1629–1667: (The Birth of the Brethren of the Coast and Buccaneer Culture): Following their expulsion from St.

1629–1667: (The Birth of the Brethren of the Coast and Buccaneer Culture): Following their expulsion from St. Kitts, French and English refugees settled on the island of Tortuga, which they seized from a small Spanish garrison. These “smoked-out hornets” established a stateless society with no chief and no formal engagement, characterized as being of “amphibious character”. Their lifestyle gave rise to the terms “buccaneer”—from the French boucanier—and “barbecue,” based on indigenous methods for smoking meat. Calling themselves “The Brethren of the Coast,” these settlers functioned as both hunters of wild cattle and maritime raiders against Spanish commerce. By 1667, their culture of decentralized resistance was well-documented by early historians of the Antilles.