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anding-army-to-fifty-thousand-men-to-protect-its-commercial-interests-and-colonial/2026-03-16T12:30:17+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1767-jan-07-approx-reports-from-italy-described-a-severe-grain-shortage-threatening-the-papal-states-following-a-series-of-poor-harvests/2026-03-16T12:30:17+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1767-jan-07-approx-british-recruitment-efforts-in-hamburg-were-noted-for-their-high-success-rate-outperforming-other-national-recruiters-active-in-germ/2026-03-16T12:30:17+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1767-jan-07-market-prices-for-french-metropolitan-imports-such-as-wine-flour-and-soap-were-published-to-coordinate-trade-across-the-various-ports-of-sa-2/2026-03-16T12:30:18+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1767-jan-07-political-news-from-london-described-the-publics-loss-of-confidence-in-william-pitt-following-his-elevation-to-the-peerage-as-the-count-of-cha/2026-03-16T12:30:18+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1767-jan-07-reports-from-the-north-american-mainland-confirmed-the-arrival-of-164-german-settlers-in-pensacola-on-two-separate-vessels-from-hamburg-and-alt/2026-03-16T12:30:18+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1767-jan-07-an-essay-on-colonial-history-noted-that-in-1732-west-indian-planters-successfully-lobbied-for-a-parliamentary-act-to-suppress-north-american-t/2026-03-16T12:30:18+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1767-jan-07-the-colonial-gazette-published-news-from-rome-detailing-the-secret-consistory-held-by-pope-clement-xiii-on-july-21st/2026-03-16T12:30:18+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1767-jan-07-reports-from-italy-highlighted-a-mounting-food-crisis-as-the-congregation-of-provisions-met-daily-to-combat-an-imminent-grain-shortage/2026-03-16T12:30:18+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1767-jan-07-news-from-hamburg-indicated-that-british-military-recruitment-efforts-were-highly-successful-effectively-crowding-out-other-national-enrollers/2026-03-16T12:30:18+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1767-jan-07-the-republic-of-holland-finalized-plans-to-expand-its-standing-army-to-fifty-thousand-men-by-the-upcoming-winter-season/2026-03-16T12:30:18+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1767-jan-07-the-prince-stadtholder-is-expected-to-arrive-in-london-imminently-a-development-that-supports-rumors-regarding-a-major-royal-marriage/2026-03-16T12:30:18+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1767-jan-07-dutch-diplomacy-focused-on-securing-its-maritime-trade-routes-through-new-treaties-of-friendship-and-commerce-with-north-african-powers/2026-03-16T12:30:18+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1767-jan-07-in-the-northern-district-of-fort-dauphin-two-individuals-were-specifically-identified-in-the-colonial-runaway-list-to-facilitate-their-capture/2026-03-16T12:30:18+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1767-jan-07-the-port-city-of-cap-francais-issued-several-search-notices-for-runaway-slaves-highlighting-the-persistent-resistance-in-the-colonys-urban-ce/2026-03-16T12:30:18+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1767-jan-07-significant-renovations-were-carried-out-at-the-palace-of-versailles-to-repair-monuments-and-enhance-the-royal-gardens/2026-03-16T12:30:18+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1767-jan-08-the-merchant-vessel-les-bons-amis-originating-from-nantes-and-led-by-captain-guichard-attempted-to-depart-port-au-prince-for-france/2026-03-16T12:30:18+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1767-jan-08-a-massive-caterpillar-infestation-caused-widespread-devastation-to-cotton-crops-in-the-dependencies-of-petit-goave-and-saint-marc/2026-03-16T12:30:18+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1767-jan-08-approx-market-prices-for-key-commodities-in-martinique-were-published-showing-top-quality-sugar-valued-at-58-livres/2026-03-16T12:30:18+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1767-jan-12-captain-pierre-le-lievre-arrived-at-cap-francais-in-command-of-the-ship-le-rollant-which-originated-from-honfleur/2026-03-16T12:30:18+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1767-jan-12-the-slave-ship-le-triton-originating-from-bordeaux-and-led-by-captain-coudain-docked-at-port-au-prince-carrying-191-african-captives/2026-03-16T12:30:18+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1767-jan-12-mefples-laine-a-merchant-in-port-au-prince-issued-a-formal-trade-pass-for-an-enslaved-man-named-jean-to-conduct-pacotille-peddler-business/2026-03-16T12:30:18+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1767-jan-14-mr/2026-03-16T12:30:18+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1767-jan-14-a-26-year-old-enslaved-man-noted-for-being-a-skilled-saddler-and-carriage-repairer-was-offered-for-rent-or-private-sale-in-cap-francais/2026-03-16T12:30:18+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1767-jan-14-two-individuals-were-reported-as-runaways-from-the-perreau-plantation-located-in-the-dondon-district/2026-03-16T12:30:18+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1767-jan-14-a-colonial-judicial-sale-was-scheduled-for-february-14th-regarding-a-plantation-located-at-montagne-noire-in-the-grande-riviere-parish/2026-03-16T12:30:18+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1767-jan-14-mr-2/2026-03-16T12:30:18+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1767-jan-14-the-royal-printing-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es-had-absconded-in-a-canoe-and-reached-cuba-via-a-spanish-brigantine/2026-03-16T12:30:25+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1788-jul-29-the-savanna-la-mar-gazette-in-jamaica-published-reports-of-increasing-local-anxiety-regarding-the-illicit-trade-between-british-subjects-and-th/2026-03-16T12:30:25+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1788-aug-12-the-savanna-la-mar-gazette-in-jamaica-began-reporting-on-the-increasing-presence-of-masterless-individuals-in-the-port-reflecting-a-growing/2026-03-16T12:30:25+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1788-fall-in-the-fall-of-1788-the-french-crown-issued-urgent-orders-to-abolish-every-press-in-saint-domingue-to-prevent-the-spread-of-revolutionary-ideals/2026-03-16T12:30:26+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1788-oct-09-an-insurance-agreement-was-finalized-for-the-schooner-fly-for-a-voyage-from-bristol-to-the-african-coast-and-onward-to-american-ports/2026-03-16T12:30:26+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1788-dec-27-the-french-crown-formally-summoned-the-states-general-and-granted-the-tiers-etat-representation-equal-to-the-other-two-orders-combined/2026-03-16T12:30:26+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/pre-1789-the-population-of-enslaved-africans-in-the-french-part-of-st/2026-03-16T12:30:26+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/pre-1789-the-white-population-of-st/2026-03-16T12:30:26+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/pre-1789-the-colonial-administration-was-divided-between-a-governor-general-who-held-supreme-military-command-and-an-intendant-who-managed-the-colonys-f/2026-03-16T12:30:26+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/pre-1789-colonial-law-in-st/2026-03-16T12:30:26+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1789-the-spanish-monarchy-issued-a-decree-allowing-the-free-entry-of-foreign-ships-to-spanish-colonial-ports-effectively-making-unlicensed-arrivals-of-capt/2026-03-16T12:30:26+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1789-the-bourbon-reformers-in-spain-attempted-to-place-legal-restraints-on-the-absolute-power-of-slaveholders-in-1789/2026-03-16T12:30:26+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1789-the-jamaican-assembly-enacted-a-severe-law-declaring-that-enslaved-people-attempting-to-leave-the-island-could-face-the-death-penalty/2026-03-16T12:30:26+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1789-1793-the-spanish-crown-attempted-to-stabilize-its-colonial-military-forces-by-issuing-royal-amnesties-for-all-individuals-found-guilty-of-desertion-and/2026-03-16T12:30:26+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1789-early-governor-duchilleau-attempted-to-prohibit-parochial-and-provincial-meetings-that-were-being-organized-in-response-to-the-revolution-in-france/2026-03-16T12:30:26+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1789-the-total-number-of-enslaved-people-in-st/2026-03-16T12:30:26+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1789-the-society-les-amis-des-noirs-was-established-in-paris-drawing-inspiration-from-british-abolitionist-associations-but-pursuing-a-more-radical-agenda/2026-03-16T12:30:26+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1789-a-significant-community-of-wealthy-and-educated-mulattoes-living-in-paris-formed-a-close-political-alliance-with-the-amis-des-noirs/2026-03-16T12:30:26+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1789-the-societe-des-amis-des-noirs-gains-prominence-in-paris-campaigning-for-the-abolition-of-the-slave-trade/2026-03-16T12:30:26+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1789-pro-slavery-writer-robert-norris-published-a-short-account-of-the-slave-trade-arguing-that-the-widespread-practice-of-polygamy-in-africa-made-the-conti/2026-03-16T12:30:26+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1789-feb-the-council-of-the-indies-enacted-a-far-reaching-reform-in-february-1789-allowing-free-trade-in-slaves-to-selected-ports-in-the-spanish-americas/2026-03-16T12:30:26+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1789-feb-28-a-spanish-royal-decree-authorized-foreign-vessels-of-less-than-300-tons-to-sell-cargoes-of-enslaved-people-at-ports-in-cuba-santo-domingo-pue/2026-03-16T12:30:26+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1789-feb-28-the-spanish-crown-issued-a-royal-grace-that-significantly-modified-the-principles-of-the-slave-trade-in-its-colonies-effectively-opening-the/2026-03-16T12:30:26+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1789-apr-officers-of-the-pardo-brown-and-moreno-black-militia-units-in-caracas-formally-demanded-the-same-ceremonial-funeral-observances-and-dress-as-w/2026-03-16T12:30:26+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1789-apr-14-the-spanish-crown-issued-a-cedula-intended-to-reform-the-administration-of-justice-and-the-treatment-of-enslaved-people-in-the-americas/2026-03-16T12:30:26+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1789-apr-27-the-spanish-junta-suprema-de-estado-reviewed-a-report-by-eugenio-llaguno-concerning-the-proposed-reform-of-slave-laws-in-the-americas/2026-03-16T12:30:26+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1789-may-09-an-ordonnance-concernant-la-liberte-du-commerce-was-issued-for-the-southern-part-of-saint-domingue-further-opening-the-colonys-ports-to-inte/2026-03-16T12:30:26+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1789-may-12-during-a-significant-speech-to-the-british-parliament-abolitionist-william-wilber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otal-destruction-of-cap-francais-reached-charleston-south-carolina-carried-by-merchant-vessels-arriving-from/2026-03-16T12:30:33+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1793-summer-the-british-ministry-accepted-overtures-from-french-planters-and-authorized-general-williamson-in-jamaica-to-accept-terms-of-capitulation-from-s/2026-03-16T12:30:33+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1793-summer-george-theodorus-dorus-eskirkin-and-john-sims-two-musicians-who-had-deserted-the-british-military-successfully-eluded-authorities-by-adoptin/2026-03-16T12:30:33+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1793-jun-10-santhonax-and-polverel-arrived-at-cape-francois-from-port-au-prince-and-challenged-governor-galbauds-authority-on-the-grounds-that-he-was-a-pr/2026-03-16T12:30:33+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1793-jun-13-the-civil-commissioners-formally-ordered-governor-galbaud-to-return-to-france-on-board-the-ship-la-normande-and-appointed-monf/2026-03-16T12:30:33+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1793-jun-20-galbaud-and-his-brother-led-a-landing-of-1200-failors-and-volunteers-to-attack-the-government-house-and-reclaim-the-governorship-from-the-comm/2026-03-16T12:30:33+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1793-jun-20-martial-besse-a-free-man-of-color-and-general-from-saint-domingue-arrived-in-north-america-with-the-french-fleet-challenging-the-racial-hier/2026-03-16T12:30:33+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1793-jun-20-commissioners-sonthonax-and-polverel-offer-rebel-bands-the-sack-of-cap-francais-to-secure-support/2026-03-16T12:30:33+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1793-jun-21-in-a-desperate-attempt-to-defeat-galbauds-forces-the-civil-commissioners-invited-rebel-negro-chiefs-to-the-city-with-offers-of-unconditional/2026-03-16T12:30:33+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1793-jun-21-leger-felicite-sonthonax-and-etienne-polverel-the-french-civil-commissioners-in-saint-domingue-proclaimed-the-first-major-decree-of-abolition/2026-03-16T12:30:33+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1793-jun-21-23-a-massive-slaughter-of-white-men-women-and-children-took-place-in-cape-francois-as-rebel-forces-and-mulatto-allies-cut-off-their-retreat-t/2026-03-16T12:30:33+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1793-jun-22-following-a-rebel-victory-in-the-northern-district-of-saint-domingue-a-mass-exodus-of-approximately-ten-thousand-residents-fled-the-colony-on/2026-03-16T12:30:33+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1793-jul-residents-of-kingston-gathered-in-july-1793-to-witness-the-symbolic-execution-of-the-eras-two-most-prominent-threats-to-the-plantation-system-th/2026-03-16T12:30:33+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1793-jul-the-evacuation-of-cap-francais-resulted-in-a-massive-spectacle-as-hundreds-of-vessels-filled-with-destitute-survivors-arrived-in-north-american-po/2026-03-16T12:30:33+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1793-jul-william-johnson-a-black-cook-from-philadelphia-arrived-at-cap-francais-aboard-the-ship-rising-sun/2026-03-16T12:30:34+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1793-jul-09-thomas-newton-informed-the-governor-of-virginia-that-a-large-number-of-french-refugees-accompanied-by-their-enslaved-servants-had-arrived-in/2026-03-16T12:30:34+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1793-jul-15-the-journal-des-revolutions-de-la-partie-francaise-de-saint-domingue-published-in-philadelphia-began-documenting-the-experiences-of-thousands/2026-03-16T12:30:34+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1793-jul-13-the-royal-gazette-reported-on-the-examination-of-four-french-negroes-in-the-spanish-town-workhouse-one-of-whom-identified-himself-as-john-p/2026-03-16T12:30:34+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/900/2026-03-16T12:30:34+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1793-jul-21-john-randolph-provided-a-deposition-in-virginia-regarding-the-activities-of-french-speaking-blacks-who-had-recently-arrived-in-the-colony/2026-03-16T12:30:34+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1793-aug-governor-garcia-of-spanish-santo-domingo-shipped-over-500-republican-prisoners-including-many-people-of-color-to-the-port-of-la-guaira-in-caracas/2026-03-16T12:30:34+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1793-aug-proclamation-of-general-emancipation-north-province-civil-commissioners-polverel-and-sonthonax-issued-a-desperate-proclamation-abolishing-all-sl/2026-03-16T12:30:34+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1793-aug-following-the-commissioners-offer-of-freedom-approximately-100000-former-slaves-retreated-to-the-natural-mountain-fastnesses-of-the-interior-to/2026-03-16T12:30:34+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1793-aug-17-the-royal-gazette-in-kingston-reported-on-the-continuing-arrival-of-french-negroes-and-other-political-refugees-from-the-war-torn-areas-of-sa/2026-03-16T12:30:34+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1793-aug-18-the-council-of-public-safety-at-jeremie-granted-m/2026-03-16T12:30:34+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1793-aug-28-a-letter-was-sent-to-a-miss-polly-morgan-in-charleston-south-carolina-documenting-the-personal-and-political-anxieties-of-residents-followi/2026-03-16T12:30:34+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1793-aug-29-slavery-is-officially-abolishe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la-and-bastiaan-carpata-demanded-their-freedom-from-the-dutch-colonial-g/2026-03-16T12:30:37+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1795-aug-25-lord-balcarres-the-governor-of-jamaica-communicated-with-the-duke-of-portland-regarding-the-outbreak-of-the-second-maroon-war-and-the-threat/2026-03-16T12:30:37+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1795-fall-rumors-that-the-national-convention-had-abolished-slavery-swept-through-the-mid-atlantic-states-prompting-a-group-of-citizens-of-color-in-phila/2026-03-16T12:30:37+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1796-governor-chacon-of-trinidad-reported-that-the-crews-of-french-privateers-landing-on-the-island-were-composed-mostly-of-mulattoes-and-blacks-who-had-onc/2026-03-16T12:30:37+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1796-mar-15-governor-chacon-of-trinidad-reported-to-the-spanish-crown-that-the-island-was-being-overwhelmed-by-colored-crews-of-republican-corsairs-from/2026-03-16T12:30:38+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1796-jun-contemporary-calculations-suggested-that-st/2026-03-16T12:30:38+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1796-the-villatte-affair-occurs-as-free-colored-leaders-attempt-to-overthrow-governor-laveaux-in-le-cap/2026-03-16T12:30:38+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1796-jun-contemporary-calculations-suggested-that-st-2/2026-03-16T12:30:38+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1794-jun-11-upon-receiving-the-first-word-of-the-french-conventions-decree-abolishing-slavery-white-leaders-in-charleston-held-an-emergency-meeting-to-di-2/2026-03-16T12:30:38+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1796-jun-a-series-of-suspicious-fires-broke-out-in-charleston-leading-white-residents-to-suspect-a-coordinated-plot-by-french-negroes/2026-03-16T12:30:38+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1796-dec-31-juan-nepomuceno-de-quintana-reported-on-the-continued-presence-of-large-numbers-of-runaway-slaves-and-vagabonds-in-the-backcountry-of-eastern/2026-03-16T12:30:38+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1796-1801-an-extended-struggle-for-hegemony-takes-place-between-the-anciens-libres-and-the-nouveaux-libres/2026-03-16T12:30:38+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1796-1842-british-guiana-formed-from-the-dutch-colonies-of-essequibo-demerara-and-berbice-saw-a-massive-influx-of-african-captives-following-the-british/2026-03-16T12:30:38+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1797-the-british-government-completed-the-deportation-of-the-last-independent-group-of-indians-known-as-black-caribs-or-garifuna-from-st/2026-03-16T12:30:38+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1797-charleston-authorities-uncovered-and-crushed-a-major-conspiracy-to-burn-the-city-that-was-said-to-have-originated-among-the-french-negroes/2026-03-16T12:30:38+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1797-feb-18-british-forces-under-sir-ralph-abercromby-captured-the-spanish-island-of-trinidad-leading-to-significant-changes-in-the-islands-racial-and-so/2026-03-16T12:30:38+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1797-jun-24-prince-hall-the-founder-of-the-african-lodge-in-boston-delivered-a-charge-to-his-fellow-masons-that-referenced-the-ongoing-struggles-for-libe/2026-03-16T12:30:38+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1797-aug-toussaint-louverture-accuses-commissioner-sonthonax-of-plotting-independence-and-forces-his-departure/2026-03-16T12:30:38+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1798-brigadier-general-thomas-maitland-signed-a-secret-convention-with-toussaint-louverture-following-the-evacuation-of-british-troops/2026-03-16T12:30:38+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1798-new-colonial-regulations-in-cuba-officially-recognized-the-dual-challenge-of-slaves-running-to-the-cities-and-urban-slaves-themselves-absconding/2026-03-16T12:30:38+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1798-british-forces-evacuate-occupied-zones-effectively-ending-slavery-for-70000-blacks-in-those-regions/2026-03-16T12:30:38+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1798-jun-military-officials-in-philadelphia-reported-a-dangerous-mutiny-brewing-among-nearly-300-black-sailors-aboard-french-ships-from-saint-domingue-an/2026-03-16T12:30:38+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1798-aug-31-general-thomas-maitland-of-the-british-forces-signed-a-secret-agreement-with-toussaint-louverture-marking-the-end-of-the-failed-british-occupa/2026-03-16T12:30:38+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1798-august-31-same-event-described-by-rayford-w/2026-03-16T12:30:38+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1798-1799-during-the-height-of-the-diplomatic-struggles-over-the-future-of-saint-domingue-masterless-people-from-the-colony-appeared-in-port-cities-ranging/2026-03-16T12:30:38+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1799-the-war-of-the-knives-begins-as-a-regional-power-struggle-between-toussaint-and-andre-rigaud/2026-03-16T12:30:38+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1799-while-visiting-venezuela-observers-noted-that-french-sailors-continued-to-dart-in-and-out-of-local-ports-undetected-to-recruit-residents-to-serve-aboa/2026-03-16T12:30:38+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1799-the-explorer-alexander-von-humboldt-had-a-violent-confrontation-in-cumana-venezuela-with-an-ex-crew-member-of-a-saint-domingue-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-commander-james-richard-dacres-asked-for-instructions-on-whether-to-continue-sending-armed-haitian-vessels-encountered-at-sea-to-jamaica/2026-03-16T12:30:42+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1805-sept-25-general-ferrand-wrote-a-dismissive-letter-to-the-agent-lartigue-in-st/2026-03-16T12:30:42+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1805-oct-29-governor-balthazar-frederik-muhlenfels-of-st/2026-03-16T12:30:42+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1805-dec-20-the-colonial-council-of-trinidad-convened-an-emergency-session-to-investigate-a-rumored-slave-conspiracy-that-utilized-haitian-revolutionary-sym/2026-03-16T12:30:42+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1805-dec-20-senator-james-jackson-of-georgia-argued-that-a-single-brigand-from-haiti-introduced-into-the-southern-states-was-more-dangerous-than-a-hundre/2026-03-16T12:30:42+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1806-1918-the-formal-prohibition-of-foreign-ownership-of-land-remains-a-consistent-feature-of-haitian-law-for-over-a-century/2026-03-16T12:30:42+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1806-jan-04-the-trinidad-gazette-reported-on-the-execution-of-four-slaves-for-organizing-an-uprising-that-allegedly-featured-songs-with-refrains-from-saint/2026-03-16T12:30:42+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1806-jan-a-sharp-jurisdictional-conflict-erupted-in-curacao-between