31: (The Affaire de Bizoton and the War on Vodou): Catholic, enlightened, and elite, Geffrard predictably turned his back on the Vodou that had permeated the regime of…
1863–1882: (Khedive Ismail's Modernizing Dreams and the Road to British Occupation: The Suez Canal Completed in 1869, Railways and Telegraphs Built, Enormous European Loans at Enormous Interest Rates, the…
Philippe Sudre Dartiguenave was born at Anse-a-Veau on 6 April 1863. He was a lawyer, then deputy, then president of the Senate. After a crowd killed President Vilbrun Guillaume Sam…
On Monday 4 May 1863 General Aimé Legros, former minister of the Interior under President Geffrard, accompanied by Commandant Dossous Blaize, his uncle, and by three guides, going to Dessalines…
On 5 May 1863 a conspiracy broke out at Dessalines, headed by General Aimé Legros, former secretary of State for the Interior under President Geffrard. This general and his principal…
JOUC. Habitation located in the commune of the Petite Rivière de l'Artibonite. On 5 May 1863, General Aimé Legros, going to Dessalines to take up arms there against President Geffrard,…
On 16 August 1863 there was in the mountains of Capotillo a formidable insurrection against the Spaniards to whom President Santana had sold the country. The Spaniards evacuated it in…
On 18 March 1861, under the presidency of General Pedro Santana, the country fell back under the power of Spain. On 16 August 1863 a formidable insurrection broke out against…
Fire at the Cayes on 26 August 1863, and in 1885. Rouzier tells this under the entry Cayes (les).
Making use of the initiative granted to him by article 79 of the Constitution; Having seen articles 47, 132, 133, 134 and 135 of the Constitution; Having seen the law…
Two apostolic legates came in succession to Port-au-Prince to prepare the execution of the treaty of 28 March: Monsignor Monetti, bishop of Cervia, toward the end of 1860, and Monsignor…
Art. 1. From 1 December next, the provisions contained in article 11 of the law of 13 July 1858 on customs concerning the consignment duty are repealed; likewise those contained…
Two apostolic legates came in succession to Port-au-Prince to prepare the execution of the treaty of 28 March: Monsignor Monetti, bishop of Cervia, toward the end of 1860, and Monsignor…
1864: The United States and Haiti signed a treaty of amity and commerce that included mutual protections against maritime privateering. This diplomatic milestone further integrated Haiti into the American commercial…
1864-April-18: Thomas Savage, the American consul general at Havana, warned Seward that a Spanish military expedition was preparing to leave Cuba to attack Monte Christi. Savage noted that Haiti claimed…
1864-April-29: Due to the "generally hostile attitude" of the British government toward the North during the Civil War, Seward adopted a cautious approach to the Spanish-Haitian crisis. He proposed no joint…
1864-May-01: The Haitian government officially invoked the "Monroe system" (Monroe Doctrine) in its diplomatic correspondence, arguing that European interference in the Dominican Republic threatened the "American policy" of the entire…
1864-Late: As the strategic value of the Caribbean grew, American attention shifted toward Môle Saint-Nicolas, a site historically designated as the "Gibraltar of the West Indies." Diplomatic and naval reports…
On 27 October 1864 President Fabre Geffrard promulgated Haiti's second Rural Code, 132 articles in nine chapters. The first, Boyer's, had been repealed in 1843. It was meant to take…
In 1864 the New Orleans paper L'Union became La Tribune de la Nouvelle Orleans. Louis Charles Roudanez stayed active in it and Paul Trevigne, another descendant of Saint-Domingue refugees, ran…
Fire at the Gonaïves on 22 April 1852, on 7 April 1864 and in August 1879. Rouzier tells this under the entry Gonaïves (les).
Ogé Longuefosse and Romain Adouby took up arms at Sainte Suzanne in June 1864; they were arrested, tried, and executed on 18 July at Cap Haitien. Rouzier tells this under…
LAW of 21 September 1864 on the police regulation of persons arriving from abroad in the open ports of the Republic, or leaving them for voyages overseas. Rouzier tells this…
By the last two ships 64 forks were shipped, measuring 1,382 feet 5 inches, that is 216 feet per fork. The Kerlaw had received on board 50,876 pounds of yellow…
On 4 November 1864 the State steamer, the 22 Decembre, had received 37 posts of mahogany measuring 5,972 feet 5 inches. Rouzier tells this under the entry TORTUE (la).
1865: Nord Alexis assists Sylvain Salnave in the defense of Cap Haïtien against the forces of President Geffrard and the British navy. This high-profile military engagement established him as a…
1865: The Dominican Republic restores its independence following the period of Spanish annexation. This second independence finalized the political division of the island that remains today.
1865, May 7 – November: (Salnave's Insurrection: The Siege of Cap Haïtien and Four Future Presidents): Major Salnave had shown himself persistent, determined, and desperate, having attempted to bushwhack…
1865, August–November 8: (The Royal Navy Intervenes: HMS Bulldog, Agwé's Shoal, and the Fall of Cap Haïtien): The siege of Cap Haïtien ground into stalemate through the summer of 1865,…
1865–1866: (His Hour Has Come: The Great Fire, the Arsenal Explosion, and the Unraveling of Geffrard): Geffrard had disposed of Salnave at great cost (financially ruinous, domestically reopening old…
1865-00-00: (The Dominican Republic Declares Independence From Spain for the Second Time, Ending a Four-Year Experiment in Voluntary Recolonization That Had Alarmed Every Haitian Leader Who Understood That a European…
On 9 November 1865 HMS Galatea and HMS Lily bombarded the forts guarding the harbour at Cap-Haïtien and landed government troops. The raid answered a rebel attack on the British…
On a slaving voyage that ended at Isla de Pinas in 1865, the people aboard the Gato rose against the crew. They had been taken at a port the record…
EARTHQUAKES. FIRES. Almost immediately after its foundation it suffered an earthquake, in 1751. The idea was then conceived of building it only of wood. The earthquake of 3 June 1770,…
(Jeanne Desvignes) Place Vallière of 12 June 1857 [Myrtil Bruno], of 28 February 1865 (Théâtre), of 7 May 1865, of 19 March 1866 [J. B. Hepburn) of the rue Pavé…
The insurrection of Sylvain Salnave, which set out from Ouanaminthe on 7 May 1865, reached the Cap. President Geffrard had the town surrounded and blockaded for six months. Salnave held…
It was from Daxavon that Salnave set out to seize Ouanaminthe on 7 May 1865. Rouzier tells this under the entry Daxavon (Laxavon, Dajabon).
On 7 May 1865 Salnave took up arms there against President Geffrard and arrested the commandant. The insurrection spread rapidly to Fort-Liberté, to Trou, to Cap-Haitien and throughout the North…
EARTHQUAKES. FIRES. Almost immediately after its foundation it suffered an earthquake, in 1751. The idea was then conceived of building it only of wood. The earthquake of 3 June 1770,…
(Jeanne Desvignes) Place Vallière of 12 June 1857 [Myrtil Bruno], of 28 February 1865 (Théâtre), of 7 May 1865, of 19 March 1866 [J. B. Hepburn) of the rue Pavé…
On 15 May 1865, at 2 o'clock in the afternoon, the partisans of Salnave, coming from the Cap and marching on Gonaives, attacked at Puilboreau the division of General Morisset,…
On 16 May 1865, a column of the rebels of the Cap, commanded by General Jasmin, presented itself before the village and sent to General Papailler, commandant of the arrondissement,…
While the French were occupied with the siege of the Crête-à-Pierrot, General Christophe was traversing the North with extraordinary boldness. He raised the cultivators of Trou. Trou answered the insurrection…
On 15 May 1865, at 2 o'clock in the afternoon, the partisans of Salnave, coming from the Cap and marching on Gonaives, attacked at Puilboreau the division of General Morisset,…
On 16 May 1865, a column of the rebels of the Cap, commanded by General Jasmin, presented itself before the village and sent to General Papailler, commandant of the arrondissement,…
On 18 May 1865 the 3rd regiment of the Cap was guarding this position for Salnave but abandoned it; a column of government troops occupied it immediately under the orders…
General Milieu Jean-Jacques immediately replaced General Morisset at the head of the army. In the session of 30 May, the Chamber and the Senate voted a pension of $1,200 to…
On 31 May 1865, General Lubérisse Barthélemy seized Dondon, which had made common cause with Salnave against President Geffrard, and drove out the revolutionaries. Rouzier tells this under the entry…
On 31 May 1865, General Lubérisse Barthélemy seized, for the government of President Geffrard, the Grande-Rivière du Nord, which had made common cause with Salnave, and drove the rebels from…
On 31 May 1865, General Lubérisse Barthélemy seized St. Raphael, which had declared itself in favor of Salnave's insurrection against Geffrard. Rouzier tells this under the entry SAINT RAPHAEL.
Audouin. Habitation half a lieue from Port-de-Paix. On 1 June 1865, General Nissage Saget, marching against Port-de-Paix for the government of President Geffrard, encamped on this habitation, after having driven…
In May 1865 General Voltaire, commanding the arrondissement of Port-de-Paix, made common cause with Salnave and the rebels of the Cap. He abandoned the town at the approach of Generals…
In 1865, at the beginning of the insurrection of Salnave, Guerrier Prophète defended the position of the Haut-du-Cap Bridge with 3 pieces of cannon against the troops of the Government,…
On 2 June 1865 Plaisance, which had made common cause with Salnave against Geffrard, submitted to General Normil at 2 o'clock in the afternoon. Rouzier tells this under the entry…
In 1865, at the beginning of the insurrection of Salnave, Guerrier Prophète defended the position of the Haut-du-Cap Bridge with 3 pieces of cannon against the troops of the Government,…
On 5 June the government troops seized two of the fort's hillocks, one of which dominates the town; but General Lubérisse-Barthélemy granted a suspension of arms at the request of…
On 5 June 1865, during the insurrection of Salnave at le Cap, the fort of Vertières being occupied by the rebels, General Léon Montas, at the head of the corps…
On 5 June the government troops seized two of the fort's hillocks, one of which dominates the town; but General Lubérisse-Barthélemy granted a suspension of arms at the request of…
On 11 July 1865 the Spaniards were again driven out of Santo-Domingo by the Dominicans, who once more proclaimed their independence. No change of possession has occurred in this part…
On 18 March 1861, under the presidency of General Pedro Santana, the country fell back under the power of Spain. On 16 August 1863 a formidable insurrection broke out against…
On 12 July 1865, at the attack on the Barrière-Bouteille, the commander in chief of the government army, General Lubérisse Barthélemy, was wounded. He left his command to General Nissage…
On 12 July, the skirmishers attacked it. General Lubérisse Barthélemy, commander in chief of the government army, had a horse killed under him there. A photograph, now lost, represented this…
During the insurrection of Salnave at the Cap in 1865, on 2 August, a band of conspirators presented itself before Corail, which it seized. These people demanded the replacement of…
In 1865 it was occupied by the troops of the government of President Geffrard, operating against the rebels of the Cap. It threatened the town and Fort Bélair. In a…
The port of the Acul du Nord is not open to foreign commerce. Only once, and momentarily, did foreign ships come there to land their cargoes and munitions: that was…
On 23 October 1865 the Bull-Dog, an English warship, bombards the fortifications of the Cap because the rebels had taken by force some Haitian refugees from the English consulate; the…
In 1865 it was occupied by the troops of the government of President Geffrard, operating against the rebels of the Cap. It threatened the town and Fort Bélair. In a…
The government troops were driven back by Salnave. On 9 November General Léon Montas forced the Barrière-Bouteille with his cavalry and entered the town, which the English were bombarding. Rouzier…
On 9 November, at four o'clock in the afternoon, the fort Belair fell into the power of the government, not without lively resistance, and under the fire of the English…
On 9 November 1865, at 5 o'clock in the evening, Salnave, seeing that he could not resist the attacks of the government troops and the English cannon, distributed torches at…
The insurrection of Sylvain Salnave, which set out from Ouanaminthe on 7 May 1865, reached the Cap. President Geffrard had the town surrounded and blockaded for six months. Salnave held…
On 9 November 1865, President Geffrard established his headquarters there, and in the evening his troops entered the rebel town. Rouzier tells this under the entry Dalban.
On 9 November, at 11 o'clock in the morning, General Valentine took definitive possession of Fort St. Michel, which the rebels had abandoned under the fire of the English cannon.…
On 9 November 1865 at 5 o'clock in the afternoon, it fell into the power of the government. It was disarmed at the fall of the insurrection. Rouzier tells this…
1866-Jun.-06: Spenser St John reported to the British government that General Salnave had offered a naval base to the United States. This diplomatic offer was part of a broader effort…
1866-Early: Lord Clarendon, the British Foreign Secretary, provided formal assurances to Charles Francis Adams that Great Britain had no designs on Haitian territory. He clarified that the actions of the…
On 31 January 1866, the inhabitants of Fond Ferrier had a mass celebrated at the cathedral of Port-au-Prince in memory of the Reverend Fathers Pascal and Chenay, who had done…
The house of Prosper Elie had made considerable advances of funds to the Company, which had given it as security a quantity of 6 to 7 hundred thousand of mahogany…
EARTHQUAKES. FIRES. Almost immediately after its foundation it suffered an earthquake, in 1751. The idea was then conceived of building it only of wood. The earthquake of 3 June 1770,…
A good part of the land of the Vallée was plowed and planted in cotton. A hatte had been established. Posts of hardwood were being cut for construction. A lime…
On 5 July 1866, insurrection at the Gonaïves, put down by General Philippeau, minister of war under President Geffrard. Rouzier tells this under the entry Gonaïves (les).
Gros Morne (le). High morne between the Gonaïves and Saint-Marc, in the latter commune. On 7 July 1866, General Turenne Guerrier, commandant of the arrondissement of Saint-Marc, at the head…
On 10 July 1866, Hinche declared itself in favor of the rebellion that seized the town of the Gonaïves; but this latter town having made its submission to General Philippeaux,…
Making use of the initiative granted to him by article 79 of the Constitution; Having seen articles 47, 132, 133, 134 and 135 of the Constitution; Having seen the law…
On 21 August 1866 an insurrection broke out at St. Marc against President Geffrard; it was suppressed. Rouzier tells this under the entry ST.-MARC.
Since so many fires, some owners have had their buildings rebuilt in masonry; these constructions are very fine. The arsenal blew up 3 times: on 2 February 1827, on 12…
The garrison of the commune is made up of the 26th regiment of line infantry, created on 16 October 1866; a company of line artillery of Fort-Liberté, a company of…
The town was burned on 24 November 1866, in 1878, and almost entirely destroyed during the insurrection of Boyer Bazelais in 1883. Rouzier tells this under the entry MIRAGOANE.
1867: The transatlantic slave trade to Cuba finally came to an end following decades of intense diplomatic and naval pressure from Great Britain, the United States, and Spain. This cessation…
1867-Jul-04: Demesvar Delorme wrote to Salomon expressing his hope that a new, regular order based on European models would rise from the ruins of civil war. He represented the intellectual…
1867-1868: During the post-war expansionist phase, Secretary Seward pursued the "neutralization" of the island. He attempted to negotiate for naval bases with the Cabral government in the Dominican Republic and…
1867, February 22 – March 13: (The Fall of Geffrard: Mutiny, Exile, and the Trap of the Presidency-for-Life): On the night of February 22, 1867, (18) the mutinous Tirailleurs,…
1867, March–June 14: (Salnave Président: The Carabinero Enters the Capital): In the vacuum left by Geffrard's abdication, political catalepsy seized Port-au-Prince (business was suspended, every man had a weapon,…
1867-03-13: (Geffrard Resigns and Flees to Jamaica After Eight Years in Power, His Modernization Efforts Undermined by Autocratic Rule, a Pattern That Would Repeat Itself With Nearly Every Haitian President…
1867-05-04: (Sylvain Salnave Becomes President, Promising Constitutional Governance and a Four-Year Term, a Promise He Would Break Within Six Months by Suspending the Constitution and Assuming Dictatorial Powers): On May…
The following year Victorin Chevallier came to land there and took up arms: in the face of this movement and of the one that took place at Port-au-Prince on 18…
In the night of 22 to 23 February 1867, a vast conspiracy broke out among the riflemen in the very courtyard of the palace of President Geffrard, and the prisoners…
The house of Prosper Elie had made considerable advances of funds to the Company, which had given it as security a quantity of 6 to 7 hundred thousand of mahogany…
In 1867, after the departure of President Geffrard, the former emperor Faustin I returned from exile to come and die in the roadstead of Petit-Goave. He had been born there.…
CARDINAUX (les). On 5 August 1867 General Nord-Alexis defeated the Cacos at the gates of the Cardinaux. Rouzier tells this under the entry CARDINAUX (les).
BIASSOU. On 10 September 1867 Fort Biassou, held by the Cacos, was attacked by the government troops and taken. Rouzier tells this under the entry BIASSOU.
On 27 September 1867 the Cacos were attacked at Bois Pin. Rouzier tells this under the entry BOIS PIN [le].
A treaty of commerce, navigation and extradition was concluded, on 5 October 1867, between the Dominicans and the United States of America. Rouzier tells this under the entry HAÏTI: Council…
MONBIN CROCHU (le). Former poste militaire of the arrondissement of Trou, [law of 4 September 1881] situated in the commune of Vallière on the borders of la Marmelade and of…
On 4 December 1867, Salnave left the Gonaïves to fight the Cacos. Rouzier tells this under the entry Gonaïves (les).
Vergniaud Leconte was born at Cap-Haitien on 22 May 1868, son of Alphonsine Noel and Cincinnatus Leconte. He and his two younger brothers were orphaned as adolescents; Vergniaud took over…
Marie-Joseph Benoit Dartagnan Sylvain was born at Port-de-Paix on this day. In 1890 he founded in Paris a weekly called La Fraternite, organe des interets d'Haiti et de la race…
The civil war of 1868 split Haiti into three states. Pauline Brice, sister of General Broussais Brice, stayed alone in Port-au-Prince when the rest of her family followed the general…
SAVANE LONGUE. Fifth rural section of the commune of Ouanaminthe, arrondissement of Fort-Liberté. Rural school. It was made famous by a celebrated battle on 24 February 1868 between the Government…
On 22 April 1868 President Salnave had the dictatorship conferred upon him at the General Headquarters of Trou, at the instigation of Alexandre Tate. It was Generals Morin Montasse, Antoine…
The house of President Pétion at Tort had been kept by his family with its furniture and belongings: his slippers were near the bed. One afternoon in 1864 it burned…
The house of President Pétion at Tort had been kept by his family with its furniture and belongings: his slippers were near the bed. One afternoon in 1864 it burned…
The port of L'Anse-à-Galets was discovered, on the indication of a few fishermen, by Mr. Auguste Elie, concessionaire of La Gonâve under the government of President Geffrard. The first ship…
During the war of the Cacos against Salnave, Pétion-Ville embraced the party of the Cacos. These besieged Port-au-Prince from that side, but dissensions having broken out in their camp, the…
It was in the port of Petit-Goâve that the ships of the revolution, the Geffrard and the 22 Décembre, were sunk by the Terreur, Salnave's ship, commanded by the president…
1869: President Nissage Saget, a griffe of the oligarchy, was elected and became one of the few Haitian leaders to retire peacefully after a full term. His presidency saw the…
1869-Jul-03: President Salnave issued a decree attempting to dismiss the archbishop of Port-au-Prince following a political disagreement. This act of state interference in religious affairs provoked an immediate and severe…
1869-January-08: The New York Herald published an editorial arguing that "Manifest Destiny" decreed the eventual absorption of all the West Indies by the United States. During this period, public discourse…
1869-February-04: Joseph Medill, the influential editor of the Chicago Tribune, wrote to Congressman Nathaniel P. Banks advocating for the annexation of the island. Medill argued that control of the island would…
1869-February-08: Spencer St. John, the British Minister to Haiti, reported to the Foreign Office that a draft treaty had been proposed between the United States and the Haitian government under…
1869-February-01: Secretary of State William H. Seward, in a final attempt to bolster the expansionist cause before leaving office, forwarded to Congressman Nathaniel P. Banks an offer of Haitian territory…
1869-March-04: Following the inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant, the new administration immediately renewed efforts to acquire territory in the Dominican Republic, sending Colonel Fabens to investigate the feasibility of annexation.…
1869-April-16: President Grant appointed Ebenezer Don Carlos Bassett as Minister Resident and Consul General to Haiti, making him the first African American to serve as a U.S. diplomatic envoy. Bassett,…
1869-August-03: Despite maintaining a public stance of neutrality regarding the civil war between Haitian President Sylvain Salnave and insurgent forces, Secretary Fish demonstrated a private willingness to assist the de…
1869-October-13: Secretary Fish issued comprehensive instructions to Minister Bassett regarding the ongoing "unhappy strife" in Haiti. Fish noted that while the conflict partook of the nature of a civil war,…
1869-October-25: Secretary of State Hamilton Fish continued his quiet support for the Salnave government by coordinating the transfer of military supplies. At a cabinet meeting, Fish showed General Sherman a…
1869-December-15: The "Salnave policy" of the United States suffered a catastrophic blow when the armored steamer Atlanta, which the Haitian government had purchased from Oaksmith for $160,000 in gold, was…
1869–1994: (The Sovereignty of Memory and the Burden of Proof): The difficulty of writing a verified Haitian history stems from the repeated physical destruction of internal archives by foreign intervention…
1869–1888: (The Systematic Destruction of National Memory): The historical record of Haiti suffered catastrophic physical losses during the late 19th century, starting with the explosion of the National Palace in…
1869–1902: (The Mineral Revolution in Southern Africa: Diamond Fields Discovered 1869 to 1871, Griqualand West Annexed, De Beers Consolidating Control, 50,000 Migrant Workers a Year at Kimberley, the Destruction of…
1869-12-27: (Salnave Overthrown, Captured by Dominican Authorities Who Refused Him Asylum, Tried for Treason, and Executed, His Presidency Ending in the Same Violence That Had Brought It to Power): On…
1869-00-00: (Ebenezer Bassett Appointed U.S. Ambassador to Haiti by President Ulysses S. Grant, One of the First African American Diplomats in United States History, Sent to Represent a Nation That…
PUBLIC BUILDINGS. The National Palace, built in 1772, was burned on 20 December 1869, at the entry of the Cacos into Port-au-Prince. It was a fine building, placed to the…
On 8 January 1869 the Cacos presented themselves before the Cap: the fort Belair drove them away from it. Rouzier tells this under the entry Belair.
Camp Ogé (le). Formidable position situated on the habitation of this name in the commune of Jacmel, which the troops of President Salnave, operating against Jacmel, occupied during the revolution…
LASSIEN. Habitation located at the Guinaudée, at Jérémie. On 16 January 1869, General Brice had the Piquets attacked there, who had established a formidable camp. He overthrew 2 columns, which…
On 31 January 1869, the Cacos seized it: there was a cannon. Rouzier tells this under the entry Dattes (les).
On 31 January 1869, General Cadet Michel was occupying the post of Grammont, under the orders of General Victorin Chevalier, when the Cacos of Saint-Marc came to assail him there…
On 30 March 1869, the commandant of the commune of the Arcahaie marched against the Cacos of Saint-Marc, encamped on the habitation Jora, at the Fond Baptiste, and drove them…
On 30 March 1869, the Cacos of Saint-Marc camped there; the commandant of the commune of the Arcahaie marched against them and drove them out. Rouzier tells this under the…
At the famous battle of the Roseaux on 25 April 1869, taken by assault by Brice, this general, having exhausted all his cartridges and seeing the enemy return to crown…
There is the chapel of Saint-François, built by Mgr Guilloux, archbishop of Port-au-Prince, in 1880. The Belair was set on fire on 30 April 1869 at 7 o'clock in the…
The fort of the Islet was bombarded by the ships of President Salnave on 2 May 1869, but it replied vigorously. The government troops, landed at the mouth of the…
HOPITAL. Fort situated at the Cayes. It was bombarded on 2 May 1869 by the ships of Salnave, but had the good fortune to repel them. Rouzier tells this under…
ILET (l') ou L'ISLET. River that waters the plain of the Cayes. Dangerous in the rainy season. On 2 and 3 May 1869 the mouth of the Ilet River was…
It was bombarded by the ships of President Salnave on 2 May 1869, to which it replied vigorously. On 24 May it was taken by the government troops, but immediately…
This city was the scene of grave events during the revolution of the Cacos, from 1869 to 1870. It had become the capital of the southern State of Haiti, of…
The fort of the Islet was bombarded by the ships of President Salnave on 2 May 1869, but it replied vigorously. The government troops, landed at the mouth of the…
It was bombarded by the ships of President Salnave on 2 May 1869, to which it replied vigorously. On 24 May it was taken by the government troops, but immediately…
Art. 1. From 1 June 1869, no ship may be cleared from any of the ports of the Republic unless it has paid in full all its duties, both on…
On 14 June 1869, the Cacos came as far as the foot of its ramparts; they were forced to retreat. Rouzier tells this under the entry Fort Liberté.
During the civil war of 1868 69, Victorin Chevallier established a fort there, in which he withdrew, on the seashore, and resisted all the attempts of the Cacos to force…
On 24 June 1869 the Cacos of St Marc presented themselves in 3 columns to attack the line of the Orangers, which had remained in the power of the government.…
TORBECK was the scene of fierce struggles in 1869 between Cacos and Piquets. The latter seized it for Salnave after having first been repulsed from it on 24 June. Rouzier…
On 28 June 1869, the Cacos of the Cayes attacked a camp of the Piquets established at Fonfrède, but they were driven back. Rouzier tells this under the entry Fonfrède.
The first archbishop of Port-au-Prince, Monsignor Testard du Cosquier, died at Rome on 27 July 1869. He was replaced in 1870 by Monsignor Jean-Marie-Alexis Guilloux, who died in October 1886…
On 28 July 1869, the Cacos seized it. Rouzier tells this under the entry Grands-Bois (les).
On 29 July 1869 the Cacos seized a post that the government troops had established there. Rouzier tells this under the entry Diaquois.
On 29 July 1869, the Cacos of Mirebalais seized the Fond des Chênes. Their column had emerged by the road from Neybe. Rouzier tells this under the entry Fond des…
On 7 August 1869 a fierce battle was fought there by the Cacos of the Cayes against the Piquets. The latter were driven back. Rouzier tells this under the entry…
PONT SOLEIL (le). Bridge at the gates of the Gonaives. The Cacos entered the Gonaives on 14 August 1869 by the Pont Soleil; but they could not hold it against…
On 14 August 1869, the Cacos of Saint Marc entered the town of the Gonaives for a moment through the post of the Tannerie; but they could not hold themselves…
On 15 August 1869 there was a dreadful butchery: forty soldiers of the army of the South, young men of 15 to 20 years, the flower of the youth of…
In May 1869, the approaches of the bay were occupied by the troops of President Salnave against the Cacos. On 25 August, General Chérilus Phanor ran the steamer Artibonite aground…
In 1869, during the insurrection of the Cacos, General Cléma Saint-Jean held it for Salnave. On 28 August General Domingue attacked it and was repulsed. Rouzier tells this under the…
Gonaïves was the scene of bitter struggles between the government troops commanded by General Victorin Chevalier and the revolutionaries of Saint-Marc, from 1868 to 1869. Blockaded by land and sea…
St. Marc, after having been the frontier town of Christophe's kingdom, was the capital of the insurrection of the Cacos of the North, from 1868-1876 against Salnave, with Nissage Saget…
The Boudet camp was occupied in May 1869 by the government troops operating against the Cacos of the town of the Cayes. It is an excellent position defended by ramparts.…
JEREMIE was bombarded on 5 October 1869 by Salnave, while at the same time attacked by land by the Piquets, without success. Rouzier tells this under the entry JÉRÉMIE.
In September 1869, General Saint Vil John, an officer devoted to Salnave, parleyed with the Cacos at the Bridge of Miragoâne, which he abandoned without resistance. He barred the way…
MORNE OCRO [le]. Located at Aquin. Saint Vil John had orders from Salnave to hold this position in any case; he abandoned it in September 1869 after the capture of…
Camp Ogé (le). Formidable position situated on the habitation of this name in the commune of Jacmel, which the troops of President Salnave, operating against Jacmel, occupied during the revolution…
During the revolution of the Cacos in 1869, this town was the scene of grave events. Victorin Chevalier, minister of war, and Thomas Christ, Vériquin, sent by Salnave to besiege…
On 7 December 1869, the Cacos of Saint Marc seized the camp established at Saint Médard by the Salnavists. Rouzier tells this under the entry SAINT MEDARD.
On 11 December 1869, the Cacos of Saint-Marc seized it in order to march on Port-au-Prince against President Salnave. On the 16th, General Nissage Saget, the chief of the Cacos,…
It was at Mont-Rouis that the plan of attack on Port-au-Prince was settled on 13 December 1869 between Brice, Boisrond Canal and Léon Déjoie. This glorious feat of arms, which…
Bazelais. Fort situated on the northern line of the fortifications of the city of Port-au-Prince. On 18 December 1869 it was taken by Brice from Salnave's soldiers, at the entry…
On 18 December 1869, Fort Eveillard was taken by General Brice from the troops of Salnave after a lively resistance. An officer devoted to Salnave, named Carpentier, blew it up.…
Guerrier Macombe, an officer devoted to President Salnave, blew it up at the entry of the Cacos into Port-au-Prince, on 18 December 1869. Rouzier tells this under the entry Fort…
It was at Mont-Rouis that the plan of attack on Port-au-Prince was settled on 13 December 1869 between Brice, Boisrond Canal and Léon Déjoie. This glorious feat of arms, which…
On 18 December 1869, Port-au-Prince was taken by Generals Brice, Déjoie and Boisrond-Canal with 1,200 Cacos, who entered the port without noise. Salnave defended himself in the national palace; but…
On 18 December 1869, at the landing of the Cacos, fort Ste. Claire was cannonaded by the ship of the revolution of Pétion. Rouzier tells this under the entry SAINTE…
On 18 December 1869, Generals Brice and Boisrond Canal seized it from Salnave. Rouzier tells this under the entry TOURON.
On 19 December, when the Cacos entered Port-au-Prince, Fort Bizoton was evacuated by General Vil Lubin. Rouzier tells this under the entry Bizoton.
At the entry of the Cacos into Port-au-Prince, on 19 December 1869, it bombarded the Cacos encamped in the Grande Rue. Rouzier tells this under the entry Fort Mercredi.
On 19 December 1869, the day after the entry of the Cacos into Port-au-Prince, President Salnave, no longer able to hold out in the national palace, fled from the Capital…
On the night of 19 December 1869, when the Cacos entered Port-au-Prince, Elfond, who was commanding the Croix des Bouquets for Salnave, presented himself at the Pont Rouge with his…
On 19 December 1869, President Salnave, beaten by the Cacos at Port-au-Prince, passed through Turgeau to reach Pétionville and the frontiers. Rouzier tells this under the entry TURGEAU.
On 20 December 1869, Salnave, fleeing from Pétion-ville, made a short halt at Diny; from there he went with his retinue to Gauthier, in the Grande Plaine of the Cul-de-Sac.…
On 20 December 1869, President Salnave, fleeing the triumphant revolution of the Cacos at Port-au-Prince, passed over the habitation Frère, making for Gauthier to reach the Dominican frontiers. Rouzier tells…
On 20 December 1869, at sunset, President Salnave, fleeing the revolution of the Cacos triumphant at Port-au-Prince, and his retinue arrived at Ganthier, on their way to Fond-Parisien. Rouzier tells…
On 22 December 1869, President Salnave, after leaving Fond-Parisien, and fleeing the revolution of the Cacos triumphant at Port-au-Prince, halted on the habitation Garnier. There he hesitated for a moment…
There was a post near the lake of Limon, a few lieues from Las Damas on the road to Neyba. It was at this post that on 23 December 1869…
After the triumph of the revolution of the Cacos, General Victorin Chevalier, who had been Salnave's minister of war and had betrayed him by making common cause with the Cacos…
1870-Mar-16: Le Civilisateur began the serialized publication of Edmond Paul's theories on the role of capital in national growth. He argued that the accumulation of wealth was a necessary prerequisite…
1870-January-15: Following the capture and execution of President Sylvain Salnave by revolutionary forces, Secretary Fish was forced to pivot his policy. While he had previously refused to recognize the belligerency…
1870-November-10: A new territorial dispute emerged when Haitian Minister Preston asked Secretary Fish to recognize Haiti’s title to the Island of Navassa. Haiti sought jurisdiction over the small island, located…
1870, February: (Grant's Annexation Threat and Haiti's Monroe Doctrine): Haiti's foreign affairs under Nissage were jolted by the U.S. drive to annex Santo Domingo. Manifest Destiny had been running…
1870, June 30: (Charles Sumner Saves Haiti: The Senate Vote and the Deep Freeze): The U.S. Senate rendered the annexation question moot when, responding to the eloquence of Charles Sumner…
Late 1870s–1890s: (Towards the Scramble: At the End of the 1870s Most of Africa Still in African Hands, the Foreign Presence Scarcely Extending Beyond Coastal Enclaves, Yet Within Twenty…
Mid-1870s–1890s: (The Mechanics of the Scramble: Leopold in the Congo, Anglo-French Rivalry over Egypt and the Nile, Bismarck Declaring Protectorates over Togo, Cameroon, and South West Africa in 1884,…
1870s–1952: (Egyptian Nationalism: The Oldest Modern Nationalism on the Continent, the Wafd's Rejection of the 1922 Declaration, Parliamentary Battles with King Fuad, the 1936 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty, the Muslim Brotherhood…
The two chambers met as a National Assembly and elected Nissage Saget president. Born at Saint-Marc on 20 September 1810, he had already served as provisional president in 1867 and…
On 8 January 1870, President Salnave, fleeing the revolution of the Cacos, triumphant in Port-au-Prince, presented himself with his retinue at the Anses à Pitres and wished to force the…
It was there that President Salnave and five generals of his retinue, taken prisoner on 8 January 1870 at the Anses-à-Pitre, were handed over by the Dominican General Cabral to…
Aubas. Crossroads and habitation in the plain of the Cayes. The famous chief of the Piquets, Saint-Mable, who had done so much harm to the Cacos of the Cayes, shot…
On 8 January 1870, President Salnave, fleeing the revolution of the Cacos, triumphant in Port-au-Prince, presented himself with his retinue at the Anses à Pitres and wished to force the…
On 22 December 1869, President Salnave, after leaving Fond-Parisien, and fleeing the revolution of the Cacos triumphant at Port-au-Prince, halted on the habitation Garnier. There he hesitated for a moment…
On 8 January 1870, President Salnave, fleeing the revolution of the Cacos, triumphant in Port-au-Prince, presented himself with his retinue at the Anses à Pitres and wished to force the…
During the revolution of the Cacos, in 1869, Elfont committed all kinds of depredations there in the name of President Salnave. On 15 January 1870, at 7 o'clock in the…
It was there that President Salnave and five generals of his retinue, taken prisoner on 8 January 1870 at the Anses-à-Pitre, were handed over by the Dominican General Cabral to…
PUBLIC BUILDINGS. The National Palace, built in 1772, was burned on 20 December 1869, at the entry of the Cacos into Port-au-Prince. It was a fine building, placed to the…
On 20 January 1870, the Haitian General Montécatini, an Italian in the service of the revolution at Jacmel, took General Vil Lubin, a devotee of Salnave, prisoner at Grand-Gosier. He…
On 29 January 1870, General Vil Lubin, former commandant of the arrondissement of Port-au-Prince, taken prisoner by the triumphant Revolution at the Anses-à-Pitres in the wake of President Salnave, who…
On 15 April 1870, a band of Piquets, made up of those who, at the taking of the Abricots by the Cacos, had managed to throw themselves into the woods,…
During the civil war of the Cacos in 1869, Corail suffered greatly. Several fights were fought there between Cacos and Piquets. Siffra, the chief of the latter, who in that…
HAUTEURS DE CORAIL (les). Thirteenth rural section of the commune of Corail, arrondissement of the Grand'Anse. Rural school. The State owns lands there occupied by tenant farmers on the habitations:…
Given at the National House, at Port-au-Prince, 8 June 1870, 67th year of Independence. Rouzier tells this under the entry HAÏTI: Senate. Internal Regulations of 8 June 1870.
Art. 1. From 1 December next, the provisions contained in article 11 of the law of 13 July 1858 on customs concerning the consignment duty are repealed; likewise those contained…
1871–1888: (A Succession of Misfortunes without Number): This era is defined by a nearly two-decade-long series of calamities that the authors characterize as "Misfortunes without Number". The period saw a…
1871–1873: (Fire: The Serial Destruction of Port-au-Prince Under Nissage): Throughout Nissage-Saget's regime, fire remained the capital's greatest scourge, as the city commandant Lorquet kept Port-au-Prince tranquil through sheer…
LAW of 16 June 1871, amending articles 19, 21, 110 and 111 of the law of 13 July 1858, and fixing the port-call, water, pilotage and lookout duties. Rouzier tells…
LAW of 13 July 1858, amended by the laws of 20 July 1859 and 1 July 1871, on the administration and direction of the customs of the Republic of Haiti.…
1872-Apr.: The influential poet Etzer Vilaire was born in Jérémie to a Protestant schoolmaster. He became a key member of "La génération de La Ronde" and typified the European-oriented cultural…
1872-December-31: Following two years of intermittent inquiry, Secretary Fish formally rejected Haiti’s claim to Navassa. Fish contended that he could find no evidence that Spain, France, or Haiti had ever…
872-January-24: Internal correspondence from the Haitian Foreign Office revealed the underlying weakness of Haiti's claim to Navassa Island. Foreign Secretary Ethéart admitted to Minister Preston that Haiti had "never occupied…
1872, January–June: (Spain, the Hornet Affair, and German Gunboat Diplomacy): Haitian relations with Spain remained sour over Haiti's enthusiastic support for abolition in Cuba's Ten Years' War. When Haiti sheltered…
1872–1889: (Yohannes IV: The Tigrayan Emperor Who Complemented Military Force with Diplomacy, Established a Marriage Alliance with Menelik, Faced the Egyptians on the Coast and the Italians Who Replaced…
On 16 March 1872, at the time of Cinna Lecomte's taking up of arms at the Cap, several of the conspirators, some taken in the mornes, others at the Carénage…
On 17 March 1872, insurgents set out from it against the arsenal of the Cap, and were repulsed by General Nord Alexis, commander of the arrondissement. Rouzier tells this under…
MORNE A TUF. Populous quartier located to the south of the town of Port-au-Prince, starting from the rue des Casernes. Erected as a parish under the name of Ste-Anne on…
On 20 April 1872, the quartier of Morne à Tuf was erected into a parish under the invocation of St. Anne. Parish of the Sacré Cœur of Turgeau founded in…
SAINTE ANNE. Quartier of the Morne à Tuf of Port-au-Prince, erected as a parish on 21 April 1872. A fine parish church is under construction, facing the Marché Debout, on…
On 15 May 1872, conspirators who had taken refuge in the Dominican Republic came and landed there and seized the arsenal of the Cap. At 5 o'clock in the morning,…
Art. 1. From 1 December next, the provisions contained in article 11 of the law of 13 July 1858 on customs concerning the consignment duty are repealed; likewise those contained…
1873-March-27: Secretary of State Hamilton Fish delivered a blunt diplomatic rebuff to the Haitian government regarding their request for arbitration over Navassa. Fish informed Minister Preston that there was "nothing…
1873, March 3–4: (The Last Rising at Gonaïves and the Massacres of Montmorency Benjamin): The noirs of Gonaïves rose one final time under their perennial rebel leader Gallumette Michel, supported…
1873: (The Student Fire Company and the Future President Dartiguenave): Following the summer of conflagrations, a priest at St. Martial named père Weik organized a student hose company, soliciting contributions…
1873, March 19: (A Cheering Sound of Salvation: Protestantism and the Contest for Haiti's Soul): On March 19, 1873, Archbishop Guilloux issued a pastoral letter sternly warning the faithful of…
Fernand Hibbert was born at Miragoâne on 3 October 1873. He wrote satiric, funny novels about the Haitian bourgeoisie and remains one of the most widely read Haitian authors. He…
Alexis Michel Justin Lhérisson was born in Port-au-Prince on 10 February 1873, into a modest family. He was a journalist at sixteen and later ran his own paper. He founded…
Following his taking up of arms of 3 March 1873 at the Gonaïves, General Galumette Michel was driven back into the woods. He was sighted on the 11th, with four…
On the night of 3 March 1873, Galumette Michel, Jules Legros, John Bonhomme and Fleuriau Jonathas took up arms and for a moment made themselves masters of the place. General…
On 11 March 1873, Galumette Michel, in flight after his abortive uprising of the 3rd at the Gonaïves, was pursued from the habitation Cercado as far as Carrefour Paye, where…
Following his taking up of arms of 3 March 1873 at the Gonaïves, General Galumette Michel was driven back into the woods. He was sighted on the 11th, with four…
The State owns lands there occupied by tenant farmers on the habitations Charron, 3 carreaux of land, Dugais 3, Bertrand 2 1/2, Cacardeau or Cercado 5, the last of which…
The chapel was blessed by Monsignor the archbishop of Port-au-Prince on 11 November 1862, and on 19 March 1873 received a statue of Saint Joseph. Rouzier tells this under the…
A rural chapel established on the habitation Savane-à-Roche was blessed on 12 May 1873 under the name of St.-Louis by Abbé Laly; it is located on the public road. Mr.…
The chapel of the section is built on this habitation, at the summit of a small mountain. It was blessed on 14 May 1873 by the abbé Laly under the…
The chapel of section No. 1 is established on the habitation Pérodine; it was blessed on 14 May 1873 by the abbé Laly, under the invocation of Saint Elizabeth. Rouzier…
PERODINE. Habitation in the rural section of Grand-Cohas no. 1, where the rural chapel and rural school of the section are established, commune of the Petite Rivière de l'Artibonite. The…
The State owns 24 carreaux of land there, leased for 9 renewable years, on 17 May 1873, to M. R. Barthélemy. Rouzier tells this under the entry Béon.
1874: Nord Alexis is forced into a long period of exile by the government of President Michel Domingue. This departure was a common fate for high-ranking officers who found themselves…
1874: The Reverend James Theodore Holly became the first bishop of the Orthodox Apostolic Haitian Church. He was a prominent American immigrant who advocated for the regeneration of the black…
1874-November-09: Haiti and the Dominican Republic signed a landmark Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation. A crucial and unique feature of this treaty was an article in which both…
1874-December-01: British and French diplomats celebrated the Haitian-Dominican Treaty as a major victory for European interests in the Caribbean. Spencer St. John, the British Minister, had actively encouraged the Dominican…
1874-February-01: Secretary of State Hamilton Fish signaled a definitive end to the Grant administration’s aggressive expansionist phase regarding the island. In a letter to Minister Bassett, Fish stated that Haiti’s…
1874-April-01: Former Dominican President Buenaventura Báez, having fled to the United States, attempted to revive American interventionism by employing the "racial spectre" once again. He claimed the Haitians were actively…
1874, May 9–21: (Nissage Stands Down: Domingue's Army and the Transfer of Power): As Nissage's term neared expiration, the underlying question, masked by parliamentary jousting, was simple: who…
1874, June 14: (Tyranny and Its Reward: The Inauguration of Michel Domingue): To no one's astonishment, the new Constituent Assembly unanimously elected Michel Domingue president, and on Sunday June 14,…
1874, August–1875, May: (The Domingue-Rameau Constitution, the French Loan Scandal, and the Fête d'Agriculture Trap): Within two months, by August 6, 1874, Rameau had a new constitution based on the…
1874-06-14: (Michel Domingue Becomes President, Appointing His Despotic Nephew Septimus Rameau to Run the Government, a Figurehead Presidency That Would End With Rameau Torn Apart by a Crowd on…
1874–1934: (Alice Garoute: Born Alice Thézan in 1874 into a Milat Petit Bourgeoisie Family in Cap-Haïtien, Older Than Many Women She Sought to Recruit, Her Mother Rumored to Carry…
On 11 June 1874 the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies elected General Michel Domingue president of Haiti. He was born at Les Cayes in 1813 and had commanded troops…
General Boisrond-Canal was working peacefully on his habitation, which he then held on lease from the State as property sequestered from the former President Geffrard, when, on 1 May 1874,…
The church of Aquin was burned in 1708 and was replaced by another raised at the Rivière Dormante. The civil court of Aquin was instituted by the law of 17…
The law of 7 June 1872 raised the military line of the Coteaux to the Anglais to an arrondissement of the 4th class. The 33rd regiment of line infantry was…
On 9 November 1874 the Republic of Haïti, having General Michel Domingue as its president, and the Dominican Republic, having General Ignacio Gonzalès as its president, concluded for 25 years…
A treaty of commerce, friendship and extradition with the Dominican Republic, on 9 November 1874, which treaty ceased to be in force by virtue of two conventions signed by C.…
Treaty of 1874. The Dominican Republic concluded, on 9 November 1874, a treaty of peace, friendship, commerce and extradition with the Republic of Haiti. The present possessions of the two…
1875-Jul.: Edmond Paul published his first theoretical work in Kreyòl, establishing the language as a legitimate vehicle for scholarly analysis. He argued that the Haitian language was essential for building…
1875-January-15: The departure of Spencer St. John, the British Minister to Haiti, to a new post in Peru marked the end of an era. St. John had been the principal…
1875-January-15: The Haitian government initiated a long-standing dispute by contending that Mrs. Maunder, the widow of a British subject, was failing to fulfill a contract for cutting and exporting mahogany…
1875, June–October 4: (The Siege of the American Legation and Boisrond's Escape): For five months, while Domingue and Rameau presided over a carnival of trials, executions, and banishments, the siege…
1875–1894: (The Uganda Question: Stanley's 1876 Letter Calling for Missionaries to Buganda, the CMS Arriving in 1877, Alexander Mackay's Uncompromising Presence, the White Fathers Arriving in 1879, Protestant and…
1875-01-20: (Haiti Signs a Treaty Officially Recognizing Dominican Independence, Ending Thirty-One Years of Diplomatic Stalemate and Acknowledging a Border That Would Remain Contested in Spirit Long After It Was Settled…
Charles Moravia was born at Jacmel on 17 June 1875 and schooled at the Petit Seminaire College Saint-Martial in Port-au-Prince. He taught, wrote verse and plays, and put the last…
The Grande Cayemite was leased by the State on 11 January 1875, for 5 years, to Mr. Adolphe Elie, at $ 650 per year, payable in advance. Since the death…
LAW of 19 February 1875, promulgated on the 30th of the same month, subjecting steamers to a tonnage duty. Rouzier tells this under the entry HAÏTI: TARIFF No. 1. Duties…
JEAN-CISEAUX. It was established as a poste militaire of the arrondissement of Port-au-Prince by decree of the President of Haiti of 30 March 1875. Its boundary is as follows: starting…
PONT ROUGE. First rural section of the commune of Port-au-Prince, parish of Saint Joseph. Rural school. There is an excellent bridge built of stone and brick under the French in…
According to the order of the President of Haiti of 30 March 1875, its delimitation was as follows: starting from the boundary stone of Chambrun with Thomazeau as far as…
CROIX des MISSIONS la. This poste militaire was established by the decree of the President of Haiti of 30 March 1875. Its delimitation is as follows: starting from the house…
FOND PARISIEN [le]. Here was the delimitation of this poste militaire of the arrondissement of Port au-Prince, according to the order of the president of Haiti of 30 March 1875:…
Benjamin. Property called Guildive Benjamin, situated to the southwest of the town of Port-au-Prince on the seashore, near the Portail de Léogane. It has 849 French feet of frontage by…
The country lost considerably by the failure of this undertaking, caused by the death of General Brice, killed on 1 May 1875. Rouzier tells this under the entry Cotard.
FRERE. It was on 1 May 1875 (and not 1874) that the Jacmel regiment went to attack General Boisrond Canal at Frère. Rouzier tells this under the entry FRERE.
PONT MORIN (le). Small bridge built over the stream le Bois-de-Chêne (See that word) on the road that links Lalue to Turgeau, commune of Port-au-Prince. Fine country houses. Chapelle Saint-Louis,…
General Boisrond Canal took refuge, on 3 May 1875, in the house of the American consul E. D. Basset, at Turgeau: on the eve of the festival of Agriculture, the…
The Dominican Republic having been recognized by the court of Madrid in 1833 and on 18 February 1855, this convention was interrupted in 1861 by the annexation of the country…
The Civil Court, instituted on 27 December 1875, handed down in 1887 86 judgments, of which 20 were civil, 45 correctional, and 4 commercial. Its jurisdiction extended over the other…
1876: After a brief return to Haiti under President Boisrond-Canal, Nord Alexis departs for Kingston, Jamaica, where he remains for several years. Jamaica served as a vital sanctuary for the…
1876, March 7 – April 15: (The Revolution Against Domingue-Rameau: From Jacmel to Easter Eve): The barometer was falling despite all countermeasures. On March 7, 1876, General Louis Tanis at…
1876, April 15–17: (The Death of Rameau: Gold Coins, Musket Butts, and the Crowd's Justice): Returning to the virtually deserted National Palace, Rameau found Domingue awaiting the French minister…
1876, April 17 – June 17: (Boisrond-Canal's Return, the Te Deum of Resurrection, and Nord Alexis's Revolt): On Easter Tuesday, April 17, 1876, Boisrond-Canal landed at the wharf from Jamaica…
1876–1878: (Lesè Grennen: Boisrond-Canal's Paralysis and the Politics of Color): The revolution that swept in Boisrond-Canal was the first triumph expressly achieved in the name of the Liberal Party, but…
1876-04-23: (Pierre Boisrond-Canal Becomes President, One of the Most Influential Mulatto Politicians of the Late Nineteenth Century, Whose Career Would Span Three Separate Stints as Head of State Across Twenty-Six…
The justice of the peace court was founded on 20 February 1876; it falls under the jurisdiction of the civil court of Cap-Haitien. Rouzier tells this under the entry QUARTIER-MORIN…
On 7 March 1876, Jacmel took up arms against President Domingue. Rouzier tells this under the entry JACMEL.
On 15 March 1876, Boisrond-Canal and some thirty political friends exiled at Kingston went to land at Saltrou to attack the government of President Domingue. Hilaire Rabel, commandant of the…
On 3 April 1876 Trou was the first to take up arms against President Domingue. Rouzier tells this under the entry TROU (le).
On 15 April 1876, riot: S. Rameau is killed, Domingue enters the French consulate. The next day Lorquet is killed while returning from the Arcahaie. Rouzier tells this under the…
General Lorquet was returning from the Arcahaie on 16 April 1876 when he was killed at Port-au-Prince. Rouzier tells this under the entry Arcahaie (l').
On 15 April 1876, riot: S. Rameau is killed, Domingue enters the French consulate. The next day Lorquet is killed while returning from the Arcahaie. Rouzier tells this under the…
Fires: on 16 July 1876; in 1884 and 1885. Rouzier tells this under the entry JÉRÉMIE.
General Boisrond-Canal was working peacefully on his habitation, which he then held on lease from the State as property sequestered from the former President Geffrard, when, on 1 May 1874,…
LAW of 27 October 1876 on the administration of direct taxes, amending that of 21 August 1862, and maintained for 1892-93. Rouzier tells this under the entry HAÏTI: LAW of…
The establishment of this town goes back to 1663. After having been of great importance in the old colony, since it had been proposed to be its capital, it declined…
Art. 1. From 1 December next, the provisions contained in article 11 of the law of 13 July 1858 on customs concerning the consignment duty are repealed; likewise those contained…
1877-October-10: Lord Derby, the British Foreign Secretary, instructed Major Stuart to demand an immediate payment of £35,000 from the Haitian government to settle the Maunder claim, with an additional £100,000…
1877: (France Recalled, Spain Returns, and Bassett Departs): One of the legislature's few constructive actions was to probe the malodorous French loan of 1875, on which Haiti had with considerable…
1877-09-28: (John Mercer Langston Appointed U.S. Ambassador to Haiti, the Second African American to Hold the Post, Continuing the Pattern of Black Diplomats Representing America in the Black Republic): On…
On 7 April 1877, vast fire at the Môle. Rouzier tells this under the entry MOLE SAINT-NICOLAS.
The other churches are: St. Joseph, consecrated on 22 April 1877, where there were baptized in 1890: 46 legitimate children and 356 natural children, 154 deaths, 27 marriages. St. Anne,…
Plaisance is 13 lieues from the Cap, the Trou 7, the Plaine du Nord and the Acul-du-Nord 4, the Petite Anse 3, and Limonade 2. A ferry formerly connected the…
On 20 June 1877 the government placed at the disposal of the public, over the river of the Haut du Cap or Galiffet river (see that entry), an iron bridge…
On 4 July 1877 Benony Vincent took up arms in the countryside of the Cap; he is killed. Rouzier tells this under the entry Cap-haïtien (le).
EARTHQUAKES. FIRES. Almost immediately after its foundation it suffered an earthquake, in 1751. The idea was then conceived of building it only of wood. The earthquake of 3 June 1770,…
(Jeanne Desvignes) Place Vallière of 12 June 1857 [Myrtil Bruno], of 28 February 1865 (Théâtre), of 7 May 1865, of 19 March 1866 [J. B. Hepburn) of the rue Pavé…
On 19 September 1877, the government entered into a contract with M. Désiré Lefebvre, a Frenchman, for the establishment of a public steamboat service on the Artibonite, and granted him…
On 16 October 1877, prompt repression of an attempted insurrection at Quartier Morin. Rouzier tells this under the entry QUARTIER-MORIN.
On 15 March 1876, Boisrond-Canal and some thirty political friends exiled at Kingston went to land at Saltrou to attack the government of President Domingue. Hilaire Rabel, commandant of the…
1878-Jan-26: Anténor Firmin published a notable commentary in Message du Nord addressing the political climate of the late 19th century. His writing emphasized the importance of intellectual leadership in the…
1878-Sept-14: Le Messager du Nord provided a primary platform for the articulation of northern black nationalist sentiment. The journal consistently challenged the perceived mulatto dominance of the central government in…
1878, March 15: (The Tanis Uprising and the Pattern of Conspiracy): As faction stirred sedition, a less trusting chief than Boisrond would not have decided to leave Port-au-Prince for a…
1878–1905: (Violent Resistance Across the Continent: The French Exploiting Tukolor-Mandinke Rivalry to Conquer the Western Savannah, Samori's Mobile Resistance Until 1898, the Rapid Defeats of Dahomey 1893 and Benin…
President Boisrond-Canal was touring the South. General Louis Tanis, commander of the Department of the West, took the chance and moved on the capital. The president's friends in Port-au-Prince beat…
Adélina Lévêque died on 12 October 1878. Born Elisabeth Anne Justine Lévêque on 26 July 1820, she was empress of Haiti from 1849 to 1859 as the wife of Faustin…
On 13 March 1878 General Gélin Bienaimé seized Limonade. He was driven out of it immediately and fell into the woods. Rouzier tells this under the entry LIMONADE.
On 14 March 1878, General Louis Tanis, commander of the department of the West, taking advantage of the absence of President Boisrond-Canal, who was visiting the South, seized Fort National…
On 14 March 1878, Louis Tanis, commander of the arrondissement of the department of the West, took up arms at the national fort; the president was in the South; he…
On 14 March 1878, at 10 o'clock in the evening, Séïde Télémaque, commanding the arrondissement of the Grande-Rivière, repulsed a band of conspirators. Rouzier tells this under the entry QUARTIER-MORIN.
On 15 March 1878, Présent Paul took up arms there against President Boisrond Canal, but he was taken prisoner by General Séïde Télémaque. Rouzier tells this under the entry SAINT…
On 15 March 1878, General Montpoint the younger, commanding the arrondissement of le Cap, being at the headquarters of the Tannerie, declared General Jascine an outlaw, and authorized every citizen…
On 14 March 1878, General Louis Tanis, commander of the department of the West, taking advantage of the absence of President Boisrond-Canal, who was visiting the South, seized Fort National…
The Roseaux River flows into the Trou Jérémie. It is dangerous, and several times it has swept away the couriers and the letters, as happened on 18 May 1878. See:…
EARTHQUAKES. FIRES. Almost immediately after its foundation it suffered an earthquake, in 1751. The idea was then conceived of building it only of wood. The earthquake of 3 June 1770,…
(Jeanne Desvignes) Place Vallière of 12 June 1857 [Myrtil Bruno], of 28 February 1865 (Théâtre), of 7 May 1865, of 19 March 1866 [J. B. Hepburn) of the rue Pavé…
On 4 July 1878, Dorvil Théodore, at the head of a band, attacked the Grande-Rivière du Nord. Almonor Mars, who commanded the commune, was struck there in the arm by…
Dorvil Théodore, who had taken up arms on 4 July 1878 at the Grande-Rivière, and his band were hunted down at the Joli-Trou. In 1839 there were 219 habitations well…
The church was built of masonry and covered with shingles; it was destroyed by the hurricane of 4 July 1878; it has been rebuilt, and awaits its roofing. It is…
The establishment of this village, situated one lieue inland, goes back nearly two centuries. Its erection as a parish dates from 1720. There was a pretty church built of masonry,…
Lighthouse duties in the bay of Port-au-Prince (Extract from the law of 14 September 1878, promulgated by decree of 17 September 1878). Rouzier tells this under the entry HAÏTI: TARIFF…
DEGUE ou DESGUETS. Bridge situated outside the ditches of the bourg of the Croix-des-Bouquets, bounded on the west by the main road of the Grande Plaine leading to Port-au-Prince. On…
On 7 October 1878 the river of Port-de-Paix overflowed and caused great damage to the town. Rouzier tells this under the entry PORT-DE-PAIX.
