1793: Whites in the city of Kingston demonstrated their fierce opposition to the abolitionist movement and radical politics.

1793: Whites in the city of Kingston demonstrated their fierce opposition to the abolitionist movement and radical politics. In a public display of defiance, a crowd burned images of William Wilberforce and Tom Paine in effigy side by side. This act equated the humanitarian effort to end the slave trade with the revolutionary radicalism of the French era. It reflected the growing consensus among the enslavers that metropolitan interference posed an existential threat to colonial stability. The ritualized violence underscored the hardening of racial and political hierarchies in the face of international upheaval.