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1960

1960: Expansion of Tonton Macoute Militia & Repressive Discourse: The regime intensified repression through militia violence and ideological propaganda.

1960: Expansion of Tonton Macoute Militia & Repressive Discourse: The regime intensified repression through militia violence and ideological propaganda. Significance: Institutionalized violence became central to state functioning. Politics was reframed as a sphere beyond moral norms. Nuance: Trouillot argues that although the regime normalized brutality politically, Haitian cultural ethics (especially the concept of respect) prevented full moral legitimation. The state gained fear. (Michel-Rolph Trouillot, Haiti: State Against Nation (1990) p199)