1879: Nord Alexis returns to the country following his exile to resume his involvement in the military and political affairs of the North. His return marked the start of a…
1879–1888: During the presidency of Salomon, Nord Alexis is twice arrested and imprisoned by the central administration. These incarcerations were part of the president's broader effort to suppress potential northern…
1879, January–June 30: (The Liberal Self-Destruction: Yellow Fever, Pistols in the Chamber, and the Burning of Port-au-Prince): Boisrond held elections in January 1879 for the National Assembly, winning a hollow…
1879, July 17: (The Departure of Boisrond-Canal: Eighteen Revolts in Three Years): He was not exactly overthrown. Pushed aside by his own class, Boisrond-Canal did the only thing he could:…
1879, August 19 – October 23: (Salomon at Last: The Coup d'État and the Noir Restoration): When Salomon returned on August 19, 1879, there was little doubt who the next…
1879–1880: (Salomon the Modernizer: The Banque Nationale, the National Coinage, and the French Debt): Louis-Félicité Lysius Salomon-jeune was the first president since Geffrard to enter the Palais National with a…
1879-10-02: (Lysius Salomon Becomes President, a Wealthy Educated Black Man Who Attempts to Modernize Haiti by Establishing the National Bank, Professionalizing the Military, and Creating the Nation's First Postal System):…
Lysius Salomon had been finance minister to the emperor Faustin Soulouque. When the empire fell he fled abroad and Geffrard's government confiscated his property. He came home after Boisrond Canal…
Auguste Linstant de Pradines was born in Paris on 10 September 1879. Haitians knew him as Ti Candio, or Kandjo. More than anyone he built the figure of the Haitian…
On 18 December 1879 the National Assembly adopted a new constitution, replacing the charter of 1867. It set the presidential term at seven years and made it non-renewable, though a…
On 2 February 1879, General Saint Fleur Paul took up arms with Montmorency Benjamin against General Boisrond Canal; this general commanded the arrondissement of la Marmelade and was betraying the…
On 6 February 1879 General Mont Morency Benjamin took position there with a band of rebels whom he raised against President Boisrond-Canal. Rouzier tells this under the entry Barade.
On 7 February 1879, Mont Morency Benjamin, having seized the Gonaïves, was afterwards driven out of them by the population. Rouzier tells this under the entry Gonaïves (les).
On 7 February 1879, during the insurrection of the Marmelade, General Mentor Nicolas, commandant of the Arrondissement of the Gonaives, was holding at Poteaux to face St.Fleur Paul, when Montmorency…
The ground where the mine is situated is cretaceous ground approaching transition ground, and conglomerates abound there. It has been surveyed by means of two shafts and an outcrop. One…
On the day after the insurrection of Boyer Bazelais at Port-au-Prince, on 30 June 1879, the government had 1 cannon placed there to dislodge the insurgents from the lower end…
Name of a street in Port-au-Prince, commonly called rue Pavée, famous for the uprising of 30 June 1879 by Boyer Bazelais against Boirond-Canal. Rouzier tells this under the entry PORT…
On 30 June 1879, Boyer Bazelais took up arms in the Rue Pavée. Rouzier tells this under the entry PORT-AU PRINCE [le].
On 3 July 1879, General Hériston Hérissé, commander of the arrondissement of the Gonaïves, put himself at the head of the revolution. Rouzier tells this under the entry Gonaïves (les).
EARTHQUAKES. FIRES. Almost immediately after its foundation it suffered an earthquake, in 1751. The idea was then conceived of building it only of wood. The earthquake of 3 June 1770,…
(Jeanne Desvignes) Place Vallière of 12 June 1857 [Myrtil Bruno], of 28 February 1865 (Théâtre), of 7 May 1865, of 19 March 1866 [J. B. Hepburn) of the rue Pavé…
In August 1879, the Bazelaisists, fleeing Port-au-Prince, which they were unable to reduce, betook themselves to the Gonaïves, which they seized. The provisional government sent against them troops commanded by…
Under the empire of Faustin I, Saint Louis du Sud was erected into a duchy, in favor of General Salomon, who was president of Haiti from 23 October 1879 to…
1880: President Salomon founded the National Bank with the assistance of the French capital. This move was denounced by his opponents as a surrender of national sovereignty that would lead…
1880: Justin Chrysostome Dorsainvil was born in Port-au-Prince and received his education from the Frères d'Instruction Chrétienne. He later became a prominent doctor, teacher, and a founding intellectual of the…
1880: (The French Military Mission and the Pariah Army): A three-officer French military mission, the first such to come to Haiti, arrived in 1880, and at their recommendation…
1880–1881: (Salomon's Nationwide Tours and the Warning at the Cap): Only too well aware of the materials he had to work with, Salomon set out to instruct the country in…
1880–1881: (Fiscal Crisis, Encke's Comet, and the Arsonists' Fires): On the horizon loomed financial clouds. Langston reported on December 31, 1880, that the government and country were without money,…
Late 18th Century–1880s: (The Eastern African Slave and Ivory Trades Expanding as the Atlantic Trade Declined: Zanzibar as the Dominant Commercial Power, Caravans Reaching Lakes Tanganyika and Victoria by…
1880s–1900s: (Explaining the Conquest: No Single Invasion, a Multitude of Piecemeal Campaigns Effected by Small Armies Composed Mostly of African Soldiers, the Scramble as the Co-option of Europe…
1880s–1920s: (Monopolies on Violence: Colonial Armies Composed of African Rank-and-File Under Tiny Numbers of European Officers, the Tirailleurs Sénégalais Since 1857, the King's African Rifles Amalgamated in 1902, Martial…
1880-00-00: (The National Bank of Haiti Established by President Salomon, the First Modern Financial Institution in Haitian History, an Attempt to Impose Fiscal Order on an Economy Strangled by Indemnity…
On 30 July 1880 the Haitian finance minister Charles Laforesterie signed a concession contract in Paris with the Societe generale de credit industriel et commercial. It created the Banque Nationale…
Nissage Saget died in Port-au-Prince on 7 April 1880. He was born at Saint-Marc on 20 September 1810. He led the republican opposition through Sylvain Salnave's dictatorship and commanded the…
On 9 November 1874 the Republic of Haïti, having General Michel Domingue as its president, and the Dominican Republic, having General Ignacio Gonzalès as its president, concluded for 25 years…
A treaty of commerce, friendship and extradition with the Dominican Republic, on 9 November 1874, which treaty ceased to be in force by virtue of two conventions signed by C.…
1881-Jul-23: The National Party newspaper L'OEil published a harsh attack on traditional religious practices under the title "Vaudou et Vaudouilleurs." The article argued that such "barbarous" customs were the primary…
1881-Sept.: The National Assembly passed a resolution calling for the termination of the 1860 Concordat with the Vatican. Despite this pressure from anti-clerical noiristes, Salomon maintained easy relations with the…
1881–1882: (Smallpox, Sedition, and the Executions at St. Marc): Nurtured in filth and congestion, smallpox first appeared in Port-au-Prince during December 1881 and spread rapidly throughout the country. With…
1881–1898: (The Mahdist State: Muhammad Ahmad Declaring Himself Mahdi in 1881, the Baqqara Pastoralists of Kordofan Sweeping West of Khartoum, Gordon's Death in 1885, the Khalifa Abdallahi Creating a…
Haiti has been a member of the International Postal Union since 1 January 1881 (See the Tariff of postage stamps). The letter carriers do not wear the uniform adopted elsewhere.…
Art. 1. From 1 January 1881, adhesive stamps of 15 different types shall be put into circulation, namely: Rouzier tells this under the entry HAÏTI: Order.
For his part, Monsieur P. Juncker, mining engineer and former student of the Ecole Polytechnique, says, in his report made in April 1880, that the lignites and coal of the…
The postage on newspapers, printed matter, books, pamphlets, business papers and samples of merchandise is fixed at 1 centime per 50 grams or fraction of 50 grams, but only up…
On 8 August 1881 General Desormes Gressau took up arms at St. Marc against President Salomon. He was beaten. Rouzier tells this under the entry ST.-MARC.
PERCHES. Commune of the 5th class in the arrondissement of Fort Liberté, erected by the law of 18 August 1881. It was formerly a quartier. It contains 2 rural sections,…
POIRIER. Habitation situated in the commune of the Grande Saline, 2nd rural section of Rive droite. Rural school. One of the boundaries of the commune of the Grande Saline runs…
An average of 1 million pounds of raw sugar is exported each year. One hundred net pounds of this raw sugar exported give the right, in compensation, to a return…
Given at the Chamber of Representatives, at Port-au-Prince, on 6 October 1881, in the 78th year of Independence. The President of the Chamber, FRANÇOIS MANIGAT. The Secretaries: N. LÉGER, D.…
The Feast of Agriculture is celebrated on 1 May of each year. It is a national holiday. (Law on the organization of various agricultural services, of 6 October 1881.) Rouzier…
The President of Haiti orders that the above law of the Legislative Body be given the seal of the Republic, printed, published and executed. Given at the National Palace of…
(1) This law was repealed by that of 19 October 1881. From 1 December 1881 the consular visa fees are collected within the Republic and no longer abroad. The other…
In peacetime the army is reduced to half of its strength of 16,000 men, by means of service in rotation by series (Law of 22 October 1881). Rouzier tells this…
The law of 22 October 1881 creates a Military School at Port-au-Prince. Rouzier tells this under the entry HAÏTI: Postal Union.
(1) This law was repealed by that of 19 October 1881. From 1 December 1881 the consular visa fees are collected within the Republic and no longer abroad. The other…
1882-Feb-16: L'Avant-Garde published an article titled "La question du jour" that denounced the dominance of foreign priests in the national clergy. The publication maintained that it was humiliating for a…
1882-Jul-23: The journal L'OEil published an article titled "Vaudou et Vaudouilleurs" that sharply criticized traditional religious practices. The piece argued that such beliefs hindered the national progress desired by the…
1882-Nov-04: A writer in L'OEil attacked colonialism as a system based on strategic greed. The welfare of the country was no part of it.. They argued that foreign powers desired only…
1882-Dec-02: The journal L'OEil asserted that Africa had "awakened" in Haiti through the actions of the revolutionary spirit. This perspective sought to link the nation's struggle with a broader continental…
1882-Dec-13: British correspondence from Hunt to Granville detailed the diplomatic tensions surrounding foreign influence in the Caribbean. The report highlighted concerns about the stability of the Haitian administration.
1882, April–May: (Salomon Confronts the Cap: The 5,000-Word Address and the Iron Hand): While the St. Marc military court was still grinding out death sentences, Salomon, accompanied as always…
Thus it was that on 28 January 1882 Mr. Jean de Govaerts, engineer attached to the Ministry of the Interior, brought to Mr Ed. Roumain, on behalf of his Minister,…
St. Marc, after having been the frontier town of Christophe's kingdom, was the capital of the insurrection of the Cacos of the North, from 1868-1876 against Salnave, with Nissage Saget…
In 1882 the Dominican government drew a line of delimitation of this commune, on the Haitian frontier, which General Marchena, governor of Azua, offered on 27 May to send to…
Gradice. Habitation in the commune of Quartier-Morin. It was there that the poet Tertullien Guilbaud wrote his piece of verse entitled Le Maringouin (The Mosquito), on 6 June 1882. Rouzier…
A certain disturbance was brought into the military subdivision of this Department: the communes of Saltrou and Grand-Gosier, actually dependent on the arrondissement of Jacmel, were detached from it to…
On 9 November 1874 the Republic of Haïti, having General Michel Domingue as its president, and the Dominican Republic, having General Ignacio Gonzalès as its president, concluded for 25 years…
A treaty of commerce, friendship and extradition with the Dominican Republic, on 9 November 1874, which treaty ceased to be in force by virtue of two conventions signed by C.…
The French astronomers Abadie, Calandran and Dupuy came there to observe the transit of Venus across the disc of the sun, on 6 December 1882. Rouzier tells this under the…
1883-Mar.: A group of Liberal exiles led by Boyer Bazelais invaded Haiti from Jamaica and landed at the southern port of Miragoâne. The ensuing siege lasted nearly a year and…
1883-Mar-05: French diplomatic dispatches from Burdel to Challemel-Lacour discussed the growing pressures on the Salomon regime. These records documented the international scrutiny facing the republic’s internal affairs.
1883-Apr-12: L'Avant-Garde published a critical statement by Edmond Paul regarding the establishment of a national bank. He expressed concern that foreign capital could compromise the country's economic autonomy.
1883-May-10: US diplomatic dispatches from Langston to Frelinghuysen noted a reputed offer of a protectorate or naval base. These communications reflected the intense interest of the United States in securing…
1883-Oct-05: French records from Burdel to Challemel-Lacour tracked the evolving political crises within the Haitian government. The dispatches provided evidence of the constant threat of foreign intervention during this period.
1883-July-17: As a new revolution against the Haitian government took hold, Minister Preston appealed to the U.S. State Department to prevent the departure of the steamer Tropic from Philadelphia. The…
1883-October-09: The U.S. government intensified its enforcement of neutrality laws following the conviction of Captain Rand of the Tropic for embarking Haitian insurgents at Inagua. Shortly thereafter, the Collector of…
1883-Late: Despite the legal complications of the ongoing revolution, the internal strife led to a new wave of diplomatic maneuvering. The embattled Haitian government began offering fresh commercial and territorial…
1883: The U.S. government took decisive legal action in the case of the vessel Azelda and Laura. The ship was detained under suspicion of violating neutrality laws by being "armed…
1883, March 23–27: (The Liberal Insurrection: The Landing at Miragoâne): No one could say Salomon had failed to warn his enemies. More than any other Haitian ruler, he had…
1883, March–September: (The Siege of Miragoâne, the Fall of Jacmel, and the Battle of Derrière-la-Loge): Boyer-Bazelais's first act was to proclaim a Central Committee of the Revolution with himself as…
1883, September 22–24: (The Semaine Sanglante: The Assassination, the Carmagnole, and the Burning of Port-au-Prince): By mid-September 1883, Salomon was fighting for his life. On the night of August 7,…
1883, September 24–25: (The Semaine Sanglante: The Pillage, the Delirium, and the European Ultimatum): Better prepared than the day before, peasants brought in donkeys laden with straw sacks and panniers…
1883, October 27 – 1884, January: (Malheurs sans Nombre: The Death of Bazelais and the End of the Liberal Insurrection): Salomon's terrible revenge broke the back of the Liberals. Barely…
1883–1887: (Salomon and the Great Powers: La Tortue, Môle St. Nicolas, and the Windward Passage): Between 1883 and 1887, Salomon played out a three-cornered diplomatic game simultaneously involving France, Britain,…
1883-00-00: (Haiti Makes Its Final Indemnity Payment to France, Completing Fifty-Eight Years of Ransom Payments for the Crime of Having Liberated Itself From Slavery, Though the Bank Loans Contracted to…
On 27 March 1883 Jean-Pierre Boyer Bazelais came ashore at Miragoane with Liberal Party men exiled by President Lysius Salomon, brought in from Jamaica and Cuba. Towns elsewhere rose with…
Alfred Auguste Nemours was born in Cap-Haitien on 13 July 1883, into a wealthy family; his father was Nemours Auguste. He was sent to a lycee in Paris and then…
Charles Jean Pierre Boyer-Bazelais died at Miragoâne on 27 October 1883. Born in Port-au-Prince on 24 May 1833, he had been aide-de-camp to President Geffrard, then a lawyer, a deputy,…
Élie Lescot was born at Saint-Louis-du-Nord on 9 December 1883. He was schooled at Cap-Haïtien and then in Port-au-Prince, and served as Haiti's minister to the Dominican Republic and to…
CABARET BAYARD. A camp in the mornes of Jacmel, which a division of government troops occupied in 1883, at the time of the uprising in that town. On 1 October…
On 24 January 1883, Saint Michel, which had embraced the party of the Northerners, made its submission to General Anselme Prophète, Secretary of State for War. General Saint Fleur Paul…
The concession of this mine was granted to Monsieur Strauss by virtue of the law voted by the Chamber of Deputies on 14 March 1883, by the Senate on 16…
On 27 March 1883 Boyer Bazelais and about a hundred of his friends, exiled like him at Kingston, seized the town by surprise. The troops sent against them by the…
MORNE BLANC [le]. Located at Miragoâne. It was fortified with 2 cannon by the government troops in 1883 to fight the rebels (Boyer Bazelais) who had seized the town on…
On 24 January 1883, Saint Michel, which had embraced the party of the Northerners, made its submission to General Anselme Prophète, Secretary of State for War. General Saint Fleur Paul…
During the insurrection of Boyer Bazelais at Miragoâne, in 1883, Jérémie declared against the government of President Salomon on 23 May. C. Kerlegrand, Senator, was the chief of the insurrection.…
On 2 June 1883, during the insurrection of Miragoâne, Aquin declared itself against the government of President Salomon, but this movement had no sequel. Rouzier tells this under the entry…
President Salomon had sent General Vériquain and Aristide Désiré, commandant of the arrondissement, to watch over the population; these generals were killed on 3 August following the considerable losses suffered…
MALGENON. Morne at Jérémie between the habitations Bordes and Fond-Rouge, where General Fortanges Chevalier, commander of the Arrondissement of the Cayes and general in chief of the Government army, had…
The forts Mallet, Hibbert, Brice, Réfléchi, Lacroix, Némorin, Rempart, Benjamin, the Carénage, the Spanish spring, the Cercle or Détour, the Source Salée, the Pont de Miragoâne and the Etang, the…
Barahona or Baraona. Small village situated at the head of the bay of the same name, on the southern coast of the island, in the Dominican Republic, at the mouth…
OZAMA ( l' ). River at whose mouth the city of Santo-Domingo is established. For small vessels it is navigable up to 35 kilometers from the sea, which facilitates transport;…
PAJARITO ( le ). Small hamlet, poste militaire or canton of the province of Santo-Domingo, watered by the Ozama and the Jainamosa. Central mills: the Jainamosa and the Francia. A…
The strong mass of the sierra of San Cristobal served as a barrier and protected the eastern part of the Dominican country from great damage during the hurricane of 6…
On 22 September 1883, during the insurrection of Miragoâne, Jacmel and Jérémie, some scatterbrained young men went out into the street in Port-au-Prince and shouted: Down with Salomon! They fired…
MORNE CHATEAU. Position occupied by the Piquets of Jérémie against the town in revolt against President Salomon and commanded by General Blanc Castera. On 23 September 1883 the people of…
On 22 September 1883, during the insurrection of Miragoâne, Jacmel and Jérémie, some scatterbrained young men went out into the street in Port-au-Prince and shouted: Down with Salomon! They fired…
On 27 March 1883 Boyer Bazelais and about a hundred of his friends, exiled like him at Kingston, seized the town by surprise. The troops sent against them by the…
The port, not open to foreign commerce, offers an anchorage to small boats without sheltering them from the south winds. However, at the time of the insurrection of Jacmel in…
President Salomon had sent General Vériquain and Aristide Désiré, commandant of the arrondissement, to watch over the population; these generals were killed on 3 August following the considerable losses suffered…
1884-Jun-24: President Salomon wrote to F. Manigat regarding the Maunder claim for compensation in the isle of La Tortue. This letter addressed the ongoing disputes over the expropriation of foreign…
1884-1886: James G. Blaine's Twenty Years of Congress provides an essential firsthand account of the shift in American foreign policy from the Civil War to the late 1880s. Blaine’s writings…
1884: Charles Desroches published Matières à réflexion pour les révolutionnaires in Port-au-Prince. This primary source provided a contemporary Haitian perspective on the internal political cycles and revolutionary movements of the…
1884–1885: (Inflation, Peculation, and the Affaire des Mandats): In a perverse way Bazelais had won. By clawing the country apart, forcing the government to spend millions for arms, killing…
SAINT ROME. Quartier lying outside the enclosure of Miragoâne. It was occupied by the Government troops during the insurrection of Boyer Bazelais, in 1883. The cannon of Saint Rome spewed…
On 27 March 1883 Boyer Bazelais and about a hundred of his friends, exiled like him at Kingston, seized the town by surprise. The troops sent against them by the…
In its session of 19 September 1884, the Chamber voted a law that raised it to a military post; this bill was not sanctioned by the Senate, which keeps it…
An ignorant man and an ignorant people are equally incapable of managing their affairs well. That is why public instruction has been the object of the government's solicitude since the…
SOURCE LECLERC or BAIN LECLERC. Spring situated in the heights of Martissant, near Port-au-Prince. It supplies this city; this work, carried out in 1884, is due to the Haitian engineer…
1885: Anténor Firmin published De l'égalité des races humaines as a direct rebuttal to the racial theories of Arthur de Gobineau. He argued that all human races are equal in…
1885-Jan-09: J.B.W. Maunder wrote to Earl Granville regarding the extended dispute over his family's property in Haiti. His appeal sought British government support in obtaining financial redress from the republic.
1885-February-28: Secretary of State Frederick T. Frelinghuysen instructed the American Minister in Paris, Levi P. Morton, to formally inquire about French intentions regarding Haitian territory. The U.S. government had become…
1885-March-19: Minister Morton reported on his conversation with Jules Ferry, the French Minister of Foreign Affairs, regarding the Monroe Doctrine. Ferry reportedly "laughed at the idea" of France coming into…
1885-April-01: In a follow-up inquiry, French official M. Billot reaffirmed to the American legation that France was "far from seeking in the new World advantages of any sort" that would…
1885-April-15: American diplomat Vignaud attempted to lecture French official Billot on the history of the Monroe Doctrine, claiming it was originated to establish the political supremacy of the United States…
1885-April-20: Logan analyzes the "no-transfer principle" as a development in American diplomacy, noting its roots in President Polk’s 1848 message regarding Yucatan. By applying this principle to Haiti in 1885,…
Louis Achille Othello Bayard was born at Les Cayes on 2 September 1885. He was a violinist, a poet and a composer. In 1925 he wrote "Souvenir d'Haïti", the song…
François Borgia Charlemagne Péralte was born at Hinche on 10 October 1885. From 1917 he led the Caco guerrillas against the United States Marines and the Gendarmerie in the occupied…
Espaillat. Province created by the decree of 28 May 1885 in the Dominican Republic (Gaceta oficial, 6 junio 1885), named after the Dominican patriot Ulisses Francisco Espaillat, who declined, in…
By decree of 28 May 1885, the province of Espaillat was created and taken from that of la Vega, with Moca as chief town and as principal towns: San Antonio…
The valley of the Nigua, which lies upstream of San Cristobal, and all the land between el Cuayo Joina and Mano Maluei possess veins of copper. In the west, in…
The External Debt, made up of the loan of 1875 known as the Domingue Loan, is regulated by a convention between the government and the bondholders, dated 2 September 1885,…
In 1817 the Anse d'Hainault was already ranked among the communes. This village is situated on the bay that bore the name of a colonist whose habitation lay in the…
Port-à-Piment is a central point which, besides the importance of its commerce, enjoys a port of easy access. For these reasons the Legislative Body passed a law on 28 October…
Port à Piment is the most important town of the arrondissement. It lies about 2 lieues from the Coteaux, on the road leading to Tiburon. It is a central point…
Considering that it is fitting to put into force, with some modifications, the order voted by the communal council on 26 November 1885, relating to the adoption of a uniform…
1886: The resistance leader Charlemagne Péralte was born in the town of Hinche to a family of significant landholders. He grew up as a devout Roman Catholic and attended the…
1886–1888: (Let Me Take My Soup in Peace: Salomon's Second Term and the Gathering Storm): At the end of 1885, the Cap was the scene of yet another attempt to…
Timoleon C. Brutus was born on 23 March 1886. He became a minister of the Haitian state and served as foreign minister from 1946 to 1949, but the work that…
The Moniteur haïtien of 22 April 1886 announced that M. de Téano, mineralogist and geologist, who had accompanied M. Ferdinand de Lesseps on the isthmus of Panama, had been in…
Several conventions were signed between this country and Denmark, Holland (20 November 1857), Italy (1855-1889), Germany (26 June 1886, June 1859) and England (12 September 1850). Rouzier tells this under…
The contract binding the owner of this line of boats is dated 19 August 1886, and will end on 19 August 1895. The government has the right to requisition the…
1887-February-24: Undersecretary of State Julian Pauncefote assured American Minister Edward J. Phelps in London that Great Britain had no intention of seizing the Island of La Tortue (Tortuga). While Pauncefote…
1887-February-25: Pauncefote suggested to Phelps that if the Haitian government continued to ignore British demands, the matter might eventually be referred to arbitration. He noted that the primary difficulty…
1887-March-01: Secretary of State Thomas F. Bayard informed the American Minister in Haiti, John E. W. Thompson, of the British assurances. Bayard expressed relief that the Maunder claim would not…
1887-March-13: Following the return of the British agent Hill aboard the Canada, accompanied by the despatch boat Mallard, Haitian President Salomon expressed his deep anxiety to the American Minister, John…
1887-March-14: The Haitian government, fearing an imminent British seizure of the Island of La Tortue (Tortuga), ordered a battalion of the Ninth Regiment of infantry to the island. The commanding…
On 23 September 1887 an earthquake ran through the northern region, from Môle Saint-Nicolas to Fort-Liberté, and destroyed the church at Port-de-Paix. A government notice in Le Moniteur of 6…
Its first church was reroofed in 1820. The cathedral was overthrown on 23 September 1887 at the time of the earthquake. The population set itself to the task again, and…
Botados (los). Fertile land of the commune of Yamasa, province of Santo-Domingo, where the presence of gold-bearing quartz was formally reported on 7 March 1887. Rouzier tells this under the…
HATO DEL REPARADERO. Fertile land of the commune of Yamasa, province of Sto. Domingo, where the presence of auriferous quartz was declared on 7 March 1887, on account of its…
JAVIER. Fertile ground, commune of Yamasa, province of Santo-Domingo, where gold was found on 7 March 1887. Rouzier tells this under the entry JAVIER.
NARANJO. Small river of the commune of Yamasa, province of Santo Domingo, on the banks of which gold was found on 7 March 1887. On 4 March 1805 the Northern…
VICTORIA. Hamlet and cantonal post of the Dominican Republic, situated on the right bank of the Ozama, in the province of Santo Domingo, 6 lieues from that capital. It was…
Earthquakes are fairly frequent there. This redoubtable phenomenon caused the city of the Conception de la Vega to disappear in 1564, and made itself felt most particularly at Port-au-Prince, which…
The Mole is the town of the North that most strongly felt the effects of the earthquake of 23 September 1887: 167 houses were overturned. Rouzier tells this under the…
SAN FELIPE DE SABANA GRANDE. Fertile land of the Dominican country where gold-bearing quartz, silver and platinum were discovered on 3 November 1887. See: Sabana Grande de Mao. Rouzier tells…
Converted Debt (Law of 8 November 1887). For each old security of G. 100 under articles 6, 7 and 9 of the Sinking Fund, verified and recognized as valid, the…
She estimated that the State owed her L. 142,203, 16 sh., 10 d. Her claim, supported by the English government, gave rise to an exchange between the two governments of…
1888: Nord Alexis helps lead the successful northern uprising that eventually results in the overthrow of President Salomon. This victory restored the political influence of the northern black elite and…
1888: General Seïde Télémaque, the most likely successor to Salomon, was assassinated in the period following the president's fall. His death triggered a struggle for power between the black generals…
1888–1902: Nord Alexis serves as a regional administrator in the North for fourteen years following the fall of the Salomon government. This long period of local rule allowed him to…
1888-December-21: Secretary of State Thomas F. Bayard issued lengthy instructions to Robert M. McLane, the American Minister to France, connecting the Haitian situation to broader French activity in the Americas.…
1888–1911: (The Cycle of Plots and Revolutions): Spanning twenty-three years, this period is marked by frequent "Plots and Revolutions" as internal factions vied for control of the state. The narrative…
1888, August 4–10: (The Fall of Salomon: Séïde Télémaque's Revolt and the End of an Era): On August 4, 1888, Séïde Télémaque, commandant at the Cap, declared open revolt.…
1888, August 15–September 28: (Légitime vs. Télémaque: The Vast Bivouac and the Contest for Port-au-Prince): Légitime arrived in Port-au-Prince from Kingston on August 16, 1888, aboard S.S. Alho. The…
1888, September 28: (The Assassination of Séïde Télémaque and the Fracture of Haiti): On the evening of September 28, 1888, a day of rumors, Minister Thompson was taking a…
1888, October–December: (I Will Give Them a Civil War: Légitime's Defiance, the Blockade, and the Haytian Republic Affair): To the cry of the North, Légitime gave a defiant answer, telling…
1888, October – 1889, August 22: (Légitime Attacks, Légitime Falls: The Civil War of 1888 to 1889): Légitime directed his main effort against the Artibonite and the North, with seesaw fighting…
1888-08-10: (Salomon Overthrown by a Caco Revolt, the Ninth President Toppled by Armed Insurrection Since Independence, the Pattern of Military Coups Now So Entrenched That Peaceful Succession Remained Unimaginable): On…
1888-10-16: (François Légitime Elected President With French Backing, Immediately Opposed by U.S.-Backed Florvil Hyppolite, Haiti's Internal Politics Now a Proxy Arena for European and American Imperial Competition): On October 16,…
Louis Etienne Felicite Lysius Salomon was born at Les Cayes on 30 June 1815 and ruled Haiti from 1879 to 1888. He founded the National Bank, opened the first postal…
On 8 January 1888 Mombin Crochu separated from the insurrection of the North and submitted to the government of President Légitime. The Northerners then seized it, and the provisional government…
The present church was not long in rising again on the ruins of the old one, having nearly the same dimensions, though without the splendor of its elder; it is…
In the countryside there are numerous chapels served by the parish priest. On the Carpentier habitation in particular, the chapel is dedicated to Our Lady of Perpetual Help; it was…
Today Cotui is a commune. It was founded in 1505 by order of Ovando. It was then called las Minas, because of the mines of gold, of copper (the latter…
The copper mines of Hatello Maimon have produced little copper, and not in sufficient quantity to be worked at a profit; they were abandoned on 15 February 1888. Rouzier tells…
Its first church was reroofed in 1820. The cathedral was overthrown on 23 September 1887 at the time of the earthquake. The population set itself to the task again, and…
In the year of the Lord 1888, on 4 March, the 3rd Sunday of Lent, under the pontificate of Our Most Holy Father Pope Leo XIII. Monsignor Constant Hillion being…
One reads in the official part of the Moniteur of 8 March 1888, official journal of the Republic of Haiti: « It was decided in the Council of Secretaries of…
Bajabonito. A river of the Dominican Republic into which flow, in the district of Puerto-Plata, the rivers (on the left) Perez, the Oran, the Quebrada Honda, the Lavas or Lajas,…
Mines of gold, silver, copper, mercury; quarries of plaster stone of gypsum and alabaster, of amber, declared on 21 March 1888, coffee; tobacco, mahogany, hides, wax, honey, food crops of…
She estimated that the State owed her L. 142,203, 16 sh., 10 d. Her claim, supported by the English government, gave rise to an exchange between the two governments of…
MATA DE LA IGLESIA. Fertile land located in the commune of St. Christophe, in which that of Capobal is found. Gold-bearing districts were discovered there on 4 May 1888. Here…
Guaynamoca (la). Region of the Dominican Republic, in the Cibao, where the presence of auriferous quartz was established on 14 May 1888. Rouzier tells this under the entry Guaynamoca (la).
From 15 May 1888 a new lighthouse has been lit throughout the nights, at the top of a round iron tower, painted white, raised on Fort Ilet. This lighthouse shows…
On 23 June 1888 the inhabitants of the Irois addressed a petition to the Chamber of Communes to request the elevation of their quartier to a commune of the 5th…
EARTHQUAKES. FIRES. Almost immediately after its foundation it suffered an earthquake, in 1751. The idea was then conceived of building it only of wood. The earthquake of 3 June 1770,…
(Jeanne Desvignes) Place Vallière of 12 June 1857 [Myrtil Bruno], of 28 February 1865 (Théâtre), of 7 May 1865, of 19 March 1866 [J. B. Hepburn) of the rue Pavé…
EARTHQUAKES. FIRES. Almost immediately after its foundation it suffered an earthquake, in 1751. The idea was then conceived of building it only of wood. The earthquake of 3 June 1770,…
(Jeanne Desvignes) Place Vallière of 12 June 1857 [Myrtil Bruno], of 28 February 1865 (Théâtre), of 7 May 1865, of 19 March 1866 [J. B. Hepburn) of the rue Pavé…
On 14 July 1888, General Eugenio Generoso Marchena, financial agent of the Dominican Republic in Europe, signed at Brussels a contract that provides for the conversion and repayment of the…
The count's agent was at the Mole in December for the laying of the cable; on 26 July 1888 the office of the Mole was officially opened to the public.…
She estimated that the State owed her L. 142,203, 16 sh., 10 d. Her claim, supported by the English government, gave rise to an exchange between the two governments of…
On 4 August 1888 General Séïde Thélémaque, commandant of the arrondissement of the Cap, took up arms against President Salomon, who embarks at Port-au-Prince on the 10th, before the movement…
On the morning of 10 August 1888, the first at Port-au-Prince, General Canal the younger took up arms on the Belair against President Salomon. Rouzier tells this under the entry…
The revolution of 10 August 1888, which overthrew Salomon from power, caused this project in part to fail. On 21 September 1892 a mausoleum was inaugurated which President Hippolyte had…
Under the empire of Faustin I, Saint Louis du Sud was erected into a duchy, in favor of General Salomon, who was president of Haiti from 23 October 1879 to…
All provisions of laws, decrees, orders, regulations and other acts that are contrary to it remain repealed. Nevertheless, the decrees and acts issued by the central revolutionary Committee of Port-au-Prince…
PASSE JOLIE (la). Situated on the Artibonite River between La Chapelle and Dessalines. On 9 September 1888, at 7 o'clock in the morning, a column detached from the government troops…
General Séide Thélémaque commanded this arrondissement for many years. He was a member of the provisional government, in charge of the ministry of war, and a candidate for the presidency,…
After the death of Seïde Télémaque at Port-au-Prince on 28 September 1888, the North rose, claiming that Seïde had been assassinated at Port-au-Prince. The provisional government first, and then that…
On Friday 28 September 1888, rumors spread through the city that General Séïde Thélémaque, a member of the provisional government, in charge of the ministry of war and a candidate…
The next morning, Anselme Prophète collected 8 flags of the northern troops, propped against the outer wall of the palace. In a proclamation the provisional government branded the political intriguers…
In May 1865, Jean-Rabel, which had embraced the insurrection of Salnave, submitted to the government of President Geffrard. General Guillet took up position there. On 2 October 1888 the Mancel,…
After the death of General Séide Thélémaque, the Gonaïves rose in insurrection against the provisional government on 3 October 1888, at the instigation of the Cap-Haïtien. Rouzier tells this under…
On 4 October 1888, at the instigation of the Cap-Haïtien, Port-de-Paix rose in insurrection against the provisional government, on the occasion of the death of General Seïde Thélémaque. In October…
On 14 July 1888, General Eugenio Generoso Marchena, financial agent of the Dominican Republic in Europe, signed at Brussels a contract that provides for the conversion and repayment of the…
SOURCE (la). Fort situated at Dessalines. On 9 October 1888, on the approach of the government forces, General Succès-Grand Pierre, chief of military operations of the rebels of the North…
On 11 October 1888, General Rosa, commanding a division of the Government troops, after two engagements fought at the Savane à Roches against the bands of insurgents of the North,…
After the departure of President Salomon and the death of General Seide Thélémaque, Port-au-Prince, the Cap, the Nord'Ouest and the Gonaives rose in insurrection against the provisional government: St. Marc…
The abbé Guillard, parish priest of the parish of St. Joseph, died on 15 October 1888; the commune of Port-au-Prince, grateful for the services rendered to the country by this…
Légitime having been named on 16 October provisional head of the Executive Power by 32 Constituents out of 84 to be elected and out of 81 elected, to replace the…
On 22 October 1888 General Jean-Jumeau was landed there from Port-au-Prince, sent by the provisional government to go and fight the insurgent Gonaives after the death of Séide Télémaque. Rouzier…
PIRON. Habitation in the commune of Jacmel between that town and Léogane. Two rivers meet on the main road called the Piron mouth. In November 1878 some insurgents commanded by…
On 14 July 1888, General Eugenio Generoso Marchena, financial agent of the Dominican Republic in Europe, signed at Brussels a contract that provides for the conversion and repayment of the…
Légitime having been named on 16 October provisional head of the Executive Power by 32 Constituents out of 84 to be elected and out of 81 elected, to replace the…
In the session of the Constituent Assembly of 12 November 1888, the constituent Saint Fleur Pierre proposed to erect his commune into an arrondissement and to include it in the…
On 24 November 1888 at 2 1/2 o'clock in the afternoon, during the insurrection of the North against the authority of the Chief of the Executive Power F. D. Légitime,…
On 30 November 1888, the government troops seized this fort from the Nordistes. An order of the day of the councillor for war, General Anselme Prophète, dated from Lascahobas, announced…
On 30 November 1888, the government troops encamped at fort Biassou defeated those of the separatists of the North. Two regiments of the North came to join them at Vallière.…
On 1 December 1888, the town fired a few cannonballs at the Toussaint-Louverture; that ship replied while continuing on its way. Rouzier tells this under the entry Gonaïves (les).
On 1 December 1888, during the insurrection of the North against the authority of the head of the executive power, General Légitime, the Grande-Saline fired 21 cannon shots at the…
On 3 and 5 December 1888, Fort Picolet, which the Northerners had armed, fired a cannonball at the State ship the Toussaint-Louverture, which was cruising off the Cap. After 5…
SAINT JOSEPH. Fort situated at Cap-Haitien. On 5 December 1888 a cannonball of Toussaint Louverture burst there. Rouzier tells this under the entry SAINT JOSEPH.
On 8 December 1888, General Louis Tanis seized the Chapelle from the Northerners. At his approach, the 26th regiment of the Borgne, which was guarding the position, took flight and…
1889-January-03: Minister McLane met with Goblet, the French Minister of Foreign Affairs, to discuss rumors that France might establish a protectorate over Haiti. Goblet provided partial assurances but also noted…
1889-January-Early: The U.S. State Department’s policy toward the rival Haitian leaders, such as Légitime, became contingent on European intentions. Bayard indicated he would not formally recognize the Légitime government until…
1889-January-03: Minister Robert M. McLane reported from Paris on his conversation with French Foreign Minister Goblet. While Goblet disclaimed any intention of colonizing Central America or seeking a protectorate in…
1889-February-07: Secretary of State Bayard informed McLane that his verbal summary of the American position on the Monroe Doctrine had carried out his instructions "with sufficient accuracy." The French disavowal…
1889-March-04: The inauguration of Benjamin Harrison and the return of James G. Blaine as Secretary of State signaled a more assertive "Pan-American" foreign policy. Harrison’s administration was characterized by a…
1889-March-25: The State Department received reports that the Andes, a vessel belonging to the British Atlas Company, had transported seventeen Englishmen to Haiti for service in the navy of General…
1889-Spring: Secretary Blaine’s instructions to the American delegates for the Berlin Congress on Samoa underscored his broader strategic vision, noting the "early opening of an isthmian transit from the Atlantic…
1889-October-02: Secretary of State James G. Blaine presided over the First Congress of American States in Washington. Following a tour of the United States intended to showcase American industrial capacity,…
1889-Late: While Blaine focused on commercial reciprocity, American naval officers and strategic thinkers began an active campaign for a "big navy" and the acquisition of coaling stations. In 1890, Captain…
1889-June-26: Admiral Bancroft Gherardi, commanding the North Atlantic Squadron, became deeply involved in the internal Haitian conflict between the Légitime and Hyppolite factions. Gherardi’s sympathies were clearly on the side…
1889-August-Early: Admiral Gherardi utilized incidents involving American merchant vessels, such as the George W. Clyde and the Caroline Miller, to pressure the Légitime government and aid the Hyppolite cause. By…
1889-September-01: While stationed at Cap Haitien, Admiral Gherardi established a relationship with Anténor Firmin, Hyppolite's "counselor in charge of foreign relations." Firmin, the son-in-law of former President Salnave, was destined…
1889-April-23: On board the Galena at Cap Haitien, Anténor Firmin was received by Admiral Gherardi with the full naval honors usually reserved for a "first minister," including a seventeen-gun salute.…
1889-April-24: Minister Preston, representing the Légitime government in Washington, became alarmed by reports in the New York Times that Admiral Gherardi had officially declared Légitime's naval blockade of northern ports…
1889-October-09: Following the collapse of the Légitime government, Frederick Douglass, the newly appointed American Minister to Haiti, arrived in Port-au-Prince. Douglass, a world-renowned abolitionist, was initially greeted with immense enthusiasm…
1889: The Haitian government adopted a new constitution, which was later analyzed by Charles Dubé in La constitution haïtienne de 1889 et sa révision. This specific legal framework, which prohibited…
1889-1891: The importance of the "Windward Passage" was a recurring theme in Logan's analysis of late 19th-century diplomacy. This strategic maritime route made the acquisition of Môle Saint-Nicolas a primary…
1889, October 9 – 1891: (A Prophecy of Peace: The Inauguration of Hyppolite, Frederick Douglass, and the Constitution of 1889): Louis Mondestin Florvil Hyppolite was chosen president on October 9,…
1889–1913: (Menelik II, Creator of Modern Ethiopia, Victor at Adwa in 1896 as the Only African Leader to Permanently Defeat an Invading European Army, Builder of Addis Ababa and…
1889-01-00: (Frederick Douglass Sent to Haiti as U.S. Ambassador, the Most Famous African American of the Nineteenth Century Dispatched to Port-au-Prince, Where He Would Defend Haitian Sovereignty Against…
1889-10-17: (Florvil Hyppolite Elected President, Initiating Perhaps the Most Democratic Administration of Nineteenth-Century Haiti, With Press Freedom, Public Works, and a Refusal to Surrender Haitian Territory to the United States):…
1889-00-00: (Construction of the Iron Market Begins in Port-au-Prince, a Massive Structure Originally Built as a Train Station for Cairo That Became One of Haiti's Most Iconic Commercial Buildings Before…
A very recent event has come to profane this respectable place: on 14 April 1889, the troops of President Légitime took the Crête-à-Pierrot from the Northerners; shortly afterward, Major General…
LASELLE. Habitation in the commune of Mirebalais, on the limit of the Arcahaie. On 1 January 1889, the Northerners were beaten by the government troops and left behind 18 dead.…
On 1 and 2 January 1889, the troops of the government of President Légitime won several advantages at the Matheux against the Northerners, encamped in those parts. Rouzier tells this…
PETIT BOIS (le). Habitation in the Matheux, commune of the Arcahaie. On 2 January 1889 the Northerners were beaten by Generals Dardignac and Millien St. Jean. This position of Petit…
The Northerners had established themselves there: their camp was guarded by considerable forces, among others by the 7th regiment of Saint-Marc. The government troops, under the commands of Generals Dardigue,…
On 5 January 1889 the Northerners, who held a post there under the orders of Joseph Lapalanche, were defeated and their chief killed by the troops of President Légitime. They…
On 7 January 1889, the government troops defeated the Northerners there and took from them four flags, 50 cases of munitions, 12 carbines and 8 saddled horses, making 10 prisoners.…
The Northerners had established themselves there: their camp was guarded by considerable forces, among others by the 7th regiment of Saint-Marc. The government troops, under the commands of Generals Dardigue,…
MAMON. Second rural section of the commune of Hinche, arrondissement of the Marmelade. A position fortified by nature. It is a subdivision of the rural section of the Joineria, established…
In 1888, after the death of General Seïde Télémaque, the Northerners established their advance post there, which the government troops took on 7 January 1889. Rouzier tells this under the…
Lively market. Varied produce. Rural school and chapel. Justice of the peace. In January 1889 the minister of war, Gen. Anselme Prophète, was preparing to march from Tomonde against the…
Camp Fatras (le). Strategic position situated in the commune of Vallière on the road to Trou; it was occupied by the Northerners in 1888-89. On 8 January 1889, the garrison…
On 8 January 1889, Carice broke away from the party of the Northerners and submitted to the government of President Légitime. Rouzier tells this under the entry Carice.
On 8 January 1889 the troops of President Légitime took the Couyau camp from the Northerners, after having taken the Léger camp from them. Rouzier tells this under the entry…
On 8 January 1889, the troops of President Légitime, marching against the Northerners of Saint-Marc, took the Fond Baptiste from them after having taken the Couyau camp from them, and…
On 8 January 1889, the government troops marched from Williamson against the Nordistes encamped at fort Guibert, which they took on the 10th, after a struggle of an hour begun…
The Northerners had established themselves there: their camp was guarded by considerable forces, among others by the 7th regiment of Saint-Marc. The government troops, under the commands of Generals Dardigue,…
On 8 January 1889 a division of government troops, under the orders of Generals Mérisier Charles and Marius André, marching against the Northerners of St Marc, left the Williamson camp,…
MAGDELEINE. Mornes of the commune of Vallières, [ Perches ] on which a fort is established: an important strategic position. Its garrison deserted the insurrection of the Northerners on 8…
On 8 January 1889, Mont Organisé broke away from the insurrection of the Northerners and made its submission to the government of President Légitime. It was reoccupied after the defeat…
On 8 January 1889, Ranquite separated from the insurrection of the Northerners and submitted to the government of President Légitime; it was on this occasion that the provisional government of…
ROBERT. Habitation in the commune of the Arcahaie, rural section of Fond-Baptiste. In 1802 the work gangs of this habitation massacred the colonists and withdrew in insurrection into the mornes…
Vallière and its dependencies separated from the insurrection of the North and made their submission to the government of President Légitime on 8 January 1889. General François Pierre made his…
During the insurrection of the Northerners in 1888 and 1889, the government of General F. D. Légitime established its advance post at Williamson, and the rebels established theirs at Mont-Rouis.…
During the insurrection of the Northerners in 1888-89, the government of President Légitime had set up at the Morne à Cabrits a depot of munitions and provisions for the troops…
On 8 January 1889, the government troops marched from Williamson against the Nordistes encamped at fort Guibert, which they took on the 10th, after a struggle of an hour begun…
On 10 January 1889 the inhabitants of Roche Plate opened their doors to the government troops marching against the Northerners. Rouzier tells this under the entry ROCHE PILATE.
On 10 January 1889, the inhabitants of Sainte Suzanne opened their gates to the troops of President Légitime marching against the Northerners. General D. Sévère and his son Daquin lost…
On 8 January 1889, the government troops marched from Williamson against the Nordistes encamped at fort Guibert, which they took on the 10th, after a struggle of an hour begun…
Vallière and its dependencies separated from the insurrection of the North and made their submission to the government of President Légitime on 8 January 1889. General François Pierre made his…
On 30 November 1888, the government troops encamped at fort Biassou defeated those of the separatists of the North. Two regiments of the North came to join them at Vallière.…
The order of the day of the minister of war, General Anselme Prophète, of 14 January 1889, announcing the submission of Vallière and its dependencies, of Monbin Crochu and of…
By flooding with fresh water the saline lands unfit for vegetation, certain crops will be made possible there, to the great advantage of the country. On 21 January 1889 the…
In 1888, at the time of the insurrection of the Northerners, Hinche went over to the insurgents. Closely hemmed in at Mamon, they believed themselves invulnerable. The town was besieged…
MAMON. Second rural section of the commune of Hinche, arrondissement of the Marmelade. A position fortified by nature. It is a subdivision of the rural section of the Joineria, established…
While General Anselme Prophète, minister of war of President Légitime, was advancing into the heart of the North and driving the Northerners back toward the Cap, the head of the…
On 24 January 1889, General O. Piquant, minister of the interior, carried out a landing at the Grande-Saline, which he took after a brief resistance. General Colas, commandant of the…
On 24 January 1889, Marmelade, which had embraced the cause of the Northerners against General Légitime, made its submission to the minister of war, Anselme Prophète, delegate of the government.…
On 25 January 1889, Pignon, which had embraced the party of the Northerners, submitted to General Anselme Prophète, minister of war of President Légitime. Rouzier tells this under the entry…
On 6 February 1889, General Dardignac, operating against the Northerners of Saint-Marc for the government of General Légitime, and having under his orders about 250 men, defeated there the insurgents…
On 19 February 1889, the fort of Santiago was taken from the partisans of President Heureaux by the friends of General Moya, vice president. This fort is the most important…
MOMANCE. A wandering river that passes over this habitation, or Grande Rivière de Léogane, comes from the same sheet of water, the same common network, as the Gosseline, river of…
On 1 March 1889 the government troops encamped at the Bac d'Aquin were attacked by a division from St. Marc and Verrettes after it had crossed the Pont Sondé; this…
The government troops quartered at the Bac d'Aquin and at the Carrefour Mapou (Pont de l'Estère) during the insurrection of the Northerners in February 1889, intercepting all direct communication between…
LASSALLE. Habitation and fortified position in the commune of Ouanaminthe, which was occupied by the Northerners. By his order of the day of 29 March 1889, General Joseph Prophète announced…
On 30 March 1889 the troops of President Légitime took Dessalines from the Northerners. Here is the bulletin published on this occasion by General O. Piquant, minister of the Interior:…
At 6 o'clock General Dardignac attacked the formidable rampart of the Passe-à-Roche, which lies one lieue from Dessalines, and after a most bitter struggle, which lasted 5 hours, dislodged the…
On 8 April 1889 the troops of President Légitime, who were occupying the Chapelle, took the camp of Désarmes from the Northerners and penetrated into Verrettes. Rouzier tells this under…
On 9 April 1889 the troops of President Légitime took this position from the Northerners who were occupying it, and entered Verrettes. Rouzier tells this under the entry Deux Frères…
MORY. Habitation in front of the commune of the Verrettes. On 9 April 1889 this position was taken from the Nordistes by the government troops, who came to occupy the…
On 9 April 1889, General Stéphen Péralte drove the Northerners out of it and entered Verrettes. Rouzier tells this under the entry SAVANE A ROCHES.
On 11 April 1889, General Antoine Pollas took this position from General Nord Alexis for the government. Rouzier tells this under the entry Bonéteau.
The village was established more than a century and a half ago; there is only one street, running from the Northwest to the Southeast as one comes from the Cap.…
Shortly afterward, on 11 April, the Northerners, well supplied with arms, came to the charge and overthrew Anselme Prophète, who did not stop until Port-au-Prince; the town had time to…
On 11 April 1889, Verrettes was taken from the Northerners by the government troops, following the capture of the Camp de Désarmes. This victory made the government master of the…
On 14 April 1889 the government troops seized the fort of the Crête à Pierrot and the Petite Rivière from the Northerners and burned the village. This act of cruelty…
SAVANE AU CAMP. Advanced post of the frontier line of the arrondissement of Lascaobas. The order of the day of 14 April 1889 of the Secretary of State for War,…
On 23 April 1889, General Saint-Fleur Paul crossed the mornes of the Marmelade and seized Ennery from the Northerners after a combat of five hours. Unfortunately this success scattered the…
A land telegraph line is soon to connect Aquin with the telegraph station of the submarine cable at the Môle Saint-Nicolas, and with Port-au-Prince, le Cap, Gonaïves, Saint-Marc, Jacmel, les…
Telegraph. A land telegraph line connects Port-au-Prince with the telegraph station of the submarine cable of the Môle St. Nicolas and with the Cap-Haitien, Gonaives, Port-de-Paix, St. Marc, Jacmel, Aquin,…
The road from St.Marc to Verrettes is 40 kilometers, with a branch to Dessalines and the Petite Rivière de l'Artibonite, 30 kilometers; it deserves to be kept in good condition…
At the beginning of May, General Piquant found himself in his turn surrounded by the Northerners in Dessalines. His communications with la Grande-Saline were cut by the troops of Saint-Marc…
At the beginning of May, General Piquant found himself in his turn surrounded by the Northerners in Dessalines. His communications with la Grande-Saline were cut by the troops of Saint-Marc…
This order remaining without effect, General Piquant took refuge in the French consulate and left the country on 17 May 1889. Rouzier tells this under the entry MORNE A CABRITS…
On 14 June 1889, the Northerners attacked the government post established at Fond Blanc. General Aurélien Dorcelin repulsed them. Rouzier tells this under the entry Fond Blanc (le).
On 15 June 1889, the Northerners were driven back at the Fond Ravet; they were commanded by General Albert Salnave, son of the president of that name. Rouzier tells this…
After the rout of General O. Piquant at Marchand, the troops of President Légitime established their line at Fond Chaleur. On 17 June 1889, the Northerners, commanded by Albert Salnave,…
On Sunday, 23 June 1889, the Northerners seized Thomazeau, which General Canal Jeune evacuated for lack of sufficient forces. Rouzier tells this under the entry THOMAZEAU.
The Northerners seized the Croix-des-Bouquets on 28 June 1889, after the evacuation of the village by General Canal the younger, whose forces were insufficient. Rouzier tells this under the entry…
HINCHE. Military arrondissement, at first dependent on the department of the Artibonite, having 2 communes: Hinche, chief town, and Maissade. It was created on 3 July 1889 by the provisional…
On 9 July 1889, the Northerners seized the habitation Frère, from where they attacked Pétion-ville. Rouzier tells this under the entry Frère.
On 9 July 1889 the Northerners seized it from Dardignac. Rouzier tells this under the entry ARCAHAIE [l'].
On 11 July 1889, the Northerners having seized the Croix-des-Bouquets and the plain of the Cul de Sac, General Dumouriez Rabel, son of Hilaire Rabel and brother of the constituent…
On 14 July 1889, the Rabels of Saltrou having taken up arms against the government of President Légitime in favor of the Northerners, and having been driven back upon Grand-Gosier,…
RAVINE AUX DIABLE. Ravine located at Grand Goâve, where a column of the troops of the landing of General Dardignac passed on 14 July 1889, at the time of the…
On 11 July 1889, the Northerners having seized the Croix-des-Bouquets and the plain of the Cul de Sac, General Dumouriez Rabel, son of Hilaire Rabel and brother of the constituent…
On 16 July 1889, the Northerners spread over the plain of the Cul de Sac attacked Pétion-Ville, but they were repulsed, abandoning their dead, baggage and wounded. The Minister of…
Anse Rouge (l'). Quartier of the arrondissement of Gonaïves, created by the decree of the provisional government of the North, presided over by General Hippolyte, and dated at Saint-Marc on…
General Dardignac, who died at Jacmel on 3 August 1889, was born at the Baradères, as was Solon Ménos, who was a minister under Légitime. Rouzier tells this under the…
On 3 August 1889 General Dardignac met his death at one o'clock in the afternoon at the crossroads of the Cap Rouge, while defending the government of President Légitime. He…
Ferrier or Ferrier-Lassale. Quartier of the arrondissement of Fort-Liberté, erected by the decree of the provisional government of the North dated at Saint-Marc, 3 August 1889. Rouzier tells this under…
There are two quartiers in this arrondissement: Ferrier and Lassale-Mont Organisé, created by the decree of the provisional government of the North dated at Saint-Marc on 3 August 1889. Rouzier…
On 3 August 1889 General Dardignac met his death at Jacmel in defending the government of President Légitime. Rouzier tells this under the entry JACMEL.
JACQUEZY. Village of the arrondissement of Terrier Rouge. It was listed by the law of 17 October 1821 among the quartiers and parishes of the Republic. Today Jacquezy is a…
LASSALLE. Habitation and fortified position in the commune of Ouanaminthe, which was occupied by the Northerners. By his order of the day of 29 March 1889, General Joseph Prophète announced…
Erected as a commune of the 5th class by the decree of the provisional government dated at Saint Marc, 3 August 1889. The 1st election took place on 10 September…
FOND PRICE. Position situated a little higher than the crossroads of Cap Rouge, in the commune of Jacmel, where General Dardignac was killed on that very spot, on 3 August…
On 16 July 1889, the Northerners spread over the plain of the Cul de Sac attacked Pétion-Ville, but they were repulsed, abandoning their dead, baggage and wounded. The Minister of…
DESPLUMES. Habitation in the commune of Pétion-Ville. On 19 August 1889 the Northerners seized it. Rouzier tells this under the entry DESPLUMES.