-governor-changuion-and-the-unrecognized-french-agent-jean-pierre-gouges-over-a-captured/2026-03-16T12:30:42+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1806-feb-the-united-states-government-places-an-embargo-on-commerce-with-haiti-under-diplomatic-pressure-from-france/2026-03-16T12:30:42+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1806-feb-14-french-agent-jean-pierre-gouges-made-a-final-appeal-to-the-governor-of-curacao-to-condemn-a-danish-schooner-for-engaging-in-illegal-commerce-wit/2026-03-16T12:30:42+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1806-feb-28-president-thomas-jefferson-signed-a-bill-prohibiting-all-commercial-intercourse-between-any-person-resident-in-the-united-states-and-any-part-o/2026-03-16T12:30:42+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1806-mar-french-agent-lartigue-reported-a-rumor-that-dessalines-had-published-prints-declaring-himself-the-emperor-of-haiti-cuba-and-puerto-rico/2026-03-16T12:30:42+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1806-jul-08-the-british-privy-council-assigned-a-committee-to-draft-an-order-allowing-british-subjects-to-trade-with-parts-of-haiti-not-in-the-possession-o/2026-03-16T12:30:42+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1806-jul-21-king-george-iii-issued-an-order-in-council-granting-licenses-to-british-ships-to-trade-with-haitian-ports-not-under-the-immediate-dominion-of-f/2026-03-16T12:30:43+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1806-sept-the-british-government-began-to-explicitly-allow-and-regulate-merchant-trade-with-haiti-effectively-extending-a-form-of-economic-recognition/2026-03-16T12:30:43+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1806-sept-02-the-imperial-government-imposes-a-10-percent-tax-on-imports-alongside-a-new-tax-on-coffee-exports/2026-03-16T12:30:43+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1806-oct-a-british-convoy-of-seventeen-ships-arrived-in-the-caribbean-following-the-orders-in-council-demonstrating-the-empires-intention-to-form-an-excl/2026-03-16T12:30:43+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1806-oct-08-an-insurrection-in-the-south-against-the-emperors-agent-leads-to-the-arrest-of-general-moreau/2026-03-16T12:30:43+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1806-oct-17-emperor-dessalines-is-ambushed-and-assassinatedat-pont-rouge-outside-of-port-au-prince-by-his-own-generals/2026-03-16T12:30:43+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1806-dec-a-constitutional-convention-in-port-au-prince-limited-the-powers-of-the-president-and-established-an-elected-senate-to-avoid-the-excesses-of-the/2026-03-16T12:30:43+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1806-dec-a-constitutional-convention-meets-in-port-au-prince-to-establish-a-new-government-with-limited-executive-power/2026-03-16T12:30:43+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1806-dec-alexandre-petion-wrote-to-british-abolitionists-asserting-that-there-existed-a-tacit-alliance-among-all-haitians-against-the-enemies-of-their-libe/2026-03-16T12:30:43+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1807-britain-ended-its-130-year-dominance-of-the-slave-trade-with-the-passage-of-its-abolition-law/2026-03-16T12:30:43+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1807-the-gazette-officielle-de-letat-de-hayti-commemorated-the-british-abolition-of-the-slave-trade-by-publishing-a-serialized-account-of-the-entire-struggle/2026-03-16T12:30:43+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1807-mar-25-the-british-parliament-passed-the-act-for-the-abolition-of-the-slave-trade-marking-a-monumental-shift-in-the-history-of-the-atlantic-world/2026-03-16T12:30:43+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1807-1808-great-britain-and-the-united-states-officially-outlawed-the-transatlantic-slave-trade-signaling-a-major-transformation-in-global-moral-and-politi/2026-03-16T12:30:43+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1807-1818-during-the-administration-of-president-petion-more-than-150000-hectares-of-land-were-distr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-described-slave-ships-as-floating-hells-manned-wi/2026-03-16T12:30:45+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1815-jun-louis-etienne-lysius-felicite-salomon-was-born-into-a-respectable-black-landowning-family-in-the-southern-city-of-les-cayes/2026-03-16T12:30:45+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1816-joseph-saint-remy-was-born-in-basse-terre-guadeloupe-to-free-mulatto-parents-before-his-family-moved-to-the-south-of-haiti/2026-03-16T12:30:45+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1816-alexandre-petion-is-proclaimed-president-for-life-with-the-authority-to-nominate-his-own-successor/2026-03-16T12:30:45+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1816-king-henry-christophe-publishes-a-french-translation-of-the-anglican-book-of-common-prayer/2026-03-16T12:30:45+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1816-henry-christophe-encourages-english-school-teachers-to-settle-in-haiti-to-help-organize-the-educational-system/2026-03-16T12:30:45+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1816-nov-10-president-petion-wrote-to-the-french-agents-esmangart-and-fontanges-asserting-that-the-people-of-haiti-had-declared-independence-to-the-entire-u/2026-03-16T12:30:45+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1816-nov-18-henry-christophe-wrote-to-thomas-clarkson-expressing-consolation-that-a-common-danger-had-tacitly-united-all-haitians-across-the-island/2026-03-16T12:30:45+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1816-nov-20-george-pinckards-notes-on-the-west-indies-was-republished-offering-a-retrospective-look-at-the-military-and-social-chaos-of-the-1790s/2026-03-16T12:30:45+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1817-an-anglo-spanish-anti-slave-trade-treaty-was-signed-in-which-spain-committed-to-halting-its-slave-trade-by-1820-following-a-generous-british-financial/2026-03-16T12:30:45+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1817-simon-bolivar-outfitted-a-fleet-of-vessels-at-the-haitian-port-of-cayes-manned-by-crews-of-diverse-nations-and-colors-to-support-his-campaigns-for-ve/2026-03-16T12:30:45+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1817-jamaican-authorities-accused-thomas-strafford-a-resident-of-haiti-of-circulating-mischievous-printed-materials-in-the-streets-of-the-british-colony/2026-03-16T12:30:45+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1817-1845-british-led-efforts-to-suppress-the-international-slave-trade-led-to-the-creation-of-courts-of-mixed-commission-at-various-atlantic-locations/2026-03-16T12:30:45+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1817-1862-to-manage-the-complex-legal-issues-surrounding-the-detention-of-slaving-vessels-several-maritime-powers-established-courts-of-mixed-commission/2026-03-16T12:30:46+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1817-mar-12-spanish-naval-commander-of-the-brig-perignon-submitted-papers-from-the-bay-of-santo-domingo-regarding-the-continued-revolutionary-influence-e/2026-03-16T12:30:46+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1817-may-23-antoine-louis-pellerin-was-examined-by-british-authorities-in-jamaica-regarding-his-knowledge-of-a-suspected-plot-involving-haitian-emissaries-a/2026-03-16T12:30:46+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1817-aug-01-j-s/2026-03-16T12:30:46+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1818-1819-captain-george-collier-submitted-a-report-on-the-west-african-coast-detailing-the-merciless-treatment-of-captives-by-those-engaged-in-the-illegal/2026-03-16T12:30:46+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1818-1868-king-gezo-ruled-the-kingdom-of-dahomey-during-a-period-when-the-bight-of-benin-was-recognized-as-the-slave-coast-due-to-the-intense-volume-of-de/2026-03-16T12:30:46+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1818-jean-pierre-boyer-becomes-president-of-the-republic-following-the-death-of-alexandre-petion/2026-03-16T12:30:46+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1818-a-runaway-slave-who-returned-to-jamaica-testified-to-seeing-thirty-to-forty-other-fugitives-from-the-british-island-during-his-stay-in-haiti/2026-03-16T12:30:46+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1818-jun-two-black-jamaican-sailors-stranded-in-london-applied-for-aid-to-return-home-explicitly-stating-their-desire-to-reach-saint-domingue-to-find-work/2026-03-16T12:30:46+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1818-jun-05-merchant-jacob-lewis-reported-to-secretary-of-state-john-quincy-adams-that-the-haitian-government-showed-clear-favoritism-toward-british-traders/2026-03-16T12:30:46+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1818-aug-05-felix-darfour-published-his-first-major-political-analysis-in-the-journal-leclaireur-haytien/2026-03-16T12:30:46+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1818-nov-01-milscent-concluded-his-series-of-reflections-on-genesis-by-asserting-that-all-men-are-equal-before-god-and-should-be-equal-before-the-law/2026-03-16T12:30:46+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1819-a-french-sea-captain-observes-that-various-guilds-in-the-republic-require-members-to-take-an-oath-never-to-perform-domestic-work/2026-03-16T12:30:46+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1819-galinhas-emerged-as-a-major-venue-for-the-illegal-slave-trade-due-to-its-complex-network-of-creeks-and-swamps-which-provided-effective-cover-for-vesse/2026-03-16T12:30:46+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1819-oct-0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oeil-asserted-that-africa-had-awakened-in-haiti-through-the-actions-of-the-revolutionary-spirit/2026-03-16T12:30:51+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1882-dec-13-british-correspondence-from-hunt-to-granville-detailed-the-diplomatic-tensions-surrounding-foreign-influence-in-the-caribbean/2026-03-16T12:30:51+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1883-mar-a-group-of-liberal-exiles-led-by-boyer-bazelais-invaded-haiti-from-jamaica-and-landed-at-the-southern-port-of-miragoane/2026-03-16T12:30:51+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1883-mar-05-french-diplomatic-dispatches-from-burdel-to-challemel-lacour-discussed-the-growing-pressures-on-the-salomon-regime/2026-03-16T12:30:51+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1883-apr-12-lavant-garde-published-a-critical-statement-by-edmond-paul-regarding-the-establishment-of-a-national-bank/2026-03-16T12:30:51+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1404/2026-03-16T12:30:51+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1883-may-10-us-diplomatic-dispatches-from-langston-to-frelinghuysen-noted-a-reputed-offer-of-a-protectorate-or-naval-base/2026-03-16T12:30:51+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1883-oct-05-french-records-from-burdel-to-challemel-lacour-tracked-the-evolving-political-crises-within-the-haitian-government/2026-03-16T12:30:51+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1884-jun-24-president-salomon-wrote-to-f/2026-03-16T12:30:51+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1885-antenor-firmin-published-de-legalite-des-races-humaines-as-a-direct-rebuttal-to-the-racial-theories-of-arthur-de-gobineau/2026-03-16T12:30:51+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1885-jan-09-j-b-w/2026-03-16T12:30:51+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1886-the-resistance-leader-charlemagne-peralte-was-born-in-the-town-of-hinche-to-a-family-of-significant-landholders/2026-03-16T12:30:51+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1888-nord-alexis-helps-lead-the-successful-northern-uprising-that-eventually-results-in-the-overthrow-of-president-salomon/2026-03-16T12:30:51+