1889-Late: While Blaine focused on commercial reciprocity, American naval officers and strategic thinkers began an active campaign for a “big navy” and the a…

1889-Late: While Blaine focused on commercial reciprocity, American naval officers and strategic thinkers began an active campaign for a “big navy” and the acquisition of coaling stations. In 1890, Captain Alfred T. Mahan published The Influence of Sea Power upon History, providing the intellectual framework for this expansion. Although Mahan faced opposition from established figures like former Secretary Whitney and Admiral Ramsay, his work reinforced the growing conviction within the Harrison administration that control of the Caribbean was essential for future maritime security.