1911–1915: (The Perception of Haiti as a Public Nuisance): This brief but volatile four-year period is characterized by the authors as a time when Haiti was …

1911–1915: (The Perception of Haiti as a Public Nuisance): This brief but volatile four-year period is characterized by the authors as a time when Haiti was viewed internationally as “A Public Nuisance”. The narrative details the rapid succession of short-lived presidencies and the breakdown of civil order that drew increasing scrutiny from foreign powers. The text explores how internal political fragmentation and financial instability reached a breaking point during these years. This era serves as the immediate precursor to the loss of Haitian sovereignty to external forces. The focus remains on the domestic collapse that provided the pretext for international intervention.