c.

c. AD 1200 – 1500 (Theory): The development of “dual organization” in Caribbean societies is theorized as a response to the need for managing labor and social alliances across diverse environments. Scholars like A. Rosman and P.G. Rubel suggests that many Antillean polities may have been organized into complementary halves (moieties) that handled different aspects of communal life, such as internal rituals versus external trade. This social structure would have allowed chiefdoms to maintain internal stability while engaging in the competitive “Big Man” style exchanges observed in the archaeological record. This model helps explain the complex spatial layout of many large sites, which often feature paired plazas or balanced settlement patterns.