During the insurrection of the Northerners against Légitime, the vanguard of the army of the South came to take up position at Carrefour on 20 August 1889. On the 21st,…
During the insurrection of the Northerners against Légitime, the vanguard of the army of the South came to take up position at Carrefour on 20 August 1889. On the 21st,…
On 16 July 1889, the Northerners spread over the plain of the Cul de Sac attacked Pétion-Ville, but they were repulsed, abandoning their dead, baggage and wounded. The Minister of…
On 23 August 1889, after the departure of President Légitime, which took place the day before, the army of the North and of the South, which was besieging Port-au-Prince, made…
Grande-Saline (la). Commune of the 5th class of the arrondissement of Dessalines, of which it is the only seaport. It was detached from the arrondissement of Saint-Marc by decree of…
LIMBE [ le ]. Military arrondissement of the 4th class of the Department of the North. Chief town: Limbé. The poste militaire of Camp-le-Coq, located in the rural section of…
Erected as a commune of the 5th class by the decree of the provisional government dated at Saint Marc, 3 August 1889. The 1st election took place on 10 September…
Grand-Bassin (le). Quartier in the rural section of the same name, arrondissement of the Trou, created by the decree of the provisional government of 28 September 1889. Rouzier tells this…
Camp de Louise (le). The village of Camp de Louise was erected into a poste militaire by the decree of the provisional government of 3 October 1889, by reason of…
The village of Grand-Boucan was erected into a military post by the decree of the provisional government of 3 October 1889, by reason of the growth of its population and…
The town of the Gonaïves was the seat of the Constituent Assembly of 1889, which elected General Hippolyte president of Haiti on 9 October. Rouzier tells this under the entry…
PREVAL. Habitation situated on the bank of the river Artibonite, right bank, commune of St.-Marc. Some forty years ago, following a strong flood of the river, the dike anciently established…
1890-Oct-07: Bénito Sylvain published "La Lanterne et le vaudoux," arguing that what foreign detractors called superstition was no more prevalent in Haiti than in Europe. He sought to defend the…
1890-February-25: Hannibal Price, the Haitian Minister to the United States, wrote to Foreign Minister Firmin regarding the growing rumors of American designs on Haitian territory. Price expressed a cautious hope…
1890-March-26: Frederick Douglass wrote a concerned dispatch to Secretary Blaine, reporting that the Haitian government was increasingly fearful of rumored American intentions against their national integrity. Blaine's response was curt,…
1890-January-22: Admiral Bancroft Gherardi submitted a significant report to the Navy Department assessing the strategic competition between France and the United States for dominance in Haiti. Gherardi argued that the…
1890-December-12: E. C. Reed, an agent for American businessman William P. Clyde, informed the Navy Department that Anténor Firmin, whom U.S. officials considered the "power behind the throne", had hinted at…
1890: Following the rise of General Hyppolite, the Haitian government dispatched Nemours Auguste on a diplomatic mission to the United States. Auguste sought to stabilize relations and gauge American intentions;…
1890s–1944: (Ici la Renaissance: From Rouzier's Dismissal to DeWitt Peters's Discovery, and the Peasant Artists Who Painted to Please Their Lwa): In the 1890s, Sémextant Rouzier, Haiti's geographer-historian, disposed of…
1890s–1971: (The Macoutes Go to Ground and Cambronne's Empire: The Léopards Created, the New York Times Reports the TTMs Disbanded, Cambronne Exports Cadavers and Plasma, the Railroad Sold for Scrap,…
1890s: (Buganda as Sub-Imperial Agency: The IBEAC Allying with the Protestant Elite, Lugard's Partnership, the Ganda Assisting in the Subjugation of Bunyoro, Toro, and Ankole, Mwanga and Kabarega Exiled…
1890–1920s: (Rhodes's Rhodesia, the Chimurenga of 1896 to 1897, the BSAC in Malawi and Zambia, Portuguese Inter-African Wars in Mozambique, the Herero Revolt of 1904, and Prolonged Resistance Among the Somalis,…
1890s–1920s: (Cash Crops and Private Companies: The Congo Free State's Rubber Terror, Leopold Compelled to Hand Over to Belgium in 1908, and the Broader Pattern of Production Left to…
1890s–1920s: (The Cash-Crop Success Stories: Senegalese Groundnuts Expanding from 50,000 to 240,000 Tons Between 1897 and 1913, Gold Coast Cocoa from 13 Tons in 1892 to 40,000 by 1914…
1890s–1920s: (Demographic Catastrophe and Partial Recovery: Population Decline Across Sub-Saharan Africa from the 1890s to the 1920s, the Belgian Congo Losing 30 to 50 Percent of Its Population Through…
1890s–1920s: (Informal Protest and the Intelligence of the Oppressed: Workers Developing Complex Intelligence Networks to Understand and Subvert the Colonial Economic System, Forging Passes, Sabotaging Machinery, Slowing Work Rates,…
Gonaïves (les). Commune of the 2nd class (law of 25 September 1890), chief town of the arrondissement of the same name and of the department of the Artibonite, and of…
Even if the old foundations were not found, the work of reconstruction would only be longer and the precautions greater, because of the shifting ground that forms the bed of…
Even if the old foundations were not found, the work of reconstruction would only be longer and the precautions greater, because of the shifting ground that forms the bed of…
On 9 November 1874 the Republic of Haïti, having General Michel Domingue as its president, and the Dominican Republic, having General Ignacio Gonzalès as its president, concluded for 25 years…
On 3 February 1890 the president of Haiti, General Hippolyte, and the president of the Dominican Republic, Ulysses Heureaux, met at Thomazeau, where they had arranged to meet in order…
On 17 May 1890, fire in 12 houses, begun at the home of the widow Thimoléon Julien. Loss $ 40,000. Rouzier tells this under the entry PESTEL.
At its session of 2 June 1890, the Chamber of Communes read a petition from the inhabitants of Saint Marc and of the poste militaire of Mont Rouis for the…
In the session of the Chamber of Deputies of 16 June 1890, a petition was read from the inhabitants of the Cahouane asking for the elevation of their quartier (poste…
LABORIEUX. Poste militaire of the arrondissement and commune of Aquin on the seashore. Rural school and chapel. Cotton, logwood, coffee, guaiacum. In the session of the Chamber of 18 June…
In the session of 25 June 1890 of the Chamber of Communes, Deputy Elie Benjamin presented a bill to erect the Laville camp, located in this rural section, into a…
RAVINE BAPTISTE. A canton located in the rural section of Trou Gens de Mantes, commune of Ouanaminthe. A strategic point. In the session of the chamber of 7 July 1890,…
TROU GENS DE NANTES (le). Sixth rural section of the commune of Ouanaminthe, arrondissement of Fort-Liberté. Rural school. It is a subdivision of the rural section of la Savane Longue,…
In 1890, the deputy of the Côtes-de-Fer proposed to the Chamber to assign this rural section to his commune, as being nearer to it. The deputy of Aquin opposed this…
This boundary is shared on the south with the arrondissement of the Gonaives. In the sitting of the Chamber of 28 July 1890 the deputy of le Borgne proposed to…
Lively market on Friday and Saturday, much frequented by the inhabitants of the Arcahaie. On 4 September 1890, the Market square was measured by the engineer G. Tippenhauer. The E.…
Population of the commune: 5,000 souls. The garrison is composed of a company of gendarmerie created by the law of 10 September 1890, a company of artillery, a [word missing]…
Caracol. Former poste militaire of the arrondissement of the Trou, situated in the preceding rural section. These are two small bourgades called the Grand and the Petit Caracol. It was…
Its only rural section is: Carice, detached from the commune of Vallière. The garrison of the commune consists of a company of gendarmerie created by the law of 10 September…
Population: 6,000 souls. Rural school. The garrison of the commune is made up of a company of gendarmerie created by the law of 10 September 1890, one of administrative police,…
In 1793, the work gangs of Pilate, misled by the royalist colonists, took up arms at the proclamation of the general freedom of the enslaved of the North. They assailed…
PLAISANCE. Arrondissement of the 4th class of the department of the North; chief town: Plaisance. Principal town: Pilate. 37th line infantry regiment created by the law of 10 September 1890.…
SALTROU GRAND GOSIER. Military line assimilated to an arrondissement of the 4th class because of its importance on the frontier. 38th regiment of infantry of the line, created by the…
VALLIÈRE. Arrondissement of the 4th class of the department of the North: chief town Vallière. Principal towns: Carice and Cerca-la-Source. 35th infantry regiment of the line, created by the law…
Converted Debt and Consolidated Debt (Law of 26 September 1890). A law dated 26 September 1890, published in the Moniteur of 8 October 1890, No. 41 bis, authorized, until 30…
In December 1890 the government sent a commission to lay out a town at La Gonâve. This commission, composed of Messrs. L. G. Tippenhauer, J. C. Wainright and V. Jeannot,…
PETITE ANSE [Gonave]. A Report of the Commission charged with studying the layout of a town on the Gonave, the Cayes, Haiti, Bonnefil Press, dated 5 December 1890 and published…
1891-Jan-29: Frederick Douglass communicated with James Blaine regarding the potential lease of Môle St Nicolas to the United States. His correspondence documented the complex negotiations between the US and the…
1891-May-07: Frederick Douglass continued his diplomatic dispatches to the State Department concerning American strategic interests in Haiti. He provided updates on the local political resistance to any cession of national…
1891-January-28: In a high-stakes meeting between Admiral Gherardi and Anténor Firmin, the American admiral formally pressed for the lease of Môle Saint-Nicolas. Firmin countered by noting that the Haitian constitution…
1891-January-31: Gherardi reported to Secretary Blaine that the main obstacle to his mission was the Haitian belief that the United States "would never take the offensive to further its ends…
1891-February-02: Admiral Gherardi delivered a formal note to Firmin intended to overcome Haitian constitutional objections. He emphasized that a lease did not "strike a blow at Haitian autonomy or independence"…
1891-February-05: Admiral Gherardi continued his aggressive negotiations with Anténor Firmin, presenting the lease of Môle Saint-Nicolas as a way for the Hyppolite government to prevent future insurgents from using the…
1891-April-18: The diplomatic situation reached a boiling point when the United States performed a massive "display of force" in Port-au-Prince harbor. Under Gherardi's command, a fleet including the Philadelphia, San…
1891-April-21: American businessman William P. Clyde, who had deep commercial interests in Haiti, wrote a scathing letter to Secretary of the Navy Tracy, blaming the stalling of negotiations on Minister…
1891-April-22: Admiral Gherardi echoed Clyde’s frustrations in his despatches to the Navy Department, suggesting that the "Negroes in the United States" were being used as a shield by the Haitian…
1891-April-29: Rear Admiral Walker, supporting Gherardi's stance, reported that the situation in Haiti was "ripening for a revolution" or a sudden change in administration. He suggested that the continued presence…
1891-April-25: Following the failure to secure the lease for Môle Saint-Nicolas, American businessman William P. Clyde wrote to Secretary of the Navy Tracy, emphasizing that he had "half a million…
1891-April-30: In response to the diplomatic impasse and reports of the Haitian refusal in the New York Herald, William P. Clyde traveled to Washington to meet personally with Secretary of…
1891-May-03: The internal political situation in Haiti shifted dramatically with the resignation of Anténor Firmin as Minister of Foreign Relations. Clyde viewed this as a potential "beginning of an important…
1891-Late: Logan concludes his primary narrative by noting that despite the intense naval pressure and the "display of force" by the North Atlantic Squadron, Haiti successfully "thwarted" the United States'…
1891-End of Volume: The final pages of this work contain an extensive bibliography of primary and secondary sources used by Logan, including the Documents diplomatiques regarding the Maunder affair (Paris,…
1891-End of Study: In his closing bibliographic survey, Logan cites H. P. Davis's Black Democracy and the works of François Dalencourt as critical for understanding the "internal evolution" of Haiti.…
1891-End of Chronology: Logan’s bibliography lists Daniel Ammen’s The Old Navy and the New and Charles W. Chesnutt’s biography of Frederick Douglass as essential records of this era. These works…
1891-End of Index: The volume concludes with an index entry for "Anglo-American relations," which Logan tracks from 1776 through 1891. He identifies the 1880s and early 1890s as a period…
1891-Conclusion: Logan summarizes the century-long policy of the United States as one of persistent "non-recognition" followed by strategic "recognition" only when it served American naval or commercial ends. From the…
1891-Conclusion: Logan ends his study by emphasizing the "Tripartite Mediation" and the "right of asylum" as enduring points of friction. He concludes that for over a century, the United States'…
1891, January–April 22: (Ti Malis Saves the Môle: Firmin, Douglass, and the Defeat of Gherardi's Squadron): A recurring gambit in Haitian diplomacy had been to dangle naval-base rights at the…
1891, May 28 – 1896, March 24: (Panama m Tonbe: The Hyppolite Boom, Reconstruction, and the Death on Horseback): On Fête-Dieu, May 28, 1891, some seventy rebels stormed down Morne…
1891–1929: (France, the Church, and the Occupation: The Breton Friars, the Service Technique Collision, and Minister Wiett's Anti-Occupation Speeches): In 1891, French Minister Flesch had told the Quai d'Orsay that…
Leonie Coicou was born at Petion-Ville on 10 April 1891, daughter of Lisebonne Joseph and the poet Massillon Coicou. Her father was arrested in the night and shot within hours…
The United States flagship Philadelphia anchored at Port-au-Prince on 26 January 1891, after a six-day passage from New York. Aboard were Rear Admiral Bancroft Gherardi and Frederick Douglass, returning to…
Built on alluvial soil where stone is lacking, the town ought to be provided with gutters, which are indispensable to its sanitation. A fountain is a matter of absolute necessity.…
On 28 May 1891, General Sully Guerrier took up arms at Port-au-Prince; Alix, Rossignol and E. Rigaud were assassinated during Corpus Christi. Rouzier tells this under the entry PORT-AU PRINCE…
BUTEAU, or MALFINI. Habitation in the commune of the Cayes. Two carreaux of land reported as vacant by Chérisier Gauthier by a notice of 30 May 1891, published in the…
A superb bridge, called the Pont de pierres (Stone Bridge) because it was built of cut stone, was laid across the larger of these rivers around 1785. Unfortunately, since this…
On 24 August 1891 the deputy Murat Louis read to the Chamber a bill to erect this place into a poste militaire. Rouzier tells this under the entry Borucu (el).
In 1810, at the evacuation of the Môle, the garrison followed the coast as far as the Plate Forme, where it broke up: some officers surrendered to Christophe, others fell…
ANSE-A-GAVOT [l']. Port placed on the coast of the main road from Jacmel to Bainet, dependent on the rural section of la Brésilienne, commune of Bainet, from which it is…
FOSSÉ JONCA. Ravine situated at the northern extremity of Port Margot, a few hundred paces from the Grande Rivière. At the slightest rain, the Grande Rivière pours its waters into…
In its sitting of 22 September 1891, the Chamber voted in the public works budget 14,000 gourdes for the repair of the breach made, during the events of 1889, in…
PUBLIC SQUARES. The town offers several public squares: the most important are those of Pétion, of the Intendance where the new Cathedral has been raised, of the Church, of Elie…
1892-Apr: B. Sylvain published an article in La Fraternité addressing the partition of Africa by European powers. He expressed a nuanced view of colonial expansion while cautioning against its strategic…
1892-Apr-02: The Société de Législation was formally founded to reform the country’s legal codes to better align with local customs. Its members believed that the mechanical imitation of French laws…
1892: The Ecole Libre Professionnelle was founded in Port-au-Prince to provide practical technical education to young Haitians. The school's mission was to combat "idleness" and train the poor in useful…
1892: Frederick Douglass published the revised edition of his autobiography, Life and Times of Frederick Douglass. This work provides his personal reflections on the internal and external pressures he faced…
Philome Obin was born at Limbe on 20 July 1892. He made his first painting in 1908, at sixteen, and painted for seventy-five years. The Centre d'Art showed his work…
On 4 November 1892 the women soldiers of Dahomey fought the French army at the gates of Cana. It was their last battle. The kingdom fell, and the French abolished…
On 23 March 1892 the government signed a fourth contract, this time with Dr. Dantès Destouches, for the establishment of a railway from Port-au-Prince to the Etang. By dint of…
DESGLAIREAUX. Habitation in the commune of Quartier-Morin. There is a bridge on the main road. It belongs to the Bottex family. On 22 May 1892 General Narcéus Bottex, one of…
The drawing of 1 June 1892 having been carried out, the External Debt amounts to Fr. 23,847,000 Rouzier tells this under the entry HAÏTI: Postal Union.
BUTEAU, or MALFINI. Habitation in the commune of the Cayes. Two carreaux of land reported as vacant by Chérisier Gauthier by a notice of 30 May 1891, published in the…
PELERIN. Habitation located in the commune of Pétion-ville. The head of the water is found there. In the session of the Senate of 23 July 1892, a petition of Mme.…
POSTE MAILLOT. Position situated in the 6th rural section of the Savane Carrée, commune of Gros-Morne, from which it is 5 lieues distant. It is 7 lieues from Port-de-Paix. The…
The revolution of 10 August 1888, which overthrew Salomon from power, caused this project in part to fail. On 21 September 1892 a mausoleum was inaugurated which President Hippolyte had…
CARREFOUR des PERES. In the session of the Senate of 23 September 1892 the Committee on the Interior proposed to refer to the Executive Power a petition of the inhabitants…
(1) On 28 November 1892 the minister of finance sent to the Société de Crédit Industriel et Commercial, in Paris, the sum of 620,000 francs for the payment of coupon…
(1) The Moniteur of 3 December announces that on that date there remained due, on the loan of 6 March 1890, $ 29,676 56, and on the loan of 22…
1893-Jan-18: The journal Le Travail published a critique of the prevailing political and social conditions in the republic. The publication sought to encourage reforms during a time of increasing internal…
1893-January-02: Following his controversial tenure as Minister to Haiti, Frederick Douglass delivered his "Lecture on Haiti" in Chicago. This address served as a public defense of his refusal to use…
On 30 July 1893 Monsignor Morice received episcopal ordination as the first bishop of Les Cayes. The diocese was young; the Concordat of 1860 had put the Haitian church under…
ECCLESIASTICAL AFFAIRS. The archdiocese of Port-au-Prince extends its jurisdiction over the parishes or communes, quartiers, postes militaires, rural sections of the arrondissements of Port-au-Prince, of Léogâne, of Jacmel, of Mirebalais…
By order of the president of Haiti, dated 9 February 1893, the Reverend Father Morice, Jean Marie Alexandre, administrator of the dioceses of Gonaives and the Cayes and of the…
By a letter addressed from Port-au-Prince on 22 February 1893 to the Secretary of State for the Interior by Monsieur A. Strauss, the latter accepted the cancellation of the contract…
A superb bridge, called the Pont de pierres (Stone Bridge) because it was built of cut stone, was laid across the larger of these rivers around 1785. Unfortunately, since this…
On 5 March 1893 the telegraph station with Port-au-Prince was inaugurated by the President of Haiti, Hippolyte. The telegraph wire had been adapted to a telephone apparatus. The president conversed…
BONNEAU. Habitation situated in the commune of l'Anse à Foleur, between that village and St.Louis du Nord. It lies at the foot of a morne and offers an admirable site…
On 23 April 1893 a new Masonic lodge was installed, called la Renaissance, No 58. Rouzier tells this under the entry ANSE-A-VEAU [l'].
JEAN-RABEL. The river is a perpetual danger to the population. At each rise of the waters it causes considerable losses by carrying off houses, animals and men. It is to…
ANSE-DU-CLERC [l']. In the session of the Chamber of 6 September 1893 the deputy Ed. C. Lafond proposed to enter in the budget a sum sufficient for the functioning of…
The Anse-à-Veau was placed in telegraphic communication with Port-au-Prince on Wednesday, 15 November 1893. Rouzier tells this under the entry ANSE-A-VEAU [l'].
Hector Hyppolite was born at Saint-Marc on 16 September 1894. His father and grandfather were oungan before him, and so was he. He made shoes and painted houses for a…
Victoire Jean-Baptiste came from the Campeche holding at Milot and could not read. In October 1889, after beating Legitime, Florvil Hyppolite filled his household with people from his own region…
The mail leaves the Cap-Haitien on Mondays for Jacquezy, the Trou and Fort-Liberté, and returns on Wednesday. Jacquezy was assigned by the law of 19 September 1894 to the commune…
1895: Mary Abigail Dodge (writing under the pseudonym Gail Hamilton) published the Biography of James G. Blaine. This biography serves as a key resource for understanding Blaine’s "Pan-American" vision and…
1895: Frederick May Holland published a revised edition of Frederick Douglass, the Colored Orator. This biography, cited by Logan, contextualizes Douglass's diplomatic appointment within the broader history of African American…
1896: Démosthènes Pétrus Calixte was born to black parents in the northern town of Fort Liberté. He would eventually become the first Haitian commandant of the Garde d'Haïti and a…
1896-Sept-10: L'Impartial published "Le diabolisme et le vaudoux," linking traditional African practices with the forces of evil. This publication was part of an intensified campaign to delegitimize popular religion in…
1896–1902: German commercial and political involvement in Haitian internal affairs reaches new heights during the presidency of Simon Sam. Foreign powers used debt and trade pressures to exert influence over…
1896–1902: President Tirésias Simon Sam is denounced by critics for his alleged prejudice against the mulatto population of the country. These charges highlighted the persistent racial tensions that continued to…
1896–1902: (Drift and Humiliation: Tirésias Simon Sam, the Lüders Affair, and the Consolidations Scandal): General Tirésias Augustin Simon Sam, another noir of the North, Salomon's nephew by marriage and…
1896–1926: (Famine as Colonial Production: The Great Famine in Kikuyu Country 1898 to 1900, Transvaal Food Shortages 1896, the Western Savannah Crisis of 1913 to 1914, and Persistent Famine in French Equatorial…
1896-03-24: (Hyppolite Dies in Office, Succeeded by Tirésias Simon Sam, the Pattern of Presidential Death or Overthrow Continuing Unbroken Since Independence): On March 24, 1896, Florvil Hyppolite died suddenly in…
Louis Déjoie was born on 23 February 1896. An agronomist and industrialist from the wealthy mulatto elite of the South, he built sugar and essential-oil businesses and sat in the…
His doctors told him not to go. Florvil Hyppolite insisted on putting himself at the head of his troops to put down a revolt in the South. He fell at…
On 18 May 1896 the United States Supreme Court decided Plessy against Ferguson and made segregation lawful for the next fifty eight years. The case had been organised by the…
BEOTE. Habitation of one hundred carreaux of land situated in the commune of Ouanaminthe and sold for 4,000 gourdes on 25 August 1896 by the State to the citizen V.…
1897-Feb.: Bishop Kersuzan of Cap Haïtien issued strict instructions to his clergy to impose severe penances on those practicing Vodou. This move was part of an intensified campaign by the…
1897-00-00: (Steam-Powered Tram Service Unveiled in Port-au-Prince, a Marker of Urban Modernization in a Capital City That Remained the Administrative and Economic Heart of a Largely Rural Nation): In 1897,…
JICHEREAU. Habitation in the commune of Trou. On 25 October 1897 the Cacos made their appearance there. General Ulysse Obas went to attack them. Rouzier tells this under the entry…
1898: The United States secures control over Puerto Rico and Cuba following the conclusion of the Spanish-American War. This expansion of American influence in the Caribbean signaled a new era…
1898-00-00: (Le Nouvelliste Newspaper Established, Haiti's Most Enduring Daily Newspaper, a Publication That Would Survive Occupations, Dictatorships, and Earthquakes to Remain in Continuous Print for Over a Century): In 1898,…
Suzanne Comhaire-Sylvain was born in Port-au-Prince on 6 November 1898, daughter of Georges Sylvain, a leader of the resistance to the American occupation. Her doctoral work argued for the African…
1899–1905: (Guillaume Sam's Gamy Record: The Rose Bonds, the Conviction, and the Pardon): Guillaume Sam, as history knows him, had one of the gamiest records among the Consolidards. As Minister…
Georges Liautaud was born at Croix-des-Bouquets on this day, son of Omera Liautaud and Elvira Cantave. He was a blacksmith. He made iron crosses for the town cemetery, and in…
Commissioners were chosen on both sides and opened their work on 1 February 1899 at the bourg of Anses à Pitres, designated by common agreement of the two governments as…
The Moniteur of 2 March 1918 published an Order revoking the authorization given to the Company for the Exploitation of the island of the Tortue and declaring forfeit the contracts…
1900: Dumarsais Estimé was born at Verrettes in the Artibonite Valley as the son of Florencia Massillon and Alcine Estimé. He spent his early career as a school teacher before…
1900-Jul.: The first Pan-African Congress was held in London with the participation of prominent Haitian delegate Bénito Sylvain. The congress warned the world that the primary problem of the twentieth…
Mid-1900s: Hurbon and Bébel-Gisler compared the role of Vodou in Haiti to that of Islamic customs in colonial Algeria. They viewed religion as a form of silent resistance by the…
Mid-1900s: Leslie Manigat developed a monograph on President Salomon that portrayed the National Party as the cultivator of a black civilization in the Caribbean. This legendary interpretation suggested that Salomon…
Mid-1900s: Max A. Antoine idolized Salomon as a martyr who was sacrificed in the defense of his class. This writing was characteristic of the "black legend" that sought to provide…
1900–1995: (Documenting Modern Conflict and Dictatorship): The photographic record of the 20th century highlights the violence and political shifts inherent in the Haitian experience. The collection includes somber imagery such…
1900, April 21 – 1946: (The Education of Dumarsais Estimé: Verrettes, the Christian Brothers, Borno's Bow, and the Self-Made Noir Intellectual): Dumarsais Estimé was an ulcer-afflicted Artibonite noir from Verrettes,…
1900s–1930s: (Politicized Peasant Consciousness in Uganda: Cotton Production Spreading Through the South, Tenant Farmers Resenting Absentee Chiefly Landlords, the 1928 Rent Ceiling, Cotton Producers Aggrieved at Indian Merchant Marketing…
1900s–1930s: (Other Voices: African Arts as Resilience and Resistance, Newspapers as Forums for Anti-Colonial Opinion, the New Educated Elite Increasingly Aware of Injustice but Seeking Reform Before the 1940s, and…
1900–1960s: (The Institutional Segregation of African History: Scholars Who Paid Attention to Early African History and Its Global Connections Before the 1960s Being Almost Exclusively Faculty at Historically Black…
Joseph Nemours Pierre-Louis was born at Cap-Haïtien on 24 October 1900. A lawyer, he was Secretary of State for Justice and Cults from 1937 to 1938 and president of the…
1902: Carl Brouard was born into an elite family as the son of a successful mulatto businessman and a German mother. He became a gifted poet who famously embraced Vodou…
1902: Pierre Frédérique maintains that the colour question formed the dominant spirit of the government of Nord Alexis. This contemporary observation underscored the belief that racial identity remained a primary…
1902-Apr-01: Sténio Vincent published "Un bilan" in L'Effort, reviewing the nation's political and economic failures. His analysis called for a renewal of the spirit of national progress.
1902-Nov-15: Le Phare quoted a popular Kreyòl chant reflecting the vibrant oral tradition of the majority. This record illustrated the intersection of popular culture and political sentiment during the…
1902-Dec.-21: Nord Alexis is elected president of Haiti at the age of eighty after a fierce and protracted struggle for power. As the son of a high dignitary from Christophe’s…
1902–1908: The administration of President Nord Alexis is frequently denounced by critics who allege it is under the secret control of mulatto politicians. Despite his black nationalist credentials, his governing…
1902, May–September 6: (The Firminist Civil War and the Death of Admiral Killick): Boisrond-Canal assumed his accustomed role as midwife of regimes for the last time. Firmin, the very…
1902, October – 1904: (Tonton Nord, the Last Leaf: Nord Alexis and the Centenary of Independence): Firmin's cause went to the bottom with La Crête-à-Pierrot, and on October 17 he…
1902-12-17: (Pierre Nord Alexis Proclaims Himself President With U.S. Naval Support, the Great-Grandson of Henry Christophe Continuing the Dynasty of Black Aristocratic Military Strongmen): On December 17, 1902, Pierre Nord…
Hammerton Killick died on 6 September 1902; he was born 18 April 1856. He was an admiral of the Haitian navy and Firmin's man in the civil war of that…
Two days after he blew up La Crête-à-Pierrot, the mutilated and burned body of Admiral Killick was found, on 8 September 1902. He was given a great funeral. The parish…
PETIT-GOAVE. Was taken by General Justin Carrié from Chicoye, the chief of the Firministe, on 8 August 1902. The town is burned. At the fall of Davilmar, the Government troops…
On 8 August 1902 Justin Carrié took Petit-Goâve from Chicoye, chief of the Firministes and administrator of finances, who fell back into the woods. Rouzier tells this under the entry…
After having taken Limbé, which the Firministes occupied, on 8 August 1902, the troops of General Nord Alexis seized Port-Margot, which was the seaport of the rebels of the Gonaives.…
SAINT MICHEL DE L'ATALAYE. From Monday 11 to Thursday 14 August 1902, the troops of General Azénoff Jean Gilles fought those of Jean Jumeau, chief of the Firminists, and seized…
PLAISANCE. Was taken by the troops of General Nord Alexis, minister of war of the provisional government, on 14 August 1902, from the Firminists of the Gonaives. Firmin embarked that…
On 26 August 1902 there was a terrible battle between the troops of the insurgents Jean Jumeau and Firmin and those of the provisional government. On the 30th the latter…
On 26 August 1902 there was a terrible battle between the troops of the insurgents Jean Jumeau and Firmin and those of the provisional government. On the 30th the latter…
This bulwark of the Firminist fell definitively into the power of the troops of General Nord Alexis on 8 September 1902. Rouzier tells this under the entry LIMBE.
This post was occupied by the Firministes of Saint Marc; on Saturday 11 September 1902, General Horelle Momplaisir, commanding the troops of the provisional government at Williamson, was repulsed from…
BOUTE NÈGRE. Position situated in the commune of la Chapelle. In September 1902 General Antoine Malvoisin, chief of the Firministe forces of the Artibonite, made it his headquarters. On 11…
This post was occupied by the Firministes of Saint Marc; on Saturday 11 September 1902, General Horelle Momplaisir, commanding the troops of the provisional government at Williamson, was repulsed from…
1903: The United States acquires Guantánamo Bay in Cuba to serve as a strategic naval base for its growing Caribbean fleet. Military officers later expressed discontent with the site, maintaining…
1903: J.N. Léger published "The Truth about Hayti" in the North American Review to counter foreign prejudice. He insisted that the Sensationalist stories of cannibalism and Vodou were entirely fabricated…
1903: The Syndicat des Cordonniers Haïtiens was formed as one of the first organized labor groups in the country. This early union preceded the formal establishment of a national labor…
1903-00-00: (The Haitian National Anthem Written, the Republic Now Nearly a Century Old and Still Defining the Symbols of a National Identity Forged in Revolution and Tested by Violence and Civil…
The bridge of the Bac was built by the engineer Doret. On Sunday, 11 August 1903, it was inaugurated. Rouzier tells this under the entry JÉRÉMIE.
1904: President Theodore Roosevelt declared that the United States had a divinely ordained duty of protection and regulation over the small states of the Caribbean. This policy reflected a paternalistic…
1904: (The Roosevelt Corollary and Haiti's Warning Unheeded): The outcome of the Spanish-American War, coupled with the U.S. takeover of the Puerto Plata customs house in July 1904 and an…
1904, January 1 – 1907: (Great Misery Prevails: Nord Alexis's Terror, the Banque Friponne, and the Surveillance State): Marcelin had advised Nord Alexis to mark the Centenaire by pardoning every…
1904-01-01: (Haiti Celebrates Its Centennial, One Hundred Years of Independence Marred by Violence, Civil Strife, and the Unveiling of the Roosevelt Corollary, Which Made the United States the Self-Appointed Policeman…
Philippe Thoby-Marcelin was born in Port-au-Prince on 11 December 1904, into a diplomat's family. He added Thoby, his mother's family name, in tribute to his uncle Perceval Thoby. In 1927…
1905: The victory of Japan over Russia provided a powerful psychological boost to non-European peoples resisting Western colonial pretensions. This event contributed to a global rise in black awareness and…
1905: United States minister W. F. Powell first proposed the idea of establishing an American-controlled bank in Haiti. This suggestion laid the groundwork for the New York City Bank to…
1905-Jul: A. Poujol published an analysis of the "Syrian question" in Haiti in a French international law review. He documented the legal and social pressures directed against Syrian merchants by…
1905-Sept-20: Oswald Durand published "Tournée Littéraire" in Haïti Littéraire et Sociale, celebrating the country's poetic heritage. His work sought to build national pride through the celebration of local literature.
1905–1907: (The Maji Maji Revolt Concluded: Magical Water Sprinkled for Immunity Against German Bullets, Initial Rapid Gains Before Colonial Military Superiority Prevailed, 26,000 Dead and 50,000 More Perishing in…
1905–1941: (Sylvain-Bouchereau's Littéralement Transformée: Madeleine Sylvain-Bouchereau Born July 5 1905 into a Distinguished Family in the Famous Black Republic, Ten Years Old When the US Military Arrived, Her Parents…
Pierre Theoma Boisrond-Canal died in Port-au-Prince, aged seventy-two. Born at Leogane on 12 June 1832, he held the presidency three times and never completed a term: 19 July 1876 to…
A request for a young woman's hand, written in the second rural section of Dame Marie on 5 December 1905, survives in full. It is addressed to Dormeus Beralus and…
PEDERNALES. In the south of the island, our material occupation comprises a portion of territory situated on the left bank of the Pedernales river and separated from the territory of…
The law of 17 August 1905 opened this port to foreign commerce from 1 October 1905, in view of the cutting of the Isthmus of Panama. Rouzier tells this under…
LARIVOIR. Habitation in the commune of Milot, attributed to that of the Plaine du Nord. By the law of 14 September 1905 it was restored to the commune of Milot,…
PORCHERELLE. River at Mirebalais. In its session of 19 September 1905, the Senate voted a sum of 4000 gourdes to build a bridge over this river. Rouzier tells this under…
Le Moniteur of 24 October 1905 publishes a contract for the concession to M. Louis Bazelais of the copper mines of the Plaisance range. Rouzier tells this under the entry…
1906: Bénito Sylvain founded L'OŒuvre du Relèvement Social des Noirs under the joint protection of the leaders of Haiti and Ethiopia. The organization sought to combat color prejudice and foster…
1906: Antoine Innocent published the introduction to his novel Mimola, which suggested a more sympathetic approach to Vodou spirits. This marked the beginning of a shift in how some intellectuals…
1906-Jan: L'Etoile Africaine published articles on the burgeoning Pan-African movement. The publication served as a link between Haitian intellectuals and the broader struggle for black global dignity.
1906: Antoine Innocent published his novel Mimola, which incorporated ethnographic details of Haitian peasant life. The book provided a sympathetic portrayal of local spiritual traditions that challenged the prejudices of
1906-Oct-20: J.B. Dorsainvil published a tribute to Jean-Jacques Dessalines in Haïti Littéraire et Sociale. He emphasized the importance of honoring the founder of independence to inspire contemporary patriotism.
Petion Savain was born in Port-au-Prince on this day. He trained in agronomy and law before he made his name with a brush. In 1939 he published La Case de…
Oswald Durand died in Port-au-Prince on 22 April 1906, aged sixty-five. He had been a teacher, a journalist, a politician and above all a poet, and he wrote in Kreyòl…
LAMIELLE. Center located in the commune of Carice, arrondissement of Vallière, erected into a poste militaire by the law of 1 August 1906 (Moniteur of 11 August). Rouzier tells this…
The law of 1 August 1906 created the poste militaire of Lamielle in the commune of Carice. (Moniteur of 11 August 1906). Rouzier tells this under the entry VALLIÈRE.
LAS MATAS. On 6 August 1906, two American customs officers, Messrs. Milbourn and Thurstan, were assassinated at Las Matas. Two Dominican citizens, pointed out by the police of their own…
The arrondissement of the Marmelade, which formed part of the department of the North administratively and financially and came under the administration of the Cap-Haitien, was, by virtue of the…
SAILLANT. Habitation in the commune of Fort Liberté between that town and Acul du Nord, erected into a poste militaire by the law of 16 September 1906 [Moniteur of 8…
1907: Jacques Roumain was born in Port-au-Prince to a prosperous family and was educated in Switzerland, France, Germany, and Spain. He returned to Haiti in 1927 determined to join the…
1907: Louis Diaquoi was born at Gonaïves and became a radical journalist who served as the primary driving force behind the early Griots group. He dedicated his short life to…
1907-Jan-05: Louis Joseph Janvier published "Notre République" in Haïti Littéraire et Sociale. He argued that the nation's ancestors had hoped to build a state modeled after the civilizations of Europe.
1907-Apr.: François Duvalier was born in Port-au-Prince and was raised by his father, Duval Duvalier, a teacher and justice of the peace. He attended the Lycée Pétion and later qualified…
1907-May-05: Duraciné Vaval published "L'aristocratie intellectuelle," calling for a leadership class defined by knowledge. He maintained that a successful democracy required a governing class guided by intellectual and moral
1907-Jun-04: Le Matin published an article contrasting the "Latin conception of work" with alternative models. This debate reflected the oligarchs' concern with industrial progress and social
1907-Jun-05: Le Matin published a follow-up article discussing the "Anglo-Saxon conception of work." Many intellectuals argued that the adoption of more pragmatic foreign methods was necessary for national development.
1907-Jul-01: Le Matin published "Race et éducation," exploring the relationship between racial identity and pedagogical methods. This discussion was part of a broader effort to define a national education system.
1907-Jul-27: Le Matin provided a list of recommended reading for those interested in international labor movements. The journal sought to inform the burgeoning urban working class about global social trends.
1907-Oct-17: Le Nouvelliste published a study on the psychology of the Haitian people. The piece argued that an objective understanding of national character was essential for effective government.
1907-Dec-07: J.C. Dorsainvil began his series on "Education within the race" in the pages of Le Matin. He called for an educational method that was more in harmony with the…
1907–1908: (Furniss's Prescient Summary and the American Shadow Over Haiti): After traveling through more than three-fourths of the country on horseback, American Minister Furniss, the first American Black to…
1907, April 14: (The Soft-Spoken Noir Who Attained the Palace: François Duvalier's Origins, the Tin-Roofed Lycée Pétion, and Je Suis le Drapeau Haïtien): The soft-spoken, slight (five feet six,…
1907–1957: (The Man Behind the Black Suit: Duvalier's Education, the Failed Michigan Studies, the Maquis Years, Machiavelli in His Pocket, and the Cerements of Bawon Samdi): Dumarsais Estimé had taught…
1907–1971: (The Heinl Epitaph: Profoundly Haitian in the Mold of Toussaint and Dessalines, the Symphonist of Human Weakness, the Mighty Ozymandias Whose Monument Was Misery, and the Betrayal of People,…
1907-06-04: (Jacques Roumain Born in Port-au-Prince, the Marxist Writer Whose Novel Masters of the Dew Would Become the Most Celebrated Work of Haitian Literature, Translated Into English by Langston Hughes):…
Paul Eugene Magloire was born at Quartier-Morin, in the commune of Cap-Haitien, on 19 July 1907, son of General Eugene Francois Magloire and Marie-Philomene Mathieu. He joined the army on…
Yvonne Sylvain was born in Port-au-Prince on 28 June 1907, a daughter of the writer Georges Sylvain. She trained first as a teacher at the Ecole Normale. At twenty-eight she…
Justin Lhérisson died on 15 November 1907, aged thirty-four. Born in Port-au-Prince on 10 February 1873, he was a lawyer, a journalist and a teacher, and he wrote the words…
On 9 February 1907 the government granted to Mr. Nicolas Geffrard the copper ore deposit of this arrondissement. The contract was registered on 12 February 1907. (Moniteur of 30 March…
On 18 March 1907 the worksites of the Pétion-Ville railway were opened in the presence of Messrs. G. Tippenhaurer, Stéphen Archer, General J. Carrié and J. Nicolas, concessionaire. The works…
Mr. Etzer Vilaire gave a talk on 5 April 1907 at the Lycée Nord Alexis on the occasion of the 2nd anniversary of its inauguration, on Old Jérémie (Haiti Littéraire…
By contract of 20 April 1907 the government granted to Mr François Jn Charles the copper mines of this habitation [Moniteur of 25 May 1907], previously granted to Héliodore Dieudonné.…
(Jeanne Desvignes) Place Vallière of 12 June 1857 [Myrtil Bruno], of 28 February 1865 (Théâtre), of 7 May 1865, of 19 March 1866 [J. B. Hepburn) of the rue Pavé…
1908: Sténio Vincent laments the fact that a vast portion of Haiti’s cultural and economic life has fallen under the control of foreign powers. His observation targeted the significant commercial…
1908-Jan-08: J.C. Dorsainvil published "Des idées collectives," analyzing the sociological forces that shaped Haitian society. He argued that the nation was held back by a lack of social solidarity among…
1908-Mar-04: Le Matin published commentary on the deteriorating political situation under the presidency of Nord Alexis. The journal warned that internal divisions were once again threatening the republic's stability.
1908-Mar-21: A proclamation in Le Trait d'Union asserted that President Nord Alexis was the true guardian of the country's future. The message sought to bolster support for the administration during…
1908-Apr-28: Le Matin published "Evolution et mentalité," which argued for a more scientific approach to social change. The article reflected the growing influence of positivist ideas among the young intelligentsia.
1908-May-04: Sténio Vincent published an article in Le Matin taking a firm stand against revolutionary movements. He advocated for stability and order as the only path toward national recovery.
1908-Jun-02: Le Matin published a series on "Social Evolution," discussing the need for structural reforms in the republic. The publication highlighted the gap between the urban classes and the rural…
1908-Dec-23: Hannibal Price published "Medite cives" in L'Action, calling for a reflection on the nation's political choices. He urged citizens to learn from the failures of past administrations to avoid…
1908, January–March 16: (Stormy 1908: The Fake Earthquake, the Firminist Debacle, and the Massacre of the Coicous): January 1908 dawned stormy as deputies were to be chosen who would confer…
1908, July – December 2: (The Fall of Nord Alexis: Fire, Revolt, and the Last Departure): After the ides of March 1908, the way led downhill for Nord Alexis. On…
1908, December – 1911: (Délégué Simon: The Peasant President, the Vodou Goat, and the Den of Thieves): On December 5, blinking at his own success, Antoine Simon entered Port-au-Prince and…
1908–1911: (A Public Nuisance: The American Mediterranean and Haiti's Vulnerability): Haiti had changed hardly at all, but the world around her was changing a great deal. The Spanish-American War had…
1908-12-02: (Alexis Overthrown by François Antoine-Simon, the Twentieth President Removed by Force Since Independence, the Republic Now So Accustomed to Military Coups That They Had Become the Only Recognized Method…
(Jeanne Desvignes) Place Vallière of 12 June 1857 [Myrtil Bruno], of 28 February 1865 (Théâtre), of 7 May 1865, of 19 March 1866 [J. B. Hepburn) of the rue Pavé…
Since so many fires, some owners have had their buildings rebuilt in masonry; these constructions are very fine. The arsenal blew up 3 times: on 2 February 1827, on 12…
(Jeanne Desvignes) Place Vallière of 12 June 1857 [Myrtil Bruno], of 28 February 1865 (Théâtre), of 7 May 1865, of 19 March 1866 [J. B. Hepburn) of the rue Pavé…
The military post of Camp-le-Coq lies in the rural section of the same name. There is also the quartier of the Bas de Limbé, located in the first rural section…
On 22 September 1908 Jérémie answered the insurrectionary movement of the Cayes against President Nord Alexis. The Croyant, a government warship, had landed its arms and run aground. The Minister…
On 22 September 1908 Jérémie answered the insurrectionary movement of the Cayes against President Nord Alexis. The Croyant, a government warship, had landed its arms and run aground. The Minister…
The gold and stone mines conceded to Hector Jn-Joseph and Léon Séjourné [Moniteur of 18 October 1908.] Rouzier tells this under the entry JACMEL.
The government dispatch vessel the Vertière bombarded Port-à-Piment on 26 November 1908, at the time of the uprising of the Cayes against President Nord Alexis. Two houses were set on…
Port-au-Prince: On 2 December 1908, after the embarkation of General Nord Alexis, President of the Republic, some commercial houses were pillaged during the night by the sovereign people. The sovereign…
1909-Mar-04: J.B. Dorsainvil published in Le Nouvelliste on the ongoing economic and social crises. He criticized the oligarchs for their lack of initiative and their excessive dependence on the
1909-Mar-09: Edmond Héraux wrote to P. Carteron regarding the transition from French to American influence in Haiti. This correspondence documented the critical moment when the republic began to fall under…
1909-May-15: An article in L'Artibonite criticized the legacy of President Pétion, calling his leadership weak and incapable. The piece contrasted him unfavorably with his rival, Henry Christophe, who was praised…
1909–1911: (Banks and Railroads: The Franco-German Consortium, the National City Bank, and the Battle for Haiti's Finances): Through commercial and financial interests, Germany and France enjoyed greater influence in Haiti…
Antonio Thrasybule Kébreau was born on 11 November 1909, the same day of the year as Daniel Fignolé, the man he would help depose. He chaired the Military Council and…
On the afternoon of 12 November 1909 a hurricane came ashore in northern Haiti, in the Nord-Ouest, with winds near 85 mph. More than twenty-four inches of rain brought catastrophic…
Jean-Fernand Brierre was born at Jérémie in September 1909. Poet, playwright and diplomat, he wrote "Black Soul" and the poem addressed to Jacques Roumain after his death. He served as…
In 1872 General Brice had set up sugar mills there. On 4 July 1909, a Sunday, President Antoine Simon nearly became the victim of an accident on the P. C.…
LABRANDE. Fifth section rurale of the commune of the Gonaives. Rural school. Erected into a poste militaire on 6 August 1909. Rouzier tells this under the entry LABRANDE.
SAINT JEAN DU SUD. New name given to the former quartier of l'Etronc de Porc on 6 August 1909, on the proposal of Senator Vaudray Hilaire, as amended by the…
Monsignor Le Ruzic, bishop of the Cayes, published on the occasion of the blessing of the Church of Aquin a booklet that contains both the history and the description of…
The great river of Léogane, or Momance, comes from the same water table, from the same common network, as the Gosseline, the river of Jacmel; it takes its source in…
In 1869 President Salnave took from the inhabitants of the Roseaux 200 sacks of coffee to pay the costs of the war against the Cacos. Brice went to attack him…
1910: A major concession is granted to James P. McDonald to build a national railway and develop land along the tracks. British observers noted that this contract was forced upon…
1910-Feb-03: J.B. Dorsainvil published an article in L'Impartial discussing the development of the Haitian constitution. He argued that the frequent changes in national laws reflected a deeper failure to build…
1910-Feb-10: Antoine Michel published a study in L'Impartial commenting on the history of the republic by Auguste Magloire. He sought to correct the historical record and emphasize the role of…
1910-Feb-28: J. Duclervil published "Le préjugé de couleur et nos partis politiques" in L'Impartial. He maintained that color divisions were the primary factor determining political allegiance in Haiti.
1910-Mar-15: L'Impartial reprinted a series of "Ideas and Opinions" addressing the ongoing agricultural and financial crisis. The articles called for a return to the land as the only means of…
1910–1911: (McDonald's Railroad and the Five-Dollar Pearls: American Capital Arrives in Haiti): Entwined with the affairs of the BNRH was the Chemin de Fer National, a dormant venture revived in…
1910, August 7: (Firmin's Last Sight of Haiti and the Death of a Dreamer): There was a momentary flicker of Firminism. On August 7, 1910, for the last time, Anténor…
1910, August 7–14: (Leconte Takes Power: The Great-Grandson of Dessalines Enters the Cathedral): At virtually the hour that Firmin was vainly striving to regain his native soil, Cincinnatus Leconte entered…
1910–1911: (Made in Germany: Leconte's German Connections and the Merchants' Gamble): Other than the brand of Consolidard, the most noticeable label borne by Leconte seemed to be "Made in Germany."…
1910–1912: (A New Man Had Emerged: Leconte's Astonishing Reforms): Save perhaps Soulouque, no president of Haiti ever confounded more predictions than Cincinnatus Leconte. It was as if, marveled Dantès…
1910–1912: (Leconte Confronts Vodou and Crumbling Infrastructure): Not content with administrative reform, Leconte also cracked down on Vodou, denouncing it as a culte grossier, a gesture that prompted British…
1910–1913: (Johnston's Verdict on Elite Education and the Perversely Useless Curriculum): Sir Harry Johnston's critique extended beyond the phantom rural schools to the fine education of the oligarchs…
1910–1911: (The German Asylum Machine and the Vodou-Baptized Yacht): Germany pursued a liberal policy of asylum in her legation and consulates as another means of extending influence in Haitian political…
1910–1950s: (South Africa and the Architecture of Apartheid: The Union Created in 1910 as a Compromise Between British and Boer, Segregation Embraced by All White Parties Including Anglican Missionaries,…
1910s-1940s: (Adelsia's Marriage and Women's Financial Agency. Comhaire-Sylvain Recounting That Adelsia Who Married Her Plasaj Husband as His Second Wife During World War I Kept Any Money She Earned…
By Order of President Antoine Simon of 12 July 1910 (Moniteur of Wednesday 13 and Saturday 16 July 1910) the extent of the commune of Saint Jean du Sud has…
In July 1910, the Dominican government, following the plan of President Gomez, decided to open a military road 6 feet wide, of easy access for the traffic of the frontier…
The chief of Grand-Gosier confirmed his communication to the engineer, and on the 18th an interview took place between his secretary and the chief of the frontier guard, in the…
1911: Former President Légitime addressed the Universal Congress of Races in London, admitting the presence of "African fanaticism" in Haiti. He described these traits as lingering relics that a people…
1911: German troops are landed in the capital of Port-au-Prince to protect the property and interests of their nationals during a local revolution. Foreign diplomats informed the American State Department…
1911-Apr-30: British records from Murray to Grey discussed the Monroe Doctrine and its implications for Haitian sovereignty. These reports noted the increasing frequency of American intervention in the region's affairs.
1911-Aug.: The fall of President Antoine Simon initiates a four-year period in which six different heads of state followed one another. This was driven by deep divisions among the oligarchs and…
1911-Nov-30: Murray reported to Grey on what he called the extreme political instability that followed the fall of President Antoine Simon. This period was marked by rapid transitions of…
1911–1915: (The Perception of Haiti as a Public Nuisance): This brief but volatile four-year period is characterized by the authors as a time when Haiti was viewed internationally as "A…
1911–1915: (The Transition from Internal Conflict to International Scrutiny): During this brief and tumultuous four-year window, the Haitian state was perceived by external observers as "A Public Nuisance". This specific…
1911, February: (The Nocturnal Executions and the Cry for Foreign Intervention): Antoine Simon's regime, already corroded by corruption and concession-mongering, descended into open brutality in February 1911. The prisons of…
1911, February 2–7: (Leconte's Banner at Ouanaminthe: The Caco Revolution Begins): While Simon's regime terrorized Port-au-Prince, Cincinnatus Leconte, returned from exile and watching events from the Cap, judged…
1911, February 7–March: (Simon's Northern Campaign: Pillage, Restraint, and the Rise of Charlemagne Péralte): When Antoine Simon learned the truth, he crammed a German merchantman and the warship Nord Alexis…
1911, May 8: (The Caco Resurgence and the Burning of Villages): Antoine Simon had only scotched the rebellion. As soon as the invading government army withdrew from the North, the…
1911, March–July: (Leconte and Desiderio Arias: The Dominican Connection and Simon's Collapse): Leconte had bribed his way out of the German consulate in March and was now allied with General…
1911, July 24 – August 3: (The Fall of Antoine Simon: From Les Cayes to Kingston Under Foreign Guns): On July 24, Leconte entered his native Cap to be proclaimed…
1911–1912: (Leconte's Suspicious Death: The Severed Limbs and the Anniversary of Firmin's Expulsion): While deterioration of the Antoine Simon's powder presents a more than plausible explanation for the palace explosion…
Early 19th Century–1911: (Tripoli, the Sanusiyya, and the Trans-Saharan Slave Trade: Yusuf Karamanli's Network Reaching Bornu and Sokoto, the Sanusiyya Establishing Stability Across the Fezzan and Central Sahara After…
1911-08-00: (Cincinnatus Leconte Becomes President, the Great-Grandson of Dessalines Attempting Bureaucratic Reform Before Dying in an Explosion That Destroyed the National Palace Along With Three Hundred Soldiers): In August 1911,…
Louis-Joseph Janvier died on 24 March 1911. He was born in Port-au-Prince on 7 May 1855, trained as a physician in Paris, and spent his life answering with a pen.…
Francois C. Antoine Simon lost the presidency on 2 August 1911, brought down by insurgents coming out of the North. He had held power since December 1908. Two days later…
Anténor Firmin died on 19 September 1911, in exile on St. Thomas. He was born 18 October 1850. A barrister, a philosopher and an anthropologist, he answered Gobineau's Essay on…
On 14 January 1911 at 9 o'clock in the morning there met Messrs. Edmond Héraux and Justin Bouzon, commissioners of the Republic of Haiti, and Gerardo Jansen and Francisco J.…
By Order of the President of Haiti of 26 January 1911 (Moniteur of 28 January 1911), the bourg of Saut d'eau has as its area that indicated by the stone…
At the time of the armed uprising that first broke out at Ouanaminthe on 2 February 1911 in favor of Cincinnatus Leconte, Trou declared itself in favor of the rebellion.…
While General Anselme Prophète, minister of war of President Légitime, was advancing into the heart of the North and driving the Northerners back toward the Cap, the head of the…
While General Anselme Prophète, minister of war of President Légitime, was advancing into the heart of the North and driving the Northerners back toward the Cap, the head of the…
OUANAMINTHE. Here is what the proclamation of President Ant. Simon of 13 February 1911, dated from Ouanaminthe, says: “I had wished to enter Ouanaminthe as a peacemaker rather than as…
On 7 May 1911, the rebels of 2 February from Ouanaminthe, who had been driven out of that town, reappeared at Maribaroux, Ferrier, Capotille and Grand-Bassin. President Antoine Simon went…
PORTE CANAL. Position situated in the commune of Ouananimthe, where the taking up of arms of Ferrier-Capsotille of 7 May 1911 against President Antoine Simon began. Rouzier tells this under…
RAVINE BAPTISTE. Position situated in the commune of Ouanaminthe, where the uprising of Ferrier began. Capotille of 7 May 1911 against President Antoine Simon. Rouzier tells this under the entry…
On 7 May 1911, the rebels of 2 February from Ouanaminthe, who had been driven out of that town, reappeared at Maribaroux, Ferrier, Capotille and Grand-Bassin. President Antoine Simon went…
Jérémie took up arms against Antoine Simon on 23 July 1911. Rouzier tells this under the entry JÉRÉMIE.
On 7 May 1911, the rebels of 2 February from Ouanaminthe, who had been driven out of that town, reappeared at Maribaroux, Ferrier, Capotille and Grand-Bassin. President Antoine Simon went…
Even before his election to the presidency, General Cincinatus Leconte, Chief of the Executive Power, by his decree of 10 August 1911, allotted a sum of 500,000 gourdes to the…
"12 August 1911. From 5 o'clock to 9 o'clock in the morning, under a very clear sky, the gouffre is heard, resembling successive salvos. All the detonations came from the…
1912: A German school is opened in Port-au-Prince with the specific goal of "Germanizing" the descendants of German families established in Haiti. This institution was part of a broader effort…
1912: The British diplomat Joseph Pyke reports that every steamer arriving in the country brings foreign experts intent on "spying out the land" for commercial exploitation. This influx documented the…
1912-Apr-30: J. Pyke wrote to the British foreign office reporting on the influx of foreign experts exploring Haiti for commercial gain. He noted that every steamer brought specialists intent on…
1912-Jul: Jean Price Mars published an article calling for the reform of primary education in Haïti Littéraire et Scientifique. He argued that a modernized school system was the only way…
1912-Aug-20: An article in L'Essor discussed the political career and influence of Sténio Vincent. His early nationalist stance made him a hero to the young intellectuals who opposed foreign dominance.
