c.
c. AD 1200 – 1500: The Pueblo Viejo site in eastern Cuba features a massive earthen enclosure that stands as one of the most significant pre-Columbian architectural feats in the region. The enclosure is constructed of mounded gravel and cobbles, reaching a height of 3 meters and a width of 4 to 5 meters at its base. Measuring approximately 250 meters by 135 meters, the site is situated on a mesa overlooking the Windward Passage, providing a strategic view of the maritime route between Cuba and Hispaniola. Such large-scale construction projects required the mobilization of substantial communal labor and reflect the presence of centralized social organization. This site underscores the importance of the eastern Cuban coast as a center of political and ritual activity during the Late Ceramic Age.