c.

c. 3000 BC – 200 BC: Archaeological data suggest that the Ortoiroid series, which originated in Trinidad, gradually spread through the Lesser Antilles toward Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Within this series, the Cayo Cofresí complex in eastern Puerto Rico is distinguished by the presence of well-formed ground-stone pestles. These specific tools bear a striking resemblance to artifacts found at the Banwari Trace site in Trinidad, indicating deep-rooted cultural or technological links. Such similarities help researchers trace the movement of people and ideas along the Antillean chain over several millennia. The existence of these distinct complexes highlights the localized adaptations of the Ortoiroid tradition as it moved northward.