1891-End of Chronology: Logan’s bibliography lists Daniel Ammen’s The Old Navy and the New and Charles W.

1891-End of Chronology: Logan’s bibliography lists Daniel Ammen’s The Old Navy and the New and Charles W. Chesnutt’s biography of Frederick Douglass as essential records of this era. These works document the clash between the “New Navy” expansionists and the abolitionist-era diplomats, marking 1891 as the year Haiti successfully protected its sovereignty against the peak of 19th-century American imperialism.