19th Century: (The Niger Delta Oil Rivers — Bonny, Calabar, and Opobo as Compact Trading States Structured Around Commercial Houses, Ex-Slaves Rising to Trad…

19th Century: (The Niger Delta Oil Rivers — Bonny, Calabar, and Opobo as Compact Trading States Structured Around Commercial Houses, Ex-Slaves Rising to Trader Status, the Founding of Opobo in 1869, and the European Advance Upriver That Bypassed and Undermined the Delta Middlemen): In the Niger Delta — the so-called Oil Rivers — a number of much smaller states relied on overseas trade perhaps even more heavily than the great polities further west. States such as Bonny, Calabar, and Opobo were compact communities scattered among the innumerable mouths of the Niger, structured around trading houses that became the basic units of social and commercial organization. Slaves had been important earlier in the century, but palm oil soon took their place, and the delta became synonymous with oil for European trading companies. The social mobility made possible by commerce led to considerable instability — ex-slaves worked their way into the ranks of traders and demanded sociopolitical status commensurate with their new wealth. Wealth funded revolt across the delta from mid-century: most dramatically, a swathe of Bonny’s population migrated to found the new state of Opobo in 1869. Nigerian palm oil lubricated European machinery and fueled industrialization, yet the delta states were increasingly vulnerable to external developments beyond their control. From the 1850s, antimalarial quinine and steam-powered gunboats facilitated the European advance up the Niger, bypassing the delta trading states and undermining their commercial power. In the early 1860s, the international price of palm oil began a gradual descent, and cheaper substitutes were found elsewhere during the last third of the century.