c.

c. AD 1200 – 1500 (Ceremonial Iconography): The duho (carved wooden stool) was a vital element of the “materiality of power” in the Greater Antilles. Used exclusively by caciques during important social and religious gatherings, these stools were often carved to represent specific cemís or ancestral spirits. The intricate carvings, sometimes inlaid with gold or shell, reflected the chief’s status and their role as the primary communicator with the divine. Keegan and Hofman note that these objects are unique to the Caribbean and represent a pinnacle of indigenous wood-carving artistry, blending functional utility with deep cosmological significance.