1803
1803: War of Independence Intensifies : Under Jean-Jacques Dessalines, revolutionary forces united and defeated French troops.
1803: War of Independence Intensifies : Under Jean-Jacques Dessalines, revolutionary forces united and defeated French troops. Yellow fever and sustained guerrilla warfare devastated the expeditionary army. Significance: Shifted the conflict definitively toward independence rather than autonomy within France. Nuance: Fick underscores the decisive role of formerly enslaved soldiers. The victory was not elite diplomacy but mass military mobilization.
Source
Fick: The Making of Haiti, pp278-300