c.

c. AD 1200 – 1500 (Ritual Symbolism): Shamanistic practices in the Caribbean were often materialized through ritual art featuring zoomorphic and anthropomorphic motifs. Research by P.G. Roe highlights the use of carved humeri, pierced teeth, and shell ornaments in ceremonies designed to ensure fertility and social health. These objects often depicted spirits or cemís and served as tools for the shaman to navigate the spirit world. This ceremonial toolkit underscores the deep connection between artistic expression, religious belief, and the political authority of the caciques who sponsored these rituals.