1912-Oct: Price Mars published a study on the importance of technical education in Haïti Littéraire et Scientifique. He believed that vocational training would provide the backbone for a stable middle…
1912, April 3: (Knox's Visit and the Shadow of the Panama Canal): On April 3, 1912, U.S.S. Washington, a new armored cruiser, brought an important visitor to Port-au-Prince: Philander C.…
1912, April–July: (The Darkening Horizon: Paulin's Revolt, German Treachery, and the Cacos Stir): Yet as always the horizon slowly darkened. Jérémie and Jacmel were uneasy. In Les Cayes during April…
1912, August 7: (The Explosion at the National Palace: The Death of Leconte and the End of Hope): How and whether Leconte would have coped with the Cacos will never…
1912, August: (Tancrède Auguste: The Sugar Grower of Châteaublond): Before the palace rubble cooled, the National Assembly voted in a new president. Tancrède Auguste, fifty-six, a Capois mulâtre who farmed…
1912–1913: (Guilbaud's Sisyphean Labor and Sir Harry Johnston's Verdict): Yet for all Guilbaud's efforts and the new president's support, gains were little enough in the towns and nil in the…
1912–1913: (The Banque Tightens the Bowstring: The Convention Budgétaire and the Currency War): Another science Johnston might not have so classified, banking, was now pinching the government hard.…
Early 19th Century–1912: (Morocco: The Only Maghreb State Not Administered by the Ottomans, Stubborn Resistance to European Influence, the 1845 French Incursion Provoked by Moroccan Support for Abd al-Qadir,…
1912–1920s: (Class and Tribe: The South African Native National Congress Founded 1912, Becoming the ANC in 1923, Massive Anti-Pass-Law Demonstrations in 1919, 40,000 Mineworkers Striking in 1920, the Industrial…
1912-04-12: (Joseph Philippe Lemercier Laroche Dies When the RMS Titanic Sinks, the Wealthiest Black Passenger Aboard the Ship, His Story Largely Forgotten by the Titanic Historiography That Preferred to Remember…
1912-08-12: (The Haitian American Sugar Company Established, American Capital Penetrating the Haitian Economy in the Pattern That Would Culminate in Full Military Occupation Three Years Later): On August 12, 1912,…
1912-00-00: (Félix Morisseau-Leroy Born, the First Major Literary Figure to Write Primarily in Kreyòl, Whose Kreyòl Adaptation of Antigone Proved That the Language of the Majority Could Sustain Great Art):…
Jean Fouchard was born in Port-au-Prince on this day. He was a journalist, a diplomat and, above all, the historian who insisted that Haiti was made by the people who…
Roussan Camille was born at Jacmel on 27 August 1912. He wrote under the pen name Nassour El Limac. He became director of Haiti-Journal after Charles Moravia's death in 1938,…
President Cincinnatus Leconte was killed in the early hours of 8 August 1912 when the National Palace exploded. On 11 August his successor and personal friend Tancrède Auguste gave him…
PUBLIC BUILDINGS. The National Palace, built in 1772, was burned on 20 December 1869, at the entry of the Cacos into Port-au-Prince. It was a fine building, placed to the…
1913: J. C. Dorsainvil published his essay Voodoo et névrose, which attempted to explain the phenomenon of spirit possession using psychological theories. He argued that it was impossible to understand…
1913, February–May 3: (Auguste's Last Days: Cacos, Célestina's Vodou, and the Syphilitic President): Besides the bankers, Auguste also had the Cacos to reckon with. His election, a Port-au-Prince inside…
1913, May 4: (The Funeral Firefight: The Cathedral Fusillade and the Time-Honored Preliminaries): Out of practicality in a tropical climate, the dead are buried promptly in Haiti. President Auguste's state…
1913, May 4: (Delly vs. Laroche: The Battle Over Auguste's Corpse and the Election of Oreste): As the coffin was snatched up and hurried across town to the Cimetière Extérieure…
1913, May 12 – December: (Michel Oreste: Haiti's First Civilian President and the Enemies of Reform): Michel Oreste, fifty-four, a griffe and onetime Bazelaisist and Légitimist from Jacmel, was a…
1913, August – 1914, January 1: (The Palace That Oreste Would Never See: The Design Contest and Pyke's Weary Verdict): The palace was an interim structure. Auguste had done…
1913–1915: (Action Is Evidently Necessary: Bryan's Ignorance, Farnham's Whispers, and Wilson's Governessy Attitude): Back in 1913, soon after he became Secretary of State, William Jennings Bryan had asked the Banque's…
Tancrède Auguste died on 2 May 1913, about eight months into his presidency. He was born at Cap-Haïtien on 16 March 1856, made a fortune in land and trade, served…
Martial Lavaud Célestin was born at Ganthier on 4 October 1913. A lawyer and a teacher, he was named prime minister by President Leslie Manigat in February 1988, the first…
Pierre-Eustache Daniel Fignolé was born at Pestel on 11 November 1913. A mathematics teacher, he became one of the most powerful figures of the years before Duvalier, able to put…
On Monday 10 March 1913, at half past 9 in the evening, the first locomotive of the railway from Port-au-Prince to St. Marc entered the capital, having covered the 103…
MAGASIN CARRIES. Habitation of 700 carreaux of land belonging to the heirs of Alexis Carriès, located in the rural section of Mont-Rouis, commune of the Arcahaie, on the road to…
RIVINAC. Habitation in the commune of Saint-Marc, at 69.113 km, or 17.28 lieues, from Port-au-Prince. Optional station of the railway between Port-au-Prince and Saint Marc, inaugurated on 23 July 1913.…
MARE aux ROSEAUX. This rural section of the commune of the Croix des Bouquets was assigned to the commune of Ganthier by Order of the President of Haiti of 22…
1914: The American State Department receives reports that German merchants effectively control about eighty percent of all commerce in Haiti. This overwhelming economic presence was a primary factor that influenced…
1914-Jan-20: Stephen Leech reported that the naval station at Guantanamo was of little service to the United States. His correspondence documented the continuing American interest in acquiring more strategic bases…
1914-Aug-20: Tribonien Saint-Juste wrote to the British government warning about the impending American occupation of Haiti. He pleaded for international support to protect the republic's independence from "Yankee" expansionism.
1914, January 4–27: (The Caco Onslaught: Two Factions, the Loss of the North, and Oreste's Last Dinner): Three days after Thomazeau, the Cacos were heard from. Trou du Nord…
1914, January 27: (Oreste's Departure: The Landau, the Revolver, and the German Warship): Promptly at 2:00 P.M. on January 27, 1914, a gun salute from the palace announced that Oreste…
1914, January 28 – February 8: (The Zamor Betrayal: Théodore Ambushed at Gonaïves and Haiti's First Military Rail Movement): With Michel Oreste out of the way, the Zamors and Davilmar…
1914, February 8: (The Zamor Brothers Take Power: Leech's Portrait and the Education of the Mountains): Within less than twenty-four hours of the Caco army's entry into Port-au-Prince, the National…
1914, February–March: (Penniless from the Start: The Banque's Ultimatum, Unpaid Cacos, and Bryan's Customs Gambit): Any price would have been too much. The new regime, penniless to begin with,…
1914, May–June 25: (The Northern Inferno: Théodore's Dominican Lifeline, Vilbrun Guillaume's Conspiracy, and the Executions at La Fossette): In the North, the fighting dragged on. Money continued to come…
1914, June–August 29: (The Zamors' Last Stand: Delly's Attentat, Simon Sam's Investment, and Théodore Disguised as a Woman): The situation in Port-au-Prince was precarious. American consular officer Ross Hazeltine…
1914, September–October 29: (The Shoestring Frays Through: World War, Coffee Collapse, and the Fall of the Zamors): By ordinary rules, Théodore's rout should have signaled victory for the Zamors, but…
1914, October 29–30: (The Gold in the Dominican Flag: Mme Zamor's Departure and the Pillage of the Palace): Charles Zamor, hoping for a more orderly wind-up of the regime, later…
1914, November 6–10: (Un Maître Étranger? Théodore Arrives by Train and the Spoils Turn to Ashes): As Davilmar Théodore's locomotive chuffed in from St. Marc on the afternoon of November…
1914, November 4–12: (The Wilson Plan and Bryan's Laundry List: Washington's Unrealistic Demands): The question of U.S. recognition and the more pressing one of funds were in fact closely linked.…
1914, November–December: (Bons Da: The Newsprint Currency and the Banque's Double Standard): The extent to which questions of recognition and some special American role in Haiti were complicated by the…
1914, December 23–28: (The Government Strikes Back: Stripping the Banque and the Vault That Held): Angered by the Machias incident and hard-pressed by Banque and commercial refusals of the Bons…
1914–1915: (Farnham the Dangerous Counselor: Wall Street Whispers and the German Pretext): Farnham, in some senses an American Spenser St. John, in his own words afforded Bryan insights…
1914: (Qu'il Nous Faut un Maître Étranger: Joseph Justin's Fatal Words and the Crowd at the Senate): How thin the ice was for any politician contemplating concessions to a…
1914–1918: (Africa in the First World War: German Territories Invaded, Von Lettow-Vorbeck's Remarkable Campaign of Attrition Through East Africa, 750,000 to One Million Africans Forced into Service as Porters…
1914–1919: (Wartime Resistance and Protest Migrations: Young Men Fleeing Across Borders to Avoid Recruitment, Uprisings Against Conscription Crystallizing Deeper Grievances, the Ottoman Empire Entering the War and Envisaging Universal…
1914–1920s: (The War's Aftermath: Colonial Economies Suffering Setback, the First World War Marking the Last High Point of Crude Force, the Experience Politicizing Africans Who Had Witnessed Europeans Killing…
1914-12-17: (U.S. Marines Seize $500,000 in Gold From the National Bank of Haiti and Ship It to New York, an Act of Financial Piracy That Announced American Intentions Seven Months…
MONBIN CROCHU. It was at Monbin Crochu that General Désorme Joazar, of Vallière, took up arms, on 1 January 1914, against President Michel Oreste in favor of General Oreste Zamor.…
On 4 January 1914 Dorcinvil Vincent seized Trou. At the same time General Desormes Joazar delivered Vallière to the insurgents, against President Michel Oreste. Rouzier tells this under the entry…
MONBIN CROCHU. It was at Monbin Crochu that General Désorme Joazar, of Vallière, took up arms, on 1 January 1914, against President Michel Oreste in favor of General Oreste Zamor.…
GONAIVES. In January 1914, General Oreste Zamor was military delegate of the government of Michel Oreste at the Gonaives. Before the fall of Michel Oreste, Zamor was dismissed. Michel Oreste…
The troops of the two parties fought one another in the middle of the town. Those of Davilmar Théodore fled on 2 February 1914. Oreste Zamor remained master of the…
MONBIN CROCHU. It was at Monbin Crochu that General Désorme Joazar, of Vallière, took up arms, on 1 January 1914, against President Michel Oreste in favor of General Oreste Zamor.…
On 14 February 1914, General Désormes Joazar, coming from Port-Margot, besieged Limbé and fought the rebels. General Paul was killed and the Cacos fled. The troops pillaged the town. After…
By Decree of President Davilmar Théodore, of 9 October 1914, the elections of the deputy of the communes of Perches, Ouanaminthe, Vallière, Carice; Cerca la Source, Lassale, Mont Organisé, Terrier…
1915-Jan-30: Le Moniteur published details of a reputed offer related to the American financial control of Haiti. This publication served as a warning to the public about the erosion of…
1915-Jul.-27: President Vilbrun Guillaume Sam orders the execution of 167 political prisoners held in the Port-au-Prince gaol. This act of state violence provoked a massive uprising that resulted in the…
1915-July-28: United States Marines land in Port-au-Prince, beginning a military occupation that would last nineteen years. The intervention was triggered by what Washington called political chaos and by the…
1915-Aug.: Philippe Sudre Dartiguenave is elected president by the Haitian legislature while under the direct protection of the American marines. His administration was selected for its willingness to collaborate fully…
1915-Aug-21: Haiti Intégrale published a series of articles arguing that the recently signed American-Haitian convention was unconstitutional. The journal became a leading voice for the nationalist opposition in the early…
1915-Aug-25: C. Moravia published a fierce critique of the American arrival in the journal La Plume. He described the occupation as the "bankruptcy of a democracy" and called on citizens…
1915: Jacques Nicolas Léger politely refused the presidency of Haiti when approached by the American occupying forces. He stated that he was "for Haiti, not for the United States," realizing…
1915–1934: (The Era of the United States Occupation): This nineteen-year chapter documents the comprehensive takeover of the Haitian state by the United States military. The authors analyze the administrative, cultural,…
1915–1934: (The Impact and Resistance of the U.S. Occupation): For nineteen years, the Republic of Haiti was placed under a formal military "Occupation" by the United States. The text examines…
1915–1957: (The Visual Record of Occupation and Recovery): The era of U.S. intervention is marked by a somber photograph of Charlemagne Péralte's corpse and portraits of Occupation-era officials like Admiral…
1915, July 28 – 1934, August 15: (The Interruption of Sovereignty): The era of United States administrative control began on July 28, 1915, and lasted for nineteen years until the…
1915, January 1–17: (The Stars and Stripes Over the Banque and the Machias Gold Heist): Neither logic nor legality governed the actions of any party. Despite warnings from the United…
1915, January 15–19: (Vilbrun Guillaume's Coup at the Cap: Charlemagne Péralte, Métellus, and the Bloodless Revolution): Beset as he was by troubles at hand, Davilmar Théodore could hardly refuse a…
1915, January 23–27: (Revolution Is Flourishing: Admiral Caperton Arrives and the Bellhop President): Instead of hastening south like Davilmar Théodore, Vilbrun Guillaume, who had begun to style himself Guillaume…
1915, January 25 – February 5: (Campaign Pledges: Caperton Shadows Guillaume's March South): Taking no outward notice of Guillaume's theatrical self-presentation, Admiral Caperton in due course extracted from him a…
1915, February 12–22: (Politicians Queue for American Auspices, and Théodore Departs in a Plug Hat): On February 12, reporting to Washington, Admiral Caperton told of being approached by a succession…
1915, February 25 – March 9: (Guillaume Sam Takes Office: Hilaire, Péralte, and $50,000 in Gold): Three days after Théodore's departure, Guillaume Sam entered the capital. Hilaire and Péralte,…
1915, January 13 – March: (Wilson's Letter, the Fort-Smith Fiasco, and the Fuller Mission): Woodrow Wilson contemplated Théodore with increasing disapproval. On January 13, 1915, he wrote Bryan that the…
1915, June 14 – July 2: (Action Is Evidently Necessary: Fuller's Platt Amendment Recommendation and Wilson's Somber Minute): Nine days after departing Haiti, back in Washington, Fuller told Lansing that…
1915, March–May: (The Worst Savagery: Guillaume Sam's Hostages, Bobo's Revolution, and the Two Hundred Bondsmen): As Guillaume Sam took office, the omens briefly seemed favorable. The main reason was…
1915, May–June: (Bobo's Cacos at the Cap: Beheadings, Angels, and the French Cruiser Descartes): Whatever hope Sam may have had for a respite was now gone. To maintain the…
1915, July 1–26: (One of the Bloodiest Crimes: Caperton Neutralizes the Cap, Beach Meets the Cacos, and the Plot Thickens in Port-au-Prince): When the Washington reached Cap Haïtien on the…
1915, July 27–28: (Polynice's Three Shots and the Dismemberment of Guillaume Sam): The exact number of persons massacred remains in disagreement: Chargé Davis contented himself with nearly two hundred,…
1915, July 28: (Achevez-Moi: The Crowd Storms the French Legation and the Death of Guillaume Sam): While Polynice was disposing of Étienne, the French legation had been surrounded by…
1915, July 28: (The Peasant and the President's Head: Guillaume Sam's Burial and the Legend of the Petit Soldat): That night after the dismemberment, Girard recounted, a peasant brought an…
1915, August 2: (Take the Bull by the Horns: Lansing's Perplexity and Wilson's Three-Point Order): For an event so long considered, intervention in Haiti rather oddly seemed to have taken…
1915, July 29: (No Halfway Measures: France Blesses the Occupation and the Elite Admit Responsibility): On the morning of July 29, soon after van Orden's Marines had eaten their first…
1915, July 29 – August 2: (The United States Prefers Dartiguenave: Caperton vs. the Comité and the 1,500 Bobo Cacos): Haitians and Americans cautiously tested each other. Caperton's 400-man landing…
1915, August 4: (Five Wagon Loads of Weapons: The Disarmament, the Ten-Gourde Notes, and the Red Tape of Soldiering): The éminence grise behind these developments was Captain Beach. While van…
1915, August 4–12: (Dr. Bobo Is Crazy: The Jason Commission, the Archbishop in a Top Hat, and Seventeen Nuns): With the capital stabilized if hardly tranquil, the next step was…
1915, August 6: (The Redheaded Mulatto on the Quarterdeck: Bobo's Arrival, the Painted Suitcases, and Beach's Crushing Reply): Coffey had radioed the admiral to expect a demonstration when Bobo arrived,…
1915, August 6–8: (She Can Never Survive Without Me: Bobo's Dilapidated Carriage, the Search for a Candidate, and the Legation Showdown): Despite his words, when Bobo got ashore he behaved…
1915, August 9–11: (The United States Prefers Dartiguenave: Washington's Telegram, the Comité's Last Card, and the Gospel of the Occupation at the Théâtre Parisiana): Washington next day made its desires…
1915, August 12: (Dartiguenave on the First Ballot: The Armed Assembly, the Freedom to Shoot Themselves, and Bobo's Flight to the British Legation): The final message was indeed perfectly clear:…
1915, August 12–17: (The Only Thing to Do: Dartiguenave's Inauguration Without a Te Deum, Sannon's Outburst, and the Treaty Delivered Without Modification): Under stormy skies Dartiguenave took oath with an…
1915, August 13–24: (The High-Water Mark: The Draft Treaty, Montague's Verdict, and Lansing's Confession): The draft treaty Dartiguenave was expected to swallow represented a high-water mark of its kind among…
1915, August 25–September 3: (Dr. Bobo's Gambit Fails: FDR's Soft Message, the Counter-Proposal, and the Seizure of the Customs Houses): To soften Davis's stern admonition, Lansing, aided by Acting…
1915, September 2–16: (Martial Law, Press Censorship, and the Treaty Signed Under Duress): It was the sudden gust of hostility, directed at the Americans and at Dartiguenave,…
1915, October 3 – November 29: (Not One Cent: The Senate Holdout, Caperton's Ultimatum, and the Modus Vivendi): If Dartiguenave had made truce with necessity, the National Assembly had not…
1915, September–November: (Le Maître Blanc: Girard's Prophecy, the Union Patriotique, and the Irreconcilable Contradiction of Elite Resistance): Watching from the sidelines, French Minister Girard had musingly reported to Paris the…
1915, August–September 26: (They Will Not Disarm: Butler at Gonaïves, Rameau's Surrender, and the Red Scarves of Ogoun at the Haut-du-Cap): Resistance to Dartiguenave did not initially materialize in his…
1915, October 24 – November 17: (A Crumpled-Up Piece of Paper: Butler's Reconnaissance, Fort Capois, and the Assault on Fort Rivière): Waller determined to give the North his personal attention.…
1915, November 17: (The Assault on Fort Rivière: The Bricked-Up Sally Port, General Josephette in His Plug Hat, and the End of the First Caco War): On a whistle signal…
1915–1918: (A Confused State of Affairs: The Gendarmerie, the Treaty Services, and the Marine Who Became Chief of Police): American authority had now been established de jure by treaty and…
1915–1929: (The Service de Santé Publique: Eleven Hospitals, the Hotel Oloffson, and the Rockefeller Medical School): The British minister's rare moment of approbation in May 1929 was reserved for the…
1915–1929: (Quite Unqualified to Colonize: The Turgeau Club, Edwards's Verdict, and the Southerners-to-Handle-Haitians Myth): In social relations with Haiti, the occupation mirrored colonial attitudes of the day: paternal toward…
1915-07-28: (Vilbrun Guillaume Sam Torn Apart by a Crowd After Ordering the Execution of 167 Political Prisoners, the Spectacle Providing the United States the Pretext for a Military Occupation…
1915-08-12: (Philippe Sudré Dartiguenave Selected as President by U.S. Marines Armed With Bayonets in the National Assembly, a Figurehead Installation That Made Haiti a De Facto American Colony): On August…
1915–1946: (The Post-Occupation Political Renaissance: The 1946 Constitutional Assembly Being the Third Assembly Free of Foreign Intervention Since the End of the US Occupation 1915 to 1934 During Which the…
1915–1955: (Book Structure and Chapter 1 Preview: The Book Organized by Moments of Women Recording and Reconciling Their Politics Through Archival and Reflexive Practices, Each Chapter Taking the Women's…
1915: (Rites of Passage: Ghislaine's Boiled Lobsters and the US Invasion of Haiti, an Eight-Year-Old Girl in Jérémie Seeing US Marines Washed Up on the Shores Like Boiled Lobsters…
1915–1918: (The Garoute Family and the Origins of Women's Political Resistance: Ghislaine Born in 1918 the Same Year Wilson Dissolved the Haitian National Assembly Part of the "Occupation Generation"…
1915–1934: (Women's Flesh in the Occupation Archive: Sylvain-Bouchereau's Use of Littéralement Pointing Toward a Totalizing Physiological and Material Shift for Haitian Women in Body in Flesh in Relationship to…
1915-08-26: (The Killing of Ludowick Jeudi, One Month After the Foreign Marines Arrived Caroline Dagille Sent the "Age 17 or 19"-Year-Old Ludowick Jeudi to Run Her Morning Errands Near…
1915–1930: (The Occupation as Geopolitical Event and Aberration in Revolutionary Sovereignty: Dartiguenave Named President After the 1915 Invasion Serving Overseen by the US Military During the Most Violent Years,…
1915–1934: (Women on the Roads: Women Disproportionately Visible on Occupation Roads as Market Vendors Caregivers Landowners Business Proprietors and Domestic Servants, Caco General Theophil Disguised in the Dress of…
1915–1934: (The Logic of "Unavoidable" Death: US Occupiers Turning Haitian Women's Disfigured Flesh into Oddities While Sanctioning the Bodily Injury and Death of Adirenng Estrea and Others, the Way…
1915–1925: (Women's Familiarity and the Porousness of Occupation Authority: Until the Mid-1920s Most Gendarme Units Patrolling Communities in Which They Had Become Familiar, Women's Presence and Routine Visibility on…
1915–1934: (The Threat of Women's "Knowing": Women's Consciousness Performed by Being in Witnessing Supporting and Ignoring Regulations on Public Space Revealing the Fragility of the Militarized Pro- and Anti-Occupation…
1915–1934: (Surveillance Embedded in Infrastructure: Women's Knowledge Being a Threat to the Occupation and the Occupiers Responding with a Culture of Surveillance, Military Reports on Road Construction Showing That…
1915–1934: (The Ubiquity of Surveillance: While Working-Class Peasant and Urban and Rural Poor Women Having Greater Exposure to the Intersecting Dynamics of Infrastructural Change and Bodily Harm Surveillance Was…
1915–1934: (Disposability and the Clandestine Site: Where the Incidents Happened and How They Were Documented Echoing Caribbean Feminist Scholar Donette Francis's Assertion That Postcolonial Caribbean Spaces Can Function as…
1915–1934: (African Americans and Haitian Antioccupation Groups Using Foreign Periodicals to Circumvent Censorship: African Americans Present in Haiti as Clergy and Emigrants Reporting on Occupation Conditions, Haitian Antioccupation Groups…
1915–1934: (Women Navigating on Their Own Terms: The Limited Presence of Women in the Archive Suggesting That Beyond the Protection Cacos UP or Other Movements Presumed They Could Provide,…
1915–1934: (The Occupation Generation: It Being Impossible to Conceive the Complexity of Emotions Women and Families Felt in the Early Days of Military Invasion but Fear Concern Confusion and…
1915–1934: (Women's Ambivalence and Transformation: Like Vieux-Chauvet's Protagonist Claire Who Mentions the Occupation in Passing Alongside the Death of Her Father Romantic Love Interests and the Occasional Heat Wave,…
1915–1934: (Rites of Passage: the Stories of Ghislaine Eleanor Estrea Caroline Adirenng Claire Louise Ismael Marilia Lindor Claircia Delva Claircilia Telisma Marie Louise Vieux-Chauvet and Madeleine Communicating a Literal…
1915–1934: (Early Women's Rights Organizing and the Revolutionary Foremothers: During Two Decades of Establishing Intellectual Communities Through Fundraising and Reading Groups Garoute and Hudicourt Studying the History of Political…
On this day the US Secretary of the Navy, Josephus Daniels, ordered Rear Admiral William B. Caperton to sail for the Antilles and report on Haiti. Haiti had burned through…
Davilmar Théodore's short government had collapsed. His former minister of the interior and police, Dr. Rosalvo Bobo, took command of a caco insurrection in the North and made a loud…
On the night of 26 to 27 July 1915 generals Charles de Delva, Ermane Robin and Edmond Polynice led an assault on the National Palace, during Rosalvo Bobo's revolt against…
The Revolutionary Committee that had governed Port-au-Prince since the death of Vilbrun Guillaume Sam on 28 July gave up power on 11 August 1915. It was led by Charles de…
A lighthouse was built at the Pointe. The inauguration took place on 21 February 1915. Rouzier tells this under the entry JÉRÉMIE.
SAINT LOUIS DU NORD. On 4 July 1915, a fire broke out at Saint Louis du Nord at the home of a merchant by the name of Charles Elysée, the…
SAINT LOUIS DU SUD. This town suffered greatly from the cyclone of 12 August 1915. The deputy Virgile Anglade presented to the Chamber a bill to come to the aid…
SHARET. Habitation in the 9th rural section of the commune of the Cayes, on the road of travellers who, setting out from that town, go to Baradères avoiding Cavaillon. It…
The Moniteur of 2 March 1918 published an Order revoking the authorization given to the Company for the Exploitation of the island of the Tortue and declaring forfeit the contracts…
Done at Port-au-Prince [Haiti] on 16 September, in the year of Our Lord 1915. Robert Beale DAVIS Jr. Chargé d'Affaires of the United States. Louis BORNO Secretary of State for…
Ratified on 17 September 1915, sanctioned on 11 November, exchange of ratifications at Washington on 3 May 1916. Rouzier tells this under the entry Appendix: H.
Given at the National Palace of Port-au-Prince, this 17 September 1915, 112th year of Independence. DARTIGUENAVE. By the President: the Secretary of State for Foreign Relations, Louis BORNO. Rouzier tells…
SAINT LOUIS DU NORD. On 4 July 1915, a fire broke out at Saint Louis du Nord at the home of a merchant by the name of Charles Elysée, the…
PETITE RIVIERE de L'ARTIBONITE. On 26 September 1915 an encounter took place at the Petite Rivière between Cacos and Americans. The Cacos had 60 killed and a great number wounded.…
Having seen the Report dated 29 September 1915 of the Special Commission of the Chamber of Representatives charged with examining the said Convention; Rouzier tells this under the entry Appendix:…
Given at the Chamber of Representatives, at Port-au-Prince, on 6 October 1915, 112th year of Independence. The president of the Chamber, A. ANDRÉ. The Secretaries: J. N. CHÉRON, Lud. LEROY.…
DIPITIÉ. Fort in the commune of Fort-Liberté, captured by the Americans from the Cacos on 24 and 25 October 1915. Rouzier tells this under the entry DIPITIÉ.
Ratified on 17 September 1915, sanctioned on 11 November, exchange of ratifications at Washington on 3 May 1916. Rouzier tells this under the entry Appendix: H.
Given at the National House, at Port-au-Prince, on 11 November 1915, 112th year of Independence. The president, S. ARCHER. The secretaries: VOLEL, Camille LATORTUE. Rouzier tells this under the entry…
1916, January 4–5: (The Pierre-Paul Revolution: Célestina's Fake Pearls, German Money, and Léger's Contempt for the Americans): Although the oligarchs had returned to authority through the installation of one…
1916–1922: (The Promised Loan That Never Came: Debt Consolidation, the Seven-Year Wait, and Millspaugh's Verdict): A disappointing consequence of the haphazard way the United States exercised its responsibilities was the…
1916, February – 1917, June 16: (Dissolution and Dictation: Dartiguenave Dissolves the Senate, the Héraux Constitution, and Sténio Vincent's Counter-Draft): The legislature had become the rallying point for disaffected…
1916, May 10 – 1917, December: (The Occupation Is Not As Popular: Caperton Departs, Waller Commands, and the Tone Changes): The policies pursued by Caperton and Beach, even in the…
1916–1918: (Waller and Butler: The Man of War, the Gendarmerie Commandant, and the Veritable Menace): If Caperton and Beach had been men of address and conciliation, Waller was a man…
1916, July – 1918, January 1: (Corvée and Roads: Butler's Model T, 470 Miles of Highway, and the Peasant's Three Days' Work): Back in 1916, when occupation authorities began to…
1916-00-00: (The United States Creates the Haitian National Guard, Disbanding the Haitian Army That Had Participated in Twenty Uprisings Between 1908 and 1915 and Replacing It With a Force Trained…
Marie Vieux was born in Port-au-Prince on 16 September 1916 and grew up under the American occupation. She started writing at ten. In 1968 Gallimard published Amour, colere et folie,…
5 April 1916 was the constitutional day for the two chambers to open the parliamentary session. Instead an executive decree dissolved the Senate, pushed the convocation of the deputies to…
On 15 March 1916, during the American occupation, about a hundred citizens of Saint Michel armed themselves clandestinely and attacked the Americans of the bourg. The latter fell back on…
Art. D. A Council of State, instituted on the same principles as that of the decree of the 5th of April 1916, composed of twenty-one members distributed among the different…
Ratified on 17 September 1915, sanctioned on 11 November, exchange of ratifications at Washington on 3 May 1916. Rouzier tells this under the entry Appendix: H.
Done at Washington, the third of May, nineteen hundred and sixteen. Solon MÉNOS. Robert LANSING. True copy: The head of the diplomatic service at the Department of Foreign Relations, Edmond…
Done in duplicate original, at Washington, D. C., this 27th of June 1916. Rouzier tells this under the entry Appendix: H: Agreement on the Appointment of the Financial Adviser and…
The President of the Republic orders that the Decree of the Legislative Body sanctioning the Convention of 16 September 1915, made between Haiti and the United States of America, be…
Art. 1. The agreement concluded at Washington on 24 August 1916 between Mr. Solon Ménos, Representative of the Haitian Government, and Mr. Robert Lansing, Representative of the Government of the…
It is further understood that the claims already presented to the Claims Commission appointed by the Decree of 4 November 1916 may not be submitted anew to the New Claims…
1917: The United States purchases the Virgin Islands from Denmark to bolster its strategic control over the approaches to the Panama Canal. This acquisition was part of the same Caribbean…
1917: Charlemagne Péralte is arrested by American authorities for his alleged involvement in an attack on the home of a United States officer. He was sentenced to five years of…
1917-Jun-04: Jean Price Mars published a commentary in L'Essor advocating for the creation of evening schools for the urban poor. He believed that education should be made accessible to all…
1917, June 18–19: (The Dissolution of the National Assembly: Cole's Proclamation, Butler's Errand, and the Signatures One Needed a Magnifying Glass to Read): On June 18, Secretary of the Navy…
1917, June 19: (Vincent Reads the Decree: The Gendarmes Load Rifles, Butler Rings the Dinner Bell, and the Assembly Dies): With the decree in hand, the question became who would…
1917–1940s: (Women and the Archive: Indigénisme and the LFAS as Intellectual Practice, Price-Mars in 1917 Lecturing Elite Women on "Women of Tomorrow" Arguing That Despite Their Differences Poor and…
1917-09-05: (The Maiming of Adirenng Senatus: A Market Woman from Jacmel Carrying a Basket of Fruit and a Package Near the Open Market in Port-au-Prince Stepped from Behind a…
1917–1922: (Haitians Predisposed to Self-Endangerment: US Officials Constructing a Discourse That Haitians Did Not Know How to Move Through Their Own Streets, Several Months After Adirenng's Case Joseph Jean…
1917–1934: (Price-Mars's "Women of Tomorrow" and the LFAS Workshop: Price-Mars Facilitating "Haitian Women in History" at the June 1934 Workshop, His 1917 Lecture to Elite Women Parsing Haitian Women…
Joseph Davilmar Theodore died in Port-au-Prince on this day, aged about 70. Born in Fort-Liberte in 1847, he built his career on the Cacos, the peasant fighters of the North…
Albert Mangones was born in Port-au-Prince on 26 March 1917. He went to Belgium to study agronomy and came out of the Brussels Academy of Fine Arts an architect instead,…
Odette Roy Fombrun was born in Port-au-Prince on 13 June 1917, one of eleven children delivered by the same midwife. She was a writer and an educator, and she spent…
PELICANS (les). Three small islands situated in the bay of Port au Prince. The newspaper Le Nouvelliste of 2 August 1917 announced that they had subsided and had disappeared beneath…
PELICANS (les). Three small islands situated in the bay of Port au Prince. The newspaper Le Nouvelliste of 2 August 1917 announced that they had subsided and had disappeared beneath…
NAVASE ( la ). This island between Haiti and Jamaica is found 600 miles from Colon. A barren and uninhabited rock. The lighthouse service of the United States has built…
THOR. On Sunday, 4 November 1917, the feast of Saint Charles, patron of Carrefour, the railway train leaving Port-au-Prince at 6 o'clock in the morning for Carrefour derailed at 9…
ZEPINY. The Moniteur of Saturday 24 November 1917 publishes an Order of President Dartiguenave revoking the authorization given to the joint-stock company named Société Minière de Zépiny for violation of…
On 7 December 1917 General Butler of the American Occupation left Port-au-Prince by automobile at 5 o'clock in the morning and arrived at Cap-Haitien at half past ten in the…
1918: A new constitution is promulgated that includes a provision permitting foreign ownership of land, reversing a law that had stood since the era of Dessalines. This legal change was…
1918: The Dartiguenave government formally declares war on Germany, allowing for the seizure of local German property and the internment of their nationals. This policy neutralized the influence of American…
1918: A new constitution is promulgated that includes a provision permitting foreign ownership of land, reversing a law that had stood since the era of Dessalines. This legal change was…
1918: The "cacos" rebellion begins in earnest as peasants rise up against the corvée system of forced labor for road construction. Led by Charlemagne Péralte, this movement represented the most…
1918, June 12: (The Plebiscite of 1918: The Constitution Nobody Read and the Voter Who Thought He Was Electing a Pope): Enactment of the American-sponsored Héraux constitution required a year's…
1918, June 24 – 1919: (Dartiguenave Balks: The New Cabinet, Borno the Bulldog, and the Financial Struggle's First Phase): The 1918 constitution, whatever else it did, took Dartiguenave's opponents out…
1918, October 1: (The Corvée Becomes Slavery: The Kokomakak, the Roped Peasants, and the Teledjòl That the Blan Had Come to Restore Slavery): The weak link in the corvée system…
1918, September 3 – November 10: (Charlemagne Péralte Escapes: The Gwo Nèg of Hinche, the Scarlet Badge of Ogoun, and the First Engagement of the Caco Resistance): Charlemagne Masséna Péralte…
1918, November – 1919, September: (The Caco Resistance Escalates: Batraville, Russell's Reinforcements, Haiti's First Airplanes, and 131 Actions): For the next four months the pot boiled higher. More than…
1918-00-00: (Forty Thousand Peasants Launch the Cacos Rebellion Against the American Occupation, the Largest Armed Resistance to Foreign Rule Since the Revolution Itself, Led by Charlemagne Péralte): In 1918, approximately…
1918–1936: (Nursing as Class Bridge and Postoccupation Distinction: Perez Identifying Nursing as a Particular Area of Distinction Between Occupation and Postoccupation Experiences, the Nursing School of Haiti Founded in…
Jean-Leon Destine was born at Saint-Marc on 26 March 1918. In the early 1940s he left for the United States with Lina Mathon-Blanchet's company and stayed, studying at Howard University.…
She was born Marie-Thérèse Colimon in Port-au-Prince on 11 April 1918. She began in the theatre and published five plays between 1949 and 1960. In 1974 came the novel that…
Emerante de Pradines was born on 24 September 1918, daughter of the troubadour Auguste de Pradines. She was a singer, a dancer, a folklorist, a choreographer, a stage actress and…
A Haitian landowner and tax collector named Constant Polynice told the American writer William Seabrook a story about the Haytian American Sugar Company, whose factories, railways and plantations sat on…
Mother Leafy Anderson founded the Eternal Life Spiritual Church in New Orleans in 1918, the first of the Spiritual churches of that city. The form was protective. With Vodou practice…
LAS LOMAS. The copper deposits situated in this rural section of the commune of St Michel de l'Atalaye had been conceded to a private person in 1908. This concession not…
In 1804 the State granted to Mr. Rodolphe Gardère the copper mines of this rural section. This concession, which had not been carried out, was annulled by an Order of…
The coal mines conceded to Rodolphe Gardère not having been worked, the concession was struck with forfeiture. (Moniteur of 13 February 1918) Rouzier tells this under the entry HINCHE.
The deposits of copper ore conceded to J. B. Dartigue and Eugène Magloire not having been worked, the commission was struck with foreclosure. ] Moniteur of 13 February 1918.) Rouzier…
The deposits of iron ore and coal granted to Messrs. Emile Marseille and Dégrammont the younger having not been worked, the concession was declared forfeited. [Moniteur of 13 February 1918.]…
The official inauguration of the great national highway from Port-au-Prince to Mirebalais, restored by the American Occupation, took place on 23 February 1918. President Dartiguenave took part in this journey,…
The Moniteur of 2 March 1918 published an Order revoking the authorization given to the Company for the Exploitation of the island of the Tortue and declaring forfeit the contracts…
The popular Consultation which took place on Wednesday, 12 June instant, on the Draft Constitution, in conformity with the Decree of His Excellency the President of Haiti dated 8 May…
On 12 June 1918, the population voted the constitution by 659 yes and 40 no. Rouzier tells this under the entry LASCAOBAS ou LASCAHOBAS.
On 12 June 1918 the population voted for the plebiscitary Constitution of that year by 471 yes. Rouzier tells this under the entry MARMELADE.
On 12 June 1918 the population voted the constitution by 922 yes votes. Rouzier tells this under the entry MIRAGOANE.
On 12 June 1918, the population voted for the Constitution by 527 oui and 2 non. Rouzier tells this under the entry MIREBALAIS (le).
On 12 June 1918 the population voted for the plebiscitary constitution by 468 yes. Rouzier tells this under the entry MOLE SAINT-NICOLAS.
On 12 June 1918, the population voted for the constitution by 563 yes votes. Rouzier tells this under the entry PETION-VILLE.
On 12 June 1918 the population voted for the Constitution by 810 yes votes. Rouzier tells this under the entry PETITE RIVIERE de NIPPES (la).
PETIT TROU DE NIPPES. Also saw the birth of Normil Dubois, Sénèque Momplaisir Pierre and Pierre Momplaisir Pierre. On 12 June 1918 the population voted the Constitution by 1587 yes…
On 12 June 1918 the population voted for the Dartiguenave constitution by 749 yes votes. Rouzier tells this under the entry PLAISANCE.
PORT AU PRINCE. On 12 June 1918, the population voted the Dartiguenave Constitution by 11,681 yes and 19 no. Rouzier tells this under the entry PORT AU PRINCE.
On 12 June 1918 the population voted for the Dartiguenave constitution by 2,481 oui (yes). Rouzier tells this under the entry PORT-DE-PAIX.
On 12 June 1918, the population voted for the Dartiguenave Constitution by 1380 YES. Rouzier tells this under the entry SAINT LOUIS DU SUD.
On 12 June 1918 the population voted for the Dartiguenave constitution by 1,005 yes, Rouzier tells this under the entry SAINT MARC.
On 12 June 1918, the population voted the Dartiguenave constitution by 2,241 YES votes. Rouzier tells this under the entry SAINT MICHEL DE L'ATALAYE.
On 12 June 1918 the population voted for the Dartiguenave Constitution by 492 YES votes. Rouzier tells this under the entry TERRE NEUVE.
On 12 June 1918 the population voted for the Dartiguenave constitution by 375 yes votes. Rouzier tells this under the entry THOMAZEAU.
On 12 June 1918 the population voted for the Dartiguenave Constitution by 1430 yes. Rouzier tells this under the entry ANSE-A-VEAU [l'].
On 12 June 1918 the population voted for the Dartiguenave constitution by 3.2.9 yes. Rouzier tells this under the entry AQUIN.
On 12 June 1918, the population voted for the Constitution by 1856 YES and 2 NO. Rouzier tells this under the entry BARADERES (les).
On 12 June 1918, the population voted for the Dartiguenave Constitution by 855 yes. Rouzier tells this under the entry BELLADÈRE.
On 12 June 1918 the population voted for the Dartiguenave Constitution by 671 YES and 13 NO. Rouzier tells this under the entry CAP-HAITIEN (le).
On 12 June 1918 the population voted for the Dartiguenave Constitution by 1208 yes. Rouzier tells this under the entry CAVAILLON.
On 12 June 1918 the population voted for the Dartiguenave Constitution by 1551 yes and 18 no. Rouzier tells this under the entry CAYES les.
CROIX-des-BOUQUETS. On 12 June 1918 the population voted the Dartiguenave constitution by 1,396 yes and 1 no. Rouzier tells this under the entry CROIX-des-BOUQUETS.
On 12 June 1918 the population voted the plebiscitary Constitution by 612 yes. Rouzier tells this under the entry DAME MARIE.
On 12 June 1918, the population voted for the Dartiguenave constitution by 1501 yes votes. Rouzier tells this under the entry ENNERY.
GONAIVES. On 12 June 1918 the population voted the Dartiguenave constitution by 2962 yes votes. Rouzier tells this under the entry GONAIVES.
GRANDE SALINE. On 12 June 1918 the population voted the Dartiguenave constitution by 140 yes votes. Rouzier tells this under the entry GRANDE SALINE.
The President of the Republic orders that the above Constitution, submitted to popular vote and ratified on the 12th of June 1918, be furnished with the seal of the Republic,…
On 18 June 1918 the population voted for the Constitution by 1,779 yes votes. Rouzier tells this under the entry PETITE RIVIERE de l'ARTIBONITE (la).
Given at the National Palace, at Port-au-Prince, on the 19th of June 1918, in the 115th year of Independence. Rouzier tells this under the entry Appendix: H: Constitution of the…
On 21 June 1918 the population voted the Dartiguenave constitution by 3,010 yes votes. Rouzier tells this under the entry GROS MORNE.
A detachment of the Guardia National Dominicana, commanded by United States Marines, killed 3 Dominican bandits in a skirmish near Higuey on 9 September 1918. The Guardia suffered no casualty.…
A law of 2 October 1918 of the Council of State fixes at Ouanaminthe the seat of the tribunal of first instance of Fort Liberté. Rouzier tells this under the…
On Monday 14 October 1918 in the evening, bandits attacked this town. In the skirmish, 28 of them were killed, and 3 gendarmes. Order was restored immediately by the Gendarmerie.…
In August 1918 the Haitian sculptor Normil Charles presented to the admiration of the public a plaster statue representing Our Lady of Mercy, measuring 1 meter 50 in height, destined…
1919: Charlemagne Péralte establishes a provisional government in the North and vows to drive the American "Yankee" invaders into the sea. His movement demand the restoration of national institutions and…
1919-Nov.: Charlemagne Péralte is betrayed by a family member and killed during a daring military raid by American forces. His body was tied to a door and publicly displayed in…
1919, March: (McIlhenny Arrives: The Louisiana Politician, the Tabasco Scion, and Roosevelt's Haitian Trading Scheme): Ruan left for Panama in early 1919 and government paychecks again circulated. His successor arrived…
1919–1920: (McIlhenny's Paycheck Embargo: The Foreign-Exchange Battle, Dartiguenave's Backsliding, and the Eleven Laws): No evidence appeared that either Roosevelt or McIlhenny acted or profited improperly from their plantation trading scheme,…
1919, April–October 6: (Charlemagne's Letters: The Gendarmerie of Ex-Convicts, the Wanga of Mme de Thèbes, and the Manifesto to the British Chargé): How high Charlemagne was riding comes through in…
1919, August–October 26: (Get Charlemagne: Hanneken's Plan, Conzé's Deception, and the Red-Ink Wound): Suppression of the Caco Resistance was getting nowhere and promised to continue to do so until Charlemagne…
1919, October 29–31: (The Death of Charlemagne Péralte: Hanneken's Ambush at Masère, the Blue Shirt, and the Two .45 Slugs Through the Heart): The plan for the night of October…
1919, January – 1920, October 12: (Indiscriminate Killings: The Hinche Abuses, Catlin's Investigation, and Barnett's Shock): Remote, forbidding, wild, Hinche lies far from Port-au-Prince: across the Cul-de-Sac, 3,000 feet…
1919: (The Versailles Conference and the Mandate System: Germany's Colonial Territories Parceled Out Among the Victors, Togo and Cameroon Shared Between Britain and France, Tanganyika to Britain, Rwanda and…
1919-11-01: (Charlemagne Péralte Killed by U.S. Marines, His Body Displayed Crucifixion-Style as a Warning, a Spectacle That Recalled Boukman's Head on a Pike and Produced the Same Result: Martyrdom Instead…
1919-09-01: (The Rape of Eleanor Charles: At Dusk Eleanor Charles and Her Mother Elizabeth Saint-Bernard Walking Home from the Gonaïves Marché Along the Six-Mile Stretch of Road to Petite…
1919-07-15: (Marie Louise's Letter to Charlemagne Péralte: Enthusiastically Reporting That His Tactics Were Weakening American Morale and His Popularity Growing, Concluding with a Warning That the Occupation Had Built…
1919-04-12: (The Four Market Women of Petit Goâve: Louise Ismael Marilia Lindor Claircia Delva and Claircilia Telisma Arrested for Obstructing Traffic and Peddling Without a License, Released Without Paying…
1919-04-12: (Bernadel's Restraint and Women's Refusal to Be Transformed: The Women's Return to the Street and Bernadel's Restraint Suggesting That When Possible Women Refused to Be Transformed by the…
1919–1921: (Women as Intelligence Assets for Both Sides: Cacos Chastising and Recruiting Gendarmes While the US Military Sought to Control Them but Their Most Frequent Interlocutors Being Women on…
1919–1934: (Women Mocking the Militarized State: Women's Return to the Street Also Mocking the Militarization of the State That Presumed Control Over Their Labor Movement and Decision Making, These…
Martha Jean-Claude was born in Port-au-Prince on this day. She began singing in the late 1930s and built her repertoire out of Haitian folklore and Vodou lyric, in Creole, at…
Alix Pasquet was born on 14 November 1919. He was one of only five Haitians to become Tuskegee Airmen, selected in 1942 under Élie Lescot's aviation programme and graduating in…
On 21 March 1919 the bourg was attacked by bandits, who were repulsed. Rouzier tells this under the entry RANQUITE.
PORT-DE-PAIX. In the night of 3 to 4 April 1919 a vast fire broke out at Port-de-Paix at 3 o'clock. Rouzier tells this under the entry PORT-DE-PAIX.
2nd. That owed to the National Bank of the Republic of Haiti as of 31 December 1916, as it was recognized by the Haitian government on 12 April 1919; Rouzier…
MARMELADE. This town was attacked on 15 April, 8 May and 26 May 1919 by bandits, who were successfully repulsed. Corporal Joseph Gilbert distinguished himself on these 3 occasions and…
MARMELADE. This town was attacked on 15 April, 8 May and 26 May 1919 by bandits, who were successfully repulsed. Corporal Joseph Gilbert distinguished himself on these 3 occasions and…
HERMITE (l'). Section of the commune of St.-Michel de l'Atalaye. On 15 May 1919 the detachment of the Gendarmerie of Haiti to which Gendarme Sergeant Elie Cantave belonged was attacked…
MARMELADE. This town was attacked on 15 April, 8 May and 26 May 1919 by bandits, who were successfully repulsed. Corporal Joseph Gilbert distinguished himself on these 3 occasions and…
On 2 June 1919, the Council of State passed a law attaching the quartier of Thomonde to the commune of Hinche. Rouzier tells this under the entry HINCHE.
HERMITE (l'). Section of the commune of St.-Michel de l'Atalaye. On 15 May 1919 the detachment of the Gendarmerie of Haiti to which Gendarme Sergeant Elie Cantave belonged was attacked…
MARMELADE. This town was attacked on 15 April, 8 May and 26 May 1919 by bandits, who were successfully repulsed. Corporal Joseph Gilbert distinguished himself on these 3 occasions and…
CONEGUT. Habitation in the commune of Limonade, arrondissement of the Cap-Haitien, with an area of 236 carreaux of land purchased from the heirs of Jean Louis Pierrot, of which about…
Done in duplicate in French and in English, at Port-au-Prince, on the third of October, nineteen hundred and nineteen. Signed: C. BENOIT. True copy: The Head of Division at the…
PONT BEUDET. In the night of Wednesday 8 October 1919, the Cacos entered Pont Beudet and killed Louis Laforestrie, Thomas Price junior and Luc Pauyo. Two days before, they had…
PONT BEUDET. In the night of Wednesday 8 October 1919, the Cacos entered Pont Beudet and killed Louis Laforestrie, Thomas Price junior and Luc Pauyo. Two days before, they had…
This village rests on hills dotted with woods and meadows where horses and oxen graze and where the mockingbird is heard from the depths of the groves; it is situated…
1920-May: Benoît Batraville is killed in combat, ending the primary phase of armed guerrilla resistance against the United States marines. His personal notes revealed that he viewed the peasant struggle…
1920, January 15: (La Débâcle: Batraville's Raid on Port-au-Prince and the Surrendering Chiefs): Charlemagne's assassination brought peace to the North, but the Center was far from quiet. Benoît Batraville,…
1920, April 4: (The Death of Lieutenant Muth: Batraville's Ambush at Morne Bourougue and the Boko's Machete): At daybreak on April 4, 1920, Batraville scored his last victory. A small…
1920, May 19: (The Death of Batraville: Morne Ti Bois Pin, Muth's Binoculars, and the End of Armed Caco Resistance): Only forty-five days remained to Batraville. At daybreak on May…
1920, October 14 – 1921: (The Indiscriminate Killings Scandal: The New York Times Leak, Harding's Christmas Tree, and the Investigations That Changed Nothing): Two days after the Lejeune-Butler report was…
1920–1921: (Cacos de la Plume: The Union Patriotique, Seligman's Exposé, and the Pen as Weapon): A central paradox of the occupation was that the specter of the maître blanc frightened…
1920–1922: (The Stream of Invective: Vincent's Statistical Whoppers, Bellegarde's Crucifixion Charge, and the War Dogs from the Philippines): If The Nation and other foreign critics of the occupation stooped to…
1920–1929: (The Garde d'Haïti: The Olympic Rifle Team, the École Militaire, and the Draining of Private Arsenals): None of the occupation's achievements could have been accomplished without the public order…
1920s–1930s: (Part IV, Colonialisms: The Core Objectives of Taxation and Labor, the Transport Revolution as the Most Transformative Colonial Legacy, the Ambiguity of a System That Brought Both Dislocation…
1920s–1930s: (Social Change and Emergent Crisis: The 1920s as a Period of Relative Prosperity with Road Networks and Motor Transport Penetrating Deeper into Rural Areas, Pioneer Farmers Pushing Commercial…
Mid-19th Century–1920s: (Environment and Medicine: The Sleeping Sickness Epidemic Killing Up to 200,000 Around Lake Victoria and Up to 90 Percent of the Population in Equatorial Africa, Rinderpest Arriving…
1920s–1930s: (The Ambiguous Legacy of Colonial Environmental and Medical Intervention: Sleeping Sickness Evacuations Creating the Game Parks of the Modern Tourist Industry, Commercial Agriculture Reclaiming Bush, Transport Networks Theoretically…
1920s–1930s: (The Independent Church Movement and the Depression: Zionist Churches in South Africa Integrating Indigenous Faith into Christianity, Mission Schools No Longer Providing Answers During Economic Hardship, the Image…
1920s–1930s: (Urban Tribalism and the Birth of African Cities: Migrant Workers as Urban Tribesmen, Johannesburg Built on Gold, Lagos, Leopoldville, Nairobi, and Salisbury Growing Steadily, Rural-Urban Migration as Perhaps…
1920s–1930s: (Cash Crops, Rural Crises, and Peasant Protest: The Fundamentally Unfair International Economic System Giving Rise to Political Consciousness, the United Africa Company Dominating West African Trade, Igbo Women…
1920s–1930s: (Pan-Africanism, Garveyism, and Négritude: Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association Preaching Africa for the Africans, the Profound Appeal to Young Nationalists in the 1940s and 1950s, Leopold Senghor…
1920s–1930s: (Educated Agitators in French and Lusophone Africa: Tiemoko Garan Kouyate as Political Activist and Communist, George Padmore Heading the African Section of the Comintern in 1927, Blaise Diagne…
1920s–1930s: (The National Congress of British West Africa and the Expansion of Political Vision: A Commercial and Professional Elite Securing Elected Representatives in Territorial Legislatures, the West African Students'…
1920s–1950s: (Sub-Saharan Nationalism: The ANC as the Oldest Movement, the Tanganyikan African Association Founded in 1929, Swahili as a Vehicle of Territorial Political Unity, Western Education Fostering New Elites…
1920s–1990s: (The Cold War in Africa, From Lenin's Comintern to Khrushchev's Second Front: Communism's Limited Impact Before the Late 1940s Except in South Africa's Interwar Communist Party, the Soviet…
1920-00-00: (The National Palace Completed Under U.S. Supervision, the Physical Symbol of Haitian Sovereignty Rebuilt by the Foreign Power That Had Dissolved Haitian Sovereignty): In 1920, the National Palace in…
1920-00-00: (Deforestation Begins Its Catastrophic Acceleration, Haiti's Forest Cover Declining From Sixty Percent to Less Than Two Percent Over the Course of the Twentieth Century, an Environmental Catastrophe Driven by…
1920: (The Cacos' Judgment of the Gendarmerie: Caco Leaders Writing That the Majority Who Belong to the Gendarmerie Are Worthless and If Really Conscientious Would Never Fight Against Us,…
1920: (The 1920 US Senate Inquiry and Admiral Knapp's Testimony: By the Early 1920s the US Military Claiming Victory in the "Cacos Wars" Measured Through the Capture Killing and…
1920: (Women's Deaths, Simultaneously Inevitable and Impossible: Knapp Reminded That Deaths Were "Unavoidable" Then Concluding That as Far as Women and Children Are Concerned the Answer Is No,…
1920-05-15: (Growing Refusal: The Lives of Estrea Adirenng Eleanor Charles Elizabeth Saint-Bernard Louise Ismael Marilia Lindor Claircia Delva and Claircilia Telisma Not Acknowledged or Distorted by US Military Reporting,…
1920: (The Haitian Preference for Black Troops and the Chicago Defender as Transnational Witness: Churchstone-Lord Revealing That Haitians Preferred Colored United States Troops If the American Government Continued to…
1920-11: (The Union Patriotique Women's Fundraising Campaign: Following the Attack on Eleanor Charles and the Summer Attack on Nine Haitian Girls the UP Beginning Plans to Send a Delegation…
1920-11: (Two Hundred Women Take the Streets: On the Inaugural Day of Fundraising in November 1920 a Reported Two Hundred Haitian Women Taking to the Streets of Port-au-Prince, the…
1920-11: (Children in the March and the Occupation's Dismissal: US Military Surveillance Reports Suggesting the Majority of the Marchers Were Children, Most Reports Using the Presence of Children to…
1920–1921: (Women as Fundraisers Archivists and Storytellers: Women Knocking on Doors and Walking Streets Collecting $100 US on the First Day, Over Five Months Between October 1920 and February…
1920–1921: (The Women's Counter-Archive of Occupation Violence: Malbranche-Sylvain and Garoute Helping Catalogue the Stories of a Generation Growing Up Under the Occupation, In a Bold Rebuttal to US Senate…
1920–1922: (Black Women's Transnational Solidarity and the Founding of the ICWDR: Concern for Violence Against Haitian Girls Being the Primary Concern for Black Women Across the Region Who Witnessed…
Paul Laraque was born at Jérémie on 21 September 1920. He entered the military academy in 1939 and was commissioned in 1941; his postings around the country showed him how…
The son-in-law of Alexis Gauthier, André Laroche, took his own life on this habitation on 1 May 1920. Rouzier tells this under the entry MONREPOS.
1921: L'Union Patriotique was founded by a group of intellectuals to demand the immediate end of martial law and the withdrawal of American troops. The organization quickly grew to sixteen…
1921: René Maran's novel Batouala, which depicted African life in French Equatorial Africa, received the prestigious Prix Goncourt. This event contributed to a renewed interest in Africa among black intellectuals…
1921-Apr-14: Le Courrier du Soir published articles emphasizing the psychological aspects of the Haitian resistance movement. The newspaper sought to build a shared sense of national purpose among the occupied…
1921-May-23: Le Courrier du Soir continued its campaign of nationalist propaganda against the American military presence. The journal urged the people to remain steadfast in their demand for the restoration…
1921-May-25: Duval Duvalier published a series on "Practical Sociology" in Le Courrier du Soir. He argued that an objective analysis of Haitian social life was the first step toward overcoming…
1921-Jun-20: Duval Duvalier published "Pages de mon carnet" in Le Courrier du Soir, detailing his views on the occupation. His writings documented the growing frustration of the black middle class…
1921-Dec-01: Le Courrier Haïtien celebrated ten years of the struggle for liberty against foreign rule. The publication served as a rallying point for the nationalist groups that demanded the immediate…
1921, August 5 – 1922, February 11: (The Senate Hearings and the Creation of the High Commissioner: McCormick's Investigation, Hughes's Dissatisfaction, and the Appointment of Russell): The 1920 American elections,…
1921-02: (The UP Delegation to Washington: Haitian Women Witnessing Remembering Recalling and Recording Each Other's Lives and Transformation, In February 1921 the UP Delegation Including Future President Sténio Vincent…
1921: (The UP Meets the NAACP: While Harding and US Officials Declined the UP's Requests for Formal Conversations Vincent and Thoby Meeting with NAACP Leaders W. E. B. Du…
1921-1949: (Port-au-Prince Growing Rapidly: the Foyer Situated in the Geopolitical Space of a Rapidly Growing Port-au-Prince, Between 1921 and 1943 Eight Thousand New Houses Built with a Total of…
On 12 August 1921 the central committee of the Union Patriotique issued an address to the Haitian people, signed by its thirteen members, and L'Essor quotidien printed the text on…
In 1919 the lighthouse of Fort Ilet at Port-au-Prince was dismantled and transported to the banks of the Rochelois, dangerous to ships. On Wednesday 19 October 1921, President Dartiguenave left…
1922: The creation of the Gendarmerie d'Haïti under U.S. command centralizes armed power in the capital. This institutional shift professionalized the military while making it a primary tool for political…
1922: Louis Borno is elected president and becomes the primary instrument of the American "paternalistic" administration in Haiti, viewing it as a “beneficent application” of Christian duty. He persecuted his…
1922: Jacques Stéphen Alexis was born at Gonaïves into a family with a strong literary and political tradition. He would later become a leading Marxist novelist and the theorist behind…
1922-Dec.: The Haitian government passes a law providing for the long-term leasing of land to foreign companies for agricultural and industrial development. Critics like François Dalencour attacked this measure as…
1922, March 10: (Russell's Proconsulship Begins: The North Dakota, the Smell of Port-au-Prince, and the Egyptian Parallel): On March 10, 1922, while the old battleship North Dakota plowed steadily down…
1922, April 10 – May 15: (The Election of Louis Borno: Dartiguenave's Dead End, Brandt's Persuasions, and the Second Constitutional Transfer of Power): Dartiguenave, whose term expired in May 1922,…
1922–1929: (The Material Achievements of the Russell-Borno Years: Roads, Lighthouses, Telephones, and Pan American Clippers): Seven years after Russell's arrival, British Minister Edwards assessed the occupation in 1929: what had…
1922–1926: (Quite Unqualified to Colonize: Borno's Enemies, Makandalism Rumors, Mme Lespasse's Prophecy, and the 19-to-0 Reelection): No sooner had Borno occupied the National Palace than his enemies (mostly those…
1922–1930: (The 1922 Loan, Farnham's Expensive Luxury, and the Bonanza That Never Was): Seven years after American assurance of a quick solution, the long-stalemated tangled skein of Haitian finance had…
1922–1929: (The Press, the Courts, and the Mistake of Vodou: Jolibois in and Out of Jail, the Lougawou Defense, and the Candle at Mèt Simityè): Borno and Russell experienced common…
1922-04-00: (Louis Borno Selected as President Under U.S. Supervision, Establishing an Amicable Working Relationship With American High Commissioner John H. Russell Jr. That Would Modernize Haiti's Infrastructure While Excluding the…
1922-05-09: (The Maiming of Estrea Jean Gilles, a Nineteen-Year-Old Market Woman Hit by US First Lieutenant Tebbs on L Street in Cap-Haïtien, Suffering Ruptured Ligaments the Tibia Thrust Through…
1922-05: (Estrea Jean Gilles's Declaration: "I Don't Drink" as Self-Representation Against Dehumanizing Occupation Discourse, Gilles in the Hospital Explaining She Had a Toothache and Was Self-Medicating with Tafia, Less…
1922–1930s: (The ICWDR Study Clubs and Black Women's Intellectual Tradition: The ICWDR Beginning "Study Clubs" Inviting Members and Nonmembers to Read Texts by African-Descended People Throughout the World Strengthening…
On 10 April 1922 the Conseil d'Etat, a body created by the 1918 constitution written under American occupation, elected Louis Borno president as Sudre Dartiguenave's term ran out. No Haitian…
Kenscoff sits at twelve hundred metres in a hollow of the mountains southeast of Port au Prince, on land kept damp by daily fog and watered by a clear stream.…
In April 1922 Jean Price Mars lectured at Primavera in Port au Prince on the peasant family, taking the district of Kenscoff as his case. He had spent part of…
In 1919 the lighthouse of Fort Ilet at Port-au-Prince was dismantled and transported to the banks of the Rochelois, dangerous to ships. On Wednesday 19 October 1921, President Dartiguenave left…
The foundations of the lighthouse at the Môle-Saint Nicolas were completed on 1 March 1922. The projections are visible at 9 miles. Rouzier tells this under the entry MOLE SAINT-NICOLAS.
