c.

c. AD 400 – 1500 (Theory): The presence of domesticated dogs in archaeological sites from Tierra Firme to the Antilles underscores the deep and enduring cultural connections between the South American mainland and the Caribbean. P.G. Roe refers to these animals as “eternal companions,” noting their frequent inclusion in ritual burials and their role in indigenous mythology. The movement of dogs alongside human migrants and traders provided a consistent biological and symbolic link across the maritime landscape. This shared practice of canine companionship is one of many “Amazonian” traits that persisted in the islands, illustrating the long-term continuity of circum-Caribbean cultural traditions.