1891-Late: Logan concludes his primary narrative by noting that despite the intense naval pressure and the “display of force” by the North Atlantic Squadron,…

1891-Late: Logan concludes his primary narrative by noting that despite the intense naval pressure and the “display of force” by the North Atlantic Squadron, Haiti successfully “thwarted” the United States’ attempt to acquire Môle Saint-Nicolas. This period marked a definitive failure for the Harrison administration’s “Big Navy” diplomacy in the Caribbean and demonstrated the limits of using African American diplomats like Douglass to facilitate expansionist goals that the Haitian people fundamentally opposed.