Art. A. The duration of the term of the citizen President of the Republic at the time of the adoption of the present Constitution shall end on the 15th of…
The festival of the coronation of Notre-Dame d'Altagrâce, organized by Monsignor Nouël, had a triumphal splendor in Santo-Domingo. This Virgin, who for three centuries has been at Higuey the object…
15 August! Santo-Domingo awakens to the sound of the bells of all the churches and to the voice of the cannon. At 9 o'clock in the morning the Clergy, the…
1923–1930: (The Service Technique: The Miniature Tuskegee, Plantation Dauphin, and the Noir Yeomanry That Terrified the Elite): The most far-reaching and controversial of American programs was the Service Technique de…
1923–1929: (Children's Crusade: The Service Technique as School System, the Kreyòl-French Barrier, Bellegarde's National Redoubt, and the Himalayan Barriers to Education): The Service Technique was an attempt to make good what Rayford…
1923–1966: (Southern Rhodesia: Self-Government for Settlers Since 1923, the Central African Federation of 1953 Amalgamating the Copper Belt Under White Control, African Nationalists Bitterly Opposed, the 1948 General Strike,…
Castera Bazile was born at Marbial, in the Sud-Est, on 7 October 1923. Orphaned young, he was raised by his grandmother, who lived to a hundred, and schooled at the…
MONT-ROUIS. River of the commune of the Arcahaie, which rises at the Trou-Archin, at the foot of the hill of Fond-Baptiste. It serves as the common boundary of the arrondissements…
At the session of 30 July 1923 of the Council of State, the Minister of Finance Mac-Guffie tabled a bill asking that the ports of Aquin, Miragoâne, Môle Saint-Nicolas, and…
Foâche belonged to President Boyer, to whom the population made a gift of it. There was a palace there where King Christophe stayed each time he went to Jean Rabel.…
On 22 November 1923 a lighthouse was lit on the point of Jacmel. Position 18° 9'45" North, 72° 31' 45" West. Range: 9 miles. Rouzier tells this under the entry…
1924: A formal Département de Travail was established within the Haitian government to oversee labor relations. This institutional development reflected the growing complexity of the national economy during the American…
1924–1927: (The Power of the Press and the US Intelligence Blindspot: Thoby Understanding the Power of the Press as Antioccupation Organizing Accelerated in Haitian Newspapers Journals and Literature in…
Joseph Edouard Gaetjens was born in Port-au-Prince on this day, to a Haitian mother and a father of German descent. He played for Etoile Haitienne, won a scholarship to Columbia…
Joseph Nerette was born in Port-au-Prince on 9 April 1924. He was a jurist and a judge of the Cour de Cassation. On 7 October 1991, a week after soldiers…
Raymond Chassagne was born on 13 February 1924. He was an officer in the Haitian army before Duvalier jailed him and drove him out. He went to the United States…
LAGONETTE (Las Ratonès). Habitation in Hinche. On 22 January 1924 the Cadastral Commission reported that it had claimed 843 carreaux of land of this habitation in favor of the State.…
RINVILLE. Habitation situated at Mirebalais. On 5 February 1924 the Cadastral Commission claimed, in a report, 10 carreaux of land of this habitation in favor of the State. Rouzier tells…
On 2 April 1924 the Cadastral Commission reported that it had claimed 76 and 20 carreaux of this habitation in favor of the State. Rouzier tells this under the entry…
The opening of the Lascahobas Hinche road took place on 5 April 1924 in the presence of President Louis Borno. Rouzier tells this under the entry LASCAOBAS ou LASCAHOBAS.
PLATEL. Habitation situated at Pilate. On 26 April 1924 the Cadastral Commission reported that it had claimed about 9 carreaux of land in favor of the State. Rouzier tells this…
TROU CAIMAN. At the session of 7 May 1924 of the Council of State, [MONITEUR of 30 April 1925], the Government presented a draft law requesting a credit of 15,000…
CANNEAU. Habitation at Verrettes. On 20 May 1924 the Cadastral Commission made a report that it had claimed about 20 carreaux of land of this habitation in favor of the…
On 27 May 1924, at a quarter past [hour not printed], a strong earthquake was felt. Direction N. N. W. Intensity 3. Duration 8 seconds. Part of the church of…
By the law voted on 28 May 1924 by the Council of State, the quartier of Gressier comes under the commune of Port-au-Prince and is detached from that of Léogane.…
GRESSIER. The law of 28 May 1924 made the district of Gressier dependent on the commune of Port-au-Prince. Rouzier tells this under the entry GRESSIER.
A law of the Council of State of 28 July 1924 abolishes the tribunal of first instance of Ouanaminthe. Rouzier tells this under the entry OUANAMINTHE.
O'PLATON. Habitation located at Ganthier. On 16 August 1924 the Cadastral Commission claimed about 60 carreaux of land for the State. Rouzier tells this under the entry O'PLATON.
MACARY. Habitation at Port Margot. On 20 August 1924 the cadastral commission reported that it had claimed in favor of the State a portion of 400 carreaux and more of…
RIVIERE BLANCHE. An Order of 13 September 1924 (Moniteur of 18 September 1924) opens to the Department of Public Works an extraordinary credit of 115,000 gourdes to be employed by…
The Moniteur of 5 January 1925 published the Decree of 22 October 1924 fixing the respective limits of the communes of Port-au-Prince and Léogane. The limits of Port-au-Prince extend as…
BAS de GANDON. Habitation at Bainet. On 20 November 1924 the Cadastral Commission reported that it had claimed 100 carreaux of this habitation on behalf of the State. Rouzier tells…
PARQUES (les). Seventh rural habitation of the commune of Léogane, serving as a line of demarcation between Port-au-Prince and Léogane, according to an order of 22 December 1924 [Moniteur of…
1925: The Société d'Histoire et de Géographie d'Haïti is inaugurated to encourage the study of history as a means of national recovery. Its founders argued that a people must go…
1925: Young mulatto intellectuals Antonio Vieux and Philippe Thoby-Marcelin founded La Nouvelle Ronde as an organ for the nation's youth. They accused their predecessors of slavishly following European patterns and…
1925-May-01: H.P. Sannon addressed the newly formed Société d'Histoire et de Géographie d'Haïti regarding the importance of historical study. He argued that searching the past was essential for the nation's…
1925-May: Jean Price Mars published a study on the religious sentiment of the black population in the Bulletin de la Société d'Histoire. He analyzed the survival of African traditions as…
1925-Jul: Antonio Vieux and Philippe Thoby-Marcelin published "The literature of yesterday and tomorrow" in La Nouvelle Ronde. They called for a new artistic movement that rejected European imitation in favor…
1925-Aug-22: Arthur Ruhl published a defense of the American presence titled "What America is doing for Haiti" in Current History. He claimed that the occupation was bringing much-needed stability and…
1925-Nov: Etienne Charlier published "Gouvernants et gouvernés" in La Nouvelle Ronde, discussing the relationship between the oligarchs and the majority. This work marked his early interest in the social…
1925–1929: (Jacques Roumain and the Ligue: The Revue Indigène, the Desecration of Dessalines's Statue, and the Fuse That Was Lit in 1925): The fuse that was to detonate the coming…
1925-08-03: (A Bridge: The Death of Georges Sylvain and the Sylvain Sisters' Procession Through Occupied Port-au-Prince, On August 3 1925 Jeanne Yvonne Madeleine and Suzanne Sylvain Processing in an…
1925-08-03: (The Funeral as National Unity: The Sylvain Sisters' Loss Met by the Breeze That Whispered Through Heartbroken Mourners and Rustled Black Flags Displayed on Rue des Fronts-Forts Rue…
1925-08-03: (Market Women Kneel: When Sylvain's Body Passed the Mass of Peasants Who Filled the Upper Market Falling to Their Knees Spontaneously, La Poste Reporting That All the Market…
1925–1929: (Sylvain's Death as Transition: His Death Marking a Transition for Antioccupation Organizing as Signaled in His Posthumously Published Dix Années de Lutte, During the First Decade Haitians Producing…
1925–1937: (Suzanne Sylvain and the Death Space: The Simultaneous Outpouring of Grief Care and Efforts to Record Life During the Funeral Being the Very Expression That Had Captured Eldest…
1925–1935: (Death Space and the Rebirth of Women's Politics: Madeleine's Literal Transformation and Suzanne's Preoccupation with Death Space Offering a Reorientation for the Rebirth of Women's Politics After the…
Dieudonne Cedor was born at Anse-a-Veau on this day. He trained as a cabinetmaker, then walked into the Centre d'Art in Port-au-Prince in December 1947 and learned to paint under…
Georges Sylvain died in Port-au-Prince on 2 August 1925. He was born in Puerto Plata, took a law degree in Paris, came home and founded a law school. In 1901…
ABEILLE PETITE PLACE. Habitation situated at Mirebalais. On 12 January 1925 the Cadastral Commission reported that it had reclaimed 173 carreaux of this habitation in favor of the State. Rouzier…
LAGANETIERE. Habitation in Port-au-Prince. On 5 February 1925 the Cadastral Commission reported that it had claimed 173 carreaux of this habitation in favor of the State. Rouzier tells this under…
HATTE LATHAN. Habitation of 150 carreaux of land. On 21 February 1925 the central Cadastral Commission addressed to the Secretary of State for the Interior a report, published in the…
HATTE LATHAN. Habitation located at the Croix-des-Bouquets. On 21 February 1925 the Cadastral Commission reported that it had claimed 200 carreaux of this habitation in favor of the State. Rouzier…
ORIANY. Habitation located at Ganthier. On 21 March 1925 the Cadastral Commission reported that it had claimed 2,000 carreaux of land of this habitation for the State. Rouzier tells this…
DAMIEN. On 25 March 1925 the laying of the first stone of the school of agriculture at Damien took place, performed by Monsignor Conan, the Archbishop, in the midst of…
JACMEL. By Order of 31 March 1925 (Moniteur of 2 April 1925) the limits of the town of Jacmel are henceforth fixed as follows: on the east, from the Portail…
GONAVE (la). On 6 April 1925 a lighthouse was lit on the western point of the Island of La Gonâve. Rouzier tells this under the entry GONAVE (la.
On Sunday and Monday, 3 and 4 May 1925, an agricultural and industrial exhibition took place at Damien in the buildings intended for the Central School of Agriculture. Rouzier tells…
The inauguration of the hospital took place on 27 June 1925. Rouzier tells this under the entry HINCHE.
In 1802, Generals Rochambeau and Pageot fought there against the bands of insurgents, going to the relief of Jacmel, which Colonel Dieudonné Jambon was defending against those bands. The law…
POINTE à GRAVOIS (la). See: Gravois. The Department of Public Works announces that on 10 September 1925 a lighthouse of the automatic acetylene type was lit at the Pointe à…
The State owns 39 carreaux of land there, occupied by tenant farmers. A farm school was established on this habitation in accordance with the Order of President Borno of 22…
HAUT COQ CHANTE. A part of this rural section was detached from the commune of Jacmel by Order of 3 October 1925 and assigned to the quartier of Trouin. Rouzier…
A part of the section Haut Coq chante was detached from the commune of Jacmel by Order of 3 October 1925 and attributed to the quartier of Trouin, from the…
DESPREZ. Habitation in the rural section of the Morne de l'Hôpital, commune of Port au Prince. On 5 December 1925 the Cadastral Commission reported that it had claimed 173 carreaux…
1926: René Depestre was born in Jacmel and grew up to become a prominent poet and a key figure in the radical student movements of 1946. He spent much of…
1926-Jan: Max Hudicourt published a review of the state of democracy in Haiti in La Nouvelle Ronde. He argued that the American occupation had failed to build genuinely democratic institutions…
1926–1937: (Communists and Griots: Roumain's Party, Price-Mars's Ethnography, Lorimer Denis's Kokomakak, and the Young Doctor François Duvalier): While Haiti was effortlessly slipping back into old politics, Haitian intellectuals grouped on…
1926-00-00: (The Scouts d'Haïti Established, One of the Few Civic Institutions Created During the Occupation That Served Haitian Youth): In 1926, the Scouts d'Haïti was established, part of the global scouting…
1926: (Addie Hunton's Trip to Haiti and the Publication of Occupied Haiti: The Transnational Networks Being Also a Project of Repair Refiguring Black Girls and Women Beyond Vulnerability and…
1926: (Women's Organizations Focused on Girls Under the Occupation: Although the Military Did Not Leave at That Moment the Trip Being One of a Flurry of Antioccupation Collaborations, Organizations…
1926: (The Jean Joseph Industrial School and the Uplift Ethos: Between March and September 1926 L'Oeuvre des Femmes Opening the Jean Joseph Industrial School with Support from Haitian and…
1926: (Hunton's "Quiet Propaganda" and Women's Stories Shared Across the Region: When Hunton Returned She Optimistically Reported That High Officials Were Taking Notice and That Her "Quiet Propaganda in…
1926: (Thoby's Letter to Du Bois and the Silencing of the Press: Several Months After Hunton's Trip Perçeval Thoby Writing to Du Bois with Clippings from l'Essor and Le…
Bernard Diederich was born at Christchurch, New Zealand, on 18 July 1926. He went to sea at sixteen, and a sailing trip in 1949 dropped him in Haiti; he stayed.…
Philippe Sudre Dartiguenave died on 8 July 1926 at Anse-a-Veau, the town where he was born. The Americans put him in the national palace on 12 August 1915, two weeks…
Georges Corvington was born in Port-au-Prince on 6 November 1926, son of a lawyer. He trained in law but turned to urban geography instead of practising. His Port-au-Prince au cours…
On 3 January 1926, at the inauguration of this mausoleum, President Borno, surrounded by his Ministers and in the presence of a great number of public officials and friends, delivered…
DUVERGLAS. Habitation in the rural section of Saint Martin, commune of Port au Prince. By order of 16 March 1926, the Secretary of State for the Interior is authorized to…
LAUDERIE [la]. Habitation in the commune of l'Arcahaie. Brick factory constituted as a Company formed at Port-au-Prince by deed of 30 April 1926. Moniteur of 17 June 1926. Rouzier tells…
1927: Two landmark journals, La Trouée and La Revue Indigène, appear to champion the "indigenist" movement in Haitian literature. These writers turned to the life of the rural peasant as…
1927: Jacques Roumain and several other young writers founded La Revue Indigène to champion the life of the Haitian peasant as the source of authentic culture. These intellectuals of the…
1927-Jul: Normil Sylvain published his vision for the indigenist movement in the first issue of La Revue Indigène. He sought to center the life of the rural peasant as the…
1927-Aug: Carl Brouard published a commentary on the Sufi messenger Inayat Khan in La Revue Indigène. This writing illustrated the broad intellectual interests of the young writers who sought inspiration…
1927-Sept: Carl Brouard published a study of the Persian poet Hafiz in the pages of La Revue Indigène. He continued to explore non-Western philosophies to find a new spiritual path…
1927–1940: (Strike Action and the Settled Proletariat: The Shamva Mine Strike of 1927, the Northern Rhodesian Copper Belt Strikes of 1935 and 1940, the Mbeni Dance Societies as Vehicles…
1927-00-00: (La Revue Indigène Founded, the Literary Journal That Launched the Indigenous Movement and Declared That Haitian Culture Should Be Rooted in African and Creole Traditions): In 1927, La Revue Indigène:…
1927–1929: (La Revue Indigène and the Surge of Haitian Nationalism: The Journal Celebrating the African Ancestry of the Haitian People and Denouncing French Culture as the Foundation of Haitian…
1927–1934: (The Marxist Turn and Vincent's Repression: LFAS Founders' Friends and Family Among the Newly Minted Marxists Including Thérèse Hudicourt's Nephew Max Hudicourt and Jacques Roumain, After Helping Found…
Yves Dejean was born in Port-au-Prince on 16 May 1927. He studied philosophy and theology first, then took a doctorate in linguistics at Indiana University in 1977. His argument never…
A law of the Council of State of 25 April 1927, Moniteur of 28 April 1927, abolished the Court of First Instance of Aquin, assigning to the Courts of the…
ARTIBONITE [l']. All the localities of this department have been in telegraphic communication with the capital since 1894. In 1925, under President Borno, topographical studies of the plain of the…
1928-Apr-04: Georges Petit and Jacques Roumain began publishing their radical nationalist critiques in Le Petit Impartial. They used the journal to launch a fierce attack on the collaborationist Borno administration.
1928-Jun-02: Jacques Roumain published a defiant article in Le Petit Impartial during a period of high political tension. He challenged the government's attempts to silence the nationalist youth through imprisonment…
1928-Jun-20: Jacques Roumain argued that even priests had the right to be soldiers when the fatherland was in danger. His provocative writing sought to mobilize all sectors of society against…
1928-Oct-13: Carl Brouard published a favorable review of Jean Price Mars's Ainsi parla l'oncle in Le Petit Impartial. He hailed the book as a revolutionary work that finally recognized the…
1928-Dec-13: Jacques Roumain and Georges Petit were arrested for their seditious writings against the American occupation. Their imprisonment solidified their status as martyrs for the cause of national independence.
1928-Dec.: Jacques Roumain is arrested for his nationalist activities and his involvement in planning seditious meetings against the occupation. His imprisonment made him a hero to the younger generation of…
1928-00-00: (Jean Price-Mars Publishes Ainsi Parla l'Oncle, the Foundational Text of the Noirisme Movement, Which Argued That Haitians Should Embrace Their African Roots): In 1928, Jean Price-Mars published Ainsi Parla…
1928-00-00: (Silvio Cator Wins a Silver Medal at the Paris Olympics, the Only Haitian Athlete to Win an Olympic Medal, a Moment of National Pride During the Humiliation of Foreign…
Fernand Hibbert died in Haiti on 19 December 1928, aged fifty-five. Born at Miragoâne on 30 October 1873, he was schooled at Saint-Martial and then in Paris, and taught history…
The President of the Republic orders that the amendments to the Constitution reproduced above, which were ratified by the Plebiscite of the 10th and 11th of January last and form…
The President of the Republic orders that the amendments to the Constitution reproduced above, which were ratified by the Plebiscite of the 10th and 11th of January last and form…
1929: Student strikes at the agricultural college in Damiens led to nationwide demonstrations against the Borno administration and the Americans. The unrest culminated in the Marchaterre massacre, where marines fired…
1929-Jan-03: Louis Borno addressed the Council of State regarding the "paternalistic" benefits of the American administration. His message was quoted in the High Commissioner's report to justify the continuation of…
1929-Feb-09: Carl Brouard published an article in Le Petit Impartial dedicated to his colleague Normil Sylvain. He expressed his solidarity with the indigenist writers who were struggling against the cultural…
1929, October 31 – December 3: (The Damien Strike: The $25 Bourses, the Danbala Banner, and the Re-Awakening of the Haitian National Soul): The Service Technique's show window was its…
1929, December 4–5: (The Massacre at Les Cayes: The Douaniers Walk Out, the Piquets March, and Twenty Marines Fire 600 Rounds): Within twelve hours after Russell asked for reinforcements, on…
1929, December 7 – 1930, February 28: (A Palliative: The Cayes Massacre Aftermath, Hoover's Promise, and the Forbes Commission Arrives): The Nation quickly dubbed the killings at Les Cayes the…
1929–1961: (Tanganyika's Relative Success: The African Association Operating Since 1929, TANU Established in 1954 Under Nyerere, Fear of White Settlement and Brutal Agricultural Interventionism Fueling Popular Support, Swahili as…
1929-01-00: (Haiti and the Dominican Republic Sign a Border Treaty, Delineating the Contested Frontier Between the Two Nations for the First Time Since Dominican Independence Eighty-Five Years Earlier): In January…
1929-12-00: (The Les Cayes Massacre, U.S. Marines Firing on Unarmed Haitian Civilians Protesting the Great Depression, Killing Twelve and Triggering a Presidential Investigation That Would Lead to the End of…
1930: Sténio Vincent is elected president and begins a mandate focused on securing the evacuation of the American military forces. He negotiated a plan for Haitianization of the army while…
1930: Two Haitians living in Paris found La Revue du Monde Noir to promote a sense of black racial solidarity and dignity. This publication was a key precursor to the…
1930-Mar-31: La Presse published accounts of the political maneuvers that preceded the fall of the Borno regime. The journal documented the return of a more traditional leadership of the…
1930, March 6–28: (The Forbes Commission Hearings: The Merle Blanc, Eugène Roy, and the Failure to Plant Democracy by Drill and Harrow): The Forbes Commission, White House marching orders in…
1930, March 20 – May 15: (Borno Departs: The Théâtre Parisiana, Russell's Iron Hand, La Bête Est Morte, and Haiti's Third Constitutional Transfer of Power): Neither side quite knew how…
1930, October 14 – November 18: (The Recessional: The Nationalist Landslide, Vincent Prevails, and the Ministère de Combat): President Roy made a completely clean sweep of the Borno administration, appointing…
1930, 1958–1969, 1970: (Chapter 14 Footnotes, The International Dimensions: The Marine Mission's Real Orders of January 1959, Barbot's Overtures Rejected by Washington in 1960, the Haitian Press as Daily…
1930s: (The Depression and the Collapse of Wages: Wage Labor Suffering Across Mining, Plantations, and Urban Centers, Significant African Unemployment Appearing in South Africa for the First Time, the…
1930s: (The Depression and the Crisis of Colonial Confidence: Self-Help Associations Springing Up Across the Continent, Small-Scale Artisan Movements Refusing Wage Employment, Widespread Disillusion Expressed Through Economic, Cultural, and…
Late 1930s–Early 1940s: (Aggressive Colonial Interventionism and the Erosion of Indirect Rule: Plantation-Farming Systems on the North American Model, the Colonial State Bypassing Chiefs, and the Stoking of Rural…
1930s–1941: (Territorial Nationalism and Its Ethnic Fractures: Herbert Macauley's Nigerian National Democratic Party, the Nigerian Youth Movement Calling for Autonomy Within the British Empire, the 1941 Split Along Yoruba-Igbo…
1930–1967: (Seligman's Races of Africa as Racist Pseudoscience Still in Print: Charles Gabriel Seligman's The Races of Africa Published in 1930 Being Hardly More Than a Racist Tract Masquerading…
1930-11-18: (Sténio Vincent Elected President by the National Assembly, the First Haitian Head of State Chosen by a Functioning Legislature Since the Americans Had Disbanded It in 1918): On November…
1930s–1950s: (The Archive's Bias Grain: LFAS Women Engaging the Archive as Researchers Within a Frame Set Between Subject and Object Observer and Observed, the Complicated Power Dynamic of Collecting…
1930-03-01: (The Women's March Before the Forbes Commission: In March 1929 President Hoover Inheriting the Growing Discontent and by 1930 Approving a Commission Led by W. Cameron Forbes, the…
1930-03-01: (Ten Thousand Women March: Following Prayer and Mass at l'Eglise du Sacré-Coeur Some 10,000 Women Marching in the Streets with Banners Raised in Protest of the Occupation, Men…
1930-03-01: (Mme. Thoby's Calypsonian Critique: When Commissioner Russell Suggested the March Date Was Ill-Advised Because It Was Also Carnival Day Mme. Thoby Responding That One Does Not Contradict the…
1930-11-18: (The Political Tide Turns: Alice Garoute and Twelve-Year-Old Ghislaine in the Crowd Among the Wave of Refusal, At the End of the Commission It Being Clear That US…
1930s: (Noiristes Marxists and LFAS Women Roving Through Political Possibilities: In Postoccupation Haiti Political Organizing Increasingly Articulated Through Class and Color Divisions, Marxists Like Roumain Seeing Color Ideology as…
1930s-1940s: (Plasaj and the Majority of Haitian Women: With Only About 25 Percent of Women in State or Church-Sanctioned Marriages the Marriage Wage Law Being Conceptualized for a Particular…
1930s: (Comhaire-Sylvain's Research on Marriage in the Countryside: During Her Research on Marriage in the Haitian Countryside Throughout the 1930s Comhaire-Sylvain Finding That the Majority of Marriage Unions in…
1930s-1940s: (Legal Marriage as Jeopardy and Enhancement: Legal Marriage Meaning That Women Were Subject to the Economic Will of Their Husbands but Common-Law Marriages or Maintaining Long-Term Plasaj Contracts…
1930s-1940s: (Madan Sara and the Peasant Women Farmers: Many Women Selling Foodstuffs Making Enough to Supplement the Basic Needs of Families on a Weekly Basis, Within the Agricultural System…
1930s-1940s: (N'Zengou-Tayo on Working-Class Women's Financial Skills: Francophone Caribbean Scholar Marie-José N'Zengou-Tayo Showing That Market Women Farmers Day Laborers and Domestic Workers Among Working-Class and Peasant Women Were Far…
1930s-1940s: (Peye Bôné, the Payment of Happiness: Weddings Being an Important Moment of Financial Adjustment Cultural Retention and Celebration and Points of Negotiation for Peasant Women, in Many…
1930s-1940s: (The Water Ceremony: Comhaire-Sylvain Writing That Everyone Eats Well at Weddings and That Ceremonies Like the Water Ceremony in Which Parents Asked the Lwas for the Couple's Protection…
1930s-1940s: (Plasaj as Honorable Union: Lescot's Term Polygamy Being a Reference to Plasaj the Common-Law Marriage That Could but Did Not Always Involve Multiple Partners, in Lescot's Formulation Plasaj…
1930s-1940s: (Plasaj Marriages as Interim Partnerships: Many Plasaj Marriages Viewed as Interim Partnerships Insured by Family-Proctored Contracts Until Legal Marriage Was Desired, Unlike the Assumptions of the Marriage Tax…
Wébert Sicot was born in Port-au-Prince on 14 April 1930, one of six children of Dormélia Casimir, a trader and a vodouisant. He played flute, guitar, trumpet, drum, bass, trombone…
Jean Léopold Dominique was born on 31 July 1930. An agronomist by training, he turned Radio Haïti Inter into the station that broadcast in Kreyòl to the people the French-language…
1931, August – 1933, August 7: (The Désoccupation: Haitianization, Colonel Little's Flagpole, the 1932 Constitution, and the Executive Agreement That Ended the Occupation): The first step toward désoccupation was complete…
Wilson Bigaud was born in Port-au-Prince on this day. Hector Hyppolite spotted the boy's talent and brought him to the Centre d'Art. In 1950 Bigaud joined Philome Obin, Castera Bazile,…
1932: Louis Diaquoi announces the formation of the "Griots" group to rehabilitate African values and explore the country’s collective personality. The group urged Haitians to stop trying to be "ridiculous…
1932-Mar-05: Carl Brouard published in La Bataille, keeping the spirit of the indigenist revolt alive. He continued to advocate for a cultural revolution that would embrace the African roots of…
1932-Mar: La Revue du Monde Noir published an article by Georges Hardy on the global contributions of black art. This publication fostered a sense of racial pride among the international…
1932-Apr-29: Louis Diaquoi published a significant article in L'Action Nationale placing science and art at the service of political action. He argued that the study of ethnology must lead to…
1932-May-12: Louis Diaquoi continued his radical journalistic campaign in L'Action Nationale until his untimely death. He served as the primary driving force behind the early intellectual development of the Griots…
1932-May-18: René Piquion published "The Sacred Flame" in L'Action Nationale as a tribute to Jean Price Mars. He credited the doctor with inspiring a whole generation of youth to take…
1932-Jun-23: Lorimer Denis published "Ma génération" in L'Action Nationale, defining the mission of the new black middle class. He maintained that the youth must take power to restore the nation's…
1932-Jul: Jean Price Mars published "Apropos of the 'Negro Renaissance' in the United States" in La Relève. He analyzed the parallels between the Haitian indigenist movement and the artistic growth…
1932–1934: (The 1932 Convention and the Dominican Connection, A Potential Opening for Women's Rights Presented in the 1932 Constitutional Convention but Assembly Members Leaving Article 8 Unchanged, Male…
Nadine Magloire was born in Port-au-Prince on this day, daughter of the composer Carmen Brouard and the journalist Jean Magloire. She studied in Haiti, then in Canada and France. In…
Marc Louis Bazin was born at Saint-Marc on this day. He was a World Bank economist, then finance minister under Jean-Claude Duvalier in 1982, fired within five months for going…
The Croix-Rouge Haïtienne was founded on 29 May 1932, in a ceremony held under the honorary presidency of the head of state, Sténio Vincent. The board of directors approved that…
Claude Moïse was born at Gonaïves on 14 November 1932. A historian and political analyst and a former university professor, he is an honorary member of the Société haïtienne d'Histoire…
Michel Auguste Hector was born at Cap-Haïtien on 20 November 1932. He studied there and in Port-au-Prince, then at the École normale supérieure. The Duvaliers forced him into exile and…
Roumain had detached himself from the nationalist movement by 1931 and had been arguing in print, under a pseudonym, that colour was not the central problem of Haitian politics. The…
1933-Jun: René Piquion began publishing his translations of Langston Hughes's poems in the literary journal La Relève. This work introduced the revolutionary spirit of the Harlem Renaissance to the Haitian…
1934: Jacques Roumain founded the Haitian Communist Party to argue that the fight against imperialism must be a fight against international capitalism. He maintained that color prejudice was merely the…
1934-Aug.-14: The United States officially ends its military occupation and withdraws its forces from Haitian soil. While the troops left, the U.S. maintained significant control over Haiti's financial administration for…
1934–1957: (The Struggle for a Second Independence): Following the end of the occupation, this twenty-three-year period is framed as a quest for a "Second Independence". The text follows the efforts…
1934–1957: (The Era of Post-Occupation Reconstruction): Following the departure of foreign troops, Haiti entered a twenty-three-year period focused on achieving a "Second Independence". This era involved intense efforts to rebuild…
1934, July 5 – August 15: (The Marines Depart: Roosevelt at the Cap, Five-Star Barbancourt, the Dessalinienne at Sunset, and Maître Georges's Farewell): Like Borno before him, Vincent visited the…
1934: (Little Better Fitted: The Verdict on Nineteen Years, Built on Sand, and the Essential Haiti Unchanged): Once again, 131 years since 1803 yet so differently (for history never…
1934, August 18–21: (The Second Independence: The Bamboche, the Te Deum, the Gourde Notes from Vincent's Limousine, and the Oath to 1804): Sténio Vincent set Tuesday, August 21, 1934, as…
1934: (Nothing Stands Still: The Questions That Faced the Second Independence, The Garde, the Banque, Trujillo, and the $700,000 Payroll): Comparisons with 1804 were irresistible, yet the differences were…
1934: (Abderrahman's Cri du Coeur: The Young Man from the Lower Depths, the Pangs of Misery, and the Fires Beneath the Volcano): The new president personified…
1934-07-05: (Franklin D. Roosevelt Visits Cap-Haïtien, the First U.S. President to Visit Haiti, a Diplomatic Gesture That Preceded the Withdrawal of the Marines by Six Weeks): On July 5, 1934,…
1934-08-14: (The U.S. Marines Withdraw From Haiti After Nineteen Years of Military Occupation, Leaving Behind a National Guard, a Road System, and an Intact Mulatto Elite Power Structure That the…
1934–1946: (Continuities Beneath Regime Changes: The Haitian Women's Movement as a Continuity That Persisted Across Changes of Regime, the Recycling and Recrafting of Physical Psychological and Sexual Violence Against…
1934–1937: (Chapter 2's Framework: LFAS Using Publicity Authorship and Research as Mutually Informing Technologies to Experiment with Citizenship Womanhood and Differences Between Women in the Five Years Following the…
1934–1937: (The Circuitous Route: Women Remaining Interested in Legislated Changes but Acknowledging a Need for a More Circuitous Route, Using Techniques Developed During Occupation Organizing to Navigate the Windy…
1934-02: (The LFAS's Rough Start, In February 1934 Sylvain Inviting a Select Group of Women to Discuss the Organization, After Several Meetings Developing a Philosophy Structure and Platform,…
1934-03: (The LFAS Petition and Vincent's Paranoia, By End of March the Organization Having a Governing Body and Clear Goals but Missing Government Authorization, the Women Confident Because Many…
1934-04: (The First LFAS Dissolved, The End of Roumain's and Hudicourt's Three-Month Incarceration Coinciding with the LFAS Petition for Authorization, Vincent Recognizing the Names and Reflecting on the Founders'…
1934-05-10: (The Second LFAS Founded, Despite the Setback the "Enthusiastic and Dedicated" Women Immediately Going Back to Work, On May 10 1934 Sylvain Along with Garoute Hudicourt Bellegarde Gordon…
1934: (The LFAS Leadership and the Class Question: After Establishing Their Mission the First Priority Being to Expand Membership and Strategically Situate Themselves in National Political Discourse, Seeking to…
1934-06: (Workshopping Feminist Theories, In June 1934 the LFAS Sponsoring Its First Major Event in a Four-Week Lecture Series on Haitian Feminism from June 13 to July 14 at…
1934: (The Paradox of Price-Mars's Vision: His Presence Reflecting LFAS Leaders' Willingness to Openly Critique Class Cultural and Color Privilege, Yet the Celebration of African Ancestry Not Necessarily Equaling…
1934: (Dartigue on Education and Bellegarde as Intellectual Foil, Maurice Dartigue Lecturing on Modern Organization of Education Having Recently Finished Studies at Columbia's Teacher's College, His Wife and LFAS…
1934-08-01: (The Workshops Conclude as the Occupation Ends, The Monthlong Series Coinciding with the Official End of the US Military Occupation on August 1 1934, the Common Theme Across…
1934–1935: (Sylvain's Nonpartisan Reformism and the Turn to Education: Sylvain Expressing That the LFAS Did Not Intend to Enact Laws or Undermine the Power of the Nation, Seeking…
1934–1935: (The Sylvain Sisters as Model: the Busied Pace of the LFAS's First Years Having One Purpose: Education, Sylvain Explaining "We Haitian Feminists Ask Above All for the Ability…
1934-1938: (The Women's Documentation of Travels as Record and Evidence, the Women's Documentation of Their Travels Throughout the Country Being Both a Record of Personal Reflections and Evidence of…
1934-1938: (Revolutionary References in La Voix des Femmes Establishing Familiar Context but Sometimes Making Divisions More Apparent, In the First Years of Organizing the Revolutionary References in the La…
1934-1938: (Research and Self-Reporting, the LFAS Using the Newspaper as a Marketing Tool to Craft Their Own Celebrity, in the First Years of the LFAS Their National Popularity Being…
1934-1938: (Until La Voix des Femmes Monthly Images of Haitian Women Engaged in Intellectual or Political Action Did Not Exist, the Primary Images of Women Presented to the Nation…
1934-1938: (LFAS Public Personas Shaped Through Imaging and Photography, the Newspaper Routinely Displaying Images of Sylvain Garoute and Other Leaders in Authoritative Positions Dressed in Professional Clothing or Draped…
1934-1938: (Alternative Representations in Prose and Short Stories, In Their Prose and Short Stories LFAS Members Using the Pages of La Voix des Femmes to Experiment with Alternative Representations…
Jacques Roumain founded the Parti Communiste Haitien in 1934, the year the marines finally left. President Stenio Vincent's government charged him with plotting against the state. A military court tried…
Gerard Latortue was born at Gonaives on 19 June 1934. He spent years as a United Nations official and served briefly as foreign minister under Leslie Manigat in 1988. When…
On 24 July 1934 Léon Laleau, poet, novelist and Haiti's foreign minister, signed the agreement for the withdrawal of American military forces from Haiti. Norman Armour signed for Washington. It…
On 21 August 1934 Sténio Vincent's government held the formal celebrations marking the end of the American occupation, opening with a Te Deum. The last visible American units had already…
A man in the Kenscoff mountains who was already legally married could not easily register as his own the children he had by a plase wife. If he was well…
1935: A regional census records over fifty thousand Haitians living in the Dominican Republic, though many more likely resided there illegally. This growing population of sugar plantation workers became a…
1935-Mar-04: Carl Brouard published a "Hommage" in the journal L'Assaut to celebrate the return of national sovereignty. He portrayed the evacuation of the American marines as a historic victory for…
1935-Oct-30: L'Assaut published a critical editorial on the racial tensions between Haiti and the Dominican Republic. The piece warned of the dangers posed by the anti-Haitian rhetoric coming from across…
1935-Dec-30: Le Nouvelliste began the serialization of articles exploring the racial and biological theories of the Griots. These writings provided the intellectual foundation for the noiriste ideology that would later…
1935, February – 1936, May 15: (Vincent Succeeds Himself: The Plebiscite of 454,357 to 1,172, the Purchase of the Banque, the Sole Authority of the State, and the Hibbert Plot):…
1935–1937: (Hardy Perennials: The Depression, the October Floods, the Banana Miracle, and the Search for Money from Hitler, Schacht, and Paris): The first two years of the libération had not…
1935–1941: (The Italian Invasion of Ethiopia: Mussolini Seeking Revenge for Adwa, Claiming Ethiopia Was an Anachronistic Savage State Unworthy of Sovereignty, the October 1935 Invasion Using Aircraft and Illegal…
1935-00-00: (The Hotel Oloffson Opens in Port-au-Prince, a Gothic Revival Gingerbread Mansion That Would Inspire Graham Greene's Fictional Hotel Trianon and Become the Most Famous Hotel in Haitian History): In…
1935: (The Founding of La Voix des Femmes and the LFAS Intellectual Tradition: In Late 1935 the LFAS Founding the Bimonthly Newspaper La Voix des Femmes in Which They…
1935–1950s: (The Methodological Framework: Sanders Johnson's Approach of Dwelling in Practice and Subtext, Using the Bountiful Yet Largely Ignored Textual Archive of Women's Rights Politics Including Manifestos Essays…
1935–1950s: (Historical Accountability and the Oral Archive: In More Than Forty Oral Histories Collected for the Project the Work of the LFAS Repeatedly Summed Up as "Oh Those Women…
1935–1950s: (Archival Dwelling and the Space of Almost Connection: The Book Answering Its Central Question with an Invitation to Sit in the Moments of Almost Connection Between the LFAS…
1935–1950s: (Political Wayfaring: Sanders Johnson's Concept of Political Wayfaring as the Act of Going from One Place to Another or Traveling, Privileging and Historically Locating These Women's Political Process…
1935–1950s: (The LFAS Philosophy of Gendered Solidarity Across Difference: The LFAS Understanding the State and Nation Divide as a Gender Divide, Vice President Alice Garoute Declaring…
1935–1960s: (The Feminine as a Laboring Class: LFAS Leaders Articulating the Feminine as a Specific Laboring Class in Which Women Shared Both the Work of Physically Reproducing Laborers and…
1935–1957: (The LFAS Founding and the Suffrage Victory: In 1935 Madeleine Sylvain-Bouchereau Along with Alice Garoute Thérèse Hudicourt Fernande Bellegarde Olga Gordon Marie Corvington Alice Téligny Mathon Esther Dartigue…
1935–1946: (Women as Modern Abolitionists: LFAS Women Identifying Themselves as Modern Abolitionists Addressing the Century-and-a-Half-Long Delay in Their Emancipation, Responding to the Patronizing State Demand to Wait Until Women…
1935–1960s: (The Scholarly Debate: Glover's "Disorderly Feminine" Excluding the LFAS as Reformist, Carolle Charles Casting Early Feminist Activists as Elite Intellectuals Who Suffered from Narrow Class Perspectives, Myriam Chancy…
1935–2010s: (Manigat's Assessment and the Space Between "Oh" and "Yes": Legal Historian Mirlande Manigat Observing That More Radical Movements Have Since Relegated the LFAS to a Place Where It…
1935–2010s: (Archiving as Citizenship and the Transnational Feminist Archive: Mimi Sheller's Framework of Citizenship as Intertwined Practices for Defining Who Can Occupy Public Space Speak in Public Bear Arms…
1935–1957: (Chapter Previews: The Sylvain Sisters and the Architecture of the Book, Chapter 2 Told Through the Lives and Research of Madeleine Suzanne Jeanne and Yvonne Sylvain Who Used…
1935–1960s: (Dwelling Spaces and the Book's Conclusion: In Addition to Traditional Chapters the Book Told Through Three Dwelling Spaces (A Bridge, A Pilgrimage, and A Feeling) Akin…
1935–1937: (La Voix des Femmes, the First Women's Newspaper in Haiti: Unlike Her Father's Campaign for Sovereignty Madeleine's Concern for Women's Rights Slow to Gain National Attention and…
1935–1947: (La Voix des Femmes as Microphone for the Oppressed: Editors Garoute Sylvain Perez and Desgraves Valcin Characterizing the Newspaper as the Microphone for the Oppressed That Would "Denounce…
1935–1936: (Revolutionary Rhetoric and Feminism as Revolution: In the Early Years LFAS Women Explaining Feminism by Rerouting Women's Politics Through a Patriotic National Landscape Drawing on the Affective Markers…
1935-11: (LFAS Women Align with Ethiopian Women: In the Second Issue of La Voix des Femmes in November 1935 LFAS Members Aligning Themselves with Ethiopian Women Fighting the Italian…
1935–1936: (Common Ground with the Griots and the Atatürk Epigraph: the LFAS's Support of Ethiopia Showing How Women Picked Up Issues Along Their Political Journey That Aligned Them with…
1935–1936: (Nursing as Nationalist Care and the Ethiopian Princess: Throughout the Ethiopian-Italian War the LFAS Cheering Fellow Women Patriots, When Haile Selassie's Daughter Left "Under the Linen Cap to…
1935-09-15: (The LFAS Expands Beyond Port-au-Prince: As an Urban-Based Organization the LFAS Being Unique in Postoccupation Politics in Having National Messaging and Active Chapters Throughout the Nation, Within…
1935-09: (Valcin's Odyssey of Organizing: Novelist Cléante Valcin Narrating the September 1935 Journey to Saint-Marc in La Voix des Femmes as a Mythically Characterized Odyssey, Two Steel Beasts Sweating…
1935-09: (The Journey as Noteworthy as the Destination: For Valcin the Sights Sounds and Stops Along the Way Located the Women on a Path of Skillful Leadership and Excitement…
1935-09: (The Port-au-Prince Delegation to Saint-Marc: the Port-au-Prince LFAS Contingency Including Cléante Valcin Jeanne Perez Madeleine Sylvain Jeanne Sylvain Fernande Bellegarde Lyla Poitevien and Madames Price-Czaikoski and A. Laroche…
1935-09: (The Saint-Marc Coordinating Committee: the Local LFAS Chapter Led by Carmen Marcelin as Vice President Myrta Lanier as Secretary General Marie Aline Adé as Assistant Secretary Dina Jumelle…
1935-09: (Close to 100 People Attend the Saint-Marc Gathering: the Women Gathering Over the Course of the Day with Close to 100 People Women and Men in Attendance Listening…
1935-09: (The Revolutionary Feminist Menu: Beatrice Verna Her Husband Clément Verna and Cohost Madame D. Alexis Presenting Their Guests with a Menu That Fused Food with the Names of…
1935: (Wood and Winsor Visit Haiti and the LFAS: Earlier in 1935 US Suffragists Helena Wood and Mary Winsor Best Known for Their Women's Rights Protests for Which They…
1935-09: (The LFAS as Women's Liberators Paired with Haitian Warriors and Queens: During the 1935 Saint-Marc Celebration the LFAS Women Characterizing Themselves as Women's Liberators Paired with the Legacies…
1935-1943: (Knowledge and Intellect as Aesthetic Currency: In Their Celebration of Education and Haitian Women's Diversity the LFAS Adopting the Philosophy That Knowledge and Intellect Had an Aesthetic Currency,…
1935-1943: (The LFAS Founds Libraries and Night Courses: the LFAS Founding Two Libraries in Port-au-Prince and Port-de-Paix and Organizing Night Courses in History Home Economics and Haitian Culture Through…
1935-1945: (LFAS Women's Clarity and Concession: As Perez Moved Forward with Publishing La Voix des Femmes Remaining a Place to Share and Learn About Women's Different Political Thoughts and…
Jean-Claude Garoute (Tiga) was born on 9 December 1935. Self-taught as a painter, ceramicist and sculptor, he founded the Poto-Mitan studio and the Musée de la céramique, and then the…
At a rally in Trafalgar Square James, as chairman of the International African Friends of Abyssinia, declared that the Ethiopian crisis had produced a union of sentiment among black people…
1936-May: François Duvalier published an article on the African vs. Latin nature of the Haitian mentality in a historical review. He argued that the nation's psychological makeup was fundamentally rooted…
1936-Sept-11: Lorimer Denis and François Duvalier published their seminal essay on the "Haitian Ethnie" in Le Nouvelliste. They asserted that biology determined the psychological and social behavior of the different…
1936–1937: (L'État, C'est Vincent: The September Elections, the State of Siege, and the Slide Back to Dictatorship): No reader of the Haitian papers could have learned much about the difficulties…
1936-06-07: (Madeleine Sylvain's "Notre Conception du Féminisme": At the Annual LFAS Conference on June 7 1936 Madeleine Sylvain Delivering a Speech in Which She Addressed a Special Thank You…
1936-06-07: (Sylvain's Response to Critics: Responding to Those Who Questioned LFAS Women's Political Practice or Sincerity, Sylvain's Attention to Women's Gravitation Toward One Another Suggesting That Even If Critics…
1936-09: (Chapter 3 Opens: "A Pilgrimage", the Chapter Opening with Epigraphs from Stéphane Martelly's L'enfant Gazelle 2018 About a Mother Raising Her Daughter by the Feet Telling Her She…
1936-09: (Jeanne Perez Takes the Readership North: In September 1936 Jeanne Perez Taking the Readership of La Voix des Femmes on a Journey North, Her Editorial Choice for the…
1936-09: (Perez and Sylvain Respond to the New World Almanac: In the Issue Perez and Madeleine Sylvain Both Writing About the Nineteenth-Century Fortress Built by Haitian President and King…
1936-09: (Sylvain Celebrates the Citadelle: Sylvain Celebrating the Citadelle Listed in the Company of the Great Pyramids of Giza and the Great Wall of China for the International Recognition…
1936-09: (Perez Reflects on Her Encounter with the Citadelle: While Sylvain Wrote About Restoration Perez Reflected on Her Encounter with the Structure, Describing the Largesse of "the Heroic Dream…
1936-09: (The Letter to Marie-Madeleine Price-Mars: Perez Writing to Her Niece Marie-Madeleine Price-Mars Inviting Her to One Day Climb the Steep Slope of Bonnet-à-l'Évêque to Commune with Their Ancestors,…
1936-09: (The Butterfly and the Flame: Perez Instructing Her Niece to Return Again and Again: "Like the Butterfly Lover of Light Returns to the Flame to Burn Its Wing…
1936-09: (May Our Sons Go on a Pilgrimage: Perez Calling for the Sons to Go on a Pilgrimage of Love for the Fatherland to the Majestic Present That a…
1936-09: (Perez Was in Love: Perez Being in Love with Her Niece and with Her Country, Moved by the Memory of Her Experience at the Citadelle and by the…
1936-09: (Perez and the Practice of Intergenerational Care: Reared by Her Mother and Sister in a Woman-Led Working-Class Household Perez Taking the Practice of Intergenerational Care Between Women and…
1936-09: (Theodora Holly on Haitian Godparents: Theodora Holly Explaining in Her Early Twentieth-Century Reflections on Haitian Godparents That "It Is Difficult for One Who Has Not Lived Among the…
1936-09: (Haitian Co-Parenting Tradition and Perez's Family: Long Before Twenty-First-Century Terminology of Nonnuclear Extended Nuclear Blended Nontraditional and Multigenerational Family Structures Holly Communicating a Haitian Co-Parenting Tradition, Perez Sharing…
1936-09: (Othermothering: This "Othermothering" Being Not a Biological or Nationalist Celebration of Mothering That LFAS Women Both Adopted and Rejected at Different Moments in the Organization's History, a Sacred…
1936-09: (Perez Invites the Sons into the Vision: With an Emphasis on the Material Structure of the Citadelle and the Physical Exhaustion of the Journey Perez Entrusting the Readership…
1936-09: (Older Than Feminism: This Practice of Mothering Care Work and Attention to History That Perez Practiced Toward Her Niece and Printed in the Periodical Being as Alexis Pauline…
1936-09: (The Papillon: Perez Naming This Transcendent Power and Instructing Her Niece to Be Baptized by the Heat of the Revolutionary Promise Again and Again, Curiously Perez…
1936-09: (Ancestral Assessment: Perez Anticipating That the Journey with Her Niece to the Citadelle and Through Life Would Be One of Enlightenment, Her Enthusiasm Not Being a Calling into the…
1936-09: (Perez Positions Herself and Haiti's Future as Black: Perez Encouraging Her Niece to Inhabit the Black History of the Citadelle, as Heirs of the Bronzé King Henry Christophe…
1936-1942: (Perez Establishes an Archival Record of Care as Citizenship: Between Her Letter in 1936 and Her Scripting of Sanité Bélair's Goddaughter in 1942 Perez Establishing an Archival Record…
1936-09: (The September 1936 Cover of La Voix des Femmes: the Cover Page Communicating the LFAS's Revolutionary Legacy with the Image of the Citadelle Framed by a Future-Facing Feminist…
1936-1944: (The St. Aude Project: the 1944 Marriage Wage Law Known by the LFAS as the St. Aude Project Because Senator Denis St. Aude Originally Sponsored the Petition in…
1936-1944: (The LFAS Creates a Justice Committee for the St. Aude Project: the Initiative Being Central to the LFAS Women's Early Organizing and Their Support of the Law Ordering…
Gesner Armand was born on 11 June 1936 at Croix-des-Bouquets. At fourteen he walked into the Centre d'Art in Port-au-Prince and took drawing with Maurice Borno and watercolour with Pierre…
Jean-Pierre Basilic Dantor Franck Étienne d'Argent was born at Ravine Sèche, in the Artibonite, on 12 April 1936. He grew up poor and without knowing his father. He became a…
1937-Oct.: The Parsley Massacre: Dominican dictator Trujillo orders the slaughter of thousands of Haitians in the borderlands. This act of ethnic cleansing permanently scarred the relationship between the two nations…
1937-Oct.: The Parsley Massacre occurs as Dominican dictator Trujillo orders the slaughter of thousands of Haitians living in the borderlands. He justified this ethnic cleansing by claiming it was necessary…
1937, October 2–5: (The Trujillo Massacre: The Massacre River, 15,000 to 20,000 Haitians Butchered, the Charnel Convoys, and $30 a Head): The Massacre River, which separates Ouanaminthe from its Dominican…
1937, December 4–14: (The Garde Politicizes: The Thomonde Raid, Armand Withholds Ammunition, and the Private Army in the Palace Basement): The frontier still swarmed with robbers ready to raid either…
1937, November – 1938, January 9: (The Café Rex Shooting: Armand's Plot, Calixte's Nephew, the Kouri, and Calixte Exiled to Nice): Armand was also undercutting Vincent: in conspiracy with…
1937-10-00: (The Dominican Vespers, Rafael Trujillo Orders the Massacre of Fifteen Thousand Haitians in the Dominican Republic, Using a Linguistic Test to Distinguish Dominicans From Haitians Before Butchering Those Who…
1937: (Suzanne's Kenscoff Research and the Conceptual Wake: After Her Parents' Deaths Suzanne Leaving Haiti to Study Abroad Then Returning and Revisiting the Death Space Through Research in Kenscoff…
1937: (Suzanne's Libera in La Voix des Femmes: During Grand Deuil Suzanne Writing Four Sequential Essays in La Voix des Femmes: an Unexpected Reunion with a Young Woman from…
1937: (Publishing Rights: Chapter 2 Opening with Madeleine Sylvain at Bryn Mawr Spending Her 1937 Semester Vacation in Montreal Where the Canadian Press Enthusiastically Followed Her, Asked About the…
1937: (Sylvain as Unofficial Diplomat: Her Transparency and Open Criticism Appearing Unpatriotic to Some Critics at Home, President Vincent Not Receptive to Critique, In the Early 1930s Imprisoning…
1937: (Alice Garoute's "Moral Misery": In One Essay in 1937 Alice Garoute Writing "Our Moral Misery Is as Painful as the Greatest Material Suffering and We Turn Our Gaze…
1937: (The Limits of Universalizing Rhetoric: Most Women's Extreme Material Dispossession Being More Extreme Than Any "Moral Misery" and LFAS Leaders Sometimes Struggling to Recognize Their Own Privileges as…
1937-04: (Comhaire-Sylvain Returns from Europe: After Returning to Haiti from Studying in Europe an Ad in La Voix des Femmes in April 1937 Reading "She Is Our One Distinguished…
1937-1938: (The LFAS Hinges Its Political Practice to Comhaire-Sylvain's Scholarship: the LFAS Picking Up Her Example and Hinging Its Political Practice to Comhaire-Sylvain's Scholarship, Her Study of Peasant Life…
1937: (Valcin's Essay on Domestic Workers: Two Years Prior to the 1939 Study Valcin Penning an Essay About Domestic Workers That Foreshadowed the LFAS Women's Ongoing Challenge to Balance…
1937: (The Student-Servant: Valcin Continuing That Tired of Doing All the Work Alone You Employ Her but Only to Realize You Have Recruited a Student, You Find the Courage…
1937: (Valcin's Proposal for Training Schools for Servants: Valcin Suggesting That the LFAS Women Should Establish Training Schools for House Servants and That "Those Who Are Unfit to Become…
1937: (Valcin's Words Harboring Uncritical Projections: Her Words Harboring Uncritical Projections with an Uncomfortable Historical Truth That Women Activists Were Not Always Willing or Able to See Other Women,…
1937: (In the Crevasses of Valcin's Words: However She Also Narrated Haitian Women's Multiple and Interlocking Relationships to Labor, Tired of Doing All the Work Alone Valcin Accounting for…
1937: (Claudia Jones and the Concept of Superexploitation: Within the Coming Decade Fellow Black Woman Internationalist and Trinidadian Communist Claudia Jones Would Identify This as Superexploitation, but on the…
1937: (Working-Class Women's Refusal: Locating Women at the Intersections of Labor Capitalism and Migration Valcin Also Capturing Working-Class Women's Refusal, a Woman's Decision to Flee Uneven Economic Contexts Despite…
1937: (The Description of "Rogue": the Description of the Woman's Decision to Change Employment as "Rogue" Revealing Women Activists' Potential Part in Policing and Containing Certain Haitian Women, the…
1937: (The Countryside Was Not Green Pastures: What Valcin and Few in the Urban Centers Knew Was That the Countryside Particularly the Farthest Inland Was Not a Bastion of…
1937-10: (The Parsley Massacre: Weeks After Valcin's Essay Dominican Republic President Rafael Trujillo Casting Haitian Women Out of His Country Through a Violent Campaign of Anti-Haitianism That Placed the…
1937-10: (The Missing Months of La Voix des Femmes: In the Multiple Archival Sources Used to Create a Full Catalogue of La Voix des Femmes the Months Between September…
1937-1940: (LFAS Members Reflecting on Culpability: Unlike Vincent LFAS Members Constantly Reflecting on Their Culpability Within the Ever-Changing Political and Social Systems, Valcin Alice Garoute and Madeleine Sylvain Later…
1937-1946: (Minors Criminals or Insane: LFAS Women Repeatedly Identifying the Context of Women's Postrevolutionary Citizenship on Conceptual and Material Grounds as an Infantilizing Criminalizing and Maddening Enslavement, Captured in…
1937-1938: (Plasaj and Fertility: Comhaire-Sylvain Documenting That Families Used Plasaj to Address Infertility and Infant Mortality, in 1937 Interviewing a Woman and Her Husband Who Lost Seven Children Through…
Maximilien Laroche was born at Cap-Haitien on 5 April 1937. He took a licence in French literature and a master's in Spanish at the Universite de Montreal in 1962 and…
Hervé Télémaque was born in Port-au-Prince on 5 November 1937, into a bourgeois family with a poet uncle and a musician aunt. He left for New York in 1957 when…
Jean Métellus was born at Jacmel on 30 April 1937 and did his classical studies there. He taught mathematics at the Lycée Célie Lamour until 1959, then left Haiti two…
In 1937 an American researcher settled in the commune of Plaisance, in the mountains inland from Cap-Haitien, and wrote down what people there said about loups garous and lwa. The…
A coumbite is a work party. A farmer in northern Haiti asks relatives and neighbours to come and clear, plant, weed, harvest, make cassava or build a house, and in…
1938: Anthropologist José Imbelloni proposed that the native inhabitants of the West Indies belonged to a distinct Amazonid race. He traced their biological ancestry from the Amazon Basin through the…
1938: President Sténio Vincent dismisses the black army chief Démosthènes Pétrus Calixte to further consolidate mulatto control over the military. This move was part of a broader intensification of elite…
1938: C.L.R. James publishes the first edition of The Black Jacobins. This work redefined the Haitian Revolution as a central event in world history and anti-colonial struggle.