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1888-general-seide-telemaque-the-most-likely-successor-to-salomon-was-assassinated-during-the-political-chaos-following-the-presidents-fall/2026-03-16T12:30:52+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1888-1902-nord-alexis-serves-as-a-regional-administrator-in-the-north-for-fourteen-years-following-the-fall-of-the-salomon-government/2026-03-16T12:30:52+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1890-oct-07-benito-sylvain-published-la-lanterne-et-le-vaudoux-arguing-that-traditional-superstitions-were-no-more-prevalent-in-haiti-than-in-europe/2026-03-16T12:30:52+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1891-jan-29-frederick-douglass-communicated-with-james-blaine-regarding-the-potential-lease-of-mole-st-nicolas-to-the-united-states/2026-03-16T12:30:52+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1891-may-07-frederick-douglass-continued-his-diplomatic-dispatches-to-the-state-department-concerning-american-strategic-interests-in-haiti/2026-03-16T12:30:52+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1892-apr-b/2026-03-16T12:30:52+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1892-apr-02-the-societe-de-legislation-was-formally-founded-to-reform-the-countrys-legal-codes-to-better-align-with-local-customs/2026-03-16T12:30:52+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1892-the-ecole-libre-professionnelle-was-founded-in-port-au-prince-to-provide-practical-technical-education-to-young-haitians/2026-03-16T12:30:52+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1893-jan-18-the-journal-le-travail-published-a-critique-of-the-prevailing-political-and-social-conditions-in-the-republic/2026-03-16T12:30:52+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1896-demosthenes-petrus-calixte-was-born-to-black-parents-in-the-northern-town-of-fort-liberte/2026-03-16T12:30:52+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1896-sept-10-limpartial-published-le-diabolisme-et-le-vaudoux-linking-traditional-african-practices-with-the-forces-of-evil/2026-03-16T12:30:52+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1896-1902-german-commercial-and-political-involvement-in-haitian-internal-affairs-reaches-new-heights-during-the-presidency-of-simon-sam/2026-03-16T12:30:52+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1896-1902-president-tiresias-simon-sam-is-denounced-by-critics-for-his-alleged-prejudice-against-the-mulatto-population-of-the-country/2026-03-16T12:30:52+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1897-feb-bishop-kersuzan-of-cap-haitien-issued-strict-instructions-to-his-clergy-to-impose-severe-penances-on-those-practicing-voodoo/2026-03-16T12:30:52+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1898-the-united-states-secures-control-over-puerto-rico-and-cuba-following-the-conclusion-of-the-spanish-american-war/2026-03-16T12:30:52+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1900-dumarsais-estime-was-born-at-verrettes-in-the-artibonite-valley-as-the-son-of-florencia-massillon-and-alcine-estime/2026-03-16T12:30:52+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1900-jul-the-first-pan-african-congress-was-held-in-london-with-the-participation-of-prominent-haitian-delegate-benito-sylvain/2026-03-16T12:30:52+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1902-carl-brouard-was-born-into-an-elite-family-as-the-son-of-a-successful-mulatto-businessman-and-a-german-mother/2026-03-16T12:30:52+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1902-pierre-frederique-maintains-that-the-colour-question-formed-the-dominant-spirit-of-the-government-of-nord-alexis/2026-03-16T12:30:52+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1902-apr-01-stenio-vincent-published-un-bilan-in-leffort-reviewing-the-nations-political-and-economic-failures/2026-03-16T12:30:52+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1902-nov-15-le-phare-quoted-a-popular-creole-chant-reflecting-the-vibrant-oral-tradition-of-the-masses/2026-03-16T12:30:52+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1902-dec-21-nord-alexis-is-elected-president-of-haiti-at-the-age-of-eighty-after-a-fierce-and-protracted-struggle-for-power/2026-03-16T12:30:52+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1902-1908-the-administration-of-president-nord-alexis-is-frequently-denounced-by-critics-who-allege-it-is-under-the-secret-control-of-mulatto-politicians/2026-03-16T12:30:52+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1903-the-united-states-acquires-guantanamo-bay-in-cuba-to-serve-as-a-strategic-naval-base-for-its-growing-caribbean-fleet/2026-03-16T12:30:52+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1903-j-n/2026-03-16T12:30:52+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1903-the-syndicat-des-cordonniers-haitiens-was-formed-as-one-of-the-first-organized-labor-groups-in-the-country/2026-03-16T12:30:52+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1904-president-theodore-roosevelt-declared-that-the-united-states-had-a-divinely-ordained-duty-of-protection-and-regulation-over-the-small-states-of-the-car/2026-03-16T12:30:52+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1905-the-victory-of-japan-over-russia-provided-a-powerful-psychological-boost-to-non-european-peoples-resisting-western-colonial-pretensions/2026-03-16T12:30:52+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1905-united-states-minister-w/2026-03-16T12:30:52+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1905-jul-a/2026-03-16T12:30:53+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1905-sept-20-oswald-durand-published-tournee-litteraire-in-haiti-litteraire-et-sociale-celebrating-the-countrys-poetic-heritage/2026-03-16T12:30:53+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1906-benito-sylvain-founded-looeuvre-du-relevement-social-des-noirs-under-the-joint-protection-of-the-leaders-of-haiti-and-ethiopia/2026-03-16T12:30:53+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1906-antoine-innocent-published-the-introduction-to-his-novel-mimola-which-suggested-a-more-sympathetic-approach-to-voodoo-spirits/2026-03-16T12:30:53+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1906-jan-letoile-africaine-published-articles-on-the-burgeoning-pan-african-movement/2026-03-16T12:30:53+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1906-antoine-innocent-published-his-novel-mimola-which-incorporated-ethnographic-details-of-haitian-peasant-life/2026-03-16T12:30:53+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1906-oct-20-j-b/2026-03-16T12:30:53+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1907-jacques-roumain-was-born-in-port-au-prince-to-a-prosperous-family-and-was-educated-in-switzerland-france-germany-and-spain/2026-03-16T12:30:53+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1907-louis-diaquoi-was-born-at-gonaives-and-became-a-radical-journalist-who-served-as-the-primary-driving-force-behind-the-early-griots-group/2026-03-16T12:30:53+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1907-jan-05-louis-joseph-janvier-published-notre-republique-in-haiti-litteraire-et-sociale/2026-03-16T12:30:53+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1907-apr-francois-duvalier-was-born-in-port-au-prince-and-was-raised-by-his-father-duval-duvalier-a-teacher-and-justice-of-the-peace/2026-03-16T12:30:53+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1907-may-05-duracine-vaval-published-laristocratie-intellectuelle-calling-for-a-leadership-class-defined-by-knowledge/2026-03-16T12:30:53+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1907-jun-04-le-matin-published-an-article-contrasting-the-latin-conception-of-work-with-alternative-models/2026-03-16T12:30:53+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1907-jun-05-le-matin-published-a-follow-up-article-discussing-the-anglo-saxon-conception-of-work-many-intellectuals-argued-that-the-adoption-of-more-prag/2026-03-16T12:30:53+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1907-jul-01-le-matin-published-race-et-education-exploring-the-relationship-between-racial-identity-and-pedagogical-methods/2026-03-16T12:30:53+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1907-jul-27-le-matin-provided-a-list-of-recommended-reading-for-those-interested-in-international-labor-movements/2026-03-16T12:30:53+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1907-oct-17-le-nouvelliste-published-a-study-on-the-psychology-of-the-haitian-people/2026-03-16T12:30:53+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1907-dec-07-j-c/2026-03-16T12:30:53+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1908-stenio-vincent-laments-the-fact-that-a-vast-portion-of-haitis-cultural-and-economic-life-has-fallen-under-the-control-of-foreign-powers/2026-03-16T12:30:53+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1908-jan-08-j-c/2026-03-16T12:30:53+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1908-mar-04-le-matin-published-commentary-on-the-deteriorating-political-situation-under-the-presidency-of-nord-alexis/2026-03-16T12:30:53+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1908-mar-21-a-proclamation-in-le-trait-dunion-asserted-that-president-nord-alexis-was-the-true-guardian-of-the-countrys-future/2026-03-16T12:30:53+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1908-apr-28-le-matin-published-evolution-et-mentalite-which-argued-for-a-more-scientific-approach-to-social-change/2026-03-16T12:30:53+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1908-may-04-stenio-vincent-published-an-article-in-le-matin-taking-a-firm-stand-against-revolutionary-movements/2026-03-16T12:30:53+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1908-jun-02-le-matin-published-a-series-on-social-evolution-discussing-the-need-for-structural-reforms-in-the-republic/2026-03-16T12:30:53+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1908-dec-23-hannibal-price-published-medite-cives-in-laction-calling-for-a-reflection-on-the-nations-political-choices/2026-03-16T12:30:53+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1909-mar-04-j-b/2026-03-16T12:30:53+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1909-mar-09-edmond-heraux-wrote-to-p/2026-03-16T12:30:53+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1909-may-15-an-article-in-lartibonite-criticized-the-legacy-of-president-petion-calling-his-leadership-weak-and-incapable/2026-03-16T12:30:53+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1910-a-major-concession-is-granted-to-james-p/2026-03-16T12:30:54+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1910-feb-03-j-b/2026-03-16T12:30:54+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1910-feb-10-antoine-michel-published-a-study-in-limpartial-commenting-on-the-history-of-the-republic-by-auguste-magloire/2026-03-16T12:30:54+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1910-feb-28-j/2026-03-16T12:30:54+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1910-mar-15-limpartial-reprinted-a-series-of-ideas-and-opinions-addressing-the-ongoing-agricultural-and-financial-crisis/2026-03-16T12:30:54+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1911-former-president-legitime-addressed-the-universal-congress-of-races-in-london-admitting-the-presence-of-african-fanaticism-in-haiti/2026-03-16T12:30:54+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1911-german-troops-are-landed-in-the-capital-of-port-au-prince-to-protect-the-property-and-interests-of-their-nationals-during-a-local-revolution/2026-03-16T12:30:54+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1911-apr-30-british-records-from-murray-to-grey-discussed-the-monroe-doctrine-and-its-implications-for-haitian-sovereignty/2026-03-16T12:30:54+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1911-aug-the-fall-of-president-antoine-simon-initiates-a-four-year-period-of-extreme-governmental-instability-involving-six-different-heads-of-state/2026-03-16T12:30:54+