1934–1937: (Chapter 2’s Framework — LFAS Using Publicity Authorship and Research as Mutually Informing Technologies to Experiment with Citizenship Womanhood …

1934–1937: (Chapter 2’s Framework — LFAS Using Publicity Authorship and Research as Mutually Informing Technologies to Experiment with Citizenship Womanhood and Differences Between Women in the Five Years Following the Occupation, Women Like Sylvain Garoute and Hudicourt Having Accumulated a Record of Leadership as Fundraisers Activists and Members of Antioccupation Movements, Having Had Close Ties with Vincent They Anticipated the Transition Toward Desoccupation Would Reflect Appreciation for Women’s Active Participation — They Did Not, Over the 1930s Two Constitutional Conventions and Countless Opportunities to Change Women’s Legal Status Resulting in No Movement, Vincent’s 1935 Referendum Extending His Term but Leaving Women’s Status Unchanged — the End of the Occupation Not Translating into the End of Gender Inequality): Chapter 2 examines how members of the LFAS used publicity, authorship, and research as mutually informing technologies to experiment with ideas of citizenship, womanhood, and differences between women in Haiti and abroad in the five years immediately following the US occupation. Women like Madeleine Sylvain, Alice Garoute, and Thérèse Hudicourt had accumulated a record of leadership as fundraisers, activists, and members of antioccupation movements. This experience was cultivated alongside and on behalf of other antioccupation activists and nationalists like Sténio Vincent. Having had close political and personal ties with Vincent, these women anticipated that the transition toward desoccupation and the new legal doctrines therein would reflect an appreciation for women’s active participation in earning the nation’s sovereignty. They did not. Over the course of the 1930s, there were two constitutional conventions and countless opportunities to change women’s legal status. The conventions resulted in no movement or negative results for women’s rights. In June 1935, one year after the full military withdrawal, Vincent announced a constitutional referendum that extended his presidential term and allowed him to succeed himself — giving himself undemocratic power over the nation but leaving women’s constitutional status unchanged. The continuity between the transition from occupied to nonoccupied nation was evidence that the end of the occupation would not necessarily translate into the end of political or social gender inequality. The men whose Washington journey women had financed, whose international reputation women had burnished, whose sovereignty women had marched for, repaid the debt with indifference.