1938: The journal Les Griots is founded to promote a black-centered ideology that linked a race’s biology directly to its collective psychology. Its contributors, including François Duvalier, called for a…
1938, December 18 – 1941, May 15: (Vincent Restores Dictatorship: The Cayes Speech, the Hitlerian Tone, Lescot on Trujillo's Payroll, and Haiti's Fourth Constitutional Transfer of Power): In a speech…
1938-00-00: (The National Museum Established in Port-au-Prince, Housing Artifacts From the Pre-Columbian Period to the 1940s, Including the Anchor From Columbus's Santa Maria): In 1938, the national museum was established…
1938-02: (Four Articles on Rural Life Folklore and Death in Kenscoff: In the Nascent Years of the Women's Movement Comhaire-Sylvain Writing Four Articles About Rural Life Folklore and Death…
1938-02: (Comhaire-Sylvain's "Vocabulaire des Croyances Paysannes": Her First Publication Being a Glossary of Words Used by the Rural Peasant Population Printed in Dictionary-Style Columns Comparing Haitian Kreyòl Words to…
1938-02: (ABOBO and BOBOBO: Comhaire-Sylvain Beginning with "ABOBO" the Expression of Agreement Affirmation and Invocation Heard During Vodou Dances and Ceremonies, Explaining That When Saying "ABOBO" Certain Individuals Tap…
1938: (Her Attention to Performance as Instructive for Feminist Practice: For the Community of Women's Rights Activists Intellectuals and Feminist Theorists Reading Comhaire-Sylvain's Work Her Attention to the…
1938: (Comhaire-Sylvain's Early Archive of Embodied Language: Her Work Establishing an Early Archive of the Embodied Elements of Haitian Language That Had Not Been Attended To, This Approach Recognized…
1938: (Carter G. Woodson Reviews Comhaire-Sylvain Alongside Herskovits: Several Months After Comhaire-Sylvain Published in La Voix des Femmes African American Scholar Carter G. Woodson Reviewing Her Works Le Créole…
1938: (Woodson Marvels at Comhaire-Sylvain: Woodson Marveling That "Working in the Same Field in Which Dr. Herskovits Has Chosen to Labor Has Recently Appeared Madame Suzanne Comhaire-Sylvain," Counting Her…
1938: (The Method Woodson References: the Tapping of Two Fingers on the Mouth the Eyebrow Raises or the Postures That Served as Points of Connectivity Across Status, These Being…
1938: (Comhaire-Sylvain's Index as Fragile Space: Her Index Offering a Fragile Space for Exchange and Connectivity That Highlighted Gendered Experiences of Culture Class and Labor Between Haitian Women, This…
1938: (Harkening Back to Price-Mars: Comhaire-Sylvain Harkening Back to Price-Mars's Invitation in Ainsi Parla l'Oncle to Seriously Engage an Indigéniste Narrative Practice That Centered and Integrated Popular Haitian Thought…
1938: (The Story of Adelsia: Comhaire-Sylvain Telling the Story of a Young Girl Named Adelsia Who Guided Her Through the Intricate Physical and Social Landscape of Kenscoff, Revealing That…
1938: (Adelsia as Adult: When the Women Met Again as Adults Adelsia Was a Businesswoman Mother and Locally Celebrated Dancer, Adelsia Guiding Comhaire-Sylvain Through Her Days and Ultimately to…
1938: (The Space Between the Women: Comhaire-Sylvain's Notes Not Indicating Hourly Intervals, Her Narration in La Voix des Femmes Filling in Some of the Space Between the Women,…
1938: (How Women Count: Comhaire-Sylvain Mentioning Adelsia's Facility with Calculations as an Invitation to Think About How Women Count Both as Valuable Members of the Nation and Considering…
1938: (Integrating Multiple Ways of Knowing into Definitions of Haitian Womanhood: Through Her Attention to Multiple Ways of Knowing Created and Perfected by Women Comhaire-Sylvain Encouraged Women to Draw…
1938: (Comhaire-Sylvain Records How Women Studied Challenged and Corrected One Another, as Well as the Gaps in the Process of Translating Their Lives to One Another, Most Evident in…
1938: (Adelsia's Plasaj Union: Adelsia Being in a Plasaj Union a Common-Law Relationship That May or May Not Have Involved Multiple Partners, Comhaire-Sylvain Praising Adelsia's Business Skills and Parenting…
1938: (Comhaire-Sylvain's Regret About the Title "Madame": Comhaire-Sylvain Expressing Regret That Adelsia Would Never Hold the Title "Madame" Stating That She Would One Day Be "Manzè Adelsia" "Sor Adelsia"…
1938-1942: (Marie-Madeleine's Marraine Wrote a Play and Her Father Became a Senator: Between Marie-Madeleine's Sixth and Tenth Birthdays Her Marraine Wrote a Play and Her Father Jean Price-Mars Became…
1938-02: (Perez Resigns as Editor in Chief of La Voix des Femmes: A Year and a Half After She Published the Letter to Marie-Madeleine Jeanne Perez Resigning as Editor…
On the night of Sunday 12 December 1937 a group of officers tried to kill President Stenio Vincent. The plot failed. Bonicias Perard, a lieutenant of the Garde d'Haiti, was…
1939-Jan: Jean Price Mars published a study in the Revue de la Société d'Histoire on Haitian diplomacy and Dominican independence. He analyzed the historical factors that had led to the…
1939: Lorimer Denis and François Duvalier published their findings on "racial determinism" in the journal Les Griots. They maintained that the political history of Haiti could only be understood through…
1939-Oct: The journal Les Griots published a series of "Considerations on our historical origins." The articles further developed the black legend that portrayed the mulatto elite as a group of…
1939–1945: (Africa in the Second World War: African Colonies Again Drawn into European Conflict as Sources of Men and Materials, Egypt Vital to British Strategy with Armored Vehicles Surrounding…
1939–1945: (African Soldiers Beyond the Continent: Over 370,000 Africans Serving in the British Armed Forces, Troops from Francophone and Anglophone Zones Fighting in Italy and Burma, Returning Veterans Having…
1939–1950s: (The Beached Whale: Colonial Rule Seeming Impregnable in 1939 Yet Collapsing Within Twenty Years, Europe Scrambling Out of Africa in the Same Period It Had Scrambled In, Decolonization…
1939: (Comhaire-Sylvain's Study of Girls' Leisure Time and Unaccounted-For Hours: Unaccounted-For Time Being Understood as a Threat That Could Corrupt a Girl's Social Respectability and Therefore Needing Observation, Comhaire-Sylvain…
1939: (Working-Class Girls in the Urban Center: Comhaire-Sylvain Finding That Working-Class Young Girls in the Urban Center Having Work School and Responsibilities at Home Had Little Time for Leisure…
1939: (The Education Variation Between Girls: the Contours of Their Social Lives Being Different with Education Variation Presenting Different Opportunities to Differently Educated Girls, According to Comhaire-Sylvain Variation in…
1939: (Art at an Embryonic Level: Comhaire-Sylvain Suggesting That to Raise the Intellectual and Moral Level of the Haitian Woman Improving the Level of Studies Was Not…
1939: (Girls' Artistic Energy Needing Cultivation: From Comhaire-Sylvain's Observations Girls' Artistic Energy Needed to Be Cultivated in Adult-Supervised Social Gatherings Where Young People Saw Theatrical Productions Art Exhibits and…
1939: (Comhaire-Sylvain Proposes Aesthetics Education Through Physical Health: Comhaire-Sylvain Proposing That Young Women's Education in Aesthetics Begin with Leisure Activities That Focused on Their Physical Health, Coeditor Cléante Valcin…
1939: (Sports to Improve the Beauty and Vigor of the Race: Comhaire-Sylvain Explaining "We Should Definitely Consider Placing Our Young Girls in All Sorts of Sports Organizations to Improve…
1939: (Sports as Behavioral Control: Although Valcin and Comhaire-Sylvain Discussed Athletics at Length Their Interest with Sports Being Less About Athleticism and More About Influencing Young Girls' Behaviors, According…
1939-1941: (The Wartime Transition: The Women's Organizational Front Evolving Between Wartime Strategies and the Transition in Presidential Leadership, World War II Starting in September 1939 and Élie Lescot Elected…
The headline story of the March 1939 issue reported the Lima declaration in favour of women's rights, written after the Eighth International American Conference, and identified Peru as a leader…
1940–1943: (The North African Theater and the Expulsion of the Axis: The Italian Invasion of Egypt from Libya in 1940, the Arrival of the German Afrika Korps, El Alamein…
1940s: (Wartime Shifts in North African Nationalism: Moroccans Expecting Sovereignty After Roosevelt's Promise, the French Suppressing Istiqlal, Ferhat Abbas's 1943 Manifesto of the Algerian People, the AML Demanding a…
1940s–1956: (Moroccan and Tunisian Independence: Sultan Sidi Muhammad Leading the Nationalist Struggle, the French Suppressing Istiqlal but Forced to Withdraw by 1956, Bourguiba's Neo-Destour Achieving Tunisian Independence the Same…
1940s–1960s: (Nationalists Versus Settlers: Kenya's Land Alienation Creating a Radicalized Underclass, the KAU Founded in 1947 Under Kenyatta, Mau Mau Erupting from Sporadic Rural Bloodshed in the Late 1940s…
1940-00-00: (The National Library Established in Port-au-Prince, an Institutional Home for the Written Heritage of a Nation Whose Majority Population Had Been Systematically Denied Literacy): In 1940, the national library…
1940s: (Vieux-Chauvet's Love as Political Theory: Writer Marie Vieux-Chauvet as a Contemporary of the LFAS Founders Who Although Politically Nonaligned Was Preoccupied with the Complexity of Women's Political Subjectivity,…
1940-10: (The LFAS Withdraws Its Forces: In the October-November Issue of La Voix des Femmes in 1940 Madeleine Announcing That the LFAS Would "Withdraw Their Forces," Emphasizing That the…
1940: (Closing Ranks and the Kombit Model: Sylvain-Bouchereau Explaining That the LFAS Leadership Was Closing Ranks: "For the Moment It Is a Question of Uniting a Conscious Group Free…
1940: (Ideas Still Poorly Understood: Madeleine's Assessment of the LFAS's Work from Several Years Before Remaining Relevant, Speaking on Behalf of the Organization She Writing "[We] Recognize That the…
1940s: (The Simultaneity of War and Women's Economic Vulnerability as Opportunity: The Simultaneity of War Women's Economic Vulnerability and the Political Volatility of the Mid-1940s Presenting an Opportunity for…
1940s: (Carrying the Enslavement Pronouncement into the 1940s: Carrying Sylvain-Bouchereau's Pronouncement That Haitian Women Were Enslaved into the 1940s LFAS Women Using Meanings of Enslavement to Indicate Haitian…
1940s: (Enslavement Rhetoric Against the Backdrop of War and Ethnic Cleansing: Against the Backdrop of War Ethnic Cleansing and International Systems of Unification Such as the United Nations the…
1940s: (Chapter 3 and Chapter 4 Preview: Chapter 3 Following Haitian Women's Rights Organizers' Local-Global Thinking About Labor Family and Sexuality Set in the 1940s, Chapter 4 Picking Up…
1940: (Perez Writes and Produces Sanité Bélair: In Her Zeal for Her Niece to Dwell in the Crevices of Revolutionary Possibility Perez Foreshadowing Her Own Political and Creative Trajectory,…
1940s: (The Haitian Arts Movement and Négritude: the Haitian Arts Movement Resonating with the Broader Négritude Movement That Celebrated the Study of Global African Cultures, Perez and de Pradines…
1940s: (The Epidemics and the Legislation Captured in Jeanne's Letters: the Epidemics and the Legislation Each a Complex Set of Circumstances Being Captured in Jeanne Sylvain's Letters as She…
1940s: (The Emotional Hazing More Intense Than Political Debate: While the Record Captures the Political Intensity and Legislative Movements Involving Women Their Archival Curation Offers That What Was More…
1940s: (Women's Responses Recalled Acts of Refusal During Chattel Enslavement: Women's Responses to Their Dispossession Recalling the Well-Known Acts of Refusal by Women During Periods of Chattel Enslavement Including…
1940s: (LFAS Women Paved Alternative Routes: LFAS Women Paving Alternative Routes Off the Path of Disposability Confinement and Containment That Structured Women's Legal and Social Citizenship Experiences, Women Incorporating…
1940s: (Nearly 20,000 Women at the Intersections of Class Zones: Nearly 20,000 Women Living in the City at the Intersections of Comhaire-Sylvain's Class Zones, the Women Who Moved Between…
1940s: (The Commute from Downstairs to Upstairs: For Other Women Their Commute from Downstairs to Upstairs Was Quick but Often Unaccounted For and Subject to the Whims of Any…
1940s: (The Foyer as Location for Ambulant Women: the Foyer Being a Location for This Group of Ambulant Women Whose Steps Linked the Cityscape of Port-au-Prince, These Women Being…
1940s: (The Urban Space Was Still Constricting: Although the LFAS Established a Home Space for Women the Urban Space Was Still Constricting Tight, the Former French Colonial City Growing…
1940s: (Kom Se Kawo Tèm, the Body as Land: Women Who Left Domestic Work Jobs Often Being Accused of Theft on Their Way Out of Town but These…
1940s: (The Foyer as Space of Recognition: the Foyer Seeking to Intercede in the Complexities of the Urban Landscape by Slowly Creating a Context of Recognition Care and Accountability,…
1940s: (Women's Social and Political Experience as "an Alterable Terrain": Together the Family Correspondences Research and the Foyer Demonstrating That Women's Social and Political Experience Was "an Alterable Terrain,"…
1940s: (Statistics Have to Be Used with Caution: Comhaire-Sylvain Acknowledging "However Statistics Have to Be Used with Caution" Specifically Referring to the Fact That Data for Identifying Population Growth…
Colonial era-1940s: (Sabine Lamour on Plasaj as Colonial Labor Extraction: Haitian Feminist Sabine Lamour Critically Asserting That Plasaj Emerged as a Noninstitutional Mode of Union for the Captive Group…
1940s: (The Coffee Economy and Marriage Seasons: the Financial Resources That Came from Harvest Season Moving Between the Rural and Urban Areas and Governed by the Agricultural Seasons, Although…
Rosny Smarth was born on 19 October 1940. In the early 1970s he worked inside Salvador Allende's government in Chile, advising on land reform, until the coup. He became prime…
1941: Elie Lescot succeeds Sténio Vincent as president and continues to fill the higher ranks of the administration almost exclusively with mulattoes. His administration’s support for anti-superstition campaigns against Vodou…
1941: The Roman Catholic hierarchy launched an "anti-superstition" campaign with the explicit support of the newly elected President Lescot. This movement was characterized by the systematic destruction of Vodou artifacts…
1941-Apr: Suzanne Césaire published a landmark study on Frobenius in the journal Tropiques. She used the work of the German ethnologist to challenge the perceived superiority of Western civilization over…
1941, May 15 – 1942, February 23: (Another State of the Union: Lescot's Iron Hand, the Anti-Vodou Campaign, the American Bishop at Les Cayes, and the Suspension of the Constitution):…
1941–1945: (The Atlantic Charter and African Political Awakening: Churchill and Roosevelt Proclaiming Self-Determination for All Peoples in August 1941, Churchill Insisting This Did Not Apply to the British Empire,…
1941-05-15: (Élie Lescot Inaugurated as President, a Light-Skinned Mulatto Who Declared War on Germany, Supported American Wartime Agriculture, and Launched a Campaign Against Vodou That Alienated the Black Majority):…
1941-1945: (The Economic Depression and Women's Livelihood: The World War Strains on the Global Financial Systems Putting Economic Strain on Haiti, the Nation Facing an Economic Depression That Disproportionately…
1941: (Vincent's Anti-Vodou Campaigns: Sténio Vincent Being Staunchly Against the Practice of Vodou and in His Last Year of Office Supporting Antisuperstitious Campaigns Led by the Haitian Catholic Church…
1941-1945: (Lescot Inherits Anti-Vodou Initiatives and the Growing Enthusiasm for Folklore: Lescot Inheriting These Anti-Vodou Initiatives as Well as the Growing Enthusiasm in Scientific and Philosophical Study of Haitian…
1941: (Price-Mars and Roumain Found the Institut d'Ethnologie: As an Outgrowth of Price-Mars's Indigéniste Philosophies Regarding Haitian Culture and Thinking Price-Mars and Jacques Roumain Being Given Government Support to…
1941: (SHADA, the Société Haïtiano-Américaine de Développement Agricole: In 1941 Lescot Agreeing to the Agricultural Development Program with the United States Called SHADA Inserting Haiti as the Solution…
1941-1943: (Lescot's Media Campaign for SHADA: for the Milat Wealthy Internationally Connected Lescot This Kind of Partnership Needing a Media Campaign, in the Wake of the US Occupation and…
1941-1944: (SHADA's $7 Million Loan and 90,000 Workers: SHADA Being Infused with a $7 Million Loan from the Import-Export Bank of the United States to Clear Land and Pay…
1941-1944: (The Social Failure of SHADA: in the Face of Slow and Low Returns the Social Failure of the Project Being the Massive Displacement of Peasant Farmers and Clearing…
1941-1944: (SHADA Forcibly Removes Peasants and Clears 47,177 Acres: SHADA Forcibly Removing Peasants from Their Lands Destroying Homes and Cutting Down Decades-Old Fruit-Bearing Trees, the Project Clearing 47,177 Acres…
Patrick Vilaire was born in Port-au-Prince on 16 September 1941. He works in clay and metal, and he studies the pottery of the Haitian countryside as a historian studies documents.…
Jean-Claude Fignolé was born in Jérémie on 24 May 1941. With Frankétienne and René Philoctète he founded spiralisme, the Haitian literary movement that broke the straight line of the novel…
On 31 October 1941 Jacques Roumain (novelist, ethnologist, founder of the Communist Party, author of Gouverneurs de la rosée) founded Haiti's Bureau d'Ethnologie by decree-law, having just returned from exile…
On 8 December 1941 President Élie Lescot declared war on Japan, with the unanimous approval of the permanent Committee of the National Assembly. A state of siege was declared across…
1942-Feb.-22: A church service in the Delmas suburbs was interrupted by gunfire during a mission service against "superstition." This event convinced the government that the campaign against Vodou was becoming…
1942, April 6 – 1943, September 9: (Lescot's War: The Shoreham Suite, Lend-Lease Artillery, the Coast Guard at Bizoton, and Haiti's First Aviator): Having rendered himself secure at home, Lescot…
1942–1944: (SHADA: The $12 Million Flop, Kon Kabrit, a Million Fruit Trees Bulldozed, and Five Tons of Rubber): One shortfall of the occupation had been American failure to live up…
1942-08-10: (The Premier of Sanité Bélair at the Rex Theatre: Some Anticipating That the "Subject Was Too Well Known" for Perez's Theatrical Staging, However as One Reviewer Recounted the…
1942-08-10: (The Third Act: By the Third and Final Act Reviewers Explaining "We All Already Knew That Charles and Sanité Were Lost — and Yet Such Is the Intensity…
1942-08-10: (Perez Stages Sanité's Care for the Nation: In This Performance Ritual Perez Staging Sanité's Care for the Nation, the Reviewer Recalling That "Full of Enthusiasm and Hatred Against…
1942-08-10: (Vodou Songs and Dances in the Play: The Vocality That the Audience Collectively Experienced in August 1942 Including the Dramatized Battle Cries of Sanité Bélair, Perez Also…
1942-08-10: (Emerente de Pradines and the First Folk Songs on Stage: Dancer Choreographer and Vodouisant Emerente de Pradines Later Recalling "I Played and Sung There at the Rex Theatre…
1942: (The Historical Weight of the Play: the Historical Weight of the Play by a Woman Playwright About a Historical Woman Figure with Women Singing and Dancing Songs from…
1942: (De Pradines on the Distinction Between Practice and Performance: De Pradines Explaining Years After Her 1942 Performance "When I Am Doing It Vodou Songs and Dance It Is…
1942: (Perez's Delicate Balance in Staging Multiple Sentient Truths: Thus Perez's Delicate Balance in Staging the Multiple Sentient Truths Being Profound, the Artistic Praise and Novelty of Sanité Bélair…
1942: (The Fictionalized Goddaughter Marie: Enraptured by the Skill and Content of de Pradines's Performance the Audience May Have Overlooked Her Actual Character Marie, Perez Having Written a Likely…
1942-1943: (Jeanne Sylvain's Education and Return: After Receiving Her Degree in Social Work from the University of Chicago in 1942 Jeanne Returning Home to Work Before Continuing Her Studies,…
Guy Saint-Vil was born in Port-au-Prince on 21 October 1942. He played forward for Racing Club Haïtien, for the Baltimore Bays in the NPSL's first season in 1967 and in…
Josaphat-Robert Large was born at Jérémie on 15 November 1942. He wrote poetry, fiction and art criticism in French and in Kreyòl. He left Haiti in late 1963 after being…
The government of Elie Lescot banned Vodou ceremonies, Mardi Gras and the Rara festivals in 1942, on the argument that they were relics of savagery inherited from Africa. The ban…
1943-Sept: Cahiers d'Haïti published detailed reports on the increasingly exclusive social life of the mulatto elite under Lescot. These accounts documented the growing resentment of the black middle class that…
1943, October – 1945, May 15: (Lescot at the White House: The Grandest Foreign Trip, Nous Élie Lescot, the Four Freedoms Withheld, and Trujillo's Smith & Wessons): In October 1943,…
1943: (The Foyer Ouvrier: In 1943 the LFAS Opening a Women's Community Center Called the Foyer Ouvrier Offering Classes in Childcare Language and Cooking as Well as Space for…
1943: (Sylvain-Bouchereau's End-of-Year Report on the Foyer Ouvrier: In Her 1943 End-of-the-Year Report Madeleine Sylvain-Bouchereau Announcing "The Foyer Ouvrier Is in Full Formation and Is Already Visited by More…
1943: (Sylvain-Bouchereau's Wartime Report: The First Decade of LFAS Women's Political Organizing Coming to a Close Alongside the Final Two Years of World War II, In Her Final Essays…
1943: (Madeleine in a War of Her Own: Her Call for a Unified Restorative Movement Being a Hopeful Recasting of a Complicated Ten Years of Experimenting with Various Trajectories…
1943-11: (Chapter 4 Opens: "The Right Sex", Chapter 4 Titled "The Right Sex: Political Geographies of Haitian Womanhood" Opening in Early November 1943 with Cases of a Dangerous Influenza…
1943-11: (Jeanne Sylvain Writes to Her Siblings About the Influenza: Jeanne Sylvain Writing to Her Siblings That "in Almost Every Family You Have a Few Days of Fever Accompanied…
1943-11: (The Pandemic Brings Speculation Fear and Shutdowns: as Pandemics Do the End-of-Year Influenza Outbreak Bringing Widespread Speculation Fear Whiffs of Underlying National and International Conflict Business and School…
1943-11: (The Terrible Depression That Characterizes the Disease: In Her Description of the Influenza Symptoms Jeanne Referencing the Mental Health Impact of the Virus Accounting for the "Terrible Depression…
1943-1945: (The Wartime Economic Boom That Did Not Trickle Down: While the Merchant Elite Factory Owners and Large Import and Export Businesses Experienced an Economic Boom During World War…
1943-1945: (The Third Epidemic: Marriage, Jeanne Finding That Despite Wartime Insecurity Fluctuating Markets the Flu and Death a Third Epidemic Raged On, Informing Her Siblings of Invitations to and…
1943-1945: (Jeanne Unmarried at Thirty-Seven: Other People May Not Have Noted the Frequency of Marriage or Framed It in Terms of Impending Crisis. Jeanne Was Thirty-Seven Years Old and…
1943-1945: (Marriage as Impending Loss of Freedoms: Jeanne Meeting the Topic of Her Own Marriage with Sarcasm and Skepticism, the Wave of Women Getting Legally Married Being a Pattern…
1943: (Jeanne as International Translator for SHADA: Jeanne Being the International Translator for the SHADA Newspaper A Propos de SHADA, in Her New Position Traveling Throughout the Country with…
1943: (Jeanne Liked Earning Her Own Money: Jeanne Liking Earning Her Own Money and Initially Thinking SHADA Was a Viable Project Even If She Was Less Enthusiastic About the…
1943-1944: (Jeanne Learns Her Job Is Propaganda: When Jeanne Committed Herself to Only One Year of the "Easy" Job She Was Not Aware of the Failing Elements, Her Duties…
1943-1944: (Jeanne's Small Acts of Disruption: at the Same Time Jeanne Attempting to Disrupt the SHADA Narrative, in Her Refusal to Share the Newspaper with Her Siblings on the…
1943-11-03: (Jeanne Plants a New Project: The Foyer Ouvrier, Jeanne Responding to the Deprivation by Planting a New Project, in the Early Days of the Influenza Epidemic the LFAS…
1943-11-03: (The Target Population and the Inauguration: the Target Population for the Foyer Being Peasant Migrant Women Turned Urban Working Poor, the Women of Greatest Concern to the Government…
1943-1944: (Working Out of a Room with Thirty-Person Capacity: Madeleine and Jeanne Working Out of a Room with a Thirty-Person Capacity Trying Not to Turn Women Away Despite Struggling…
1943: (Le Foyer: Shifting the Social Terrain, the Foyer Being a Feminist Response to Women's Needs and an Opportunity for Jeanne and Madeleine Sylvain-Bouchereau to Translate Their Social Work…
1943-1944: (Girls Refused Presumptions and Taught LFAS Women: During Comhaire-Sylvain's Previous Research Projects Haitian Girls Having Refused Presumptions About Their Lives and Her Access to Them, They Strategically Walking…
1943-1944: (Leisure Was About Choice: in the First Months of Programming the LFAS Prioritizing Relaxation and Play as Pillars, Sylvain-Bouchereau Initially Observing "It Seems the Idea of Entertainment Is…
1943: (Marguerite the Sylvains' Young Cook: These Women Were Marguerite the Sylvains' "Young Cook" Who Appears in the Half-Sentence of an Announcement That the "Whole House" Caught the Flu…
1943-1944: (Women Very Anxious to Learn: the Women Trying to Close the Foyer Before 7 PM but There Being So Many Women "Very Anxious to Learn to Learn Anything"…
1943-1945: (The Foyer's Complications: the Foyer Being One Stopover for Women's Political Wayfaring but Not Uncomplicated, While Madeleine and Jeanne Celebrated Haitian Folklore and Visited the Institut d'Ethnologie Getting…
Ertha Pascal-Trouillot was born at Pétion-Ville on 13 August 1943, ninth of the ten children of an ironworker and a seamstress. She took her law degree in 1971 and became…
1944: L'Amicale, a professional club for black citizens, was founded under the patronage of Emile Saint Lot to challenge elite mulatto social hegemony. This group became a significant center for…
1944–1949: (The Centre d'Art and Its Wonders: Peters's Chauffeur Rigaud Benoît, Yard Boy Castéra Bazile, Hector Hyppolite's Prophetic Café, and the Stern Baptist Philomé Obin): Peters's original plan had been…
1944–1945: (De Gaulle's Brazzaville Conference and the Promise of Reform: French African Territories' Critical Wartime Contributions Giving Nationalists Increased Leverage, the 1944 New Deal of Political Concessions Aimed at…
1944–1950s: (Elections and Political Parties in French and Belgian Africa: The Syndicat Agricole Africain Founded in Côte d'Ivoire in 1944 to Abolish Forced Labor, Houphouet-Boigny Elected to the Paris…
1944–1950s: (Nigerian Nationalism and Its Ethnic Fractures: The NCNC Founded in 1944 with Azikiwe Seeking a Nationwide Movement but Thwarted by Igbo Association, Fear of Igbo Domination Leading to…
1944-05-14: (The Centre d'Art Established in Port-au-Prince by DeWitt Peters, Creating an Institutional Home for Haitian Art That Would Bring International Recognition to a National Artistic Tradition Rooted in Vodou,…
1944: (The Césaire Effect and LFAS Women's Intellectual World: Almost Two Years Before the 1946 Assembly Aimé Césaire Famously Pronouncing That Haiti Was the Place Where Négritude First Stood…
1944-01-06: (Jeanne's Letter on Infanticide and Misery: In a Family Letter on January 6 1944 Jeanne Writing "The Reports of Death Due to Physiological Misery and Undernourishment and Reports…
1944-01: (Le Nouvelliste Asks: Misery or Twisted Mentality? As a Reporter's Question Posed in Le Nouvelliste Alluded "Is It Misery That Provokes These Crimes of Infanticide or Is It a…
1944-01: (Jeanne Infers a Crisis of Resources: Although Jeanne Did Not Know the Exact Cause for These Losses or the Most Recent Report of "a New Born Baby Girl…
1944-01: (Three Major Legislative Victories: During the 1940s the LFAS Crafting Supporting and Winning Three Major Legislative Victories: the January 1944 Women's Wage Law Granting Women the Right to…
1944-01: (Jeanne Reports Fluctuating Prices Job Insecurity and Displacement: at the Beginning of January 1944 Jeanne Reporting to Her Sisters That Food Prices Fluctuated Often Job Insecurity Was on…
1944-03: (The Cryptostegia Is More Unpredictable: by March 1944 a Year into Her Position Most Observers Knowing Despite Lescot's National and International Tours That SHADA Was Not Viable, Jeanne's…
1944: (SHADA Reduces Employment from 90,000 to 4,000: Two Months After Jeanne's Observation SHADA Being Forced to Reduce Its Employment from Over 90,000 to 4,000, in Three Months' Time…
1944: (Not All Peasants Experienced the End of SHADA the Same Way: a Few May Have Been Able to Financially Break Even but Many of the Peasantry Entangled with…
1944: (Proletarianization and the Fundamental Shift in Identity: This Vulnerability Exacerbating What Haitian Sociologist Alex Dupuy Explains as Post-US Occupation Models That "Unleashed a Process of Proletarianization" in Which…
1944: (The Intimate Volatility of Urban Domestic Space: Young Women Displaced from Rural Areas Being Vulnerable to the Intimate Volatility of the Urban Domestic Space Including Low Wages Long…
1944-01: (The Baby Girl Found Near the Shore: the Night Also Offering Cover from Eyes and Opinions of Those Who May Not Have Understood or Pathologized the Limits of…
1944: (Yvonne Sylvain at Le Service d'Hygiène: Yvonne Sylvain Not Starting Her One-Day-a-Week Shift at the General Hospital Until Several Months After This Baby Was Found but Working in…
1944: (The Marriage Wage Law as Workers' Rights: For the LFAS the Marriage Wage Law Being an Issue of Workers' Rights, the Members Being Among a Number of Black…
1944: (The Law Crafted for Legally Married Women: the Law Being Crafted for Legally Married Women, Thus with Less Than a Majority of Women in Legal Marriages the Law's…
1944: (The LFAS Women Fight for Financial Freedoms Within Marriage: LFAS Women Fighting to Change Women's Financial Freedoms Within Marriage, LFAS Women Having Different Opinions About How Women Should…
1944-1945: (The Value of Marriage Measured Differently: Women from Across Economic Class and Geographic Locations in Haiti Recording Some Unique Value for Legal Marriage, but as Evidenced in the…
1944-12: (The Child Inheritance Law: Lescot's True Concern with Plasaj Being Less About Honorable Partnerships and More About Legitimacy, Sandwiched Between the Wage and Marriage Tax Legislation Being the…
1944: (The Contradictions of the Child Inheritance Law: While the Child Inheritance Law Authorized Research for Paternity and Gave Children Born Out of Marriage the Same Rights to Inheritance…
1944-1945: (Lescot's True Agenda: Land Control Through Marriage and Legitimacy, the Regulation on Legitimacy Being Anchored in Women's Reproduction Sexual Practices and Labor to the Land, Lescot Anticipating…
1944-1945: (Women's Unchecked Mobility as the State's True Concern: the Role of Women in the Peasant Economy Necessitating That Women Simultaneously Bear Children Work Rural Plots and Sell That…
On 19 April 1944 Haiti's National Assembly voted the constitutional amendments President Élie Lescot had asked for, handing him a fresh seven-year term. Lescot had taken office on 15 May…
Georges Anglade was born in Port-au-Prince on 18 July 1944. He fought the Duvaliers and they exiled him twice, in 1974 and again in 1991. In Quebec he helped found…
Pierre-Antoine Paulo was born at Camp-Perrin on 23 March 1944. At eighteen he left for the novitiate of the Oblates of Mary Immaculate in Colebrook, New Hampshire, professed his vows…
1945-Dec.: André Breton, the founder of surrealism, visited Haiti and delivered speeches that inspired the radical sons of oligarchic families. His visit coincided with the founding of La…
1945–1950s: (The Second Colonial Occupation: Britain, France, Portugal, and Belgium Perceiving African Territories as More Important Than Ever, Interventionist Policies Pursued with Renewed Vigor, the African Contribution Deemed Vital…
1945–1960s: (The Dissolution of Empire, An Overview of Decolonization's Multiple Paths: Violence in Kenya, Algeria, Mozambique, Angola, and Guinea-Bissau, Byzantine Negotiations Elsewhere, the 1956 Suez Debacle as the Final…
1945–1960s: (The Meaning of Independence: Africa Becoming Independent Through Both Compromise and Conflict, Nationalist Victories More Commonly Negotiated Settlements Than Military Triumphs, Outgoing Colonial Authorities Leaving Behind Structures Noteworthy…
1945–1960s: (The International Climate: Indian Independence as Inspiration, Japan's Humiliation of European Powers in Southeast Asia, the United States Espousing Anti-Colonialism but Prioritizing Anti-Communism, Military Aid to Portugal's Fascist…
1945–1950s: (The Second Colonial Occupation in Economic Terms: Europe Economically Exhausted, African Colonies More Important Than Ever, Britain Relying Heavily on Territories Outside Dollar Control, Portugal Clinging Longest Precisely…
1945–1950s: (Marketing Boards, the Groundnut Scheme, and the Seeds of Colonial Self-Destruction: State-Run Boards Paying Farmers a Fraction of Export Value, Surpluses Channeled into Grand Schemes, the Tanganyika…
1945–1950s: (Portuguese and Belgian Colonial Intransigence: Salazar's Fascist System Exported to Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea-Bissau, Colonies as Outlets for Surplus Population, the Belgian Congo's Economic Boom Fueled by Copper,…
1945–1950s: (Political Plans: The British Moving Away from Indirect Rule Toward Incorporating the Educated Elite from About 1947, the French Envisaging Patron-Client Autonomy, Special Powers Contemplated for White Settlers in…
Post-1945: (Conceiving and Producing Nations: Nationalism as a Problematic Term in the African Context, Colonial Territories as Wholly Artificial Units Lacking Ethnic and Linguistic Logic, Anti-Colonial Protest Frequently Mistaken…
1945–1963: (Kenya's Three-Stage Decolonization: Emergent Crisis 1945 to 1952, the Mau Mau Period 1952 to 1956 Forcing Britain to Reconsider the Settler Position, and Reconstruction Through the Late 1950s Culminating in the…
1945–1960s: (The Deeply Flawed Transfers of Power: The Late-Colonial State Failing to Produce Civil Society or Adequate Education, Illiteracy Leaving Citizens Vulnerable to Manipulation, Rushed Training Programs for Elites,…
1945: (The Forest Has Been Painfully Exploited: a Year After Leaving Her Position at SHADA Jeanne Returning to One of the Areas Near Forêt de Pines with Her Sister…
1945: (Mapping Women's Routes Between Rural and Urban Haiti: as LFAS Women Developed Their Own Curriculum and Educational Materials They Accounted for Women's Movements Between Spaces, Comhaire-Sylvain Walking the…
1945: (Lescot Reduces the National Marriage Tax: In 1945 President Élie Lescot Announcing the Reduction of the National Marriage Tax, Popularly Discussed as the Marriage Tax Law the Law…
1945: (Lescot Targets Peasant Polygamy: Lescot Clarifying His Position by Declaring He Had Decided to Combat Polygamy Among the Peasants Which He Said Was the Source of the Astonishing…
1945: (Lescot's Erasure of Rural-to-Urban Migration: Lescot's Framing of Peasant and Poor People's Presumed Hyperreproductivity Alongside Overpopulation Being an Erasure of the Increased Patterns of Rural-to-Urban Migration Since the…
On 26 June 1945 delegates of fifty nations signed the Charter of the United Nations in San Francisco, closing a conference that had run since 25 April. Haiti's delegation was…
In May 1945 the Association Democratique Haitienne organised a memorial service in Harlem for Jacques Roumain, the Haitian writer and communist organiser. Earl Browder, then head of the Communist Party…
Louis Maximilien published Le Vodou Haitien in Port-au-Prince in 1945 with a chapter arguing that the religion rested on metaphysical ideas still alive in Africa which could be lit up…
1946: René Depestre published Gerbe de sang, a collection of poems that reflected the disillusioned mood of the post-revolutionary period. The work explored the themes of a "rotten world" and…
1946-Aug.-16: Dumarsais Estimé is elected president, representing the rise of the noiriste middle class. His administration sought to empower black professionals and reduce the traditional dominance of the mulatto elite.
1946-Oct.: The Parti Populaire Social Chrétien was founded by Edouard Tardieu and his associates to promote Christian Democratic ideals in Haiti. The party defended private property and family values while…
1946, January 1–11: (Vive la Liberté, À Bas Lescot: La Ruche's Four Flaming Lines, the Student Strike, and the Three Booms from Fort National): A student journal, Zinglins, called for…
1946, January 12 – August 16: (An Example of Professionalism: The Comité Exécutif Militaire, Sylvio Cator as Mayor, the Mangeurs-Mulâtres, Fignolé's MOP, and Dr. Duvalier as Abderrahman): The Garde junta…
1946, August 16: (The Election of Estimé: Submachine Guns in the Galleries, Two Ballots, and the Garde's Finest Hour): Under the iron gaze of the Garde Présidentielle, the palace band,…
1946, August: (The Noirs Return: Estimé Between the Elite and the Crowd, Fignolé's Rampage, and the Deposed Mulâtres): To gauge Dumarsais Estimé by his enemies, especially in Port-au-Prince, would…
1946, August – November 22: (Estimé's Ambitious Goals: The 1946 Constitution, Trade Unions Legitimized, and the Socialist Clauses the Great Powers Killed): The goals and principles Estimé announced transcended those…
1946, October – 1947, May: (Estimé's Political Maneuvers: The Rival Cabinet, the October Sacking, Lavaud's Star, and the Redesignation of the Garde as Armée d'Haïti): Estimé's politics amounted to a…
1946, December – 1948, December 29: (Haiti's Christmas List: The Financial Mission to Foggy Bottom, Ambassador Charles's Bitter Words, Hibbert's Flare-Up, and the $4 Million for the Artibonite): In the…
1946–1949: (Down with Estimé: Trujillo's Obsession with the Island, the Dupuy-Roland Plot, Poison and Invasion Plans, and the Dominican Ambassador's Bizarre Betrayal): Just as Toussaint and many another Haitian ruler feared…
1946–1949: (The Left Under Estimé: The Communist-Dominated FTH, Duvalier and the Chauffeurs-Guides, the Forced Bonds, and the Peasants Who Quit Work and Ate Mangoes): While Estimé was fending off Trujillo…
1946–1950: (The Radicalization of the Gold Coast: Cocoa Farmers Resenting the Marketing Board, the Destruction of 2.5 Million Trees for Swollen Shoot Disease Seen as Colonial Brutality, Postwar Shortages…
1946-01-11: (Lescot Forced to Resign by a Military Coup Led by Paul Magloire, the Fall of the Last Mulatto Elite President Before the Noirisme Revolution Transforms Haitian Politics): On January…
1946-08-16: (Dumarsais Estimé Inaugurated as President, the First Black Leader Since the Occupation, Promising Social Reform and Economic Development While Appointing François Duvalier to Run the National Public Health Service):…
1946-08-09: (The Femme du Peuple at the Legislative Palace: An Unnamed Woman of the People Walking into the Legislative Palace in Port-au-Prince as the National Constitutional Assembly Deliberated Women's…
1946: (The Constitutional Assembly as Theater of Misogyny: The Promise of Women's Suffrage Legislation Eclipsed by Representatives Debating Women's Political Sincerity Intellectual Capacity National Loyalty and Self-Control as Voting…
1946: (The LFAS Booklet as Counter-Archive: Several Days After the Assembly the LFAS Membership Publishing La Femme Haïtienne Repond aux Attaques Formulées Contre Elle à L'Assemblée Constituante, Including Political…
1946-01: (The Revolution of 1946: Eight Months Before the Constitutional Assembly a Group of Young Students Claiming to Continue the Fight for Sovereignty Started in the Nineteenth Century and…
1946: (White Gloves, Black Nation: The Book's Analytical Framework Resting in the Tensions and Resonances of the 1946 Assembly Scene, the LFAS Women Literally Positioned Differently to Haitian Citizenship…
1946: (A Radical Milieu: The Political Landscape of the August 1946 Assembly, Leftist Organizers Critiquing Elite Mûlatre Presidents Since the End of the US Occupation, National Insecurities Heightened by…
1946: (State Versus Nation and the Sociospatial Location of Women: Trouillot's Formulation of the Guerrilla Warfare Between the State and the Nation Applied to Women, the State Being the…
1946: (The Unnamed Woman's Intentionality and the Broader Landscape of Women's Organizing: The Unnamed Woman Not Wandering into the Assembly Hall, Her Intention to Join Women Being Clear,…
1946: (Yvonne Sylvain's Savings Held by Sadie Alexander: In 1946 When There Was Governing Uncertainty for Nine Months Sadie Alexander Holding Yvonne Sylvain's Savings Several Hundred Dollars in Her…
Elie Lescot lost power on this day. It started on 4 January, when his government shut down the journal La Ruche and the students of Port-au-Prince walked out. The strike…
On 25 October 1946 the entire cabinet of President Dumarsais Estimé resigned. Ministers hostile to Daniel Fignolé had manoeuvred against him, and the resignation obliged Estimé to drop him as…
Yvon Neptune was born at Cavaillon, in the Sud, on 8 November 1946. Trained as an architect, he was president of the Senate from 2000 to 2002 and became prime…
On 19 August 1946, weeks after the revolution that brought Dumarsais Estimé to power, Daniel Fignolé became minister of National Education and Public Health. He was the most popular man…
1947, September: (The Destruction of the Banana Industry: Standard Fruit Nationalized, Seven Concessions to Seven Friends, and the Ships Without Refrigeration): Under the 1935 Standard Fruit contract, Haiti's fine little…
1947–1949: (Haiti as Laboratory: Ernest Chauvet's Pitch, Trygve Lie's Delight, and the 327-Page Report That Russell Could Have Dictated Any Friday Afternoon): Looming on the horizon like a giant mapou,…
1947–1950: (Nkrumah and the Birth of the CPP: The UGCC Founded in 1947 Under J. B. Danquah as a Moderate Middle-Class Party Favored by the British, Nkrumah Returning from…
1947–1957: (Ghana's Path to Independence: The British Attempt to Discredit Nkrumah as a Dangerous Radical While Promoting Danquah as the Safe Pair of Hands, the CPP's Sweeping 1951 Election…
1947: (Perez Forms a Great Like for Harlem: as Was Reported About Perez During a 1947 Trip She "Formed a Great Like for the Amazing Community of Harlem of…
1947: (Comhaire-Sylvain's Map of Port-au-Prince: Among Several Printed and Sketched Maps in Comhaire-Sylvain's Personal Collection She Using Maps Like the 1947 "République d'Haiti Carte-Guide et Plan de Port-au-Prince" to…
Philippe Vorbe was born on 14 September 1947. He played midfield for Violette and for the New York Generals, and he was in the Haiti side at the 1974 World…
Jacques-Édouard Alexis was born at Gonaïves on 21 September 1947. An agronomist and academic by training, he served as prime minister of Haiti twice.
Michèle Duvivier Pierre-Louis was born on 5 October 1947. An economist trained at Queens College in New York, she served as prime minister of Haiti from September 2008 to November…
Prospère Pierre-Louis was born at Bainet, near Jacmel, on 12 October 1947. He became a central figure of the Saint Soleil movement, painting the lwa. He was the son of…
1948–1961: (Uganda's Independence Struggle as Internal Competition: Resentment of Ganda Privilege, the 1953 Deportation of the Kabaka Inflaming Ethno-Nationalism, the 1961 Constitution Granting Buganda Internal Self-Government, Northern Protestants Versus…
1948–1963: (The Mau Mau War: Mostly Kikuyu Fighters Drawn from Former Squatters and the Urban Poor, Bound by Oaths, Operating in the Forests of Southern-Central Kenya, the 1952 State…
Hector Hyppolite was born at Saint-Marc on 16 September 1894, a third-generation oungan who made shoes and painted houses. Before he owned a brush he painted on cardboard with chicken…
Bayyinah Bello was born on 25 March 1948. She studied in France and the United States, then went to the African continent and stayed fifteen years, four of them in…
On 10 December 1948 the General Assembly proclaimed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Paris. The Haitian senator Émile Saint-Lôt served as rapporteur in the drafting process. Haiti had…
Célestin Faustin was born at Carrefour Canot, a hamlet of Lafond about ten kilometres from Jacmel, on 26 September 1948. He was the natural son of Célius Faustin, a farmer…
1949: Anglican Bishop Alfred Voegeli commissioned a group of Haitian artists to decorate the Cathedral of the Holy Trinity with murals. These celebrated works were executed in the "primitive" style…
1949: François Duvalier, serving as under-secretary of state for labor, organized a significant National Congress of Labor. This event aimed to study the needs of the working class and promote…
1949-Jul-29: H. Trouillot published a commemorative article on the "School of the Griots" in the final issues of their journal. He reviewed the contributions of the movement to the development…
1949-May-26: Michel-Rolph Trouillot is born in Haiti into a family of prominent intellectuals and historians. Growing up in this environment, he learned that historical discourse was central to social and…
1949, October: (Belladère and the Ice Cream That Melted: Estimé's $600,000 Frontier Town, Trujillo's Highway Closure, and the Ghost Town on the Border): Haiti's budget (fattened by a good…
1949–1950: (The Exposition That Wasn't Ready: Port-au-Prince's Bicentennial, the $6 Million Fiasco, the Gambling Ship from Miami, and Edmund Wilson's Empty Pavilions): Belladère was only a curtain raiser to a…
1949: (The Murals of Holy Trinity Cathedral: Selden Rodman, Bishop Voegeli, Wilson Bigaud's Miracle at Cana, and the Walls That Bloomed with a Haitian New Testament): Selden Rodman's Miracle of…
1949, July – 1950, May 10: (The Fall of Estimé: The Senate Holdout, the Crowd That Sacked the Senate, Estimé's Applause for Hooliganism, and the Three Booms from Fort…
1949-00-00: (Alejo Carpentier Publishes The Kingdom of This World, a Novel Inspired by the Haitian Revolution That Introduced the Concept of lo real maravilloso to World Literature): In 1949, Cuban…
Wilfried Louis was born on 25 October 1949. He played as a defender for Don Bosco FC and was in the Haiti squad at the 1974 World Cup in West…
Michel-Rolph Trouillot was born in Port-au-Prince on 26 November 1949, son of Ernst Trouillot and nephew of Henock. He left Haiti in 1968 among the student activists fleeing Duvalier. In…
On 8 December 1949 Haiti opened the Bicentennial International Exposition, marking two hundred years since the founding of Port-au-Prince. Held under Dumarsais Estimé and billed as the Festival of Peace,…
1950-May: President Estimé was overthrown in a military coup led by the same triumvirate that had installed him four years earlier. The move was supported by big business and the…
1950, May–August 3: (The Junta Returns: Bellegarde's Conseil, Magloire as the Gwo Nèg, the First Direct Presidential Election, and the Constitution in Caretaker Status): Whatever else might be said, the…
1950, October 8–10: (The Election of Magloire: Papa Legba Gets Three Votes, Fignolé Told Only the Army and the Elite Count, and Newsweek's Verdict): Magloire's only serious opposition, fierce…
1950, December 6: (Magloire Takes Office: The Dress Blues, the Whiskey Song, the Gray Suede Shoes, and the Noir Who Was No Mangeur-Mulâtres): Climaxing three days of celebration, Magloire took…
1950–1951: (Magloire's Program and Haiti's Malthusian Trap: Doublure Dismissed, Friendly Relations with Washington and Trujillo, and the Budget of an Archaic State): The president's policies could be quickly summed up:…
1950–1953: (Magloire's Development Push: Point Four, the Péligre Dam, 300 Miles of Roads, Reynolds Bauxite, and the $40 Million Five-Year Plan): If there was to be a central plan, as…
Early 20th Century–1950s: (The Widening Horizons of Belonging: Africa as an Abstract Notion Formed in the Western Imagination but Increasingly Invented by Africans Themselves, Pan-Africanism Born Outside the Continent…
1950s–1960s: (Portuguese Africa and Algeria: The MPLA Founded in Angola in 1956, FRELIMO Formed in Mozambique in 1962, Both Launching Prolonged Wars of Liberation Against Administrative Intransigence and Racist…
1950s: (The ANC Rejuvenated: Mandela, Tambo, and Sisulu Leading a New Generation, the 1952 to 1953 Defiance Campaign Against Pass Laws, Non-White Groups Calling for a Democratic Non-Racial South Africa…
1950s: (A Time of Contrasts: Heightened Internal Conflict Coexisting with Extraordinary Optimism, the Birth of African History as a Scholarly Discipline with Kenneth O. Dike's 1950 PhD Using Oral…
1950s–1960: (French Decolonization South of the Sahara: The Algerian War Casting a Shadow over Sub-Saharan Policy, De Gaulle's 1958 Offer of a Choice Between French Connection and Complete Independence,…
1950-06-29: (Joe Gaetjens Scores the Goal That Defeats England in the 1950 World Cup, a Haitian-Born Player Performing for the American Team in the Most Famous Upset in Soccer History):…
1950-12-06: (Paul Magloire Inaugurated as President, a Black Military Officer Co-opted by the Mulatto Elite Who Presided Over a Brief Tourism Boom Before Being Overthrown by the Forces That Would…
The Constitution of 1950 was promulgated on 25 November 1950 under President Paul Eugene Magloire. It was the most progressive charter Haiti had written to that point, and it admitted…
Alice Garoute died in Port-au-Prince on 30 October 1950, aged about seventy-six. Born Alice Thézan in 1874, she campaigned for women's rights in Haiti from about 1910 until her death.…
In April 1950 the Ligue feminine d'action sociale held the first national congress of Haitian women, at the invitation of the commission organising the bicentennial exposition of Port-au-Prince, with Lucienne…
The 1950 census of the commune of Kenscoff recorded 1,100 married men and 1,111 married women. It counted 237 widows against 74 widowers, 76 separated women against 33 separated men,…
1951-Jul: C. Pressoir published an article in the Revue de la Société Haïtienne d'Histoire on the psychological impact of American foreign aid. He argued that modern development programs often failed…
1951–1960s: (The Cathedral Walls and Beyond: The Primitives vs. the Advanced, Judas the Only White Man, Liataud's Metal Art, Jasmin Joseph's Etruscan Figures, and André Pierre the Oungan Iconographer): The…
Etzer Vilaire was born at Jeremie on 7 April 1872. He was a lawyer and a judge, a teacher of French, and Georges Sylvain pulled him into poetry and into…
Emmanuel Sanon, called Manno, was born on 25 June 1951. He won the Haitian championship with Don Bosco in 1971 and led the Grenadiers to the CONCACAF title in 1973,…
Joël Des Rosiers was born at Les Cayes on 26 October 1951. He is a psychiatrist and psychoanalyst as well as a poet, essayist and writer of short stories, best…
1952 – 1992: Irving Rouse’s traditional archaeological model proposed that the Boca Chica style originated in the southern Dominican Republic before being introduced to Puerto Rico. According to this theory,…
1952–1954: (State Visits, the Smart Set, and the World Economy Smiles: Hector Trujillo, Somoza, Tubman, Sir Hugh Foote's Meringue, and the Hotel Oloffson Discovered): The times were vibrant with modernization…
1952–1971: (The Boy President: Jean-Claude's Lonely Childhood in the Palace, Barbot's Pool and the 1963 Attack, Basket-Head and the Electric Train Set, the Daughters Courted by Noirs Only, and the…
1952–1966: (Uganda's and Nigeria's Troubled Decolonizations: The UPC-Kabaka Yekka Alliance Taking Uganda to Independence in 1962 Under Obote, Obote Attacking the Kabaka's Palace in 1966 and Abolishing Buganda's Special…
Sylvio Cator died in July 1952. In 1928 he took silver in the long jump at the Amsterdam Olympics, and later that year he jumped 7.93 metres in Paris, a…
Mrs. N. farmed with her husband on about four acres near Brown's Town in Jamaica and had five children, four of them still at home. She decided the local market…
A farmer at Ulster Spring in Trelawney Parish made brown sugar and drove it to the Brown's Town market in Jamaica in his own mule drawn dray, along with yams,…
1953-Dec: Jean Price Mars published an ethnographic tribute to the late novelist Antoine Innocent in Conjonction. He recognized Innocent as a pioneer who had first attempted to give Vodou a…
Dumarsais Estime was born at Verrettes on 21 April 1900 and sat sixteen years in parliament before becoming president on 16 August 1946. He was the president of 1946, the…
Windsor Klébert Laferrière fils was born in Port-au-Prince on 13 April 1953. He worked as a journalist in Haiti, then left for Montreal in 1976. His first novel, Comment faire…
Galland Sémerand was born at Cap-Haïtien on 4 September 1953. He worked as both a painter and an architect. He died at Croix-des-Bouquets on 29 November 2019.
