c.

c. AD 1200 – 1500: In Cuba, the archaeological record of the “Ciboney” (a term historically used to describe non-horticultural groups) has been re-evaluated through the lens of transculturation and social survival. Research by J. Roumain and later Cuban archaeologists suggests that these groups were not isolated remnants of an earlier age but were integrated into the broader social landscape of the Late Ceramic Age. At sites in Haiti and Cuba, “Ciboney” lithic assemblages often appear in close proximity to Ceramic Age materials, indicating a complex web of interaction, trade, and shared environmental exploitation. This perspective challenges the narrative of a simple replacement of earlier populations by arriving “Taíno” groups.