4000–3000 BCE: (Physical Anthropology Confirms the African Character of the Founding Egyptians: Cranial and Dental Features from El-Badari and Naqada Showing…

4000–3000 BCE: (Physical Anthropology Confirms the African Character of the Founding Egyptians: Cranial and Dental Features from El-Badari and Naqada Showing No Demographic Indebtedness to the Levant and Their Closest Parallels Among Other Longtime Populations of Northeastern Africa Such as Nubia and the Northern Horn of Africa, These People Not Coming from Somewhere Else, Being Descendants of Long-Term Inhabitants of These Portions of Africa Going Back Many Millennia): The physical anthropological findings from the major burial sites of those founding locales of ancient Egypt in the fourth millennium BCE, notably El-Badari as well as Naqada, show no demographic indebtedness to the Levant. They reveal a population with cranial and dental features with closest parallels to those of other longtime populations of the surrounding areas of northeastern Africa, such as Nubia and the northern Horn of Africa. Members of this population did not come from somewhere else. They were descendants of the long-term inhabitants of these portions of Africa going back many millennia. This is not equivocal evidence. This is not a matter of interpretation. The bones themselves, the most material evidence possible, the literal remains of the people who built the first Egyptian communities, declare their African ancestry. They are morphologically African. They do not belong to the population of the Levant. They belong to the population continuum of the Nile Valley and the Horn. Every theory of Egyptian origins that posits a founding migration from outside Africa must reckon with the fact that the founders’ own bodies contradict it. The people who are buried at El-Badari and Naqada are the people who made Egypt, and they were African.