1890–1920s: (Rhodes’s Rhodesia, the Chimurenga of 1896–1897, the BSAC in Malawi and Zambia, Portuguese Inter-African Wars in Mozambique, the Herero Revolt of…

1890–1920s: (Rhodes’s Rhodesia, the Chimurenga of 1896–1897, the BSAC in Malawi and Zambia, Portuguese Inter-African Wars in Mozambique, the Herero Revolt of 1904, and Prolonged Resistance Among the Somalis, the Sanusiyya, and Abd al-Karim in the Rif — The Era of the Scramble Not Truly Over Until the 1930s in Some Areas): Cecil Rhodes, seized by the notion that more gold lay north of the Limpopo, tricked King Lobengula into signing away Ndebele territory to the British South Africa Company, which moved in force in the early 1890s, establishing Rhodesia. Gold expectations were disappointed, and in 1896–1897 both Shona and Ndebele rose in the Chimurenga rebellion that came close to expelling the colonists. The BSAC was also instrumental in the subjugation of Malawi and Northern Rhodesia, where the Bemba were overcome and the Ngoni experienced the Maxim gun firsthand. The Portuguese used African armies to extend authority in Mozambique and Angola, where armed resistance lasted until the First World War. The Germans waged brutal wars against the Herero and Nama in South West Africa — the Herero revolted in 1904 and were crushed with appalling violence by 1907. According to standard accounts, the Scramble era was largely over by the early 1900s, but in Angola, among the Somalis, in Libya, Morocco, and the Algerian Sahara, resistance continued well into the 1920s and 1930s. Sayyid Muhammad Abdille Hassan fought in British Somaliland until his death in 1920, the Sanusiyya resisted the Italians into the 1930s, and Abd al-Karim fought Spain in the Rif until 1926. Across the region, outside metropolitan centers and coastal strips, the deserts belonged very much to the same people as in the nineteenth century.