c.

c. AD 400 – 1400: Archaeological investigations at the Río Portugués in Puerto Rico have provided detailed insights into the long-term relationship between indigenous communities and their environment. Research by G.R. DuChemin highlights the use of diverse animal species for food, tools, and ritual purposes, reflecting a sophisticated understanding of local biodiversity. The transition from Early to Late Ceramic Age at this site shows an intensification of resource use and a more structured management of the landscape. These zooarchaeological findings are critical for reconstructing the daily lives and communal identities of pre-Columbian Puerto Rican societies.