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1803

1803: War of Independence Intensifies : Under Jean-Jacques Dessalines, revolutionary forces united and defeated French troops.

1803: War of Independence Intensifies : Under Jean-Jacques Dessalines, revolutionary forces united and defeated French troops. Yellow fever and sustained guerrilla warfare devastated the expeditionary army. Significance: Shifted the conflict definitively toward independence, away from autonomy within France. Nuance: Fick underscores the decisive role of formerly enslaved soldiers. The victory was not elite diplomacy. It was mass military mobilization.

Source Fick: The Making of Haiti, pp278-300