1915–1934: (The Impact and Resistance of the U.S. Occupation): For nineteen years, the Republic of Haiti was placed under a formal military “Occupation” by the United States.

1915–1934: (The Impact and Resistance of the U.S. Occupation): For nineteen years, the Republic of Haiti was placed under a formal military “Occupation” by the United States. The text examines the comprehensive administrative and cultural changes imposed by American forces during this nearly two-decade stay. It documents the various forms of resistance and the shift in national consciousness that occurred under foreign rule. The authors highlight how this period created lasting structural changes in the Haitian military and bureaucracy. The end of this era in 1934 set the stage for what the authors call a quest for a renewed sense of national purpose.