Raoul Peck was born on 9 September 1953. He served as Haiti's Minister of Culture from 1996 to September 1997 and founded the El Dorado Forum in Port-au-Prince in 1995.…
André Pasquet, known to everyone as Dadou, was born in Port-au-Prince on 19 August 1953. A singer, songwriter and guitarist, he was one of the defining players of Haitian kompa…
1954: Etienne Charlier published Aperçu sur la formation historique de la nation haïtienne, applying Marxist theory to the country's past. He argued that the ideological superstructure of Haiti rested fundamentally…
1954: A bitter historical controversy erupted between Etienne Charlier and Emmanuel C. Paul in the columns of Le Jour and Le Nouvelliste. Each writer accused the other of maintaining color…
1954, January 1–4: (Le Tricinquantenaire: The Te Deum at Gonaïves, Levelt's Boisrond-Tonnerre, the Re-Enactment of Vertières Where Peasants Surged into the Haitian Ranks, and Marian Anderson at Sans Souci): The…
1954, October 11: (Hurricane Hazel: Port-à-Piment Destroyed, 40 Percent of Coffee Bushes Denuded, Nan Mapou Becomes a Lagoon, and Les Hazels, the Mink Wraps): Two days after the Tricinquantenaire…
1954–1956, 1957–1967, 1978: (Chapter 14 Footnotes. The Apparatus of Terror: Duvalier's Maquis in a Priest's Library, the $7 Million Cane-Cutter Peonage, the Tonton Macoute Etymology, the CIA's Astrology Investment,…
1954–1962: (The Algerian War: The FLN Organizing Abroad Under Ben Bella, the French Army Reaching Half a Million Men, Bitter Fighting in Algiers 1956 to 1957, Failed Negotiations and Settler…
Luc Grimard died in late October 1954. A poet, novelist and educator, he edited Le Nouvelliste and taught a generation of Haitian writers. Sources differ on the day: Encyclopedia.com, following…
Hurricane Hazel came through Haiti in 1954 and left a blacksmith named Osias with nothing. A couple in Upper Belair, Sauveur and Rosita, invited him into their household until he…
1955: Jacques Stéphen Alexis published his first major novel, Compère général Soleil, which explored the lives of peasants and the 1937 massacre. The book used "marvelous realism" to contrast authentic…
1955, January 27: (Magloire's Commanding Performance: The Artibonite Cost Overruns, the Address to Congress, Eisenhower's Question About the Decorations, and the Ticker-Tape Parade in the Snow): Besides the questions raised…
1955–1956, May 17: (The Slide Begins: Hazel's Aftermath, the Term-Expiration Controversy, the Lycée Insurrection, and the Duvalier-Linked Strikes): Throughout 1955 events moved downhill. Blasted by Hazel, the coffee crop was…
1955–1963: (Kenya's Reconstruction and Independence: The Resettlement Scheme Benefiting Loyalists While Failing to Address the Landless Poor, the Hola Camp Atrocities Leading Macmillan to Question Empire Itself, Multiracialism Abandoned…
Murat Saint-Vil was born in Port-au-Prince on 13 September 1955. From 1972 he studied drawing and painting under Préfète Duffaut. He took the Prix Suisse for naïve painting in 1983,…
On the night of 26 July 1955, on the Place Sainte-Anne in Port-au-Prince, in front of Chez Maggy, a band called the Conjunto International played for the first time. Nemours…
Maurice Borno died on 15 December 1955. He was a founding member and the first president of the Centre d'Art in Port-au-Prince, from 1944 to 1948. He came to painting…
A writer signing as H.P.J. published two columns in the Daily Gleaner in Kingston in June 1955. The first, on the eighth, said that proposals to change the marketing system…
1956-Jul: H. Trouillot published a comprehensive study on the political and social thought of Jean Price Mars. He analyzed the doctor's role as the intellectual father of the indigenist and…
1956-Dec.: The fall of President Paul Magloire initiated ten months of intense political turmoil and confusion. The outgoing leader famously remarked that he was leaving the country like a cigar…
1956, November – December 6: (Duvalier's Bombs, the Army Plot, the Ambassador's Blunt Answer, and the Fall of Magloire): By November the atmosphere had turned edgy. Terrorist bombings, a…
1956, December 6–13: (Magloire's Last Seven Days: The Provisional Presidency, the Submachine Gun That Was a Sham, Prosper Disguised as a Market Woman, and the Flight to Kingston at Sunset):…
1956, December – 1957: (They Have Gone Mad: Six Years of Kermesse Dissipated, Five Governments in Six Months, and Manigat's Bas-Empire Competition): The day Magloire left, work stopped on the…
1956, December 12 – 1957, February 4: (Pierre-Louis's Fifty-Five Days: The Pickup Cabinet, the PPH Commandos, the Bombings, and the General Strike That Emptied the Capital): Joseph Nemours Pierre-Louis, whom…
1956–1957: (The Suez Crisis: Nasser Nationalizing the Canal Company After Western Cancellation of Dam Funding, the Anglo-French-Israeli Invasion Condemned Worldwide Especially by the United States, the Humiliating Retreat Marking…
1956-00-00: (The Péligre Dam Completed on the Artibonite River, the Largest Hydroelectric Dam on the Island, Designed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and Built by Brown and Root, Providing…
Mimerose Pierre was born at Ouanaminthe on 13 November 1956. She took a diploma in social and cultural anthropology at the Universite d'Etat d'Haiti, then went and did the fieldwork…
Cleante Desgraves Valcin died in Port-au-Prince on this day. She was born there on 13 January 1891 to a Haitian father and an American mother. In 1929 she published Cruelle…
On 15 November 1956 the Port-au-Prince city hall announced that registration was open for voters in the elections of 1957 and ignored women completely. Six years earlier the constituent assembly…
The 1977 Haiti Fertility Survey produced the first direct national measurement of infant mortality in the country, worked out from the birth histories women gave. In Port-au-Prince, of the children…
Between 1956 and 1957 a household survey covered the bourg of Kenscoff, the settlements nearest to it, and the higher region of Furcy. Every plot of land occupied by peasants…
1957-Feb.: Franck Sylvain was appointed as the provisional head of state to prepare the nation for general elections. He was soon accused of plotting to secure the victory of François…
1957-May-25: A pitched battle occurred in Port-au-Prince between rival factions of the armed forces as the political crisis deepened. This military conflict led to the appointment of Daniel Fignolé as…
1957-Jun.: Provisional President Daniel Fignolé was dismissed by General Antonio Kébreau after serving less than three weeks in office. He was immediately sent into exile, clearing the path for the…
1957-Sept.-22: François Duvalier Elected President: General elections were held under the supervision of the military junta led by Antonio Kébreau. François Duvalier secured a landslide victory with over 679,000 votes,…
1957: President Duvalier began eliminating a number of independent houngans who were unprepared to recognize his own claims to superior occult power. This consolidation of religious authority was intended to…
1957: François Duvalier named the distinguished intellectual Jean Price Mars as one of the most decisive influences on his early life and thinking. By 1967, however, this name was pointedly…
1957–1963: The Duvalier government tolerated the operation of organized labor unions until a series of strikes led to their total suppression. By the end of this period, only unions that…
1957-Oct.: President Duvalier appointed Père Jean-Baptiste Georges as the secretary of state for education in his first cabinet. This choice was intended to signal support for native Haitian clergy and…
1957–1971: (The Totalitarian Rule of Francois 'Papa Doc' Duvalier): This fourteen-year era is defined by the slogan "I Am the State," reflecting the absolute power wielded by Francois Duvalier. The…
1957–1971: (The Absolutism of the First Duvalier Presidency): The rise of François Duvalier initiated a fourteen-year regime characterized by the chilling assertion, "I Am the State". The authors detail the…
1957–1995: (Iconography of the Duvalier Dynasty and its Aftermath): The latter portion of the volume contains extensive imagery related to the thirty-year rule of the Duvalier family. Francois Duvalier is…
1957: (The Four Candidates: Déjoie the Mulâtre Landowner, Jumelle the Technocrat, Fignolé the Haitian Castro, and François Duvalier the Apostle of Estimé): The candidates can be quickly described. Louis…
1957, February 7 – April 2: (Franck Sylvain's Fifty-Two Days: Duvalier Stoned at Jacmel, 10,000 Piquets Invade Jérémie, and the Bomb Factory That Ended the Presidency): Days of aimless riot,…
1957, April–May 25: (Confusion Confounded: The Collège Croupion, the Bat Tenèb, St. Marc's Roadblock, the Cathedral Shooting on Flag Day, and Colonel Armand's Coup: Port-au-Prince's First Air Raid and…
1957, May 26 – June 14: (Fignolé's Nineteen Days: The Cutaway and Striped Trousers, Soulouque and Acaau Invoked, the 100 Percent Pay Raise, and Kébreau's Coup During the Western): On…
1957, June 14–16: (The Rouleau Compresseur: Kébreau's Coup Completed, the Teledjòl of Fignolé's Execution, the Attack on Fort Dimanche, and the Machine Guns of Bel Air): Kébreau was nothing if…
1957, June 16 – September 22: (The Aftermath of the Rouleau Compresseur: 50 to 1,000 Dead, Kébreau's Ironhanded Siege, and the Electoral Field Sorted Out): All night and into the…
1957, September: (They Have Gone Mad: Duvalier's Peroration, the Roll Call of Every Commune, and La Gonâve's 18,000 Votes from a Few Hundred Inhabitants): Duvalier's leitmotif on one celebrated occasion…
1957, September 22: (The Election of François Duvalier: The Perfect Peacefulness of Fixed Bayonets, 679,884 to 266,992, and Depi nan Ginen Nèg ap Trayi Nèg): Perhaps because Kébreau administered the…
1957: (Haiti Retrogressed to Normal: The Fruits of the Second Independence, 1957 Compared with 1827, and the Americans Who Modernized Everything but Haiti): If when the second independence began in…
1957: (Duvalier's Mixed Team: Price-Mars and the Griots, the Blanchet Communists, Barbot the Robespierre, Fuentes the Cuban Bomber, Luckner Cambronne the Bagman, and the Foreign Legion): For a simple country…
1957, October 22: (The Inauguration: Number 22, the Accursed Chair, I Have No Enemies Except the Enemies of the Nation, and John Roosevelt's $150,000 Retainer): François Duvalier selected October 22…
1957, October – 1958, March 12: (Consolidation: The Strike Broken by Zinglins, Barbot's Cagoulards, the Hakim-Rimpel Kidnapping, and the Thirteen-Gun Sacking of Kébreau): The new regime was hard-pressed on every…
1957–1963: (War with the World: More Chiefs of Mission Expelled Than in All of Haiti's History, No Diplomatic Dinner in Fourteen Years, and the Senator Handed a Ticket to Tokyo…
1957–1961: (Extraordinarily Resistant: $40.4 Million in Four Years, the Klein and Saks Report That Gathered Dust, the Cri de Jacmel, and Rusk's $2,800,000 Lunch at Punta del Este): When Duvalier…
1957–1970: (The New Marronage: 80 Percent of Professionals in Exile, More Haitian Physicians in Montreal Than in Haiti, 150,000 in New York Alone, and the African Diplomat Who Wished He…
1957–1967: (The Decade of Development: Per Capita Income Falling 2.3 Percent Annually, Agricultural Production Down 13 Percent, Cement Down 43 Percent, and the New York Times Correspondent Who Found Haiti…
1957–1971, July 1971: (The New Prosperity and Its Contradictions: The Régie du Tabac vs. the Reformers, Quickie Divorce Tourism, $14 Million in Refugee Remittances, Péligre Dam Finally Generating Power, 7,000…
1957–1960: (The Belgian Congo's Unraveling: Local Elections in 1957 to 1958 Designed to Placate Reform Demands Instead Sparking an Array of Nationalist Parties, Patrice Lumumba as the Only Leader Attempting…
1957-10-22: (François Duvalier Inaugurated as President, the Vodou-Practicing, American-Trained Doctor Who Would Transform Noirisme From a Philosophy of Cultural Pride Into a Justification for One of the Most Brutal Dictatorships…
Dany Toussaint was born on 12 September 1957. He rose to major in the Haitian Army, then commanded the police and served as bodyguard to Jean-Bertrand Aristide after the 1994…
Michaëlle Jean was born in Haiti on 6 September 1957. Her family fled to Canada as refugees in 1968 and she was raised at Thetford Mines, Quebec. She became a…
On 19 December 1957 François Duvalier promulgated a new constitution, less than two months after taking office following the election of 22 September organised by General Kébreau. It abolished the…
In 1957, on reaching the presidency, Francois Duvalier used article 183 of the new constitution to establish 18 November as a holiday celebrating the army and the heroes of the…
The dictatorship left the concentration of Haitian commerce intact while shifting ownership away from foreign firms toward domestic families, and monopolies became the standard payment for those who worked with…
1958-Feb: O. Mennesson Rigaud published an article on the role of Vodou in the independence struggle in Présence Africaine. She argued that the spiritual unity provided by the belief was…
1958-Mar.: General Antonio Kébreau was forced into retirement by President Duvalier and sought refuge in the Dominican embassy. His removal demonstrated the president's determination to bring the army leadership under…
1958-May: President Duvalier offered to host United States missile bases in Haiti and requested a marine corps mission to train the national army. These moves were designed to secure American…
1958-Jun.: Dr. Louis Mars was appointed as the foreign minister of Haiti by the Duvalier administration. He was the son of the distinguished intellectual Jean Price Mars and represented the…
1958-Jul.: A small group of former army officers and American mercenaries launched an invasion and briefly seized the Dessalines barracks. President Duvalier himself personally led the successful military resistance from…
1958-Jul.: Duvalier called for a "great crusade" against illiteracy and introduced a bill to allow primary instruction in the Kreyòl language. This policy aimed to make education more accessible to…
1958-Dec.: Pierre Merceron was appointed as the head of the Haitian armed forces, replacing Maurice Flambert. While Merceron was a mulatto, many of the younger officers promoted during this time…
1958 – 1980: During the mid-20th century, Caribbean archaeologists predominantly classified early material expressions using North American and Old World methodologies. Frameworks established by scholars such as Willey, Phillips, and…
1958, April 30 – July 28: (The Road to the Sheriffs' Coup: The Mahotières Bomb Factory, Déjoie's Flight to Cuba's Oriente, the Jumelles in the Maquis, and the Molly C…
1958, July 28–29: (The Sheriffs' Coup: Ma Douce Clairemène, Pasquet Seizes the Casernes, Perpignand Wants a Smoke, Duvalier Packs His Bags for the Colombian Embassy, and Success Outruns the Plan):…
1958, July 29: (The End of the Sheriffs' Coup: The Grenade That Blew In Pasquet's Skull, Walker's Genitals Pounded to Hamburger, Perpignand's Chicken Coop, and Duvalier in the Army Helmet…
1958–1959, January: (The Nationaliste Farouche Invites Back the Marines: The U.S. Military Mission, the Hitler Parallel, the Tonton Macoutes Created, and the Garde Présidentielle Restored): The performance of the army…
1958, October – 1959, April 11: (The Jumelle Brothers Murdered, Clément's Coffin Snatched, and the Vodou Burial at St. Marc): In the months following the July attentat, over a hundred…
1958–1963: (Repression Will Be Total: The Press Cowed, Labor Destroyed, Bankruptcy Prohibited, and Brandt's Infallible Sense for Good Investments): To terrify the oligarchs required little more than such…
1958–1962: (The Systematic Destruction of the FAd'H: The Flambeaux Brought to the Top and Then Divided, the Milice Civile with Red Sashes of Ogoun, the Académie Militaire Closed, Colonel Deetjen…
1958–1969: (Duvalier and the Communists: Paul and Jules Blanchet in the Inner Circle, Alexis Stoned to Death by the Peasants He Came to Save, the PEP and the PPLN, and…
1958–1964: (Tanganyikan and Zanzibar Independence: Nyerere Building Trust with the Administration While Establishing TANU as the Most Effective Grassroots Organization on the Continent, Persuading White Settlers to Support TANU,…
1958-00-00: (Duvalier Creates the Tonton Macoutes, a Paramilitary Force Named After a Haitian Bogeyman, Recruited From the Poorest Black Families, and Granted Immunity to Terrorize the Population Into Submission): In…
Emmanuel Dubourg was born in Haiti on 26 December 1958. He became a chartered accountant and a teacher in Quebec. He sat in the National Assembly of Quebec for the…
Kettly Pierre Mars was born in Port-au-Prince on 3 September 1958. She writes novels, short stories and poetry, in French and in Kreyòl. She won the Prix Jacques Stephen Alexis…
Gary Victor was born in Port-au-Prince on 9 July 1958. He writes novels and plays and has written for radio and television; his sketches and series about bourgeois manners caused…
In 1958 Gerson Alexis collected the written rules of a Rara band called Vapeur Vin Pou We, based at Bizoton outside Port-au-Prince. The first article required members to assemble before…
The West Indies Federation was launched in January 1958. Lloyd Best reached the Mona campus of the University of the West Indies in the same month and remembered the season…
In December 1958 Duvalier signed a peace pact with Trujillo on the saline flats between the two countries, having first kept him waiting more than an hour in the sun.…
On the Fond des Negres plateau in the southern peninsula of Haiti, houses sit on hill crests and ridges, each on a small plot ringed by hedges of living plants.…
1959: Duvalier formally establishes the VSN (Tontons Macoutes) to suppress political opposition and bypass the regular army. This paramilitary force became the primary instrument of state-sponsored violence and social control.
1959-Apr.: The president of the National Union of Secondary School Teachers was imprisoned as the government targeted the university as a center of opposition. This arrest marked the beginning of…
1959-May: President Duvalier suffered a serious illness, leaving Clément Barbot to effectively run the country for several weeks. Barbot utilized the tontons macoutes during this period to suppress political rivals…
1959-Aug.-12: A presidential decree officially banned the National Union of Secondary School Teachers on the grounds of communist infiltration. The government alleged that the union was directly linked to recent…
1959-Aug.-16: The superior of the Holy Ghost Fathers, Etienne Grienenberger, and Father Joseph Marrec were expelled from Haiti. The government accused the priests of supporting enemies of the state and…
1959, May 24 – August 22: (Duvalier's Cardiac Arrest, Barbot Rules with a Rod of Iron, the Casino Bomb, the Feast of St. Anne, and the Cuban Invasion at Les…
1959: (I Have Mastered the Country: The Midnight Summoning of the Oungan, the Blood-Red Robe of the Secte Rouge, and Duvalier Declares Himself the Only Master of Vodou): September 1959…
1959, August 16 – 1961, January 10: (The War Against the Church: Père Grienenberger Expelled, Barbot's Kokomakak in the Cathedral, Christ Himself Took a Scourge, the Archbishop Deported Without His…
1959–1962: (Rwanda's Bloody Road to Independence: The 1959 Hutu Uprising Against the Tutsi Monarchy, Belgian Authorities Managing the Transition to Hutu Rule, Parmehutu Sweeping Elections in 1960, the Tutsi…
1959: (Comhaire-Sylvain Argues for Attending to Space: Drawing Women Together Under One Roof Being a Project of Care and an Intervention in the Social Science of the Period, Comhaire-Sylvain…
1959: (Comhaire-Sylvain Calls for Multi- and Interdisciplinary Approach: Comhaire-Sylvain Arguing for a Multi- and Interdisciplinary Approach That Would Be "Neither Easily Accessible Nor Could the Approaches Be Used to…
1959: (Comhaire-Sylvain Insists on Impersonal References: Her Concern Being to Articulate That Most Research Failed to See Account for or Locate Haitian Women, She Being Particularly Concerned…
1959: (Numbers and Letters to Expand: Comhaire-Sylvain Using Numbers and Letters to Expand the Definition, Dividing the City into Quadrants of Population Density Parish Affiliation…
1959: (Class Zone IV: 49 Percent of the Urban Population. Class Zone IV Being the Largest Portion at 49 Percent or 91,000 People Living in the Northern Part…
1959: (Class Zone III: 24 Percent. Class Zone III Making Up 24 Percent or 36,000 People Inhabiting Areas North of Champs Mars Including Poste Marchard and Bolosse, Distinguished…
1959: (The Foyer's Location as Strategy: Also Near Zone III Homes and Across from the Stadium Being the Foyer, the Foyer's Location Speaking to the LFAS's Ultimate Strategy.…
1959: (Class Zone II: 16 Percent and the "Middle Class". Class Zone II Making Up 16 Percent of the Urban Population Within the Parish of Sacred Heart St.…
1959: (Class Zone I: 9.7 Percent and the Sylvains. Those Wealthy Relatives Making Up the Multitiered Class Zone I Living Southeast of Champ de Mars and in More…
1959: (Women as Interlocutors Between Zones: Ultimately Women Making Up the Majority of the Port-au-Prince Population and Through Their Movements About the City Being the Interlocutors Between Zones.…
1959: (Class Zone III as the Most Vigorous Social Class: Comhaire-Sylvain Writing of Class Zone III Which Was Made Up of Students and Teachers at the Foyer, Asserting That…
Clément Jumelle ran for president in the election of 22 September 1957, then withdrew accusing the army of favoritism. After François Duvalier won, Jumelle went into hiding. Two years later…
On 24 May 1959 François Duvalier suffered a cardiac arrest and lay in a coma for nine hours. He stayed in bed into the summer. While he was down, Clément…
Sténio Joseph Vincent died on 3 September 1959. Born 22 February 1874, he had been a journalist, a writer, a diplomat and mayor of Port-au-Prince before he took the presidency…
Manbo Esperancia Federic, a priestess in the coastal town of Jacmel, made her first spirit marriage in 1959, to Ezili Freda, the light-skinned Kreyol spirit of love who is fond…
1960: Claude Souffrant concluded that the Catholicism taught in Haiti had preached a "religion of resignation" to the rural peasantry. He argued that the fatalism often attributed to Vodou was…
1960: Laënnec Hurbon attempted to interpret Vodou as the principal means through which the Haitian peasant had preserved an authentic African identity. He argued that Christians must learn to respect…
1960: Expansion of Tonton Macoute Militia & Repressive Discourse: The regime intensified repression through militia violence and ideological propaganda. Significance: Institutionalized violence became central to state functioning. Politics was reframed…
1960-Jun.: In his "Cri de Jacmel," President Duvalier blamed the United States for Haiti's continued state of under-development. He warned that the low level of American aid might force the…
1960-Jul.: Clément Barbot, once the president's most powerful advisor, was arrested and imprisoned at Fort Dimanche. Duvalier had become suspicious of Barbot's growing influence and his close relations with the…
1960-Nov.: A student strike triggered the declaration of martial law and a twelve-hour ultimatum from the government to end the protest. The resulting closure of the university led to the…
1960-Nov.-24: Archbishop François Poirier was expelled from the country after being accused of funding student communist groups. This high-profile deportation led to the excommunication of those involved and a severe…
Late 1960s: Pictures of President Duvalier carrying the words "Ecce homo" (traditionally applied to Christ) became familiar sights for visitors to the capital. This iconography was part of a broader effort…
Late 1960s: Cars across Haiti carried the official slogan "To wish to destroy Duvalier is to wish to destroy Haiti." The message equated the survival of the president with the…
1960: (Repression Will Be Total: The Raid on Bellegarde's Library, Dr. Villard's Savage Beating, and the Whole Conscious Population Minus One Citizen): Within a year, at the start of 1960,…
1960s–1970s: (Angola's Cold War Liberation: Portugal's Brutal Response to Popular Uprising, the MPLA Bolstered by Soviet Assistance, UNITA Backed by South Africa, the FNLA Supported by the United States,…
1960–1965: (The Congo Crisis: Belgium Effectively Fleeing in 1960 Fearing Another Algeria, Nationalists Taken by Surprise, Lumumba Attempting to Hold Together a National Coalition as the Army Mutinied and…
1960–1994: (From Sharpeville to the Rainbow Nation: The 1960 Massacre Where Police Shot Unarmed Demonstrators in the Back, the ANC and PAC Banned, Umkhonto we Sizwe Founded, Mandela Sentenced…
Post-1960s: (Part VI: Legacies, New Beginnings, and Unfinished Business: The End of Colonial Rule Bringing Continuations of Old Problems, the Militarization of the Nineteenth Century Resurfacing, the Cold War…
1960s–1990s: (Unsafe Foundations: The Economic Condition of Independent Africa: Cash-Crop Economies Geared Toward Export, Marketing Boards Paying Fixed Low Prices While Selling Abroad at Higher Ones, Transport Infrastructure…
1960s–1990s: (Building the Nation, Polity: The Colonial Legacy of Unaccountability and Force, Nineteenth-Century Rivalries Resurgent in Twentieth-Century Dress, Big Men as the Perpetuation of Nineteenth-Century Political Entrepreneurialism, Artificial Boundaries…
1960s–1990s: (The Big Men and Their Regimes: Mobutu in Zaire, Idi Amin in Uganda, Bokassa in the Central African Republic, Kenyatta and Moi in Kenya, Rawlings in Ghana, Banda…
Post-1960s: (Islam and Political Stability: The Antiquity of Islam Across Africa Continuing into the Postcolonial Era, Nigeria's Sharia Debates, Sub-Saharan Islam Remaining Highly Localized with Traditional Sufism Predominating, Muslim…
1960s–2000s: (Africa and the Cold War: The Continent as a Periphery Where Proxy Conflicts Were Fought, African Governments and Movements Seeking to Utilize Superpower Rivalries While Becoming Their Victims,…
1960s–1990s: (The Cold War as Arms Race and Amplifier of Conflict: Both Superpowers Actively Involved in Virtually Every African War from the 1960s Onward, Kennedy's Counter-Insurgency Strategy, the CIA…
1960s–2000s: (Expanding Military Horizons: Postcolonial War Largely Internal with Rare Inter-State Conflict, Ethiopia-Somalia Wars of 1963 to 1964 and 1977 to 1978, Tanzania's 1979 Invasion of Uganda Overthrowing Amin, Angola and…
Post-1960s–2010s: (Body and Mind: Education Expanding Since Independence but Success Variable, Sub-Saharan Adult Illiteracy the Highest in the World, Economic Crisis Since the 1970s Slashing State Funding, Rural Girls…
1960s–2010s: (The Debt Crisis and the Illusion of Growth: Africa's Total Debt Spiraling from $9 Billion in 1970 to $321 Billion by 1997, Western Aid Averaging $12 Billion a…
1960s–Present: (The Unfinished Integration, African History Still Treated as an Add-On, Courses Available but Rarely Required, Ancient Periods Neglected in Favor of the Past Few Centuries, and the Persistent…
1960-00-00: (The Haitian Diaspora Begins Its Modern Expansion, Thousands of Educated Haitians Fleeing the Duvalier Dictatorship to Canada, France, and the United States, a Brain Drain That Would Hollow Out…
Antoine Innocent was born in Port-au-Prince in 1873 and died on 13 April 1960 at eighty-seven. He was a journalist and editor at the paper Le Soir, where in 1906…
Jean-Paul Etienne Bourelly was born in Chicago on 23 November 1960, to parents from Haiti. His grandmother taught him Yoruba music. He sang at the Lyric Opera at ten before…
On 2 June 1960, from Pétion-Ville, the novelist Jacques Stéphen Alexis wrote directly to François Duvalier. He had moved house on 31 May; the following evening police surrounded the Bourdon…
Jean-Michel Basquiat was born in Brooklyn on 22 December 1960. His father Gérard Basquiat was a Haitian immigrant; his mother Matilde was of Puerto Rican heritage, and the household left…
Athemas Bellerive had been director general of health in Haiti. He reached the Congo in July 1960, weeks after independence, as a malaria specialist directing the World Health Organisation emergency…
1961-Jan.-09: The Catholic daily newspaper La Phalange was closed by the government following its protests against new educational decrees. This action effectively silenced the last major independent press outlet in…
1961-Jan.-10: Bishop Rémy Augustin, the apostolic administrator of Port-au-Prince, was arrested and expelled from the country. His departure left the Catholic hierarchy in a state of total disarray as the…
1961-Apr.: Jacques Stéphen Alexis landed near Jean Rabel with a small group of pro-Russian communists to launch an armed revolution. The local peasantry showed little interest in the venture, and…
1961: President Duvalier was "re-elected" for a second term in office, drawing sharp disapproval from the United States government. This controversial electoral process further strained diplomatic ties and led to…
1961: (Duvalierville: Cambronne's Shakedown, the Cockpit as Impressive as the Coliseum, Soulouque's Tollbooths Reborn, and the Canceled Check Endorsed by the Mistress): The ultimate institutionalization of the business shakedown came…
1961–1964: (Macoute Priests and the Fall of Barbot: Zacharie Delva's Bois Caïman in the Cathedral, the Jesuits Expelled Two Centuries After Their First Banishment, Père Dorélien Brings 1804 Up to…
1961, April 8 – May 9: (The Re-Election of 1,320,748 to 0: The Ballots Pre-Printed with Duvalier's Name, Foreign Priests Marched to the Polls, and My Enemies Can Reproach Me…
1961–1963: (The Duel with Kennedy: The Marines as Doctor with a Suction Pump on the Other Arm, Duvalier Extraordinarily Resistant, the CIA Armed Attempts to Overthrow Him, and the Aid…
George Lys Hérard was born on 30 May 1961. His father, Georges Hérard, owned a station called Radio Port-au-Prince, so the boy grew up with radio in his blood; he…
On 21 July 1961 Francois Duvalier laid the first stone of Duvalier-Ville, on the site of the town of Cabaret north of Port-au-Prince. He handed the money-raising to Luckner Cambronne,…
1962-Nov.: The government justified the expulsion of Bishop Paul Robert by accusing him of pillaging the archaeological riches of his diocese during his anti-Vodou campaigns. This official rationale masked the…
1962-Nov.: Bishop Paul Robert of Gonaïves was expelled from Haiti due to his long-standing campaign against Vodou practices. The government justified the move by accusing him of pillaging the nation's…
1962-Nov.: The civilian militia was formally organized into the Volontaires de la Securité Nationale (VSN) by presidential decree. This move provided a legal framework for the paramilitary group that served…
1962: The Haitian delegation voted with the United States to expel Cuba from the Organization of American States during the meeting at Punta del Este. Despite growing tensions with Washington,…
1962, June – 1963, March: (The End of the U.S. Military Mission: Seventy Scholarships Canceled, the Marine Battalion's Exercise March to Bizoton, and the Wanga à Mò for Kennedy): The…
1962–1963: (The Terror: The Watchman Swathed in Barbed Wire, the Crucified Watchman, the Iron Maiden in the Palace Basement, Dife Nan Kay La, and an Economic Miracle of Living…
Dominique Batraville was born in Port-au-Prince on 20 February 1962. He declared himself a poet at fifteen, while still a student at the Collège Saint-Martial. He studied at the Free…
On 2 May 1962 a man named Clairvius Narcisse was pronounced dead at the Albert Schweitzer Hospital in Deschapelles. He had come in on 30 April with fever, aching and…
René Sylvestre was born at Saint-Marc on 14 September 1962. On 1 February 2019 he became president of Haiti's Cour de cassation, succeeding Jules Cantave. He died at Mirebalais on…
Maurice Dartigue had been Haiti's minister of education, agriculture and labour. President Elie Lescot was overthrown in 1946, Dartigue went into exile in the United States and settled in New…
1963-Jul.: Clément Barbot was killed in a gun battle with the national militia after spending months organizing underground terrorist activity. His death ended one of the most significant domestic challenges…
1963-Aug.: Gérard Daumec published a violent attack on the United States titled "Les prisons de la Démocratie." The article was part of a strategic effort to warn Washington that Haiti…
1963-Sept.: A new law prescribed a greater emphasis on the study of national history and ethnic origins within the school curricula. The preamble to the legislation stressed the importance of…
1963-Dec.: The Union Inter-syndicale d'Haïti was dissolved by the government and its principal leaders were arrested during a general strike. From this point forward, only labor unions that explicitly supported…
1963-Nov.-22: The assassination of President John F. Kennedy led to a gradual improvement in the strained relations between Haiti and the United States. Following the fall of Juan Bosch in…
1963, February 10 – April 26: (Caca Doc, the Honorat Plot, Turnier Left to Decompose on the Parade Ground, the Month of Gratitude, and Barbot's First Blow, the Attack…
1963, April 26–30: (The Benoît Family Massacre, the Dominican Embassy Violated, Bosch's Ultimatum, Fourcand's Himalaya of Corpses, and the OAS Confrontation with Bawon Samdi): The spasm that seized Duvalier can…
1963, April 30 – May 15: (I Am Even Now an Immaterial Being: Duvalier's Speech to the OAS, the May 15 Crisis, Kennedy's Fiasco, and the Choucoune That Replaced the…
1963, May – July 14: (Barbot's Guerrilla War: The Black Dog, the Poisoned Coffee, the Note on Duvalier's Desk, and the Death in the Burning Cane Field): Clément Barbot, with…
1963, August–September: (Cantave's Invasion and Philogènes's Head: The Piecemeal Raids on the North, the Scorched-Earth Border Zone, and Duvalier Interrogates the Severed Head with Oungan Dodo Nasar): The Barbot insurgency,…
1963–1967: (The Year Ten and Its Ironies: The International Commission of Jurists Condemns Duvalier, Haiti the Only Nation with No Growth, and the Reformist Goals That Mocked Their Own Fulfillment):…
1963–1980: (The Central African Federation's Collapse and the Rhodesian Bush War: Britain Uneasy About Settler Entrenchment, Macmillan's Wind of Change Speech, Banda Leading Malawi and Kaunda Leading Zambia to…
Rodney Saint-Éloi was born at Cavaillon on 27 August 1963. A poet, essayist and editor, he founded the Montreal publishing house Mémoire d'encrier, which has done as much as any…
UNESCO, the United Nations Children's Fund and the civilian branch of the Congo operation set up a Centre de Production at Limite, about fifteen miles outside Leopoldville, the city now…
The Duvalier government moved from 1957 to reduce every form of contest, and it took about four years to flatten a public life that had been active for three decades.…
When armed rebels entered Haiti in August 1963, some tontons macoutes from Upper Belair took part in the fighting against them. The men came from a neighbourhood political office that…
1964: Presidency for Life Declared: Duvalier declared himself President for Life, formalizing personalist dictatorship. Significance: Transformed the Haitian republic into a dynastic-style regime centered on one individual. Nuance: Trouillot stresses…
1964: Ideological Defense of Duvalierism: Jean M. Fourcand compiled the Catéchisme de la révolution, which proclaimed President Duvalier as the living embodiment of the nation's five founding fathers. This publication…
1964: The "Duvalierist Lord's Prayer" was disseminated, beginning with the lines "Our Doc, who art in the National Palace for life, hallowed be thy name." This extreme personalization of power…
1964: President Duvalier felt strong enough to formally impose the black and red vertical flag of Dessalines as the official colors of the state. This change was presented as the…
1964-Apr.: Episcopal Bishop Alfred Voegeli was unceremoniously expelled from Haiti after falling victim to the drive to indigenize national religion. The government accused him of conspiring with political opponents and…
1964, June–October 26: (The Camocains, Jeune Haïti's Eighty-Three-Day Anabasis, the Last Stand at Ravine Roche, and the Jérémie Massacres: Tiny Stéphane Sansaricq's Eyes Wiped with a Lit Cigarette): In…
1964, November 12: (The Televised Execution of Drouin and Numa: The Cemetery Wall Where Coicou Had Died, Schoolchildren Bussed to Watch, and the Corpse of Captain Laraque Facing WELCOME TO…
1964, April 1 – June 14: (Président-à-Vie: The Black-and-Red Flag, the Catéchisme de la Révolution, Christ with His Hand on Duvalier's Shoulder, 2,800,000 Oui to 3,234 Non, and Our Doc…
1964–1966: (The Pope's Journey to Canossa: Johnson's Cool and Correct, the Régie du Tabac's $10 Million in Nonfiscal Accounts, the Vatican Concordat, and the Haitian Episcopacy: Where Even Soulouque…
1964–1971: (Washington Rebuilds Duvalier's Military: The Illegal T-28 Export of 1964, the F-51 Overhauls in Miami, the Nixon Administration Drops All Pretense, and Over $1 Million in Private Arms Sales…
1964-00-00: (Duvalier Declares Himself President for Life, Issues a New Constitution, Expels All Foreign-Born Catholic Bishops, and Drives Thousands of Educated Haitians Into Exile, Hollowing Out the Nation's Professional Class):…
Joe Gaetjens was born in Haiti on 19 March 1924 and won the Haitian championship with Etoile Haitienne. Playing for the United States at the 1950 World Cup he scored…
Ronald Jean-Martin Agenor was born on 13 November 1964. He played his whole career under the Haitian flag. In May 1989 he reached world number 22 in singles, the only…
On 26 October 1964 Guslé Villedrouin, Roland Rigaud and Réginald "Bobby" Jourdan died in a gunfight at Ravine à Roche, near l'Asile. Thirteen Jeune Haïti exiles had landed at Petite-Rivière-de-Dame-Marie…
Olden Polynice was born in Port-au-Prince on 21 November 1964. Chicago drafted him eighth overall in 1987 and traded him to Seattle for Scottie Pippen the same night. He played…
Hurricane Cleo passed south of Haiti on 24 August 1964 and turned north onto the southwestern peninsula. It had peaked near 150 mph the day before. The mountains tore its…
1965: President Duvalier criticized the role played by the affranchis during the colonial era while celebrating the resistance of the mountain maroons. He issued a decree stating that the maroon…
1965-Oct.: The Grand Séminaire was re-opened under the staff of the Congrégation des Clercs du Saint-Viateur from Canada. President Duvalier saw the reconstituted seminary as a tool to align religious…
The airport at Mais Gate, eight kilometres from downtown Port-au-Prince, opened on this day. Duvalier put his own name on it: Aeroport International Francois Duvalier. After Jean-Claude fell in 1986…
1966: The Vatican signs an agreement with the Duvalier government to establish an indigenous episcopate for the first time. This move allowed Duvalier to influence the appointment of bishops who…
1966: President Duvalier declared to the legislative assembly that his government stood for the defense of Christian civilization against the "ideological intolerance" of communism. This message aimed to reassure Western…
1966-Apr.: Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia visited Haiti, providing an opportunity for the government to reaffirm its claim to joint leadership of the African race. The visit was used as…
1966-Oct.: Mgr François Wolff Ligondé was enthroned as the first native Haitian archbishop of Port-au-Prince. This event followed a secret agreement with the Vatican that effectively realized Duvalier's dream of…
1966-Nov.: The new papal nuncio, Mgr M. J. Lemieux, was formally received by President Duvalier in a high-profile ceremony. The president hailed the occasion as proof of the legitimacy of…
1966: (Thermidor and the Charm Period: Duvalier Proclaims the End of the Explosive Phase, Haile Selassie Visits for a Day, the .45 Paperweight Lifted Like a Dead Mouse, and Big…
1966-00-00: (An Infected Person Brings AIDS to Haiti From Africa, the Disease That Would Devastate the Haitian Population and Lead to the Stigmatization of Haitians as Carriers of the Epidemic):…
Garry Conille was born on 26 February 1966. A physician trained in public health, he worked for the United Nations and served as Bill Clinton's chief of staff on the…
Edrick Bertholan Floréal was born at Gonaïves on 5 October 1966. A long and triple jumper, he competed for Canada at the 1988 and 1992 Olympic Games. He went on…
Abner Louima was born at Thomassin on 24 November 1966 and trained as an electrical engineer. On the night of 9 August 1997, after an arrest outside a Brooklyn nightclub,…
Garcelle Beauvais was born at Saint-Marc on 26 November 1966, daughter of a nurse and a lawyer. She moved to Peabody, Massachusetts at seven, speaking only French and Kreyòl. Ford…
1967–1970 – Anti-Communist Repression: Between 1967 and 1970, Duvalier intensified repression under the pretext of suppressing communist subversion. Following limited clandestine activity by the Parti Unifié des Communistes Haïtiens (PUCH),…
1967: A major ideological controversy erupted between René Piquion and Jean Price Mars over the interpretation of the Haitian past. Price Mars disputed the notion that the social question in…
1967: Gérard Daumec edited the Bréviaire d'une révolution, a collection of Duvalier's sayings modeled after the "little red book" of Mao Zedong. The volume was intended to serve as a…
1967: Slogans appeared across the country claiming that "Duvalier alone" was able to harness the energy of the Péligre dam for the benefit of the people. This mystical interpretation of…
1967, April 14–15: (Carnaval for Year Ten: Prince Albert Foucard's Festivities, Nicole and Marie-Denise, Max Dominique the Tallest Graduate of the Académie Militaire, and the Ice-Cream Cart Bomb in a…
1967, June 8: (The Midnight Execution: Nineteen Officers Bound to Stakes, the Firing Squad of Their Own Comrades, Bawon Samdi in Black Standing to One Side, and the Rush for…
1967, June – August 1: (The Dominiques Exiled, the Father Arrested, and Duvalier's Cable: Give Me Back My Daughter and I Will Give You Back Your Father): On Mme Duvalier's…
1967: (Six O'Clock Mass: Raymond Alcide Joseph, Radio Vonvon, the Coalition Haïtienne, the Voice of America's Discontinued Kreyòl Broadcasts, and Duvalier Jams Vonvon but Never Radio Havana): One voice to…
Bruny Surin was born in Cap-Haitien on 12 July 1967. He was seven when his family left for Quebec. He started as a long jumper and competed in that event…
Lucknerson Junior Mervil was born in Port-au-Prince on 20 October 1967. A Haitian-Canadian singer, actor and producer, he played Clopin in Notre-Dame-de-Paris in both the original French and the English…
Haitians reaching New York in the 1960s found no government or civic body set up to receive them. The Catholic Church filled the space, sponsoring centres that offered help with…
1968: Michel-Rolph Trouillot flees Haiti for Brooklyn to escape the repression of the Duvalier dictatorship. He joined a large wave of student activists who sought refuge and political community in…
1968: René Depestre denounced the négritude ideology of the Duvalier regime as a "delirious mystification" during an address in Havana. He argued that the government used racial rhetoric to camouflage…
1968: The remains of former President Dumarsais Estimé were transferred to a shrine on the site of the Bicentenaire in a ceremony that included Vodou symbols. Duvalier used the occasion…
1968-Dec.: The government ordered all schools to close for the inauguration of the impressive monument to the "unknown maroon" in Port-au-Prince. The statue was meant to realize a long-held dream…
1968: President Duvalier decreed four days of official mourning following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. in the United States. He renamed a major capital street "Avenue Martin Luther…
1968, May 20: (The Cap Haitien Invasion: Big Game Styled by Broadway, the Leaflets Nobody Untied, the Accidental Sinking, the B-25 War Prize, and Fifty-Seven Hostages Executed at Fort Dimanche):…
1968-00-00: (Radio Haïti Internationale Begins Broadcasting in Kreyòl, the First Radio Station to Use the Language of the Majority, Giving Voice to a Population That French-Language Media Had Excluded Since…
On 23 November 1968 Haiti won a World Cup qualifying match for the first time, away to Trinidad and Tobago at Port of Spain, under Antoine Tassy. The run that…
Demand for cement in Haiti tripled between 1968 and 1973. Ciment d'Haiti, which had idled at half capacity through the 1960s, hit its full productive capacity in 1972 and had…
1969, April 14 – May 2: (The PUCH Destroyed: The Boutilliers Shootout, Radio Moscow Reports Arrests and Executions, Alix Lamaute Killed at Cazale, the Seven-Hour Siege at Fontamara, and 200…
1969, June 4: (Port-au-Prince's Second Air Raid: Colonel René Léon's Aged Constellation, the Incendiaries That Malfunctioned, the Wholesale Kouri, and Mr. Pindling's Collaboration): On June 4, 1969, Port-au-Prince experienced another…
1969, July 1: (Ginen, Rockefeller Holds Up a Dying President: The Photograph That Concealed What the Cameras Missed, May Day's Unreadable Speech, the Congestive Heart Failure, and the Prostate…
1969–1970: (Ambassador Knox and the Baseballs: The First Black Ambassador Since Dr. Furniss, the Honorary Tonton Macoute, Light Industry Arrives, and the King Herod Haircut Roundup): The Rockefeller visit and…
Edwidge Danticat was born in Port-au-Prince on this day. Her parents left for New York and her aunt and uncle raised her in Bel-Air; she joined her mother and father…
On 28 April 1969 Haiti's legislature voted unanimously to classify communist activity as a crime against state security carrying the death penalty. Promoting Marxist or anarchist ideas was written into…
The visit signalled that military and economic assistance would restart, on views held by Nixon and Kissinger about shipping through the Windward Passage and about keeping allies in the Organization…
1970: Statistics revealed a significant "brain drain" as only 242 of the 761 doctors who graduated in Port-au-Prince between 1945 and 1968 remained in the country. This loss of skilled…
1970-Jan: H. Trouillot published an introduction to the history of Vodou in the Revue de la Société Haïtienne d'Histoire. He sought to provide a scholarly framework for understanding the religion…
Early 1970s: A debate broke out regarding the Kreyòl language involving young writers like Dieudonné Fardin and Franck Etienne. These intellectuals defended the use of Kreyòl against the French embassy's…
Early 1970s: The literary form known as "spiralisme" was developed by a new generation of writers in Haiti. This movement attempted to create a radical interpretation of national traditions while…
1970, April 24: (The Cayard Naval Revolt: Colonel Octave Cayard's Five Ships Open Fire on the Palace, the Army Uprising That Never Materialized, the 105mm Gun Last Fired in 1957,…
1970, April 24–26: (The Cayard Stalemate Resolved: The F-51 Stripped of Its Ordnance on Palace Orders, Two Days of Land Fighting Sea Without Casualties, and the Entire Garde-Côtes Sails to…
1970, November 18 – December 1970: (The Succession Prepared: Armed Forces Day at Vertières, Duvalier's Stroke, Constant Replaced by Raymond, the Promise of a Young Leader, and Le Nouveau Monde's…
1970s–1990s: (Economic Crisis and Its Causes: Rapid Population Growth Straining Resources, the Collapse of Agricultural Export Prices Through the 1970s and 1980s, the Fall in Copper Prices Devastating Zaire…
1970s–1990s: (Environmental Catastrophe, Agrarian Decline, and Structural Adjustment: Persistent Drought Across the Sahel from the Early 1970s, Famine Compounding Civil War in Sudan, Mozambique, and Ethiopia, Several States Becoming…
1970s–2000s: (The Politics and Cultures of Insurgency: The Massive Influx of AK-47s Breaking the State's Monopoly on Military Might, Guerrilla Movements as a Second Wave of Military Intervention, the…
1970s–2010s: (Economic Predicaments: Famine as a Recurrent Problem and Enduring Image, Sub-Saharan Africa Seeing Greater Population Growth Than Any Other Region Yet the Slowest Growth in Food Production, Three…
Ernst Laraque was born on 16 November 1970. He fought in the men's lightweight division at the Sydney Olympics in 2000 and at Athens in 2004, and took bronze at…
Three sister organisations were founded in the early 1970s to carry the cultural work of the Haitian opposition abroad, all affiliated to the Marxist Patriotic Action Movement: Soley leve in…
Through the 1970s and early 1980s Haiti's apparel plants employed between sixty thousand and one hundred thousand people in more than a hundred factories, and only money sent home by…
1971-Apr.: Hereditary Transfer to Jean-Claude Duvalier: François Duvalier died in office after naming his nineteen-year-old son, Jean-Claude, as his successor for life. Despite predictions of immediate chaos, the transition of…
1971: The government took over the Petit Séminaire St Martial, and the Holy Ghost Fathers who had run the institution for decades were forced to leave. This action completed the…
1971: The theater group Tanbou Libete is founded in New York by Trouillot and other activists to build political consciousness. This group used Kreyòl songs and plays to mobilize the…
Post-1971: The new government signed contracts with two large foreign companies for the investigation and possible exploitation of copper deposits. These agreements reflected a shift in policy toward encouraging international…
Post-1971: North American investment in Haiti increased considerably, particularly in light manufacturing and assembly plants. These industries sought to capitalize on the country's cheap labor force and the relaxed political…
1971–1986: (The Regime of Jean-Claude 'Baby Doc' Duvalier): Described as "Riding the Tiger," this fifteen-year period covers the presidency of Jean-Claude Duvalier. The authors analyze the continuation of the Duvalierist…
1971–1995: (The Final Decades of Dynastic Rule and Transition): The story continues through the reign of Jean-Claude Duvalier, described as "Riding the Tiger" until the 1986 uprising. This was followed…
1971, January 22: (The Plebiscite of 2,391,916 to 0: The Constitutional Age Lowered from Forty to Eighteen, Jean-Claude on the Balcony, Good Luck My Son, and the Schoolchildren Marched Downtown…
1971, January–February: (The Council of Regents: Cambronne at the Head, General Raymond, Adrien Raymond, Hervé Boyer, Marie-Denise with a Submachine Gun, and the Decisions Taken Behind the Plebiscite): Even as…
1971, April: (De Catalogne's Lies and the Reporters Who Gathered: Five Minutes Before His Death He Will Still Be President, Duvalier's Sixty-Fourth Birthday Without Duvalier, and the Palace Balcony Where…
1971, April 21: (The Death of François Duvalier: The Evening After Sunset Behind La Gonâve, the Desounen Performed by Oungan Edner Day, the Mèt-Tèt Implored to Retire, and the Mo-Tèt…
1971, April 22–24: (The Lying in State and the Burial on Bawon Samdi's Day: The Refrigerated Glass Box, Twenty-Two Soldiers and Twenty-Two Miliciens, the 101-Gun Royal Salute, Beethoven's Ninth Set…
1971, April 21: (Riding the Tiger: No One Thought He Would Last, the Christophe Precedent, the Regents Who Feared Each Other, Constant's Failure to Salute, and Désinor Stripped for Doubting…
1971, April 22: (Surrounded by Hyenas. The Swearing-In: Jean-Claude in Shock and Tranquilized, Simone Duvalier's Cabinet List, the Boy President's Inaudible Address to the Assembly, No Pardons and No…
1971, July – 1972, March: (The First Crisis and the First Year's Balance Sheet: Marie-Denise vs. Cambronne, Ti Pouche Douyon as Procurer and Banker, Late-Night Drag Races with the Chief…
1971–1975: (A Pleasant Young Man Surrounded by Hyenas: Duvalierism Institutionalized, Zacharie Delva Still Practicing Black Magic in Gonaïves, Fort Dimanche's 400 Political Prisoners, the Cafétéria Torture Station, Luc Désir's Tape-Recorded…
1971-04-21: (François Duvalier Dies and Is Succeeded by His Nineteen-Year-Old Son Jean-Claude, the Transition From Papa Doc to Baby Doc Marking the Only Dynastic Succession in Haitian History Since Christophe's…
Louis Achille Othello Bayard was born at Les Cayes on 2 September 1885. He was a violinist, a poet and a composer. He set to music the words that became…
On this day thirteen amendments to the 1964 Constitution were adopted. Their real purpose was one clause: lowering the minimum age for the presidency so that Jean-Claude Duvalier, then nineteen,…
On this day Haitians learned who the president-for-life had chosen to follow him. In his New Year address Francois Duvalier had promised a successor who had followed the affairs of…
Clément Magloire fils was born in Port-au-Prince on 2 April 1912, son of the director of the newspaper Le Matin. He took the name Magloire-Saint-Aude from his mother's family. In…
Dimitry Elias Léger was born in Port-au-Prince on 27 September 1971. He is a novelist and journalist of the Haitian diaspora.
Haiti Observateur, the oldest newspaper of the Haitian community in New York, was founded in 1971. In that first year it carried seven classified advertisements. By 1978 it averaged more…
Haitian figures for 1971 show 91 percent of farms measuring no more than three hectares. Those farms together held 62 percent of the cultivated land and supported 88 percent of…
Monthly salaries recorded in Port-au-Prince in 1971 and 1972 ran as follows. A primary school teacher took between forty and seventy dollars. A laboratory technician took ninety. An office secretary…
1972, April 22 – July: (The Economic Revolution's Primary Beneficiary: Aid Projects Parceled Like Prizes, Cambronne as the Premier, the First Anniversary at the Cimetière, the U.S. Military Assessment Team,…
1972, late July – December: (The Fall of Cambronne: Lafontant Convinces Jean-Claude of Disloyalty While Simone Is in Miami, Cambronne Flees to the Colombian Embassy, L'Inspiratrice Returns Too Late, Hemo…
André Fouad was born in Port-au-Prince on 2 May 1972. He is a poet, a diseur (a man who says the poem out loud) and a journalist, and he works…
On 12 November 1972 Paul Déjean and Karl Lévêque, both Haitian clergy in exile, founded what was first called the Bureau de la communauté chrétienne des Haïtiens de Montréal. It…
About fifty thousand Haitians applied for asylum in the United States between 1972 and 1980. Twenty five of them succeeded. The reason was not hidden. At a congressional hearing in…
A report of the Organization of American States published in 1972 recorded how the Haitian state divided its money. Agriculture, natural resources and rural development together received 9.7 percent of…
1973, February – December: (The Knox Kidnapping, the Palace Basement Fire of July 22, the Theresienstadt Charade at Fort Dimanche, the $26 Million Nixon Aid Package, and the Dinosaurs vs.…
1973–1974: (Spring and the Maquillage: 200,000 Tourists, Jumbo Jets from Europe, Habitation Leclerc's $150-a-Day Oasis Surrounded by Slums, the Madam's Taxidermy Diploma, and the Visitor Who Returned After Ten Years…
Marie Vieux-Chauvet died of a brain tumour in New York on 19 June 1973. She was born in Port-au-Prince on 16 September 1916 and started writing at ten. In 1968…
On 18 December 1973 Haiti finished the CONCACAF Championship as champion, at the Stade Sylvio Cator in Port-au-Prince, where the whole tournament had been played since 29 November. Haiti won…
In May 1973 an American shrimp trawler called the Sea Cat came across a Haitian sailing vessel, the Ella, off the coast of South Florida. The people aboard were worn…
1974: Jean-Jacques Honorat published Enquête sur le développement, which contained a damning condemnation of seventeen years of Duvalierist rule. He argued that the appointment of an indigenous hierarchy in the…
1974-00-00: (Haiti Participates in the FIFA World Cup for the First and Only Time, the National Team Competing on the World Stage in a Tournament That Showcased Both the Talent…
Antoine Louis Léocardie Élie Lescot died at Laboule on 20 October 1974. Born at Saint-Louis-du-Nord on 9 December 1883, he was a pharmacist by training and had been ambassador to…
1975 – 1976: Researcher Gus Pantel reinvestigated several key lithic sites in the Caribbean to provide a more complete definition of their tool assemblages. During his excavations, he noted a…
1975: (The Stamp Fraud Show Trial, the Drought, the $3 to 5 Million Empty Mausoleum, and the U.S. Embassy's Proprietary Claim on the President: He's Mine): Word of the stamp fraud…
1975–1976: (The Odd Stasis, the La Tortue Bribe for Simone's Widows and Orphans Fund, Jimmy Carter's Alarming Candidacy, Jack Anderson's Articles, Gasner Raymond Disappears, and the Christmas Amnesty Timed to…
On 22 May 1975 the Duvalier government put the number of Haitians in desperate straits in the drought-stricken North-West at 306,889, and framed the famine as a natural catastrophe. International…
Philippe Thoby-Marcelin died on 13 August 1975 at his home in Cazenovia, near Syracuse in New York State. Born in Port-au-Prince on 11 December 1904, he helped found La Revue…
Patrick Lemoine entered Fort-Dimanche on 10 January 1974 and survived it. He recorded 2 June 1975 as the day nine deaths were registered inside the prison. Fritz Dezagon, called Castro,…
1976 – 2017: Modern archaeologists have pointed out that the relationship between colonial geographic labels and prehistoric indigenous boundaries is often "fuzzy" and inconsistent. For example, while colonial definitions place…
1976 – 1988: Dr. William Hodges, a medical missionary and avocational archaeologist, first discovered the large archaeological site at En Bas Saline that was later investigated by professional teams. Following…
1976, November – 1977, early: (Carter Wins and the Satellite Dishes of Pétionville: Luc Nérée Writes His Co-Religionist, Carter Writes Back Offering to Preach, 100 Arrested in December and 90…
Nickenson Prudhomme was born on 4 September 1976. He is a keyboardist and singer in kompa. He played with Zenglen before founding Harmonik, and had a solo success with the…
A study of Port-au-Prince carried out in 1976 by the United Nations together with the Haitian Ministry of Public Works measured how the city's ground was divided. The wealthiest 10…
Rosalie Bosquet, known to Haitians as Madame Max Adolphe, commanded the Fort-Dimanche contingent in Port-au-Prince from 1964 to 1971. That prison was the worst in the political network of the…
1977, April 22 – August 16: (Jean-Claudism Born, the Three-Year Drought, Haiti's Dirt Ring in the Blue Caribbean, the Régie du Tabac as Private Piggy Bank, Le Monde's Blank Check…
1977, September 22 – October 18: (Twenty Years of Duvalierism: Simone the Vigilant Witness on Nights of Watchfulness, 104 Political Prisoners Freed but None Remain, the Disappeared Declared Dead, Three…
1977, October – December: (Todman's Olive Branch Undercuts the Three Journalists, Marc Romulus Describes Fort Dimanche's Baptism of Fire, Jean-Claude Declares No Political Prisoners on Canadian Television, and the Miami…
1977, November – 1978, early: (The Press Crackdown, the Beating of Luc Nérée, Delva's Bull Sacrifice with Carter's Picture, Gédé Turns His Back on the Duvaliers, Processions of Sacrificial Animals,…
Jimmy Chérizier was born in Delmas on 30 March 1977, one of eight children. His father died when he was five; his mother sold fried chicken in the street. He…
On 4 April 1977 several Haitian organisations put two thousand people on the streets of Washington to support President Jimmy Carter's human rights policy and to call for the isolation…
Haiti's Division of Family Hygiene was created in 1971 and started supplying contraception in 1973 through hospitals and clinics in the towns. Mobile clinics and community outreach workers were added…
Haitian censuses and surveys had counted women as married, divorced, widowed, separated or single, with placage sometimes added as a sixth box. That grid missed the commonest arrangement in the…
1978–2005: (Reflecting on Change and Continuity in Haiti): In the preface to the 2005 edition, Michael Heinl reflects on the twenty-seven years that have passed since the book's initial publication.…
1978–1979: (The Elko/Flood Scandal Breaks, Rigaud Sails to Cuba and Is Rescued by the Coast Guard, the Sunday New York Times Magazine Asks Why We Resumed Aid, Aristide's First Published…
1978, March – September 1979: (Sylvio Claude Beaten and Deported for Running Against Madame Max, Lerouge Sweeps the Cap with 34,800 Votes, the Chamber of Deputies Roof Collapses, Grégoire Eugène…
1978–1979: (We Don't Know Where It Goes: 250 Assembly Plants and 60,000 Jobs, Club Med Behind the Chain-Link Fence, Coffee Exports Half of 1910's, Pétion's Plots Divided and Subdivided Until…
1978–1979: (Government by Kleptocracy: The Pig Slaughter Along the Frontier, Duvalierist Land Grabs Without Cadastral Survey, Once We Exported Mahogany Now We Import Formica, 19,000 Hectares Ceded to Marie-Denise, the…
1978–1979: (Marie-Denise's Divorce, the Musical Chairs, the HASCO Strike Broken, the Swine Fever Breaches the Artibonite, the Passport Volte-Face, and the Main Danger from a Presidential Convoy Was Getting Run…
1978-00-00: (The Institut Pédagogique National Develops a Standardized Written Form of Kreyòl, Giving the Language of Ninety Percent of the Population a Formal Orthography for the First Time): In 1978,…
Fabiola Jean-Louis was born on 10 September 1978. She works in photography, in paper textile design and in sculpture, building gowns out of paper and then photographing them.
