1993-00-00: (FRAPH Established by Emmanuel Constant as a CIA-Funded Paramilitary Group to Undermine Aristide, Responsible for Over Three Thousand Deaths Incl…

1993-00-00: (FRAPH Established by Emmanuel Constant as a CIA-Funded Paramilitary Group to Undermine Aristide, Responsible for Over Three Thousand Deaths Including Face-Scalping With Machetes, the United States Funding the Destruction of the Democracy It Claimed to Support): In 1993, Emmanuel “Toto” Constant, a paid informant of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency from 1992 to 1994, established the Front pour l’Avancement et le Progrès Haïtien, known as FRAPH, to counteract support for deposed President Aristide. Constant claimed that Patrick Collins from the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency had persuaded him to establish the group. Although Clinton administration officials denied American involvement, evidence surfaced that the U.S. government had played a role in establishing and funding FRAPH. Human rights activists allege that FRAPH was responsible for the deaths of over three thousand Haitians. One of the group’s signature methods of torture was face-scalping, the peeling of a victim’s facial skin with a machete. Among the alleged victims were businessman Antoine Izméry, murdered on September 11, 1993, and minister of justice Guy Malary, assassinated on October 14, 1993. The United States was simultaneously imposing sanctions to restore democracy and funding a paramilitary group that was murdering democracy’s supporters. The contradiction was not an accident. It was the policy.