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1911-nov-30-murray-reported-to-grey-on-the-extreme-political-instability-that-followed-the-fall-of-president-antoine-simon/2026-03-16T12:30:54+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1912-a-german-school-is-opened-in-port-au-prince-with-the-specific-goal-of-germanizing-the-descendants-of-german-families-established-in-haiti/2026-03-16T12:30:54+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1912-the-british-diplomat-joseph-pyke-reports-that-every-steamer-arriving-in-the-country-brings-foreign-experts-intent-on-spying-out-the-land-for-commerci/2026-03-16T12:30:54+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1912-apr-30-j/2026-03-16T12:30:54+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1912-jul-jean-price-mars-published-an-article-calling-for-the-reform-of-primary-education-in-haiti-litteraire-et-scientifique/2026-03-16T12:30:54+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1912-aug-20-an-article-in-lessor-discussed-the-political-career-and-influence-of-stenio-vincent/2026-03-16T12:30:54+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1912-oct-price-mars-published-a-study-on-the-importance-of-technical-education-in-haiti-litteraire-et-scientifique/2026-03-16T12:30:54+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1913-j/2026-03-17T18:30:05+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1914-the-american-state-department-receives-reports-that-german-merchants-effectively-control-about-eighty-percent-of-all-commerce-in-haiti/2026-03-16T12:30:54+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1914-jan-20-stephen-leech-reported-that-the-naval-station-at-guantanamo-was-of-little-service-to-the-united-states/2026-03-16T12:30:54+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1914-aug-20-tribonien-saint-juste-wrote-to-the-british-government-warning-about-the-impending-american-occupation-of-haiti/2026-03-16T12:30:54+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1915-jan-30-le-moniteur-published-details-of-a-reputed-offer-related-to-the-american-financial-control-of-haiti/2026-03-16T12:30:54+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1915-jul-27-president-vilbrun-guillaume-sam-orders-the-execution-of-167-political-prisoners-held-in-the-port-au-prince-gaol/2026-03-16T12:30:54+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1915-july-28-united-states-marines-land-in-port-au-prince-beginning-a-military-occupation-that-would-last-nineteen-years/2026-03-16T12:30:54+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1915-aug-philippe-sudre-dartiguenave-is-elected-president-by-the-haitian-legislature-while-under-the-direct-protection-of-the-american-marines/2026-03-16T12:30:54+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1915-aug-21-haiti-integrale-published-a-series-of-articles-arguing-that-the-recently-signed-american-haitian-convention-was-unconstitutional/2026-03-16T12:30:54+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1915-aug-25-c/2026-03-16T12:30:54+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1915-jacques-nicolas-leger-politely-refused-the-presidency-of-haiti-when-approached-by-the-american-occupying-forces/2026-03-16T12:30:54+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1917-the-united-states-purchases-the-virgin-islands-from-denmark-to-bolster-its-strategic-control-over-the-approaches-to-the-panama-canal/2026-03-16T12:30:54+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1917-charlemagne-peralte-is-arrested-by-american-authorities-for-his-alleged-involvement-in-an-attack-on-the-home-of-a-united-states-officer/2026-03-16T12:30:54+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1917-jun-04-jean-price-mars-published-a-commentary-in-lessor-advocating-for-the-creation-of-evening-schools-for-the-urban-poor/2026-03-16T12:30:54+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1918-a-new-constitution-is-promulgated-that-includes-a-provision-permitting-foreign-ownership-of-land-reversing-a-law-that-had-stood-since-the-era-of-dessa/2026-03-16T12:30:55+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1918-the-dartiguenave-government-formally-declares-war-on-germany-allowing-for-the-seizure-of-local-german-property-and-the-internment-of-their-nationals/2026-03-16T12:30:55+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1918-a-new-constitution-is-promulgated-that-includes-a-provision-permitting-foreign-ownership-of-land-reversing-a-law-that-had-stood-since-the-era-of-dessa-2/2026-03-16T12:30:55+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1918-the-cacos-rebellion-begins-in-earnest-as-peasants-rise-up-against-the-corvee-system-of-forced-labor-for-road-construction/2026-03-16T12:30:55+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1919-charlemagne-peralte-establishes-a-provisional-government-in-the-north-and-vows-to-drive-the-american-yankee-invaders-into-the-sea/2026-03-16T12:30:55+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1919-nov-charlemagne-peralte-is-betrayed-by-a-family-member-and-killed-during-a-daring-military-raid-by-american-forces/2026-03-16T12:30:55+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1920-may-benoit-batraville-is-killed-in-combat-ending-the-primary-phase-of-armed-guerrilla-resistance-against-the-united-states-marines/2026-03-16T12:30:55+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1921-lunion-patriotique-was-founded-by-a-group-of-intellectuals-to-demand-the-immediate-end-of-martial-law-and-the-withdrawal-of-american-troops/2026-03-16T12:30:55+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1921-rene-marans-novel-batouala-which-depicted-african-life-in-french-equatorial-africa-received-the-prestigious-prix-goncourt/2026-03-16T12:30:55+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1921-apr-14-le-courrier-du-soir-published-articles-emphasizing-the-psychological-aspects-of-the-haitian-resistance-movement/2026-03-16T12:30:55+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1921-may-23-le-courrier-du-soir-continued-its-campaign-of-nationalist-propaganda-against-the-american-military-presence/2026-03-16T12:30:55+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1921-may-25-duval-duvalier-published-a-series-on-practical-sociology-in-le-courrier-du-soir/2026-03-16T12:30:55+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1921-jun-20-duval-duvalier-published-pages-de-mon-carnet-in-le-courrier-du-soir-detailing-his-views-on-the-occupation/2026-03-16T12:30:55+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1921-dec-01-le-courrier-haitien-celebrated-ten-years-of-the-struggle-for-liberty-against-foreign-rule/2026-03-16T12:30:55+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1922-the-creation-of-the-gendarmerie-dhaiti-under-u-s/2026-03-16T12:30:55+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1922-louis-borno-is-elected-president-and-becomes-the-primary-instrument-of-the-american-paternalistic-administration-in-haiti-viewing-it-as-a-beneficen/2026-03-16T12:30:55+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1922-jacques-stephen-alexis-was-born-at-gonaives-into-a-family-with-a-strong-literary-and-political-tradition/2026-03-16T12:30:55+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1922-dec-the-haitian-government-passes-a-law-providing-for-the-long-term-leasing-of-land-to-foreign-companies-for-agricultural-and-industrial-development/2026-03-16T12:30:55+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1924-a-formal-departement-de-travail-was-established-within-the-haitian-government-to-oversee-labor-relations/2026-03-16T12:30:55+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1925-the-societe-dhistoire-et-de-geographie-dhaiti-is-inaugurated-to-encourage-the-study-of-history-as-a-means-of-national-recovery/2026-03-16T12:30:55+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1925-young-mulatto-intellectuals-antonio-vieux-and-philippe-thoby-marcelin-founded-la-nouvelle-ronde-as-an-organ-for-the-nations-youth/2026-03-16T12:30:55+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1925-may-01-h-p/2026-03-16T12:30:55+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1925-may-jean-price-mars-published-a-study-on-the-religious-sentiment-of-the-black-population-in-the-bulletin-de-la-societe-dhistoire/2026-03-16T12:30:55+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1925-jul-antonio-vieux-and-philippe-thoby-marcelin-published-the-literature-of-yesterday-and-tomorrow-in-la-nouvelle-ronde/2026-03-16T12:30:55+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1925-aug-22-arthur-ruhl-published-a-defense-of-the-american-presence-titled-what-america-is-doing-for-haiti-in-current-history/2026-03-16T12:30:55+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1925-nov-etienne-charlier-published-gouvernants-et-gouvernes-in-la-nouvelle-ronde-discussing-the-relationship-between-the-elite-and-the-masses/2026-03-16T12:30:55+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1926-rene-depestre-was-born-in-jacmel-and-grew-up-to-become-a-prominent-poet-and-a-key-figure-in-the-radical-student-movements-of-1946/2026-03-16T12:30:55+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1926-jan-max-hudicourt-published-a-review-of-the-state-of-democracy-in-haiti-in-la-nouvelle-ronde/2026-03-16T12:30:55+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1927-two-landmark-journals-la-trouee-and-la-revue-indigene-appear-to-champion-the-indigenist-movement-in-haitian-literature/2026-03-16T12:30:55+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1927-jacques-roumain-and-several-other-young-writers-founded-la-revue-indigene-to-champion-the-life-of-the-haitian-peasant-as-the-source-of-authentic-culture/2026-03-16T12:30:55+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1927-jul-normil-sylvain-published-his-vision-for-the-indigenist-movement-in-the-first-issue-of-la-revue-indigene/2026-03-16T12:30:56+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1927-aug-carl-brouard-published-a-commentary-on-the-sufi-messenger-inayat-khan-in-la-revue-indigene/2026-03-16T12:30:56+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1927-sept-carl-brouard-published-a-study-of-the-persian-poet-hafiz-in-the-pages-of-la-revue-indigene/2026-03-16T12:30:56+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1928-apr-04-georges-petit-and-jacques-roumain-began-publishing-their-radical-nationalist-critiques-in-le-petit-impartial/2026-03-16T12:30:56+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1928-jun-02-jacques-roumain-published-a-defiant-article-in-le-petit-impartial-during-a-period-of-high-political-tension/2026-03-16T12:30:56+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1928-jun-20-jacques-roumain-argued-that-even-priests-had-the-right-to-be-soldiers-when-the-fatherland-was-in-danger/2026-03-16T12:30:56+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1928-oct-13-carl-brouard-published-a-favorable-review-of-jean-price-marss-ainsi-parla-loncle-in-le-petit-impartial/2026-03-16T12:30:56+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1928-dec-13-jacques-roumain-and-georges-petit-were-arrested-for-their-seditious-writings-against-the-american-occupation/2026-03-16T12:30:56+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1928-dec-jacques-roumain-is-arrested-for-his-nationalist-activities-and-his-involvement-in-planning-seditious-meetings-against-the-occupation/2026-03-16T12:30:56+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1929-student-strikes-at-the-agricultural-college-in-damiens-led-to-nationwide-demonstrations-against-the-borno-administration-and-the-americans/2026-03-16T12:30:56+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1929-jan-03-louis-borno-addressed-the-council-of-state-regarding-the-paternalistic-benefits-of-the-american-administration/2026-03-16T12:30:56+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1929-feb-09-carl-brouard-published