1979: Mats Lundahl publishes Peasants and Poverty: a Study of Haiti in London. This work provided an extensive economic analysis of the factors contributing to the nation's underdevelopment.
1979–1980, May 27: (Why Couldn't He Have Married a Haitian: Michèle Bennett's Collège Bird Origins, Her Marriage to Pasquet's Son, the Garment District Secretary, the Michelbé Tantrums, Simone Orders Macoutes…
Fabienne Colas was born in Port-au-Prince on 18 March 1979. She was modelling by sixteen and acting in Haitian film before she moved to Montreal. There she founded the Fabienne…
Stella Jean was born in Rome on 17 June 1979 to a Haitian mother, Violette Jean, and an Italian father. She built a label that puts Italian tailoring on top…
Léon Laleau died on 7 September 1979. He was born in Port-au-Prince on 3 August 1892. He was a writer, a politician and a diplomat, and he served as Foreign…
Dener Céide was born at Saint-Louis-du-Sud on 21 November 1979. He is a singer, guitarist, composer, arranger and producer, associated with the Jean Gérard Richie Productions label, and Le Nouvelliste…
On 22 March 1979 René Théodore, general secretary of the Haitian Communist Party, wrote to José Francisco Peña Gómez of the Dominican Revolutionary Party. He had flown to Santo Domingo…
A builder walking into a hardware store in Haiti in 1979 paid the equivalent of nine dollars and eighty cents for one standard bag of cement weighing 42.5 kilograms. At…
1980–2005: (The Evolving Body of Haitian Literature and Analysis): The preface highlights several influential works from the 1980s and 1990s that contributed to the global understanding of Haitian life. Authors…
1980, summer – December: (The Gathering Storm: Michèle Cleans House, the Translator's Mysterious Death, the Strict Diet, Sylvio Claude's Newspaper Shut After One Issue, Hurricane Allen's 175-mph Winds Devastate the…
1980, November – December: (Carter Repudiated, the Duvaliers Celebrate, Forty Journalists Jailed to Miami, $40 Million in Foreign Reserves Vanished, $20 Million for Michèle's Shopping Sprees, the Gourde Slides, Berrouet…
1980–1981: (The Bennett Clan Takes Over: Ernest Bennett Rides High, Mexican Oil Sold to South Africa, Bennett Corners the Coffee Crop, Michèle's $100,000 Monthly Allowance, Simone Ovide Stripped of First…
Evains Weche was born at Corail in the Grand'Anse on this day. He worked as a librarian at the Bibliotheque Justin Lherisson in Carrefour, then went home to the Grand'Anse…
Global Health Action, a small American organisation, has run a goat programme in the countryside around Leogane since the late 1980s. Its Haitian staff buy local creole does and breed…
1981: The mass extermination of the creole pig population begins to prevent the spread of African Swine Fever. This policy destroyed the primary capital asset of many rural peasants and…
1981: Concessionary oil sales from Venezuela and Mexico are suspended after the Duvaliers sold a shipment before it arrived. This scandal highlighted the extreme level of corruption at the highest…
1981, July – September 29: (The Herodian Pig Slaughter: All of Haiti's Pigs to Be Killed Within Two Years, Peasants Sacrifice Their Pigs to the Lwa and Keep Them from…
1981–1982: (Sylvio Claude Sentenced to Fifteen Years, Ti-Pouche Douyon Banned from the Palace, the Evita Perón Makeover, Mother Teresa's Lesson in Humility, $2,000 for Pastor Nérée's Orphans, the Sansaricq Landing…
1981–1982: (The AIDS Linkage: GRID Becomes AIDS, South Florida Physicians Notice Heterosexual Haitian Cases, Vodou Rituals Invoked as Transmission Theory, and the Story That Would Do More Damage to Haiti's…
Mélanie Renaud was born at Bainet on 9 September 1981. She broke through in Quebec with the album Ma Liberté in 2000, and her song "J'm'en Veux" took the Félix…
Rara band leaders in Haiti carry powders. They are mixed from itching bean, hot pepper and other poisonous plants, and they are used in two ways. A leader can leave…
In October 1981 a boat carrying Haitians broke up off Hillsboro Beach, near Fort Lauderdale, and thirty three people died. Television carried pictures of black bodies washing onto Florida sand.…
On the evening of 25 October 1981 the United States Coast Guard cutter Chase met the wooden sloop Exorde in the Windward Passage, the stretch of water between Haiti and…
Between 1981 and 1989 United States immigration officers working from Coast Guard cutters stopped 21,461 Haitians at sea. Six of them were carried to the United States for a fuller…
1982: David Geggus publishes Slavery, War and Revolution: the British Occupation of Saint-Domingue, 1793-1798. This scholarly text explored the complex international dimensions of the early revolutionary period.
c. 1982–2017: Authors William Keegan and Corinne Hofman supervised numerous archaeological research projects across an extensive range of islands, including Haiti, Jamaica, Cuba, and the Bahamas. This thirty-five-year period of…
1982 – 2013: The longstanding debate over the "Huecoid" phenomenon reached a standstill until new excavations provided a more comprehensive regional perspective. Early classifications by Irving Rouse and others suggested…
1982, February – July 3: (Marc Bazin, Mr. Clean: The Special Levy on Imported Cars, the $3.7 Billion Note Canceled, the GAO Declares a Decade of U.S. Aid a Failure,…
1982–1983, January 31: (The 4H Disease: Tourism Dies Overnight from 200,000 to 10,000, Open Your Passport I Don't Want to Touch It, the Guesthouses Closed, Farmer's Epidemiology Proves North-to-South Transmission,…
1982-00-00: (UNESCO Proclaims Haiti's National History Park a World Heritage Site, the Citadelle and the Ruins of Sans-Souci Palace Recognized as Monuments of Universal Value in a Nation the World…
In February 1982 Ronald Reagan told the Organization of American States that falling prices for Caribbean exports and rising prices for imports, energy above all, had produced debt, balance of…
On 13 December 1982 the Haitian state published a decree defining non governmental organisations as private, apolitical, non profit bodies proposing programmes and projects capable of improving living conditions. It…
1983-Mar.: Pope John Paul II visits Haiti and famously declares that "Things must change here." His visit provided a powerful moral catalyst for the church's increasing opposition to the dictatorship.
1983: Mats Lundahl publishes The Haitian Economy: Man, Land and Markets in London. The author used economic models to explain the historical relationship between agricultural production and state power.
1983 – 2013: Archaeological research has challenged the long-standing belief that the size of an island was a primary factor in its initial colonization. Studies indicate that while small islands…
1983, March 9: (Fòk Sa Chanje: The Pope Kisses Haitian Soil, Addresses the Majority in Kreyòl, Things Must Change Reverberates Across the Country, the Untrodden Red Carpet, the Spurned…
1983, April – December: (Firmer Than a Monkey's Tail: The Municipal Elections, Borjella Wins the Cap Again, Lafontant Invalidates St. Raphaël and Petit-Goâve, Three Constitutional Amendments Including the Right to…
1983-03-00: (Pope John Paul II Visits Haiti and Criticizes the Duvalier Regime, Declaring That Something Must Change, a Papal Intervention That Energized the Opposition and Accelerated the Dictatorship's Collapse): In…
Melissa St. Vil was born on 8 September 1983. A Haitian-American professional boxer, she challenged for the WBC super featherweight title in 2018 and for the WBC lightweight title in…
Makenzy Orcel was born in Port-au-Prince on 18 September 1983. He studied at the Collège Adventiste de Diquini and then at the Faculté de linguistique appliquée of the Université d'État…
1984, May 20 – December: (The Gonaïves Uprising: The CARE Warehouse Stormed at the Cap, Radio Soleil Broadcasts the News, Gonaïves Erupts Over the Beating Death of a Pregnant Woman,…
1985, January – August: (The Referendum That Backfired: 30,000 March Shouting Down with Misery and Hunger, Lafontant's Plebiscite on the Presidency for Life Subject to Opposition Parties and a Prime…
1985, fall: (Two Parallel Dramas: The Streets in Ferment and the Plot Takes Shape, the Army the Oligarchs and the Church Watch the Radicalization, Washington Encourages an Arranged Transfer,…
1985, November – December: (Gonaïves Erupts Again: Three Schoolchildren Shot in Cold Blood, Down with Misery and Long Live the Army, Michèle's $1.7 Million Concorde Shopping Trip to Paris While…
Max Pinchinat was found dead on 7 November 1985 at his home in the 17th arrondissement of Paris. Born in Port-au-Prince on 24 June 1925, he joined the Centre d'Art…
On 22 July 1985 Haiti held a constitutional referendum amending the 1983 constitution. It created a post of prime minister and gave the president-for-life the right to designate his successor.…
Nemours Jean-Baptiste died on 18 May 1985. He had played banjo in the 1940s and then invented compas direct on a July night in 1955, and for more than a…
1986-Feb.-07: Jean-Claude Duvalier flees Haiti on a U.S. aircraft, ending twenty-nine years of Duvalierist rule. His departure followed months of nationwide popular protests and the withdrawal of international support.
1986-Apr.: The Haitian army fires into a peaceful crowd demonstrating at the infamous Fort Dimanche prison. This act of violence further alienated the population from the military-dominated provisional government.
1986-Oct.: A constitutional commission is formed with 20 nominated and 41 elected members to draft a new national charter. The resulting document sought to prevent the return of hereditary dictatorship…
1986: A crowd in Port-au-Prince removes the statue of Christopher Columbus and throws it into the sea. This act demonstrated how public memory can physically reclaim space by erasing colonial…
1986–1995: (The Volatile Transition of Paper and Iron): This nine-year period is titled "Paper and Iron," representing the conflict between newfound constitutional aspirations and the continued reality of military force.…
1986, January 28 – February 6, early morning: (Firmer Than a Monkey's Tail: Duvalier Unknowingly Delivers Key Commands to the Conspirators, Papa Doc's Statue Toppled at the Cap While Crowds…
1986, February 7, 5 A.M. – evening: (Paper and Iron, The Déchoukaj: A Solitary Church Bell at 5 A.M., the Remarkable Sartorial Shift as the Only People in Denim…
1986, February 7, 8 A.M.: (Après Nous, C'est Nous: Namphy's Proclamation from the Palace, the CNG Introduced, Three Army Men, an Engineer, a Lawyer, and Avril Almost Whispered, the…
1986, February 7–9: (The CNG's Himalaya of Problems: L'Intelligent Avril the Bagman with Signature Authority, Only Gourgue an Outsider, Macoutes in Army Uniforms Hidden in the Casernes, the Counter-Coup Possibility,…
1986, February 8–March: (The Cabinet of National Reconciliation, the TTMs Abolished but Absorbed into the Army, Madame Max Escapes Disguised as a Nun or in a Crate of Mangoes, Ti…
1986, March – April 26: (The CNG Draws First Blood: The Taptap Driver Who Dared Pass an Army Captain, Five Civilians Killed by Léopards in Martissant, Gourgue Resigns in Protest,…
1986, May – December: (Le Siphonage, Miami Rice, Twelve Thousand Assembly Jobs Lost, ENAOL Closed and Cooking Oil Drops 30% but No Thanks for Delatour, Namphy Takes to His Bed…
1986-02-07: (Jean-Claude Duvalier Flees Haiti, Ending Twenty-Nine Years of Duvalier Family Dictatorship, the Dechoukaj Erupting as the Population Uproots Every Symbol of the Regime): On February 7, 1986, Jean-Claude Duvalier…
Jean-Claude Duvalier left on 7 February 1986. On 19 October Haitians voted for the assembly that would write the constitution to replace his. Fewer than five percent of voters turned…
Yvonne Hakim-Rimpel died of a heart attack on 28 June 1986, five months after Jean-Claude Duvalier fled the country. She was born in Port-au-Prince in 1906. In 1934 she helped…
Daniel Fignolé died on 27 August 1986. Born at Pestel on 11 November 1913, he founded the Mouvement Ouvrier Paysan and organised the working people of Port-au-Prince, who could fill…
1987-Mar.: The new democratic constitution is approved by nearly 99 percent of those who participated in the referendum. One of its most significant innovations was the granting of official status…
1987-Apr.: The closure of the HASCO sugar factory outside Port-au-Prince makes over 3000 workers redundant. This event exacerbated the economic crisis facing the capital's growing urban population.
1987-Nov.-29: Duvalierist thugs massacre voters in line at polling stations, forcing the cancellation of the election. This brutal attack crushed the immediate hope for a peaceful democratic transition following the…
1987, January – March 29: (A Constitution Is Paper: U.S. Aid Doubles to $100 Million, Freedom Doesn't Fill Empty Stomachs, Jean-Claude's $10,000/Month Phone Bills from Three-Star Restaurants in the South…
1987, April – July 31: (Rache Manyòk Bay Tè a Blanchi: HASCO Closes and 3,500 Lose Their Jobs, Namphy Tries to Grab Back the Parenthèse on June 22, Scores of…
1987, August – November 29: (The Ruelle Vaillant Massacre: Aristide Transferred to Croix-des-Bouquets but 100 Occupy the Cathedral Until the Hierarchy Backs Down, the Pont Sondé Ambush of Aristide and…
1987-03-00: (The 1987 Constitution Promulgated, Recognizing Kreyòl as an Official Language, Creating a Semipresidential System, and Establishing the Most Progressive Constitutional Framework in Haitian History): In March 1987, Haiti promulgated…
On 23 July 1987 armed men fell on the peasants around Jean-Rabel, in the Nord-Ouest, about 220 kilometres from Port-au-Prince. At least 139 people were killed. Most of the dead…
Tens of thousands of Haitians reached Palm Beach County by boat between 1979 and 1981. Almost all of them arrived as Catholics and found no Catholic church that could receive…
1988: Simon Fass publishes Political Economy in Haiti: the Drama of Survival in New Jersey. The book detailed the ingenious ways that the urban poor adapted to survive under extreme…
1988-Jan.: Leslie Manigat is installed as president following a military-run election boycotted by major parties. His short-lived presidency was widely viewed as a facade for continued army control over the…
1988-Jun.-20: General Henri Namphy overthrows President Manigat and resumes direct military control. This coup underscored the army's role as the final arbiter of political life in post-Duvalier Haiti.
1988-Sept.: General Prosper Avril takes control of the government following a coup led by non-commissioned soldiers. Avril represented a return to the old military guard associated with the Duvalier era.
c. 1988 – 2017: Modern researchers have criticized the "homogenized" view of the Caribbean past that was often reinforced by popular literature and early archaeology. Authors like James Michener utilized…
1988, January 17 – February 7: (The Manigat Election: Hubert de Ronceray and Grégoire Eugène Collaborate with the CNG, Manigat the Fifty-Seven-Year-Old Intellectual Warns of Hothouse Politics, 5% Turnout by…
1988, February – June: (The Intellectual Besieged: State Companies Clogged with Patronage, Army Commanders Smuggling Rice to Cocaine, Roger Lafontant Plotting Two Hundred Miles East, Manigat Forced to Dismantle Catholic…
1988, June: (The Manigat-Paul Alliance and the Namphy Counter-Coup: Boxed In on All Sides, Manigat Allies with the Disgraced Colonel Paul Who Unlike the Pope Has Divisions, Namphy Ordered Transferred…
1988, June – September 11: (Namphy Unleashed: Outright Military Rule, the Killing Squads Roam Freely as in 1964, Other Regime Members Tarred with the Drug Brush, a Haiti Trans Air…
1988, September 17–18: (The Septembre Coup: The Army Packs Namphy Off to the Floor Below Manigat at the Concord Hotel, Franck Romain Takes Asylum in the Dominican Embassy, the Putschists…
1988, September – December: (The Avril Paradox: Valedictorian of the Last Académie Militaire Class Before Duvalier Shut It Down, Trained at Quantico, Joined the Garde Présidentielle in 1969, Profited from…
1988, October – December: (Colonel Paul's Poisoned Pumpkin Soup, $15 Million Released but $70 Million Still Held Back, France Suspicious, the Drug Trade's Profitability vs. Reform, a Thousand Mourners at…
1988-02-07: (Leslie Manigat Inaugurated as President, Overthrown by Namphy Four Months Later, the Post-Duvalier Democratic Experiment Collapsing Before It Had Begun): On February 7, 1988, Leslie Manigat was inaugurated as…
1988-09-11: (The Saint-Jean Bosco Massacre, Former Tonton Macoutes Attacking Aristide's Church During Mass, Killing at Least Twelve and Wounding Eighty While the Army Watched From Across the Street): On September…
1988-09-17: (Prosper Avril Overthrows Namphy in a Military Coup, the Third Change of Government in Seven Months, Haiti Cycling Through Leaders Faster Than at Any Point Since the Presidential Carousel…
1988-01-00: (The Khian Sea Illegally Dumps Four Thousand Tons of Toxic Ash Near Gonaïves, an American Garbage Barge Treating Haiti as a Dumping Ground for Philadelphia's Industrial Waste): In January…
Three weeks after seizing power back from Leslie Manigat in the coup of 20 June 1988, General Henri Namphy moved on 8 July to annul the Constitution of 1987 in…
Henock Trouillot died on 13 September 1988. He was born 19 January 1923. A historian, playwright and novelist, he wrote Historiographie d'Haïti in 1954 and La Condition des Nègres Domestiques…
Non-commissioned officers of the Haitian army overthrew General Henri Namphy in September 1988 and installed General Prosper Avril. Namphy had taken power himself in a coup that June, three months…
1989: Michel Laguerre publishes Voodoo and Politics in Haiti in London. This work investigated the complex relationship between popular religious practice and state power structures.
1989: Alex Dupuy publishes Haiti in the World Economy: Class, Race and Underdevelopment since 1700. The author used a world-systems approach to explain the historical roots of Haiti's economic marginalization.
1989: Gérard Barthélemy publishes Le pays en dehors in Port-au-Prince. This original study explored the cultural and social autonomy of the rural peasantry in relation to the urban state.
1989, January – March 13: (Avril's Electoral Forum, the Opposition Divided, Bazin and de Ronceray Accept While Sylvio Claude and Déjoie Demand Avril Step Down, Smuggling Curbs Provoke Demonstrations Believed…
1989, April 2 – August: (The April 2 Attentat: Casernes and Léopards Soldiers Mutiny over Pay and the Drug Trade, a Week of Spasmodic Struggle, Avril Triumphs but More Indebted…
1989, June – fall: (The $60 Million Aid Package Tied to Conditions Avril Cannot Meet, Delegate Fauntroy Shepherds the Legislation, Haiti Descends into the Abyss, Bush Declines the $10 Million…
1989, December – 1990, January: (Avril Plays the China Card: Previous Governments Had Skillfully Used Beijing vs. Taipei, Taiwan Bursting with Foreign Exchange, Avril Flies Across the Pacific Expecting $40…
Lavinia Williams was born in Philadelphia on 2 July 1916 and trained at the Art Students League and with the American Negro Ballet. She learned Caribbean dance in the 1940s…
Yvonne Sylvain died on 3 October 1989. Born in Port-au-Prince on 28 June 1907, she was the first woman admitted to the University of Haiti medical school and took her…
1990-Dec.-16: Jean-Bertrand Aristide is elected president in Haiti’s first free democratic elections. His landslide victory represented a massive popular mandate for social reform and political change.
1990: Patrick Bellegarde-Smith publishes Haiti: the Breached Citadel in Colorado. This general study traced the country's history from its revolutionary origins to its modern political crises.
1990: Carolyn E. Fick publishes The Making of Haiti: the Saint Domingue Revolution from Below. This milestone work focused on the agency of the enslaved masses in securing national independence.
1990, January 15–22: (The Welcome-Home Demonstration at Three Dollars a Head, Avril Denounces the Taiwan Telex Senders as Vile and Unpatriotic, Ambassador Benoit Resigns Saying Free Elections Are Impossible with…
1990, February – March 10: (The Joint Declaration of Eleven Parties, the General Strike, an Eleven-Year-Old Girl Killed by a Stray Bullet While Studying, Adams Invokes the Nixon Resignation and…
1990, March 10–13: (The Three Days of Confusion: Avril Agrees to Step Down but Not to Leave, Justice Gilbert Austin Too Close to Avril Disqualifies Himself, Ertha Pascal-Trouillot the Youngest…
1990, March – August: (Madame Présidente Reigns but Does Not Rule: Macoutes Take Six Elderly Nuns Hostage at St. Rose of Lima on Cabinet Installation Day, Relations with the Council…
1990, October 18 – December 16: (Sou Se Lavalas, The Gully-Washing Torrent: Roger Lafontant Returns from Santo Domingo and Rallies Duvalierists, Disqualified by the Electoral Council He Threatens to…
1990, December 16 – 1991, January 7: (No Wink or Nod: Adams Meets Immediately with the Victor, Aristide Says Foreign Investors Are Always Welcome but His Visit to a Wealthy…
1990s–2010s: (Africa and the Post-Cold War World: The Intersection of Old and New Dynamics, the West Becoming More Concerned with Human Rights and Good Governance After the Berlin Wall,…
1990s–2010s: (Democracy and Authoritarianism: Benin's Kerekou Conceding Electoral Defeat in 1991 Then Winning Legitimately in 1996, Mali's Popular Uprising Against Military Dictatorship, Botswana's Long Democratic Pedigree, Ghana's 2008 Razor-Thin…
1990s–2010s: (New Wars, Old Problems: Rwanda's 1994 Genocide Spilling into Congo, Somalia's Implosion, Warlords in Sierra Leone and Liberia Exchanging Minerals for Arms, the Lord's Resistance Army in Northern…
1990-12-16: (Jean-Bertrand Aristide Elected President With Sixty-Seven Percent of the Vote, the First Genuinely Democratic Election in Haitian History, a Liberation Theology Priest Swept to Power by the Poorest People…
Early in 1990 the Food and Drug Administration told blood banks to refuse donations from Haitians, naming them a high-risk group for AIDS. On 20 April 1990 the community answered…
Haitians had been settling in New York for thirty years, and Rara had surfaced there in bursts: at demonstrations against the Duvalier government in the early 1980s, and during strikes…
1991-Jan.: Leading Duvalierist Roger Lafontant attempts a coup just before Aristide takes office. The failure of this plot led to popular attacks on church property associated with the former regime.
1991-Sept.-30: A violent military coup led by General Raoul Cédras overthrows President Aristide. This event initiated a three-year period of military rule characterized by intense human rights abuses.
1991, January 20 – February 7: (The Second Round, the Rumored Jailbreak, Four Macoutes Lynched and Six Killed, Aristide's Sang-Froid and Two Days in Paris with Mitterrand, Izméry Trashes the…
1991, February 9 – September: (The Preval Appointment, Lavalas as a Super Party, Paris 1968 and the Cultural Revolution, the Cuba Youth Group, the Crowd Shouting Aristide à Vie…
1991, September 29–30: (The Coup d'État: Trouble Begins at the Frères Military Base and the Cafétéria on September 29, Radio Stations Go Off the Air, Sylvio Claude Burned to Death…
1991, September 30 – October 1: (Aristide Taken Hostage at 5:30: The Mutineers Storm the Palace, a Move to Shoot Him on the Spot but No One Willing to Do…
1991, October 2–5: (Baker's Rousing Address to the Emergency OAS Session: This Junta Will Be Treated as a Pariah Without Friends Without Support and Without a Future, Bush Affirms We…
1991, October – December: (The Cédras-Biamby-François Triumvirate: Cédras the Face of the Coup at Forty-Five but François the Driving Force, Biamby's Ties to Mme Cédras, the Presidency Declared Vacant and…
1991, October 11 – 1992, January: (100,000 March in New York on October 11, the OAS Oil and Trade Embargo Imposed October 23, Bush Orders U.S. Compliance November 5, the…
1991-01-06: (Roger Lafontant Launches a Coup and Takes Pascal-Trouillot Hostage, the Former Tonton Macoute Leader Attempting to Prevent Aristide's Inauguration, the Coup Foiled by the Army Within Twenty-Four Hours): On…
1991-09-30: (Raoul Cédras Overthrows Aristide in a Military Coup, Seven Months Into the First Democratic Presidency in Haitian History, Inaugurating Three Years of Military Rule, Political Murder, and International Sanctions):…
1992: Mats Lundahl publishes Politics or Markets? Essays on Haitian Underdevelopment in London. The author analyzed why market forces failed to improve conditions for the majority of the population.
1992, February – October: (The Bush Fine-Tuning: Assembly Plant Goods Exempted from the Embargo, 50,000 Assembly Jobs Lost, Elliott Abrams in the National Review: What Attitude Should Democratic Countries…
1992, fall – November 3: (Nobody Willing to Touch the Third Rail of Foreign Military Intervention, Diaspora Remittances at $250 Million a Year the Largest Source of Foreign Exchange, Clinton…
On 27 March 1992 the Cour de Cassation declared the Washington accord unconstitutional. The deal had been signed on 23 February in the American capital, under OAS auspices, between the…
Marc Bazin was installed as de facto prime minister of Haiti on 19 June 1992, nine months after the army removed President Jean-Bertrand Aristide. Rara bands at Leogane answered by…
On 24 May 1992 George Bush signed the order known as the Kennebunkport Order, which told the Coast Guard to carry Haitians found on the high seas straight back to…
1993: Anne Greene publishes The Catholic Church in Haiti: Political and Social Change. The text examined the internal shifts within the church that led to its role in the anti-Duvalier…
1993: Michel Laguerre publishes The Military and Society in Haiti in London. This book provided a contemporary sociological analysis of the army's influence on national life.
1993: Archaeological findings published by Versteeg demonstrated that surface scatters of artifacts often fail to provide an accurate representation of a site's original size. This research emphasized the "kaleidoscope" nature…
1993, January – June 8: (Clinton Reverses on Refugees, Aristide Broadcasts Stay Put, Père Adrien Denounces Mixed Signals, Dante Caputo's OAS Mission a Total Bust, Bazin Resigns June 8 After…
1993, June 27 – July 3: (The Governors Island Accord: Three Days of Shuttle Diplomacy Without Face-to-Face Contact, Three Drops of Corn Liquor from a Still of Sour Mash, Aristide…
1993, October 11–14: (The Harlan County Debacle: FRAPH (Front for Advancement and Progress of Haiti, the Name Sounding Exactly Like the Kreyòl Word for Hit), Toto Constant's Second-and…
1993, October – December: (Malval Labors in Isolation, Offices Stripped Down to the Toilet Bowls, the Grand Conference Vetoed by Aristide Who Fears a Repeat of Governors Island, the Washington…
1993-07-03: (Aristide and Cédras Sign the Governors Island Accord, a UN-Brokered Agreement to Restore Democracy That the Military Would Violate Within Months): On July 3, 1993, Aristide and Cédras signed…
1993-00-00: (FRAPH Established by Emmanuel Constant as a CIA-Funded Paramilitary Group to Undermine Aristide, Responsible for Over Three Thousand Deaths Including Face-Scalping With Machetes, the United States Funding the Destruction…
Haiti had been under the boot of the army since the coup of 30 September 1991 drove out Jean-Bertrand Aristide. On 16 July 1993, at UN headquarters in New York,…
Alerte Belance sold in a Port au Prince market and had organised her neighbourhood for Jean-Bertrand Aristide's presidential campaign. After the coup of September 1991 the paramilitaries of the group…
On 22 July 1993, three weeks after Governors Island, Aristide's government in exile organised the Haiti Government and Business Partnership Conference in Miami. Most of the roughly two hundred participants…
The only fairly complete surviving run of Les Affiches Americaines, the newspaper of the French colony that became Haiti, sits in the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris. In 1993 the University…
In 1993 the chief officer of the Disney corporation was paid 325,000 times what the average Haitian worker in Disney's subsidiary plants earned. The two figures came out of one…
1994-Oct: Jean-Bertrand Aristide is restored to the presidency following a large-scale United States military intervention. This operation, supported by a UN mandate, ended three years of military junta rule.
1994–2001: (Economic Regression and the Stagnation of the Post-Colony): By 1994, Haiti’s annual per capita income had dropped to $270, making it one of the few nations where the GNP…
1994, January – April: (Clinton's Temper Slips: Aristide's Own Prospects Are Clouded, Aristide Calls for Revocation of the Refugee Repatriation Treaty and a State Department Official Walks Out, Ambassador…
1994, May – September: (Resolution 917 Toughens the Embargo, Gray Visits Balaguer Who Has Just Won an Irregular Reelection, the Dominicans Clamp Down on the Border, Remittances Capped at $50/Month…
1994, September 15–18: (Clinton Addresses America: We Must Act, Cédras Responds He Would Rather Die Than Leave in Dishonor, Nine Warships Already Off Haiti with 1,800 Marines, the Carrier…
1994, September 19 – October 10: (The Second Occupation Begins at 9:30 A.M. Monday: Troops in Full Battle Gear Startled by Thousands of Cheering Haitians at the Airport Fence, General…
1994, October 15: (Aristide Returns: Two Planeloads of Dignitaries, the Airport Cordoned Off, Helicopters Whisk the President to the Palace, Crowds Massed Since Dawn Strain for a Glimpse of Titid,…
1994, November – 1995, June: (Tropical Storm Gordon Devastates Southern Haiti on November 14: 500 Dead and Jacmel Swept by a Wall of Water, Duperval Caught Skimming Gun-Licensing Fees…
1994-09-18: (Cédras Accepts a Departure Date to Avoid U.S. Military Invasion, a Delegation Led by Jimmy Carter Securing a Last-Minute Agreement as American Paratroopers Were Already Airborne): On September 18,…
1994-10-15: (Aristide Returns to Haiti and Resumes the Presidency, Disbands the Army That Had Overthrown Him, and Creates the National Police, the Most Consequential Institutional Decision of the Post-Duvalier Era):…
Lina Mathon-Blanchet died at ninety-one. Born in Port-au-Prince on 3 January 1903, she began piano at four with Justin Elie and studied in Paris from 1917 to 1921. She founded…
On 11 May 1994 the military high command designated Émile Jonassaint, an eighty-year-old judge of the Court of Cassation, provisional president of Haiti. He was installed the next day. Jean-Bertrand…
George Lys Hérard died on 21 May 1994, nine days short of his thirty-third birthday. He recorded Vakans in 1982, one of the first rap songs in Kreyòl, and went…
Assotto Saint died of AIDS in New York on 29 June 1994. He was born Yves Francois Lubin at Les Cayes on 2 October 1957 and came to New York…
On 31 July 1994, at its 3413th meeting, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 940. Acting under Chapter VII, it authorized member states to build a multinational force and use…
Bernard Séjourné died on 28 October 1994. Born in Port-au-Prince in 1947, he was the leading figure of the School of Beauty, which made women emblems of elegance and grace.…
Jean-Baptiste Romain died in Port-au-Prince on 31 October 1994, aged eighty. A native of Cap-Haïtien, he was a man of letters, an educator and an ethnologist, and is regarded as…
Smarck Michel became prime minister on 8 November 1994. A businessman, he had been named by Aristide on 27 October, and parliament approved him only after hard bargaining with legislators…
Father Jean-Marie Vincent was shot dead by unidentified men on 28 August 1994, near the Saint-Louis Roi-de-France church at Turgeau. A Montfortain priest, he was a leading voice of liberation…
American troops landed in Haiti on 19 September 1994 and Aristide came home on 15 October. Two months after the landing, in November 1994, several Haitian women's organisations wrote to…
1995: Trouillot publishes Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History, his most celebrated work. The book deconstructs how power determines which historical events are acknowledged and which are…
1995: (Racial and Linguistic Dualism in the Post-Colony): Haitian society is defined by a 200-year-old racial schism, where 90 percent of the population are noirs and 10 percent are jaunes…
1995: (The Sociopolitical Schism of Noir and Mulâtre): The "most important fact of life" in modern Haiti is a racial and linguistic division that splits the population into two interlocking…
1995, September – December 17: (The Final Succession: Lavalas Sweeps 71 of 83 Parliamentary Seats in September, the Operation Has Cost U.S. Taxpayers $600 Million with Troops Down to 2,000,…
1995-11-07: (Claudette Werleigh Becomes Haiti's First Female Prime Minister, a Marker of Progress in a Political System That Had Never Previously Granted Women Formal Executive Power): On November 7, 1995,…
Roland Morisseau died in Montreal on 29 June 1995. He was born in Port-au-Prince on 22 September 1933 and schooled at the Lycee Louverture. With Anthony Phelps, Rene Philoctete, Davertige,…
Émile Jonassaint died in Port-au-Prince on 24 October 1995, aged eighty-two. A jurist born at Port-de-Paix on 20 May 1913, he had been president of the Supreme Court from 1991…
By 1995 New York carried thirty hours of Haitian television a week. Miami carried eight, New Jersey four, and Boston, Chicago and Hartford two each. The best known programme made…
The National Commission for Truth and Justice was created in March 1995 to account for what had been done in Haiti under the military government that held power from 1991…
1996 – Coda: (The Heinl Coda: Somewhere Today Is a Haitian Who Feels He Alone Can Right Things, the Assize of Arms, Daniel O'Connell on the History of Ireland…
1996-02-07: (René Préval Takes Office as President, the First Peaceful Transfer of Power Between Elected Presidents in Haitian History, a Milestone 192 Years in the Making): On February 7, 1996,…
Skal Labissière was born in Port-au-Prince on 18 March 1996. On 12 January 2010 the earthquake dropped his family's house on him, his mother and his brother; the three of…
The Constitution of 1987 created councils and assemblies for Haiti's communal sections, communes and departments, then left their duties and their financing undefined. In 1996 the forty sixth legislature passed…
Each November the Gede, the spirits of the dead, assemble in the graveyards around Port-au-Prince. In November 1996 Phyllis Galembo was in a small public cemetery in the capital, where…
Rosny Smarth was born at Cavaillon on 19 October 1940, an agronomist trained in Chile who had worked on Salvador Allende's land reform. Rene Preval named him prime minister on…
Simone Ovide was born on 13 March 1913 and trained as a nurse. She married Francois Duvalier and stood beside him through fourteen years of terror, then beside her son…
At a CARICOM summit in Montego Bay attended by president René Préval, the Jamaican prime minister P. J. Patterson announced that Haiti would be granted full membership. The application had…
A survey directed by Francois Houtart and Anselme Remy in the suburbs of Port-au-Prince in 1997 asked people what religion they practised. Three and a half per cent said openly…
Haiti's National Truth and Justice Commission was set up after the junta fell, to establish what had been done between 1991 and 1994. Its final report, Si m pa rele,…
Average daily calorie intake in Haiti stood at 1869 in 1997, about eighty percent of the standard recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization, and below the figures estimated for…
1998-09-00: (Hurricane Georges Strikes Haiti, Another in the Endless Succession of Natural Disasters That Compounded the Nation's Political and Economic Crises): In September 1998, Hurricane Georges struck Haiti, causing widespread…
Jean Gesner Henry died on this day. Haiti knew him as Coupe Cloue, a nickname he earned as a hard defender for Aigle Noir AC in Port-au-Prince: cut and nailed.…
Félix Morisseau-Leroy died on 5 September 1998. He was born 13 March 1912. He was the first writer of real weight to put Haitian Kreyòl to poetry and to the…
On 23 August 1998 Haiti became the first country to observe the International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition. UNESCO chose the date for the…
In 1998 the National Coalition for Haitian Rights helped secure passage of a bill allowing forty thousand people who had fled the Haitian military coup of 1991 to apply for…
Roseline Éloissaint was born on 20 February 1999. A winger who came up through the Haitian federation's youth system, she signed for Nantes in France in 2020. In July 2023…
Franketyen rewrote Pelin-tet and published the second version as Pelentet in 2002. It reached the stage first. The new text ran at the Rex Theatre in Port-au-Prince from 9 December…
Unibank was founded in Haiti in 1993 with its headquarters in Port-au-Prince, and in 1999 it became the first Haitian multinational corporation. Its offices abroad sit along the east coast…
Jesse Helms, chairman of the United States Senate Foreign Relations Committee, accused the Agency for International Development of subsidising witchcraft, in a report by Don Bohning published in the Miami…
2000s–2010s: (Growth Without Development: Six of the World's Ten Fastest Growing Economies in Africa Yet Most Countries in the Bottom Billion, GDP Growth Driven by Chinese Demand for Raw…
2000s CE: (Centering Culture and Society: Ehret's Call for a New Historiographical Framework That Centers Each Historical Age on How Peoples Around the World Readapted Their Lives, Activities, Social…
2000s CE: (Against Prehistory: Ehret's Rejection of the Artificial Division of the Human Story into History and Prehistory, the Term Prehistory as a Eurocentric Construct Privileging Written Records Over…
2000s CE: (The Agenda, What Must Be Done to Achieve True Integration of Africa into World History: Disseminating Awareness of Ancient African Developments with the Same Depth Given to History…
2000-04-03: (Jean Dominique Assassinated, the Most Prominent Journalist in Haitian History Murdered for Speaking Truth to Power, His Killing Remaining Unsolved and Symbolizing the Cost of Press Freedom in Haiti):…
2000-11-26: (Aristide Wins a Second Presidential Term With Ninety-Two Percent of the Vote in Elections Boycotted by the Opposition, the Mandate Overwhelming on Paper and Contested in Practice): On November…
On 9 November 2000, after five years of pretrial work and a six-week trial, a jury at Gonaïves convicted sixteen of the twenty-two defendants in custody for the Raboteau massacre;…
The argument on the Haiti Global Village board produced an organisation. Two men who had never met, one studying in Tampa and one living in New York, wrote to each…
Leon Manus, president of Haiti's provisional electoral council, had at first defended the way the senate votes of May 2000 were counted. After studying the law he concluded the method…
Clinicians reviewing outpatient charts at five community mental health clinics in the Boston area recorded whether a child had been separated from a parent or guardian. For Haitian children the…
United Nations estimates around the turn of the century put sixty five percent of Haiti's population below the poverty line, and eighty one percent of the rural population below it.…
2001 – 2010: Researcher Reniel Rodríguez Ramos conducted a detailed lithic analysis of materials from the La Hueca and Punta Candelero sites to clarify the cultural origins of these early…
2001: (Structural Legacies of Colonial Displacement): The authors suggest Haiti is more accurately seen as a "fragment of black Africa" that was physically dislodged and grounded in the…
Brignol Lindor was born on 4 November 1970. He was a lawyer, a teacher, and news director at Radio Echo 2000 in Petit-Goave, and he put opposition voices on the…
Gerard Mentor Laurent died on 9 April 2001, aged 82, after going blind. He was born on 14 December 1919 and spent his life in the archives. He published Coup…
Paul Eugene Magloire died in Port-au-Prince on 12 July 2001, a week short of his ninety-fourth birthday. He was born at Quartier-Morin near Cap-Haitien on 19 July 1907 and rose…
In the early hours of 17 December 2001 about thirty heavily armed men drove pickup trucks into the grounds of the national palace in Port-au-Prince. Jean Bertrand Aristide and his…
Jean-Marie Cherestal's resignation was accepted in the council of ministers on this day. He had written the letter to President Jean-Bertrand Aristide on 17 January, after months of attacks from…
Émile Ollivier died suddenly in Montreal on 10 November 2002 while finishing a novel. Born in Port-au-Prince on 19 February 1940, he was exiled in 1964 under François Duvalier and…
Anne Lescot settled in Haiti in 1997 and spent more than ten years studying Vodou as an anthropologist, using video as her tool. In 2001 she and Laurence Magloire started…
2003 – 2013: Modern scholars like L. Antonio Curet and Joshua Torres have questioned the traditional use of the "Taíno chiefdom" model to describe all pre-Columbian Caribbean societies. They argue…
2003-04-03: (The Haitian Government Officially Acknowledges Vodou as a Religion, Two Centuries After the Ceremony at Bois Caïman That Launched the Revolution, the Spiritual Tradition That Had Sustained the Enslaved…
Emmanuel Constant was born in Port-au-Prince on 5 January 1928 and ordained a priest on 12 July 1953. Paul VI named him bishop of Les Gonaives on 20 August 1966,…
Tropical Airways Flight 1301, a Let L-410 bound from Cap-Haïtien to Port-de-Paix, crashed into a sugarcane field on the evening of 24 August 2003, less than ten minutes after take-off…
2004-Feb.-29: Following an armed rebellion, President Aristide departs Haiti on a U.S. aircraft into exile. This event marked the second time Aristide was forced from power during a period of…
2004-02-29: (Aristide Resigns and Flees Into Exile for the Second Time, Claiming He Was Kidnapped by American Officials, the Democratically Elected President Removed by a Combination of Armed Rebels, International…
2004-09-00: (Hurricane Jeanne Strikes Haiti, Killing Thousands in Gonaïves, the City of Independence Now a Recurring Site of Political Violence and Natural Catastrophe): In September 2004, Hurricane Jeanne struck Haiti,…
With Gonaives, Hinche and Cap-Haitien already in rebel hands, a delegation from CARICOM, the OAS, the European Union, the United States, Canada and France put a settlement to Jean-Bertrand Aristide.…
Five days after Aristide was flown out of the country, the Organization of American States created a tripartite council to choose the members of a Council of Sages, which would…
Gérard Pierre-Charles died in Cuba on 10 October 2004, aged sixty-eight. Born at Jacmel on 18 December 1935, he was an economist, a sociologist and an author, and a former…
Not long after the coup, income tax collection stopped for a three-year period, supposedly as compensation for families of the oligarchy who had suffered property damage during the insurgency they…
From 1929 the Dominican Republic gave citizenship to anyone born on its soil unless the parents were in transit, a phrase that covered the children of diplomats and of people…
2005: (The Dedication and Academic Mission of Written in Blood): This revised and expanded edition is offered in loving memory of Nancy Gordon Heinl and Robert Debs Heinl, who were…
2005: (Institutional and Personal Cartography of Port-au-Prince): The volume includes a specialized city map of Port-au-Prince that identifies twenty-one key cultural, political, and historical sites . Major government buildings like…
2005: (The Structural Evolution of a Shared History): In the preface, Michael Heinl explains that the current edition is a necessary update to a work first published nearly twenty-seven years…
2005: (The Geography of the Sovereign State): The cartographic materials provided in the volume illustrate the physical and administrative layout of the Haitian Republic. The maps delineate the various "Départements,"…
2005: (The Urban Infrastructure of Port-au-Prince): A detailed city map of Port-au-Prince identifies twenty-one essential landmarks that form the heart of the capital city . The map places the National…
Jacques Roche was born at Cavaillon in 1961. He was a poet, a diseur, and culture editor of the daily Le Matin. On 10 July 2005 armed men took him…
In broad daylight armed men attacked Haiti's National Penitentiary in Port-au-Prince. Poorly armed guards ran; one off-duty guard was killed. The attackers pulled out former prime minister Yvon Neptune and…
On 5 May 2005 the Haitian government announced a decree setting the maximum penalty for kidnapping and sequestration at forced labor for life, for those who carry it out and…
Before dawn on 6 July 2005 MINUSTAH sent troops into Bois Neuf, in Cite Soleil, to take Emmanuel Wilmer (Dread Wilme), a gang leader the mission accused of murder, kidnapping…
The poet and journalist Jacques Roche was found dead on 14 July 2005, aged forty-four. He wrote on culture for the daily Le Matin and hosted a television programme. He…
Father Max Dominique died on Saturday 17 September 2005 at the Canapé Vert hospital in Port-au-Prince. A leading figure of the Order of the Holy Spirit in Haiti, he was…
Carmen Brouard died in Montreal on 11 December 2005, aged ninety-six. Sister of the indigenist poet Carl Brouard and daughter of a mayor of Port-au-Prince, she trained at the Paris…
A decree dated 6 July 2005 amended the Haitian criminal code and inserted a section headed Agressions Sexuelles. Rape and other sexual assaults, whether carried out or attempted, became punishable…
2006-05-14: (Préval Returns to the Presidency for a Second Term, the Only Haitian Leader to Serve Two Complete Terms and Preside Over Two Peaceful Transfers of Power): On May 14,…
On 3 December 2006 Haiti held municipal and local elections, the last stage of the cycle that had returned Rene Preval to the presidency that February. Voters were choosing 1,420…
c. 2007–2017: A specialized research group known as the "Keeganites" made substantial contributions to Caribbean archaeology over a dedicated ten-year span. This team consisted of students and colleagues from Leiden…
Paul Laraque died in New York at eighty-six. Born at Jeremie on 21 September 1920, he entered the Haitian military academy in 1939 and came out an officer in 1941.…
Raymond Philoctète died in New York on 22 July 2007, aged eighty-two, and was buried in a Queens cemetery. He wrote the Minichroniques column in Le Nouvelliste through the 1970s…
Emmanuel Sanon died of pancreatic cancer in Orlando, Florida, at fifty-six. Born in Port-au-Prince on 25 June 1951, he came up through Don Bosco, won the 1973 CONCACAF championship at…
The three-storey Collège La Promesse Évangélique fell at about ten in the morning on 7 November 2008. At least ninety-three people died, most of them children, and more than 150…
On 15 October 2008 the United Nations Security Council voted unanimously to extend the mandate of MINUSTAH, its stabilisation mission in Haiti, to October 2009. The force numbered more than…
Gérard Étienne died in December 2008. A novelist, poet and journalist, he was jailed and tortured under François Duvalier before escaping to Canada in 1964, where he taught at the…
2009: Death of Philip DeArmond Curtin, whose scholarly work served as the basis for the slave trade atlas. His pioneering research on the transatlantic trade transformed the field of Atlantic…
2009: Researcher William Keegan noted that archaeological middens arranged around a central plaza may represent sequential episodes of deposition. This observation is critical for distinguishing between short-term behaviors and long-term…
Haiti held the first round of a partial Senate election on 19 April 2009. The electoral council had barred 40 candidates, including all 17 from Jean-Bertrand Aristide's Fanmi Lavalas, citing…
Gérard Jean-Juste was born in Cavaillon on 7 February 1946. He led the Haitian Refugee Center in Miami from 1977 to 1990, fighting for boat people the United States wanted…
In December 2009 Franketyen wrote a play called Melovivi ou Le piege. Its subject is an earthquake in Haiti. The text describes ground that sways, staggers and zigzags, that turns…
2010-Jan.-12: A magnitude 7.0 earthquake strikes near Léogâne, killing an estimated 200,000 to 300,000 people. This catastrophic natural disaster caused unprecedented destruction in the capital and triggered a massive international…
2010-01-12: (A 7.0-Magnitude Earthquake Strikes Port-au-Prince at 4:53 P.M., Killing as Many as 300,000 People, Destroying the National Palace, the National Cathedral, and the UN Headquarters, the Most Devastating Natural…
2010-10-22: (A Cholera Outbreak Erupts in Haiti, Traced to a UN Peacekeeping Base, the International Force Sent to Stabilize Haiti Becoming the Vector of the Worst Cholera Epidemic in the…
Wilson Bigaud died at Vialet, near Petit-Goâve, on 22 March 2010. He was born in Port-au-Prince on 29 January 1931, and at fifteen Hector Hyppolite walked him into DeWitt Peters's…
Four months after the earthquake, several hundred people marched through the streets of Petion-Ville with drums, calling for the return of Jean-Claude Duvalier from exile. Most were members of the…
Dieudonné Cédor died on 27 September 2010. He was born 8 March 1925. He painted and he made prints, and he belonged to the generation that turned the Centre d'Art…
On 21 October 2010 the Ministry of Public Health and Population confirmed Haiti's first cholera case in over a hundred years. The outbreak began in the rural Centre department, about…
On 2 November 2010 Jean Monestime won District 2 on the Miami-Dade Board of County Commissioners, beating the incumbent Dorrin Rolle in a runoff, 53 to 47. The district covers…
Tomas returned to hurricane strength around 0600 UTC on 5 November 2010, 36 miles west-southwest of Haiti's western tip, then accelerated northeast between eastern Cuba and western Haiti. The flooding…
Over the four decades before the earthquake the population of Port-au-Prince rose from around half a million to around two million, nearly all of the increase arriving from a countryside…
SEROvie was the only organisation in Haiti that worked solely with gay and bisexual men and with transgender women. The earthquake of 12 January 2010 killed fourteen of its members…
When the ground moved under Port-au-Prince on the evening of 12 January 2010, a woman called Marie Ange was singing an infant named Jenny to sleep in a fifth floor…
The first round results of the Haitian presidential election had been public for about twelve hours when the American ambassador Kenneth Merten wrote to Cheryl Mills and two other State…
Human rights organisations inside and outside the Dominican Republic argued that stripping citizenship by circular contradicted the constitution itself. In 2010 the country adopted a new constitution which says that…
2011-01-16: (Jean-Claude Duvalier Returns to Haiti After Twenty-Five Years in Exile, Charged With Corruption by a Haitian Magistrate but Allowed to Return to His Hotel, the Dictator's Homecoming a Test…
2011-05-14: (Michel Martelly Inaugurated as President, a Compas Musician Known as Sweet Micky Who Had Welcomed Aristide's Overthrow, the Post-Earthquake Republic Choosing a Performer Over a Professor): On May 14,…
On 18 March 2011 Jean-Bertrand Aristide stepped off a plane at Port-au-Prince after seven years in South Africa. He had been flown out of Haiti on 29 February 2004 in…
Lenord Fortune, known to everybody as Azor, was born 19 June 1965. He was the drummer and voice of Racine Mapou de Azor, the group that carried rasin music and…
An analysis published in 2011 tested samples taken from masonry blocks in Port-au-Prince buildings of various ages that had been damaged in the earthquake. The concrete measured between 545 and…
2012-Jul.: Michel-Rolph Trouillot passes away in Chicago after a long and distinguished academic career. His contributions to anthropology and history continue to influence scholars across the globe today.
Caracol lies on the north coast of Haiti, well outside the zone damaged by the earthquake of January 2010. Shortly before the earthquake the area had been designated Haiti's first…
A group of American architects examined the plans for the EKAM housing village beside the Caracol industrial park and published their findings in March 2012. The site lay in a…
The shelter specialists sent to Haiti after the earthquake had designed something modest: small houses that families could extend later, built near Canaan about thirty minutes outside Port-au-Prince on land…
2013 – 2014: Modern research by archaeologists like Jorge Ulloa Hung has emphasized that the northwestern Dominican Republic was a zone of intense cultural hybridity. His work at sites like El…
Jean-Leon Destine died in Manhattan on this day. He was born in Saint-Marc on 26 March 1918 and left Haiti in the early 1940s with Lina Mathon-Blanchet's company, then studied…
Francois-Wolff Ligonde died on 8 April 2013, aged 85. He was named archbishop of Port-au-Prince on 20 August 1966 after long haggling between the Holy See and the Haitian government,…
She was born Michèle Armand in Port-au-Prince on 3 May 1939 and died in Paris on 27 April 2013, aged seventy-three. Storyteller, actress, director and writer, she made her life's…
Raymond Chassagne died in Canada on 27 May 2013, aged eighty-nine. He had returned to Haiti in 1979 after years teaching letters in Quebec, and went back again later. Jail…
On Thursday 12 December 2013 Dany Laferrière was elected to the Académie française in the very first round, the first Haitian and the first Quebecer to enter it. At sixty…
Unitransfer USA was created in 1999 to move money from Haitians in the United States to families and institutions in Haiti. By 2013 it ran 716 offices, 284 of them…
Juliana Deguis Pierre was born in the Dominican Republic in 1984. Her parents lived and worked on a sugar plantation and neither had legal residence, and under the law of…
After weeks of talks under the auspices of the Episcopal Conference, President Michel Martelly signed a political accord at the El Rancho hotel in Petion-Ville with Cardinal Chibly Langlois, Senate…
Jean-Claude Duvalier died on 4 October 2014, aged sixty-three. He had ruled Haiti from 1971 until the uprising of February 1986 drove him out. He returned from French exile on…
Jean Métellus died in Paris on Saturday 4 January 2014, aged seventy-six. He had spent his working life as a neurologist and neuro-linguist while producing a large body of poetry…
A law published in Le Moniteur on 16 January 2014, under the Martelly government, allowed a political party in Haiti to be formed with twenty members. A decree of 1986,…
Max Gesner Beauvoir was born 25 August 1936. He trained as a biochemist in New York and Paris before returning to Haiti and taking up the priesthood as an oungan.…
At about 2:48 in the morning on this day, a float on the Champ de Mars struck a live power line during the second night of Kanaval. A musician on…
Dany Laferrière was formally installed under the dome at the Quai Conti on 28 May 2015, into the seat once Montesquieu's. Two days earlier Jean d'Ormesson handed him his academician's…
On 28 April 2016 provisional president Jocelerme Privert installed the five members of the Commission indépendante d'évaluation et de vérification électorale at the National Palace. He did it without parliament…
On 30 May 2016 the Commission indépendante d'évaluation et de vérification électorale handed its report to provisional president Jocelerme Privert. The commission had audited the ballots from the first round…
Hurricane Matthew made landfall over southwestern Haiti on the morning of 4 October 2016, near Les Anglais in the Sud department, at Category 4. About 1.125 million people were exposed…
2017: Oxford University Press published The Caribbean before Columbus, a comprehensive archaeological synthesis by William F. Keegan and Corinne L. Hofman. This work focuses on the diversity and complexity of…
2017: (Baker Rotimi and Shriner Confirming That Race Is Not an Objective Genomic Classifier: A 2017 Study in Scientific Reports by Baker Rotimi and Shriner Demonstrating That Human Ancestry…
On 19 April 2017, ten weeks into his term, President Jovenel Moïse announced that Haiti would rebuild the National Palace. The earthquake of 12 January 2010 had folded its three…
Rene Garcia Preval died suddenly at Petion-Ville, aged seventy-four. Born at Marmelade on 17 January 1943, he was Aristide's prime minister in 1991 until the September coup, then president from…
Herbert Widmaier, called Herby, was born in Port-au-Prince in 1933. Singer, composer, arranger, sound engineer and filmmaker, he founded Radio Métropole in 1970 and rebuilt what a Haitian radio station…
Serge Legagneur died of cancer in Montreal on 30 June 2017, at eighty. He was born at Jeremie on 10 January 1937, in the town they call the city of…
Josaphat-Robert Large died in New York City on 28 October 2017, aged seventy-four. Born at Jérémie on 15 November 1942, he wrote poetry, fiction and art criticism in French and…
Joseph Emmanuel Charlemagne, known as Manno, died on 10 December 2017 in a Miami Beach hospital where he was being treated for cancer. He was sixty-nine. He was Haiti's best-known…
Jean-Claude Fignolé died on 11 July 2017. A novelist, entrepreneur, professor and activist, he was one of the founders of spiralisme with Frankétienne and René Philoctète, and served as mayor…
Hundreds of families lost their fields when the Caracol industrial park was built on the north coast of Haiti, and the compensation they were promised did not arrive. They formed…
La Saline is a poor quarter of Port-au-Prince with a long habit of protest. In the autumn of 2018 it was part of the mobilization against the cost of living…
Rachel Beauvoir-Dominique died on this day at 52. She was the daughter of Max Beauvoir, the Ati of Haitian Vodou, and she was a mambo herself. Trained at Tufts and…
Henri Namphy died of lung cancer in the Dominican Republic on 26 June 2018. He was born at Grande-Riviere-du-Nord on 2 November 1932 and rose through the Forces Armees d'Haiti…
On Friday 6 July 2018 the government announced that from the next day gasoline would rise 38 percent, diesel 47 percent and kerosene 51 percent, conditions attached to an agreement…
Emerante de Pradines Morse died on Thursday 4 January 2018 at the Hôpital Saint-Esprit on the rue Capois in Port-au-Prince. She was cremated two days later in a private ceremony,…
On Friday 24 August 2018 Haitians gathered outside the Cour supérieure des comptes et du contentieux administratif in Port-au-Prince and demanded that the judges account for the PetroCaribe money. The…
Charlot Jeudy was born on 1 January 1984 in Port-au-Prince. He led Kouraj and became the public face of the M community in Haiti, the word the movement chose for…
Michel Hector died on 5 July 2019. He was an emeritus professor of history at the Université d'État d'Haïti and, by common account, the model of what a Haitian researcher…
2020s CE: (The Levantine Genetics Fallacy: A Recent Genetics Article Proposing That Ancient Egyptians Were of Levantine Background Based on DNA from a Single Northern, Late Ancient Egyptian Site…
Georges Castera died in Petion-Ville on this day at 83. Born in Port-au-Prince on 27 December 1936, he spent years in exile in Spain and New York under the Duvaliers…
Maurice Cadet was born in Jacmel on 20 June 1933. He left for Québec and settled in Alma, in the Lac-Saint-Jean country, in 1967, which is how he came to…
Marie-Soeurette Mathieu was born in Port-au-Prince on 10 August 1949. She left Haiti in 1970 for the United States and then Quebec, studied sociology and education at UQAM, and taught.…
Liliane Pierre-Paul died on 31 July 2023 of a sudden heart attack, at home, getting ready to leave and present the four o'clock news. She was born in Jeremie on…
Gangs under Jimmy Cherizier had spent the week attacking the airport and the police academy and killing officers. On this day they hit the National Penitentiary in Port-au-Prince and the…
Ariel Henry had run Haiti since Jovenel Moise was shot in July 2021, unelected, installed on the say-so of the CORE Group. He had gone to Nairobi to sign the…
Ralph Chapoteau was born in Gonaïves on 16 September 1954. He entered the art academy in Port-au-Prince in 1974 and showed his work for the first time in 1978; after…
On 25 June 2024 the first contingent of the Multinational Security Support Mission landed at Toussaint Louverture airport: Kenyan police officers, reported at around four hundred, led in by Kenya's…
Frankétienne died at his home in Delmas on 20 February 2025, aged 88. He was born at Ravine Sèche near Saint-Marc in 1936, the child of a girl of fourteen…