c.

c. AD 400 – 1000: The presence of exotic valuables like carnelian, jadeite, and amethyst in early Saladoid and Huecoid middens is interpreted as the physical manifestation of “Big Man” social structures. In this model, competitive individuals used the monopoly over rare resources and the specialized production of adornments to build social capital and influence. The burial of these precious items within village refuse or graves was a deliberate act that materialized social dynamics and reinforced community bonds. Keegan and Hofman argue that these “social valuables” were vital tools for maintaining connections between widely scattered settlements. This perspective shifts the focus from simple economic trade to the complex ritual and political strategies used by early Caribbean leaders.