c.

c. AD 1000 – 1450: Network analysis of Late Ceramic Age sites on the island of Saba reveals a pattern of “remotely local” interaction. Research by A.A.A. Mol, M.L.P. Hoogland, and C.L. Hofman suggests that while Saba was geographically isolated, its inhabitants maintained robust “ego networks”—personal and communal ties that linked them to neighboring islands. These social and material networks allowed for a degree of cultural homogeneity across the northeastern Caribbean despite the physical distances between islands. This socio-material approach highlights how late pre-Columbian groups used mobility and exchange to overcome the constraints of small-island environments.