1922-04-00: (Louis Borno Selected as President Under U.S.

1922-04-00: (Louis Borno Selected as President Under U.S. Supervision, Establishing an Amicable Working Relationship With American High Commissioner John H. Russell Jr. That Would Modernize Haiti’s Infrastructure While Excluding the Black Majority From Political Participation): In April 1922, Louis Borno was selected to replace Dartiguenave as president of Haiti. Born on September 20, 1865, into a prominent mulatto family in Port-au-Prince, Borno was a Paris-trained lawyer who had served as minister of foreign affairs under both Alexis and Théodore before the occupation. President Warren G. Harding, embarrassed by the negative media coverage of the Cacos Rebellion and frustrated by the ineffectiveness of military rule, had appointed John H. Russell Jr. as high commissioner to oversee operations. Borno and Russell established an amicable partnership: during the 1920s, roads, bridges, hospitals, schools, public buildings, and irrigation canals were built. Clean drinking water was brought to Port-au-Prince. The education system was expanded with help from the Roman Catholic Church. But the partnership was between two men who shared a common conviction that the Black masses should be governed, not consulted. Borno relied on a small cadre of mulatto elites and excluded the majority of the Black population from political participation. The infrastructure improved. The democracy did not exist.