-an-article-in-le-petit-impartial-dedicated-to-his-colleague-normil-sylvain/2026-03-16T12:30:56+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1930-stenio-vincent-is-elected-president-and-begins-a-mandate-focused-on-securing-the-evacuation-of-the-american-military-forces/2026-03-16T12:30:56+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1930-two-haitians-living-in-paris-found-la-revue-du-monde-noir-to-promote-a-sense-of-black-racial-solidarity-and-dignity/2026-03-16T12:30:56+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1930-mar-31-la-presse-published-accounts-of-the-political-maneuvers-that-preceded-the-fall-of-the-borno-regime/2026-03-16T12:30:56+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1932-louis-diaquoi-announces-the-formation-of-the-griots-group-to-rehabilitate-african-values-and-explore-the-countrys-collective-personality/2026-03-16T12:30:56+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1932-mar-05-carl-brouard-published-in-la-bataille-keeping-the-spirit-of-the-indigenist-revolt-alive/2026-03-16T12:30:56+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1932-mar-la-revue-du-monde-noir-published-an-article-by-georges-hardy-on-the-global-contributions-of-black-art/2026-03-16T12:30:56+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1932-apr-29-louis-diaquoi-published-a-significant-article-in-laction-nationale-placing-science-and-art-at-the-service-of-political-action/2026-03-16T12:30:56+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1932-may-12-louis-diaquoi-continued-his-radical-journalistic-campaign-in-laction-nationale-until-his-untimely-death/2026-03-16T12:30:56+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1932-may-18-rene-piquion-published-the-sacred-flame-in-laction-nationale-as-a-tribute-to-jean-price-mars/2026-03-16T12:30:56+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1932-jun-23-lorimer-denis-published-ma-generation-in-laction-nationale-defining-the-mission-of-the-new-black-middle-class/2026-03-16T12:30:56+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1932-jul-jean-price-mars-published-apropos-of-the-negro-renaissance-in-the-united-states-in-la-releve/2026-03-16T12:30:56+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1933-jun-rene-piquion-began-publishing-his-translations-of-langston-hughess-poems-in-the-literary-journal-la-releve/2026-03-16T12:30:56+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1934-jacques-roumain-founded-the-haitian-communist-party-to-argue-that-the-fight-against-imperialism-must-be-a-fight-against-international-capitalism/2026-03-16T12:30:56+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1934-aug-14-the-united-states-officially-ends-its-military-occupation-and-withdraws-its-forces-from-haitian-soil/2026-03-16T12:30:56+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1935-a-regional-census-records-over-fifty-thousand-haitians-living-in-the-dominican-republic-though-many-more-likely-resided-there-illegally/2026-03-16T12:30:56+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1935-mar-04-carl-brouard-published-a-hommage-in-the-journal-lassaut-to-celebrate-the-return-of-national-sovereignty/2026-03-16T12:30:56+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1935-oct-30-lassaut-published-a-critical-editorial-on-the-racial-tensions-between-haiti-and-the-dominican-republic/2026-03-16T12:30:56+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1935-dec-30-le-nouvelliste-began-the-serialization-of-articles-exploring-the-racial-and-biological-theories-of-the-griots/2026-03-16T12:30:57+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1936-may-francois-duvalier-published-an-article-on-the-african-vs/2026-03-16T12:30:57+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1936-sept-11-lorimer-denis-and-francois-duvalier-published-their-seminal-essay-on-the-haitian-ethnie-in-le-nouvelliste/2026-03-16T12:30:57+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1937-oct-the-parsley-massacre-dominican-dictator-trujillo-orders-the-slaughter-of-thousands-of-haitians-in-the-borderlands/2026-03-16T12:30:57+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1937-oct-the-parsley-massacre-occurs-as-dominican-dictator-trujillo-orders-the-slaughter-of-thousands-of-haitians-living-in-the-borderlands/2026-03-16T12:30:57+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1938-anthropologist-jose-imbelloni-proposed-that-the-native-inhabitants-of-the-west-indies-belonged-to-a-distinct-amazonid-race/2026-03-16T12:30:57+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1938-president-stenio-vincent-dismisses-the-black-army-chief-demosthenes-petrus-calixte-to-further-consolidate-mulatto-control-over-the-military/2026-03-16T12:30:57+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1938-c-l-r/2026-03-16T12:30:57+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1938-the-journal-les-griots-is-founded-to-promote-a-black-centered-ideology-that-linked-a-races-biology-directly-to-its-collective-psychology/2026-03-16T12:30:57+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1939-jan-jean-price-mars-published-a-study-in-the-revue-de-la-societe-dhistoire-on-haitian-diplomacy-and-dominican-independence/2026-03-16T12:30:57+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1939-lorimer-denis-and-francois-duvalier-published-their-findings-on-racial-determinism-in-the-journal-les-griots/2026-03-16T12:30:57+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1939-oct-the-journal-les-griots-published-a-series-of-considerations-on-our-historical-origins-the-articles-further-developed-the-black-legend-that-portr/2026-03-16T12:30:57+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1941-elie-lescot-succeeds-stenio-vincent-as-president-and-continues-to-fill-the-higher-ranks-of-the-administration-almost-exclusively-with-mulattoes/2026-03-16T12:30:57+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1941-the-roman-catholic-hierarchy-launched-an-anti-superstition-campaign-with-the-explicit-support-of-the-newly-elected-president-lescot/2026-03-16T12:30:57+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1941-apr-suzanne-cesaire-published-a-landmark-study-on-frobenius-in-the-journal-tropiques/2026-03-16T12:30:57+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1942-feb-22-a-church-service-in-the-delmas-suburbs-was-interrupted-by-gunfire-during-a-mission-service-against-superstition-this-event-convinced-the-gov/2026-03-16T12:30:57+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1943-sept-cahiers-dhaiti-published-detailed-reports-on-the-increasingly-exclusive-social-life-of-the-mulatto-elite-under-lescot/2026-03-16T12:30:57+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1944-lamicale-a-professional-club-for-black-citizens-was-founded-under-the-patronage-of-emile-saint-lot-to-challenge-elite-mulatto-social-hegemony/2026-03-16T12:30:57+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1945-dec-andre-breton-the-founder-of-surrealism-visited-haiti-and-delivered-speeches-that-inspired-the-radical-sons-of-elite-families/2026-03-16T12:30:57+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1946-rene-depestre-published-gerbe-de-sang-a-collection-of-poems-that-reflected-the-disillusioned-mood-of-the-post-revolutionary-period/2026-03-16T12:30:57+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1946-aug-16-dumarsais-estime-is-elected-president-representing-the-rise-of-the-noiriste-middle-class/2026-03-16T12:30:57+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1946-oct-the-parti-populaire-social-chretien-was-founded-by-edouard-tardieu-and-his-associates-to-promote-christian-democratic-ideals-in-haiti/2026-03-16T12:30:57+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1949-anglican-bishop-alfred-voegeli-commissioned-a-group-of-haitian-artists-to-decorate-the-cathedral-of-the-holy-trinity-with-murals/2026-03-16T12:30:57+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1949-francois-duvalier-serving-as-under-secretary-of-state-for-labor-organized-a-significant-national-congress-of-labor/2026-03-16T12:30:57+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1949-jul-29-h/2026-03-16T12:30:57+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/mid-1900s-hurbon-and-bebel-gisler-compared-the-role-of-voodoo-in-haiti-to-that-of-islamic-customs-in-colonial-algeria/2026-03-16T12:30:57+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/mid-1900s-leslie-manigat-developed-a-monograph-on-president-salomon-that-portrayed-the-national-party-as-the-cultivator-of-a-black-civilization-in-the-carib/2026-03-16T12:30:57+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/mid-1900s-max-a/2026-03-16T12:30:57+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1949-may-26-michel-rolph-trouillot-is-born-in-haiti-into-a-family-of-prominent-intellectuals-and-historians/2026-03-16T12:30:58+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1950-may-president-estime-was-overthrown-in-a-military-coup-led-by-the-same-triumvirate-that-had-installed-him-four-years-earlier/2026-03-16T12:30:58+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1951-jul-c/2026-03-16T12:30:58+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1953-dec-jean-price-mars-published-an-ethnographic-tribute-to-the-late-novelist-antoine-innocent-in-conjonction/2026-03-16T12:30:58+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1954-etienne-charlier-published-apercu-sur-la-formation-historique-de-la-nation-haitienne-applying-marxist-theory-to-the-countrys-past/2026-03-16T12:30:58+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1954-a-bitter-historical-controversy-erupted-between-etienne-charlier-and-emmanuel-c/2026-03-16T12:30:58+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1955-jacques-stephen-alexis-published-his-first-major-novel-compere-general-soleil-which-explored-the-lives-of-peasants-and-the-1937-massacre/2026-03-16T12:30:58+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1956-jul-h/2026-03-16T12:30:58+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1956-dec-the-fall-of-president-paul-magloire-initiated-ten-months-of-intense-political-instability-and-confusion/2026-03-16T12:30:58+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1957-feb-franck-sylvain-was-appointed-as-the-provisional-head-of-state-to-prepare-the-nation-for-general-elections/2026-03-16T12:30:58+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1957-may-25-a-pitched-battle-occurred-in-port-au-prince-between-rival-factions-of-the-armed-forces-as-the-political-crisis-deepened/2026-03-16T12:30:58+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1957-jun-provisional-president-daniel-fignole-was-dismissed-by-general-antonio-kebreau-after-serving-less-than-three-weeks-in-office/2026-03-16T12:30:58+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1957-sept-22-francois-duvalier-elected-president-general-elections-were-held-under-the-supervision-of-the-military-junta-led-by-antonio-kebreau/2026-03-16T12:30:58+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1957-president-duvalier-began-eliminating-a-number-of-independent-houngans-who-were-unprepared-to-recognize-his-own-claims-to-superior-occult-power/2026-03-16T12:30:58+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1957-francois-duvalier-named-the-distinguished-intellectual-jean-price-mars-as-one-of-the-most-decisive-influences-on-his-early-life-and-thinking/2026-03-16T12:30:58+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1957-1963-the-duvalier-government-tolerated-the-operation-of-organized-labor-unions-until-a-series-of-strikes-led-to-their-total-suppression/2026-03-16T12:30:58+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1957-oct-president-duvalier-appointed-pere-jean-baptiste-georges-as-the-secretary-of-state-for-education-in-his-first-cabinet/2026-03-16T12:30:58+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1958-feb-o/2026-03-16T12:30:58+