1820s–1880s: (Muhammad Ali’s Southward Expansion into Sudan — Overcoming the Funj Sultanate in the Early 1820s, Establishing Khartoum in 1824, Traders Reachi…

1820s–1880s: (Muhammad Ali’s Southward Expansion into Sudan — Overcoming the Funj Sultanate in the Early 1820s, Establishing Khartoum in 1824, Traders Reaching the Lacustrine Kingdoms by the 1860s–1870s, and Egyptian Rule Shattered by the Mahdist Revolt): Muhammad Ali also looked southward: in the early 1820s, Egyptian forces overcame the Funj sultanate and the last remnants of Mameluke opposition. In 1824, the Egyptian capital was established at Khartoum, where the Blue and White Niles meet. Further incursions continued toward Kordofan and into the Nuba mountains, while Khartoum-based traders and soldiers reached as far as the lacustrine kingdoms of East Africa by the 1860s and 1870s. The Egyptian presence in Sudan and the Red Sea facilitated an expansion of trade, with many growing rich on the proceeds of slave and ivory commerce along the Nile, fed by incursions into south Sudan. Egyptian expansion also led to conflict with the other great expanding state in the region — Ethiopia under Tewodros and Yohannes. Egyptian rule of Sudan was only shattered by the Mahdist revolt in the 1880s.