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1922

1922: The creation of the Gendarmerie d’Haïti under U.S. command centralizes armed power in the capital.

1922: The creation of the Gendarmerie d’Haïti under U.S. command centralizes armed power in the capital. This institutional shift professionalized the military while making it a primary tool for political control.

Source Trouillot, Haiti: State Against Nation, 105; Nicholls, From Dessalines to Duvalier, xxxi