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1958-mar-general-antonio-kebreau-was-forced-into-retirement-by-president-duvalier-and-sought-refuge-in-the-dominican-embassy/2026-03-16T12:30:58+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1958-may-president-duvalier-offered-to-host-united-states-missile-bases-in-haiti-and-requested-a-marine-corps-mission-to-train-the-national-army/2026-03-16T12:30:58+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1958-jun-dr/2026-03-16T12:30:58+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1958-jul-a-small-group-of-former-army-officers-and-american-mercenaries-launched-an-invasion-and-briefly-seized-the-dessalines-barracks/2026-03-16T12:30:58+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1958-jul-duvalier-called-for-a-great-crusade-against-illiteracy-and-introduced-a-bill-to-allow-primary-instruction-in-the-kreyol-language/2026-03-16T12:30:58+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1958-dec-pierre-merceron-was-appointed-as-the-head-of-the-haitian-armed-forces-replacing-maurice-flambert/2026-03-16T12:30:58+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1959-duvalier-formally-establishes-the-vsn-tontons-macoutes-to-suppress-political-opposition-and-bypass-the-regular-army/2026-03-16T12:30:58+00:00https://istwanou.net/ent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ontracts-with-two-large-foreign-companies-for-the-investigation-and-possible-exploitation-of-copper-deposits/2026-03-16T12:31:00+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/post-1971-north-american-investment-in-haiti-increased-considerably-particularly-in-light-manufacturing-and-assembly-plants/2026-03-16T12:31:00+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1974-jean-jacques-honorat-published-enquete-sur-le-developpement-which-contained-a-damning-condemnation-of-seventeen-years-of-duvalierist-rule/2026-03-16T12:31:00+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1672/2026-03-16T12:31:00+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1979-mats-lundahl-publishes-peasants-and-poverty-a-study-of-haiti-in-london/2026-03-16T12:31:00+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1981-the-mass-extermination-of-the-creole-pig-population-begins-to-prevent-the-spread-of-african-swine-fever/2026-03-16T12:31:01+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1981-concessionary-oil-sales-from-venezuela-and-mexico-are-suspended-after-the-duvaliers-sold-a-shipment-before-it-arrived/2026-03-16T12:31:01+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1982-david-geggus-publishes-slavery-war-and-revolution-the-british-occupation-of-saint-domingue-1793-1798/2026-03-16T12:31:01+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1983-mar-pope-john-paul-ii-visits-haiti-and-famously-declares-that-things-must-change-here-his-visit-provided-a-powerful-moral-catalyst-for-the-churchs/2026-03-16T12:31:01+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1983-mats-lundahl-publishes-the-haitian-economy-man-land-and-markets-in-london/2026-03-16T12:31:01+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1986-feb-07-jean-claude-duvalier-flees-haiti-on-a-u-s/2026-03-16T12:31:01+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1986-apr-the-haitian-army-fires-into-a-peaceful-crowd-demonstrating-at-the-infamous-fort-dimanche-prison/2026-03-16T12:31:01+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1986-oct-a-constitutional-commission-is-formed-with-20-nominated-and-41-elected-members-to-draft-a-new-national-charter/2026-03-16T12:31:01+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1986-a-crowd-in-port-au-prince-removes-the-statue-of-christopher-columbus-and-throws-it-into-the-sea/2026-03-16T12:31:01+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1987-mar-the-new-democratic-constitution-is-approved-by-nearly-99-percent-of-those-who-participated-in-the-referendum/2026-03-16T12:31:01+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1987-apr-the-closure-of-the-hasco-sugar-factory-outside-port-au-prince-makes-over-3000-workers-redundant/2026-03-16T12:31:01+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1987-nov-29-duvalierist-thugs-massacre-voters-in-line-at-polling-stations-forcing-the-cancellation-of-the-election/2026-03-16T12:31:01+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1988-simon-fass-publishes-political-economy-in-haiti-the-drama-of-survival-in-new-jersey/2026-03-16T12:31:01+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1988-jan-leslie-manigat-is-installed-as-president-following-a-military-run-election-boycotted-by-major-parties/2026-03-16T12:31:01+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1988-jun-20-general-henri-namphy-overthrows-president-manigat-and-resumes-direct-military-control/2026-03-16T12:31:01+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1988-sept-general-prosper-avril-takes-control-of-the-government-following-a-coup-led-by-non-commissioned-soldiers/2026-03-16T12:31:01+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1989-michel-laguerre-publishes-voodoo-and-politics-in-haiti-in-london/2026-03-16T12:31:01+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1989-alex-dupuy-publishes-haiti-in-the-world-economy-class-race-and-underdevelopment-since-1700/2026-03-16T12:31:01+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1989-gerard-barthelemy-publishes-le-pays-en-dehors-in-port-au-prince/2026-03-16T12:31:01+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1990-dec-16-jean-bertrand-aristide-is-elected-president-in-haitis-first-free-democratic-elections/2026-03-16T12:31:01+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1990-patrick-bellegarde-smith-publishes-haiti-the-breached-citadel-in-colorado/2026-03-16T12:31:01+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1990-carolyn-e/2026-03-16T12:31:01+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1991-jan-leading-duvalierist-roger-lafontant-attempts-a-coup-just-before-aristide-takes-office/2026-03-16T12:31:01+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1991-sept-30-a-violent-military-coup-led-by-general-raoul-cedras-overthrows-president-aristide/2026-03-16T12:31:01+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1992-mats-lundahl-publishes-politics-or-markets/2026-03-16T12:31:01+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1993-anne-greene-publishes-the-catholic-church-in-haiti-political-and-social-change/2026-03-16T12:31:01+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1993-michel-laguerre-publishes-the-military-and-society-in-haiti-in-london/2026-03-16T12:31:02+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1994-oct-jean-bertrand-aristide-is-restored-to-the-presidency-following-a-large-scale-united-states-military-intervention/2026-03-16T12:31:02+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1995-trouillot-publishes-silencing-the-past-power-and-the-production-of-history-his-most-celebrated-work/2026-03-16T12:31:02+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/2004-feb-29-following-an-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ouisiana-from-spain-to-france-began-to-reach-the-united-states-and-heav/2026-03-16T12:31:05+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1801-august-15-toussaint-louverture-issued-a-new-constitution-for-saint-domingue-which-while-nominally-professing-loyalty-to-france-appointed-him-governor/2026-03-16T12:31:05+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1802-january-02-as-napoleon-prepared-a-massive-expeditionary-force-under-general-leclerc-to-submerge-toussaints-regime-french-diplomats-became-increasingl/2026-03-16T12:31:05+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1802-february-01-a-diplomatic-crisis-arose-when-magloire-pelage-the-rebel-leader-of-guadeloupe-sent-an-envoy-named-de-nord-to-the-united-states-to-seek-an/2026-03-16T12:31:05+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1802-february-04-general-charles-leclerc-arrived-in-saint-domingue-at-the-head-of-a-massive-french-expeditionary-force-intended-to-restore-metropolitan-auth/2026-03-16T12:31:05+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1802-march-01-french-charge-daffaires-pichon-expressed-extreme-frustration-with-the-jefferson-administration-for-failing-to-issue-a-formal-decree-forbiddin/2026-03-16T12:31:05+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1802-may-01-american-minister-to-france-robert-r/2026-03-16T12:31:05+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1802-june-28-french-foreign-minister-talleyrand-sent-a-disgruntled-note-to-livingston-demanding-that-the-united-states-formally-forbid-its-citizens-from-tra/2026-03-16T12:31:05+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1802-october-15-as-the-leclerc-expedition-continued-to-falter-due-to-disease-and-heavy-casualties-the-tension-over-american-commerce-remained-the-principal/2026-03-16T12:31:05+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1803-april-30-the-united-states-and-france-signed-the-louisiana-purchase-treaty-an-event-inextricably-linked-to-the-military-failure-of-the-leclerc-expedit/2026-03-16T12:31:05+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1803-june-01-following-the-death-of-leclerc-and-the-continued-disintegration-of-french-authority-general-jean-jacques-dessalines-emerged-as-the-undisputed/2026-03-16T12:31:05+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1803-july-15-french-charge-daffaires-pichon-reported-a-tense-meeting-with-james-madison-regarding-a-formal-letter-sent-by-dessalines-to-president-jefferson/2026-03-16T12:31:05+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1803-october-01-as-the-french-forces-under-general-rochambeau-were-backed-into-their-final-strongholds-the-united-states-faced-increasing-pressure-from-fra/2026-03-16T12:31:05+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1803-november-19-the-french-army-officially-capitulated-at-cap-francais-marking-the-total-defeat-of-napoleons-attempt-to-reconstruct-a-caribbean-empire/2026-03-16T12:31:05+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1803-december-01-secretary-of-state-james-madison-engaged-in-a-theoretical-discussion-with-french-charge-pichon-regarding-the-future-status-of-saint-domingu/2026-03-16T12:31:05+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1804-january-01-jean-jacques-dessalines-formally-proclaimed-the-independence-of-haiti-at-gonaives-creating-the-first-independent-black-republic-in-the-world/2026-03-16T12:31:05+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1804-february-01-a-haitian-envoy-named-joseph-bunel-who-had-previously-served-toussaint-arrived-in-the-united-states-to-seek-military-supplies-and-officia/2026-03-16T12:31:05+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1804-march-09-french-charge-pichon-sent-a-formal-protest-to-james-madison-after-learning-that-bunel-was-actively-soliciting-american-merchants-for-arms-and/2026-03-16T12:31:05+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1804-march-20-president-jefferson-suggested-during-a-private-conversation-that-the-united-states-might-eventually-act-as-a-mediator-to-help-france-regain-so/2026-03-16T12:31:05+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1804-march-31-secretary-of-state-james-madison-sent-a-lengthy-and-significant-dispatch-to-robert-r/2026-03-16T12:31:05+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1804-april-15-the-jefferson-administration-began-explicitly-linking-the-haitian-question-to-the-american-desire-to-acquire-west-and-east-florida-from-spain/2026-03-16T12:31:05+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1804-june-27-minister-livingston-formally-presented-madisons-proposed-convention-to-french-foreign-minister-talleyrand-emphasizing-the-absolute-necessity/2026-03-16T12:31:06+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1804-july-01-despite-the-high-level-diplomatic-talk-of-conventions-and-restrictions-american-merchants-continued-to-arm-their-vessels-heavily-for-the-voyag/2026-03-16T12:31:06+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1804-august-01-reports-of-the-massacres-of-white-colonists-in-haiti-reached-washington-providing-the-jefferson-administration-with-a-moral-justification-to/2026-03-16T12:31:06+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1804-november-21-french-charge-pichon-reported-to-talleyrand-with-growing-alarm-that-american-newspapers-were-increasingly-adopting-the-revolutionary-name/2026-03-16T12:31:06+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1805-january-10-the-diplomatic-situation-reached-a-cris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the-fleet-in/2026-03-16T12:31:06+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1826-march-01-the-appointment-of-charles-mackenzie-as-british-consul-general-to-haiti-signaled-a-more-aggressive-british-attempt-to-stabilize-the-islands-a/2026-03-16T12:31:07+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1826-june-01-in-the-wake-of-the-french-recognition-the-united-states-faced-a-diplomatic-dilemma-regarding-the-50-customs-reduction-granted-exclusively-to/2026-03-16T12:31:07+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1830-january-15-a-major-security-scare-emerged-when-a-confidential-mexican-agent-named-basadre-arrived-in-baltimore-reportedly-on-a-mission-to-haiti/2026-03-16T12:31:07+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1830-march-01-the-united-states-officially-requested-that-great-britain-be-apprised-of-the-danger-posed-by-the-alleged-mexican-haitian-plot-against-cuba/2026-03-16T12:31:07+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/826-may-01-the-appointment-of-charles-mackenzie-as-british-consul-general-to-haiti-marked-a-shift-toward-a-more-liberal-commercial-policy-by-the-canning-cab/2026-03-16T12:31:07+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1838-december-01-lord-palmerston-officially-moved-toward-formal-british-recognition-of-haiti-by-instructing-captain-george-william-conway-courtenay-to-propo/2026-03-16T12:31:07+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1839-december-23-the-signing-of-the-formal-convention-between-great-britain-and-haiti-for-the-suppression-of-the-slave-trade-solidified-haitis-entry-into-t/2026-03-16T12:31:07+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1846-august-10-as-american-interest-in-maritime-expansion-grew-the-u-s/2026-03-16T12:31:07+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1847-january-15-the-u-s/2026-03-16T12:31:07+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1847-january-15-lieutenant-william-e/2026-03-16T12:31:07+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1847-february-01-during-his-mission-lieutenant-hunt-was-provided-with-a-specific-haitian-decree-that-ordered-the-banishment-of-any-foreigner-found-engaged/2026-03-16T12:31:07+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1850-may-13-british-diplomat-henry-bulwer-reported-on-the-arrest-of-an-american-commercial-agent-in-haiti-noting-that-secretary-of-state-john-m/2026-03-16T12:31:07+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1850-may-31-the-new-york-herald-reported-that-the-brig-kate-boyd-which-had-been-loading-gunpowder-and-munitions-of-war-for-port-au-prince-was-detained-und/2026-03-16T12:31:07+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1850-august-09-lord-palmerston-expressed-skepticism-regarding-the-likelihood-of-the-united-states-annexing-haiti-even-if-the-islands-government-sought-to/2026-03-16T12:31:07+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1850-april-24-the-american-agent-green-arrived-in-port-au-prince-aboard-the-vixen-followed-two-days-later-by-the-warships-albany-and-germantown/2026-03-16T12:31:07+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1850-may-08-in-a-separate-diplomatic-note-green-refused-to-join-his-british-and-french-colleagues-in-a-joint-protest-against-the-renewal-of-hostilities-bet/2026-03-16T12:31:07+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1850-may-26-the-haitian-government-responded-to-green-by-asserting-that-the-conflict-with-the-dominican-republic-was-a-matter-of-internal-polity/2026-03-16T12:31:07+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1850-june-01-as-part-of-his-negotiations-green-presented-a-claim-for-500000-as-a-compromise-for-various-sums-owed-to-american-citizens/2026-03-16T12:31:07+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1850-june-15-the-haitian-government-acceded-to-greens-demand-officially-recognizing-the-american-commercial-agents-as-consuls/2026-03-16T12:31:07+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1850-december-02-in-his-annual-message-to-congress-president-millard-fillmore-addressed-the-delicate-questions-involving-the-interests-of-humanity-and-co/2026-03-16T12:31:07+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1851-january-18-secretary-of-state-daniel-webster-appointed-robert-walsh-of-virginia-as-a-special-agent-to-the-dominican-republic-rather-than-a-formal-char/2026-03-16T12:31:07+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1851-may-05-british-consul-thomas-ussher-reported-with-alarm-from-port-au-prince-that-robert-walshs-private-language-suggested-a-hidden-american-agenda/2026-03-16T12:31:07+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1851-july-02-british-minister-henry-bulwer-communicated-his-strengthened-suspicions-of-the-american-government-to-lord-palmerston-noting-the-presence-of-an/2026-03-16T12:31:07+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1851-july-07-the-tension-between-the-tripartite-mediators-was-further-complicated-by-the-activities-of-individuals-like-b-e/2026-03-16T12:31:07+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1851-may-15-following-the-abrupt-departure-of-special-agent-robert-walsh-british-consul-thomas-ussher-noted-that-walsh-had-overreached-himself-by-threate/2026-03-16T12:31:07+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1851-june-01-despite-walshs-personal-failures-he-had-successfully-communicated-the-american-governments-opposition-to-any-plan-that-would-force-the-domin/2026-03-16T12:31:07+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1852-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-eventually-be-referred/2026-03-16T12:31:09+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1887-march-01-secretary-of-state-thomas-f/2026-03-16T12:31:09+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1887-march-13-following-the-return-of-the-british-agent-hill-aboard-the-canada-accompanied-by-the-despatch-boat-mallard-haitian-president-salomon-expresse/2026-03-16T12:31:09+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1887-march-14-the-haitian-government-fearing-an-imminent-british-seizure-of-the-island-of-la-tortue-tortuga-ordered-a-battalion-of-the-ninth-regiment-of/2026-03-16T12:31:10+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1888-december-21-secretary-of-state-thomas-f/2026-03-16T12:31:10+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1889-january-03-minister-mclane-met-with-goblet-the-french-minister-of-foreign-affairs-to-discuss-rumors-that-france-might-establish-a-protectorate-over-h/2026-03-16T12:31:10+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1889-january-early-the-u-s/2026-03-16T12:31:10+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1889-january-03-minister-robert-m/2026-03-16T12:31:10+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1889-february-07-secretary-of-state-bayard-informed-mclane-that-his-verbal-summary-of-the-american-position-on-the-monroe-doctrine-had-carried-out-his-instr/2026-03-16T12:31:10+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1889-march-04-the-inauguration-of-benjamin-harrison-and-the-return-of-james-g/2026-03-16T12:31:10+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1889-march-25-the-state-department-received-reports-that-the-andes-a-vessel-belonging-to-the-british-atlas-company-had-transported-seventeen-englishmen-to/2026-03-16T12:31:10+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1889-spring-secretary-blaines-instructions-to-the-american-delegates-for-the-berlin-congress-on-samoa-underscored-his-broader-strategic-vision-noting-the/2026-03-16T12:31:10+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1889-october-02-secretary-of-state-james-g/2026-03-16T12:31:10+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1889-late-while-blaine-focused-on-commercial-reciprocity-american-naval-officers-and-strategic-thinkers-began-an-active-campaign-for-a-big-navy-and-the-a/2026-03-16T12:31:10+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1889-june-26-admiral-bancroft-gherardi-commanding-the-north-atlantic-squadron-became-deeply-involved-in-the-internal-haitian-conflict-between-the-legitime/2026-03-16T12:31:10+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1889-august-early-admiral-gherardi-utilized-incidents-involving-american-merchant-vessels-such-as-the-george-w/2026-03-16T12:31:10+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1889-september-01-while-stationed-at-cap-haitien-admiral-gherardi-established-a-relationship-with-antenor-firmin-hyppolites-counselor-in-charge-of-forei/2026-03-16T12:31:10+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1889-april-23-on-board-the-galena-at-cap-haitien-antenor-firmin-was-received-by-admiral-gherardi-with-the-full-naval-honors-usually-reserved-for-a-first-m/2026-03-16T12:31:10+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1889-april-24-minister-preston-representing-the-legitime-government-in-washington-became-alarmed-by-reports-in-the-new-york-times-that-admiral-gherardi-ha/2026-03-16T12:31:10+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1889-october-09-following-the-collapse-of-the-legitime-government-frederick-douglass-the-newly-appointed-american-minister-to-haiti-arrived-in-port-au-pr/2026-03-16T12:31:10+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1890-february-25-hannibal-price-the-haitian-minister-to-the-united-states-wrote-to-foreign-minister-firmin-regarding-the-growing-rumors-of-american-design/2026-03-16T12:31:10+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1890-march-26-frederick-douglass-wrote-a-concerned-dispatch-to-secretary-blaine-reporting-that-the-haitian-government-was-increasingly-fearful-of-rumored-a/2026-03-16T12:31:10+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1890-january-22-admiral-bancroft-gherardi-submitted-a-significant-report-to-the-navy-department-assessing-the-strategic-competition-between-france-and-the-u/2026-03-16T12:31:10+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1890-december-12-e/2026-03-16T12:31:10+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1891-january-28-in-a-high-stakes-meeting-between-admiral-gherardi-and-antenor-firmin-the-american-admiral-formally-pressed-for-the-lease-of-mole-saint-nico/2026-03-16T12:31:10+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1891-january-31-gherardi-reported-to-secretary-blaine-that-the-main-obstacle-to-his-mission-was-the-haitian-belief-that-the-united-states-would-never-take/2026-03-16T12:31:10+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1891-february-02-admiral-gherardi-delivered-a-formal-note-to-firmin-intended-to-overcome-haitian-constitutional-objections/2026-03-16T12:31:10+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1891-february-05-admiral-gherardi-continued-his-aggressive-negotiations-with-antenor-firmin-presenting-the-lease-of-mole-saint-nicolas-as-a-way-for-the-hyp/2026-03-16T12:31:10+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1891-april-18-the-diplomatic-situation-reached-a-boiling-point-when-the-united-states-performed-a-massive-display-of-force-in-port-au-prince-harbor/2026-03-16T12:31:10+00:00https://istwanou.net/entry/1891-apr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